A

Summer Training Project Report

On
INVESTORS PERCEPTION TOWARDS
DERIVATIVES MARKET

AT
INDIA INFOLINE PVT. LTD., NOIDA
Submitted

To

Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University,

U.P., Lucknow
for the partial fulfillment of

MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

2014-16
Submitted to Submitted By
Dr. SWATI AGARWAL MAQBOOL AHMAD
Assistant Professor Roll No:- 1482070045

AJAY KUMAR GARG INSTITUTE OF

MANAGEMENT
27th K.M Stone, NH—24, Delhi Hapur Bypass Road, Adhyatmik Nagar, Ghaziabad- 201009

1
 DECLARATION

I, Maqbool Ahmad hereby declare that the following project report titled”

INVESTORS PERCEPTION TOWARDS DERIVATIVES MARKET IN

INDIA is an authentic work done by me. The information and findings presented

in this report are genuine, comprehensive and reliable, based on the data collected

by me. The project was undertaken as a part of the course curriculum of

MBA(Master Of Business Administration) full time program of Ajay Kumar Garg

Institute Of Management, Ghaziabad, for the fulfillment of the degree. The matter

presented in this report will not be used for any other purpose and will be strictly

confidential.

MAQBOOL AHMAD

Roll No.-1482070045

2
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express my sincere gratitude to my company guide Mr. ASIF PERWEZ

Assistant Vice-President Manager of IIFL (NOIDA), Extension for their able

guidance, continuous support and cooperation throughout my project, without

which the present work would not have been possible. Also, I am thankful to my

faculty guide prof. Dr.Swati Agarwal mam of my institute, for her continued

guidance and invaluable encouragement. Without her help and valuable guidance

my report would not have been a success. I would also like to thank my parents

for their encouragement and moral support. I would also like to thank all the

Respondents who gave their honest responses to the questionnaire of my survey.

Finally I would like to thank all the Employees of IIFL who have been kind to me

and have directly or indirectly been a part of my project and my summer

internship.

(MAQBOOL AHMAD)

Roll No:-1482070045

3
 PREFACE
Technical study is incomplete without the practical knowledge. No doubt theory

provides the fundamental stone for the guidance of practice but practice examines

the element of truth lying in the theory. Therefore a stand co-ordination of theory

and practice is very essential to wake an MBA perfect. As a student of Business

Management, I was required to undergo 6-8 weeks practical training in any

organization of repute connected with Industry. I completed this practical training

at “INDIA INFOLINE PVT. LTD., NOIDA”. This project report of the work

consists of general study of the company and the research conducted on

“INVESTORS PERCEPTION TOWARDS DERIVATIVES MARKET IN

INDIA” INDIA INFOLINE LIMITED, NOIDA. Full care has been taken to

make this report error free yet the responses collected through respondent cannot

be 100% error free and I hope I shall be excused for that. Last but not the least I

hope this research work will prove to be of some help and it would applicable to

India Info line Limited.

4
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

S.no. Title Page no.

Part-1

1 COMPANY PROFILE 8-20

Part-2

2 INTRODUCTION OF TOPIC 22-50

3 LITERATURE REVIEW 51-55

4 OBJECTIVES OF STUDY 55-56

5 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 56-61

6 DATA ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION 62-74

7 CONCLUSION 75-76

8 SUGGGESTIONS 76-77

9 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY 77-78

10 BIBLIOGRAPGHY 79-80

11 APPENDICES 81-83

5
 LIST OF GRAPHS & CHATS:-

S.no. Title Page no.

1 Gender 62

2 Age 63

3 Education 64

4 Occupation 65

5 Annual income 66

6 Participation in Derivative Market 67

7 Strategy Using in Derivative Market 68

8 Investor’s Expected Rate of Return 69

9 Satisfaction Levels in Derivative Market 70

10 Investor Prefer in derivative Market 71

11 Experience in Derivative Market 72

12 Investors Training in NSE, BSE for Derivative 73

13 Investor Investing in Derivative Market 74

6
 PART 1
Company Profile
INDIA INFOLINE PVT.LTD.,
NOIDA

7
COMPANY PROFILE:-

THE INDIA INFOLINE LIMITED

IIFL Holdings Limited (NSE: IIFL, BSE: IIFL) is the apex holding company of

the entire IIFL Group, promoted by first generation entrepreneurs. Our evolution

from an entrepreneurial start-up in 1995 to a leading financial services group in

India is a story of steady growth by adapting to the dynamic business

environment, without losing focus on our core domain of financial services. IIFL

Holdings Ltd, formerly known as India Infoline Limited, offers a gamut of

services including financing, wealth and asset management, broking, financial

product distribution, investment banking, institutional equities, realty and

property advisory services through its various subsidiaries. IIFL Holdings with a

consolidated net-worth of Rs.25,577 million as of financial year ended March 31,

2015, has global presence with offices in London, New York, Houston, Geneva,

Hong Kong, Dubai, Singapore and Mauritius. Our well-entrenched network of

close to 2,500 business locations spread over 850+ towns and cities has given us

the ability to expand and reach out to different segments of the society. IIFL group

has more than 2.9 million satisfied customers across various business segments

and is continuously building on its strengths to deliver excellent service to its

expanding customer base

8
 Vision


To become
 the most respected company in the financial services space in
India

Values
 
 Values are IIFL are summarised in one acronym: GIFTS
 
 Growth with focused team of dynamic professionals

 
 Integrity in all aspects of business – no compromise in any situation

 
Transparency in what we do – and in how and why we do it


Service orientation
 is our core value, imbibed by all sales as well as
support teams


our dealings – employees, customers, vendors and
Fairness in all
shareholders.

Business strategy


Steady growth by adapting to the changing environment,
 without losing
the focus on our core domain of financial services


De-risked
 business through multiple products and diversified revenue
stream

9
  
 Knowledge is the key to power superior financial decisions
 
Keep costs low and continuously strive for innovation

Customer strategy
 
Remain largely a retail focused organisation, driving stickiness through

knowledge and quality service


Cater to untapped areas in semi-urban
 and rural areas, which is relatively
 safe from cut-throat competition


Target the micro, small and medium enterprises mushrooming
 across the
 country through a cluster approach for lending business
 
Use wide multi- modal network serving as one-stop shop to customers

People strategy
 
 Attract the best talent and driven people
 
 Ensure conducive merit environment

 
Liberal ownership-sharing

10
OUR JOURNEY

A small group of professionals formed an Information Services

Company

The company was formed in October 1995 with a vision to produce

high quality, unbiased, independent research on the Indian economy,

business, industries and corporates.

The company was originally incorporated as Probity Research and

Services Pvt.Ltd. The name of the company was later changed to India

Infoline Ltd

In today’s world, brand is considered as the most valuable asset of an

organisation. It serves as the medium that connects product as well as service

offerings to customers and is an intangible voice that speaks volumes about the

company.

At IIFL, we believe that a brand is the face of a company’s work culture. Think of

it as a something that introduces us to our customers and to the world. Our brand

is our identity; it narrates our story of success and serves as a sign of trust.

POSITIONING

The IIFL brand is associated with trust, knowledge and quality service. But more

importantly, the brand stands for timely assistance provided to the country’s

under-banked customers.

11
When we pioneered online trading in India with the launch of our brand 5 paisa,

the tag line was “It’s all about money, honey”. We then realigned our positioning

from “Knowledge is the Edge” to “When it’s about Money”

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF IIFL LOGO

IIFL logo

The IIFL Logo comprises of the nine triangles which form the Sri Yantra. In

Hindu Mythology, the nine interlocked triangles that surround and radiate from

the centre (bindu) symbolize the highest, the invisible and elusive centre from

which the entire cosmos expands.

Our brand represents a cosmos in itself, where two worlds meet. One, where we

together strive to grow and expand and the other, where we strive to make

possibilities infinite for our customers. It is the confluence of these two thoughts,

represented by the age old symbol of converging powers that stands as the face of

our brand.

12
MANAGERIAL DEPTH

Our promoters individually are first-generation Indian entrepreneurs with

meritorious

Academic backgrounds and impeccable professional careers.

Nirmal Jain, Chairman, is a rank holder Chartered Accountant, Cost Accountant

and an MBA from IIM Ahmedabad and Mr. R. Venkataraman, Managing

Director, is an Electronics Engineer from IIT Kharagpur and an MBA from IIM

Bangalore.

The Promoters have built the business from scratch, without pedigree of a large

family business or inherited wealth and steered it towards a market leading

position by dint of hard work and enterprise.

IIFL Group has consistently attracted the best of the talent from across the

financial sector – private sector banks, foreign banks, public sector banks and

established NBFCs. The senior management team have years of experience and

backgrounds similar to promoters and leads competent teams. IIFL has

uninterrupted history of profits and dividends since listing. Shareholders’ wealth

has grown at over 32% per annum since listing in 2005 till March 31, 2015

PROFILE OF IIFL INVESTMENT SOLUTIONS

India Infoline has been founded with the aim of providing world class investing

experience to hitherto underserved investor community. India Infoline is currently

providing broking services on the NSE, BSE, derivative market and commodity

exchange. India Infoline allows individual investors too conveniently,

13
comfortably and cost-efficiently place trades online and offline. While offering

the service they also give the added assurance of 92 branch offices. The company,

created to provide premium service with reasonable commissions, currently

maintains more than 25000 individual accounts.

What company Do:-

Financing

Our NBFC is a diversified financing company, offering loans secured against

collaterals of home, property, gold, medical equipment, commercial vehicles,

shares and other securities

Wealth Management

One of the largest and fastest growing Wealth Management companies in India

with assets under advice, management and distribution of over Rs. 700 billion.

Asset Management

Our AMC is wholly owned subsidiary of IIFL Wealth and is the Investment

manager of IIFL Mutual Fund and rapidly growing Alternative Investment Funds.

Financial Products Distribution

14
IIFL is one of the largest distributors of financial products such as Life Insurance,

Mutual Funds, NCDs, Tax-free bonds, IPOs etc. through our wide distribution

network and business associates. Emerged as one of the largest broker for life

insurance in the country.

Financial Advisory & Broking

One of the leading broking house with extensive presence all over the country

providing financial planning and broking services in equity, commodities and

currency trading.

Institutional Equities & Investment Banking

Premier broker for FIIs, DIIs, financial institution, private equity funds and banks.

Investment Banking division leverages its distribution reach in capital markets

with strong institutional placement capabilities and a wide reach across investor

segments

Housing Finance

The company is focussed on home loans and loans for residential project.

Realty & Property Advisory Services

Real estate services provider advising clients in transaction of commercial

and residential properties across the country. IIFL also provides advisory and

funding services to real estate developers.

15
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

BOARD OF THE DIRECTORS:-

Mr. Nirmal Jain

Chairman, IIFL Holdings Limited

Mr. Nirmal Jain is the founder and Chairman of IIFL Holdings Limited. He is a

PGDM (Post Graduate Diploma in Management) from IIM (Indian Institute of

Management) Ahmedabad, a Chartered Accountant and a rank-holder Cost

Accountant. His professional track record is equally outstanding. He started his

career in 1989 with Hindustan Lever Limited, the Indian arm of Unilever. During

his stint with Hindustan Lever, he handled a variety of responsibilities, including

export and trading in agro-commodities. He contributed immensely towards the

rapid and profitable growth of Hindustan Lever's commodity export business,

which was then the nation's as well as the

Company’s top priority.

He founded Probity Research and Services Pvt. Ltd. (later re-christened India

Infoline) in 1995; perhaps the first independent equity research Company in India.

His work set new standards for equity research in India. Mr. Jain was one of the

first entrepreneurs in India to seize the internet opportunity, with the launch of

www.indiainfoline.com in 1999. Under his leadership, IIFL Holdings not only

steered through the dotcom bust and one of the worst stock market downtrends but

also grew from strength to strength.

16
Mr.R.Venkataraman

Managing Director, IIFL Holdings Limited

Mr. R Venkataraman, Co-Promoter and Managing Director of IIFL Holdings

Limited, is a B.Tech (electronics and electrical communications engineering, IIT

Kharagpur) and an MBA (IIM Bangalore). He joined the IIFL Holdings Limited

Board in July 1999. He previously held senior managerial positions in ICICI

Limited, including ICICI Securities Limited, their investment banking joint

venture with J P Morgan of US, BZW and Taib Capital Corporation Limited. He

was also the Assistant Vice President with G E Capital Services India Limited in

their private equity division, possessing a varied experience of more than 19 years

in the financial services sector

Mr.Arun Kumar Purwar

Independent Director of IIFL Holdings Limited since March 2008

Mr. Purwar was the Chairman of State Bank of India, the largest bank in the

country from November 2002 to May 2006 and held several important and critical

positions like Managing Director of State Bank of Patiala, Chief Executive

Officer of the Tokyo branch, covering almost the entire range of commercial

banking operations in his illustrious career at the bank from 1968 to 2006. He is

currently the Chairman of IndiaVenture Advisors Private Limited, the equity fund

sponsored by the Piramal Group and independent director in many listed

companies in India including Engineers India Limited, Reliance Communications

Limited, among others.

17
Ms Geeta Mathur

Independent Director of IIFL Holdings Limited since September 2014

Geeta Mathur, a Chartered Accountant, specializes in the area of project,

corporate and structured finance, treasury, investor relations and strategic

planning.

She started her career with ICICI, where she worked for over 10 years in the field

of project, corporate and structured finance as well represented ICICI on the

Board of reputed companies such as Eicher Motors, Siel Limited etc. She then

worked in various capacities in large organizations such as IBM and Emaar MGF

across areas of Corporate Finance, Treasury, Risk Management and Investor

relations.

She is currently CFO of Helpage India, one of the largest and oldest NPO in India

working for the cause of the elderly.

Mr.ChandranRatnaswami

Non Executive Director of IIFL Holdings Limited since May 2012

Mr. Chandran Ratnaswami is a Managing Director of Hamblin Watsa Investment

Counsel Limited, a wholly-owned investment management company of Fairfax

Financial Holdings Limited, Canada. Mr. Ratnaswami serves on the Boards of

ICICI Lombard General Insurance Company Limited and Fairbridge Capital in

India, Ridley Inc. in the United States and Zoomermedia Limited in Toronto,

Canada. He is also the Chairman of the Board of Trustees of Lansing United

Church in Toronto, Canada.

18
 Products and services:

India Infoline customers have the advantage of trading in all the market segments

together in the same window, as they understand the need of transactions to be

executed with high speed and reduced time. At the same time, they have the

advantage of having all kind of insurance and investment advisory services for life

insurance, general insurance, mutual funds, and IPO’s also.

Key product offerings are as follows:-

 
 Equity trading
 
 Commodity trading NRI services
 
 Mutual fund Life insurance

 
 General insurance Depository services Portfolio tracker

 
Back office.

Mode of Operation in Commodities at IIFL:-

On line trading through the existing mode of connectivity available in the branch

or can be arranged immediately at client’s location after the MOU. To restore the

connectivity an alternative arrangement is always provided to ensure ongoing

uninterrupted trading.

All open contracts not intended for delivery and in non-deliverable positions are

automatically settled by the exchange on expiry.

All contracts materializing in to deliveries would be settled in the electronic mode

in a period of 2 to 7 days after the expiry or the exact settlement day/date as

specified by the exchange. Price quoted for the futures contracts would be ex-

warehouse and exclusive of sales tax.

19
 Margin as specified by the concerned exchange for each traded commodity is

required to be paid as per day-to-day outstanding position of the contract to

facilitate the trading.

Metals:-
 
 Aluminum
 
 Ingot,

 
 Electrolytic Copper Cathode,

 
 Gold,

 
 Mild Steel Ingots,
 
 Nickel Cathode,

 
 Silver,

 
 Sponge Iron

 
Zinc Ingot.

20
PART-2

21
 INTRODUCTION OF DERIVATIVES
A derivative security is a security whose value depends on the value of together

more basic underlying variable. These are also known as contingent claims.

Derivatives securities have been very successful in innovation in capital markets.

The emergence of the market for derivative products most notably forwards,

futures and options can be traced back to the willingness of risk -averse economic

agents to guard themselves against uncertainties arising out of fluctuations in asset

prices. By their very nature, financial markets are markets by a very high degree

of volatility. Through the use of derivative products, it is possible to partially or

fully transfer price risks by locking – in asset prices. As instruments of risk

management these generally don’t influence the fluctuations in the underlying

asset prices. However, by locking-in asset prices, derivative products minimize the

impact of fluctuations in asset prices on the profitability and cash-flow situation of

risk-averse investor. Derivatives are risk management instruments which derives

their value from an underlying asset. Underlying asset can be Bullion, Index,

Share, Currency, Bonds, Interest, etc.

SCOPE OF THE STUDY:

Options in the Indian context and the IIFL have been taken as representative

sample for the study. The study cannot be said as totally perfect, any alteration

may come. The study has only made humble attempt at evaluating Derivatives

markets only in Indian context. The study is not based on the International

perspective of the Derivatives markets.

22
DERIVATIVES:

The emergence of the market for derivative products, most notably forwards,

futures and options, can be traced back to the willingness of risk-averse economic

agents to guard themselves against uncertainties arising out of fluctuations in asset

prices. By their very nature, the financial markets are marked by a very high

degree of volatility. Through the use of derivative products, it is possible to

partially or fully transfer price risks by locking –in asset prices. As instruments of

risk management, these generally do not influence the fluctuations underlying

prices. However, by locking –in asset prices, derivative products minimizes the

impact of fluctuations in asset prices on the profitability and cash flow situation of

risk–averse investors.

DEFINITION:-

Understanding the word itself, Derivatives is a key to mastery of the topic. The

word originates in mathematics and refers to a variable, which has been derived

from another variable. For example, a measure of weight in pound could be

derived from a measure of weight in kilograms by multiplying by two.

In financial sense, these are contracts that derive their value from some underlying

asset. Without the underlying product and market it would have no independent

existence. Underlying asset can be a Stock, Bond, Currency, Index or a

Commodity. Someone may take an interest in the derivative products without

having an interest in the underlying product market, but the two are always related

and may therefore interact with each other.

23
The term Derivative has been defined in Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act

1956, as:

A security derived from a debt instrument, share, loan whether secured or

unsecured, risk instrument or contract for differences or any other form of

security.

A contract, which derives its value from the prices, or index of prices, of

underlying securities.

IMPORTANCE OF DERIVATIVES:

Derivatives are becoming increasingly important in world markets as a tool for

risk management. Derivatives instruments can be used to minimize risk.

Derivatives are used to separate risks and transfer them to parties willing to bear

these risks. The kind of hedging that can be obtained by using derivatives is

cheaper and more convenient than what could be obtained by using cash

instruments. It is so because, when we use derivatives for hedging, actual delivery

of the underlying asset is not at all essential for settlement purposes.

Moreover, derivatives would not create any risk. They simply manipulate the

risks and transfer to those who are willing to bear these risks. For example,

Mr. A owns a bike If he does not take insurance, he runs a big risk. Suppose he

buys insurance [a derivative instrument on the bike] he reduces his risk. Thus,

having an insurance policy reduces the risk of owing a bike. Similarly, hedging

through derivatives reduces the risk of owing a specified asset, which may be a

share and currency etc.

24
RATIONALE BEHIND THE DEVELOPMENT OF

DERIVATIVE MARKET:-

Holding portfolio of securities is associated with the risk of the possibility that the

investor may realize his returns, which would be much lesser than what he expected to

get. There are various influences, which affect the returns.

1. Price or dividend (interest).

2. Sum are internal to the firm like:

Industry policy

Management capabilities

Consumer’s preference

Labor strike, etc.

These forces are to a large extent controllable and are termed as “Non-systematic

Risks”. An investor can easily manage such non- systematic risks by having a well-

diversified portfolio spread across the companies, industries and groups so that a loss in

one may easily be compensated with a gain in other.

There are other types of influences, which are external to the firm, cannot be controlled,

and they are termed as “systematic risks”. Those are

• Economic

• Political

• Sociological changes are sources of Systematic Risk

25
Their effect is to cause the prices of nearly all individual stocks to move together in

the same manner. We therefore quite often find stock prices falling from time to time in

spite of company’s earnings rising and vice –versa.Rational behind the development of

derivatives market is to manage this systematic risk, liquidity. Liquidity means, being

able to buy & sell relatively large amounts quickly wi In debt market, a much larger

portion of the total risk of securities is systematic. Debt instruments are also finite life

securities with limited marketability due to their small size relative to many common

stocks. These factors favor for the purpose of both portfolio hedging and speculation.

India has vibrant securities market with strong retail participation that has evolved over

the years. It was until recently a cash market with facility to carry forward positions in

actively traded “A” group scripts from one settlement to another by paying the required

margins and borrowing money and securities in a separate carry forward sessions held

for this purpose. However, a need was felt to introduce financial products like other

financial markets in the world.

CHARACTERISTICS OF DERIVATIVES:-

1. Their value is derived from an underlying instrument such as stock index,

currency, etc.

2. They are vehicles for transferring risk.

3. They are leveraged instruments.

26
MAJOR PLAYERS IN DERIVATIVE MARKET:-

There are three major players in the derivatives trading.

1. Hedgers

2. Speculators

3. Arbitrageurs

Hedgers: The party, which manages the risk, is known as “Hedger”. Hedgers seek to

protect themselves against price changes in a commodity in which they have an

interest.

Speculators: They are traders with a view and objective of making profits. They are

willing to take risks and they bet upon whether the markets would go up or come down.

Arbitrageurs: Risk less profit making is the prime goal of arbitrageurs. They could be

making money even with out putting their own money in, and such opportunities often

come up in the market but last for very short time frames. They are specialized in

making purchases and sales in different markets at the same time and profits by the

difference in prices between the two centers

27
TYPES OF DERIVATIVES:-

Most commonly used derivative contracts are:-

Forwards: A forward contract is a customized contract between two entities where

settlement takes place on a specific date in the futures at today’s pre-agreed price.

Forward contracts offer tremendous flexibility to the party’s to design the contract in

terms of the price, quantity, quality, delivery, time and place. Liquidity and default risk

are very high.

Futures: A futures contract is an agreement between two parties to buy or sell an asset

at a certain time in the future at a certain price. Futures contracts are special types of

forward contracts in the sense, that the former are standardized exchange traded

contracts.

Options: Options are two types - Calls and Puts. Calls give the buyer the right but not

the obligation to buy a given quantity of the underlying asset at a given price on or

before a given future date. Puts give the buyer the right but not the obligation to sell a

given quantity of the underlying asset at a given price on or before a given date.

Warrants: Longer – dated options are called warrants and are generally traded over –

the – counter. Options generally have life up to one year, the majority of options traded

on options exchanges having a maximum maturity of nine months.

LEAPS: The acronym LEAPS means Long Term Equity Anticipation Securities.

These are options having a maturity of up to three years.

28
 Baskets: Basket options are options on portfolios of underlying assets. The underlying

asset is usually a moving average of a basket of assets. Equity index options are a form

of basket options

Swaps: Swaps are private agreements between two parties to exchange cash flows in

the future according to a pre-arranged formula. They can be regarded as portfolios of

forward contracts. The two commonly used swaps are: -

Interest rare swaps: These entail swapping only the interest related cash flows

between the parties in the same currency.

Currency swaps: These entail swapping both the principal and interest between the

parties, with the cash flows in one direction being in a different currency than those in

opposite direction.

RISKS INVOLVED IN DERIVATIVES:-

Derivatives are used to separate risks from traditional instruments and transfer these

risks to parties willing to bear these risks. The fundamental risks involved in derivative

business include

A. Credit Risk: This is the risk of failure of a counterpart to perform its obligation

as per the contract. Also known as default or counterparty risk, it differs with

different instruments.

B. Market Risk: Market risk is a risk of financial loss as a result of adverse

movements of prices of the underlying asset/instrument.

C. Liquidity Risk: The inability of a firm to arrange a transaction at prevailing

market prices is termed as liquidity risk. A firm faces two types of liquidity

risks:

29
 D. Legal Risk: Derivatives cut across judicial boundaries, therefore the

legal Aspects associated with the deal should be looked into carefully.

DERIVATIVES IN INDIA:-
Indian capital markets hope derivatives will boost the nation’s economic prospects.

Fifty years ago, around the time India became independent men in Mumbai gambled on

the price of cotton in New York. They bet on the last one or two digits of the closing

price on the New York cotton exchange. If they guessed the last number, they got Rs.7/-

for every Rupee layout. If they matched the last two digits they got Rs.72/-Gamblers

preferred using the New York cotton price because the cotton market at home was less

liquid and could easily be manipulated.

Now, India is about to acquire own market for risk. The country, emerging from a long

history of stock market and foreign exchange controls, is one of the vast major

economies in Asia, to refashion its capital market to attract western investment. A

hybrid over the counter, derivatives market is expected to develop along side. Over the

last couple of years the National Stock Exchange has pushed derivatives trading, by

using fully automated screen based exchange, which was established by India's leading

institutional investors in 1994 in the wake of numerous financial & stock market

scandals.

30
Contract Periods:-

At any point of time there will be always be available nearly 3months contract periods

in Indian Markets.

These were

1) Near Month

2) Next Month

3) Far Month

For example in the month of September 2007 one can enter into September

futures contract or October futures contract or November futures contract. The last

Thursday of the month specified in the contract shall be the final settlement date for the

contract at both NSE as well as BSE; it is also known as Expiry Date.

Settlement:-

The settlement of all derivative contracts is in cash mode. There is daily as well as final

settlement. Outstanding positions of a contract can remain open till the last Thursday of

that month. As long as the position is open, the same will be marked to market at the

daily settlement price, the difference will be credited or debited accordingly and the

position shall be brought forward to the next day at the daily settlement price. Any

position which remains open at the end of the final settlement day (i.e. last Thursday)

shall be closed out by the exchange at the final settlement price which will be the

closing spot value of the underlying asset.

31
Margin

There are two types of margins collected on the open position, viz., initial margin

which is collected upfront which is named as “SPAN MARGIN” and mark to market

margin, which is to be paid on next day. As per SEBI guidelines it is mandatory

for clients to give margins, failing in which the outstanding positions are required to be

closed out.

Forwards

Forwards are the simplest and basic form of derivative contracts. These are instruments

are basically used by traders/investors in order to hedge their future risks. It is an

agreement to buy/sell an asset at certain in future for a certain price. They are private

agreements mainly between the financial institutions or between the financial

institutions and corporate clients.

One of the parties in a forward contract assumes a long position i.e. agrees to buy the

underlying asset on a specified future date at a specified future price. The other party

assumes short position i.e. agrees to sell the asset on the same date at the same price.

This specified price referred to as the delivery price. This delivery price is choosen so

that the value of the forward contract is equal to zero for both the parties. In other

words, it costs nothing to the either party to hold the long/short position.A forward

contract is settled at maturity. The holder of the short position delivers the asset to the

holder of the long position in return for cash at the agreed upon rate. Therefore, a key

determinate of the value of the contract is the market price of the underlying asset. A

forward contract can therefore, assume a positive/negative value depending on the

movements of the price of the asset. For example, if the price of the asset rises sharply

32
 after the two parties entered into the contract, the party holding the long position stands

to benefit, that is the value of the contract is positive for him. Conversely the value of

the contract becomes negative for the party holding the short position.

The concept of forward price is also important. The forward price for a certain contract

MEANIG OF FORWARDS

is defined as that delivery price which would make the value of the contract zero. To

explain further, the forward price and the delivery price are equal on the day that the

contract is entered into. Over the duration of the contract, the forward price is liable to

change while the delivery price remains the same.

Essential features of Forward Contracts:

 
 A forward contract is a Bi-party contract, to be performed in the future, with the

terms decided today

Forward contracts offer tremendous flexibility to the parties to design the

contractin terms of the price, quantity, quality, delivery time and place
 
Forward contracts suffer from poor liquidity and default risk

 
 Contract price is generally not available in public domain

 
On the expiration date the contract will settle by delivery of the asset



If the party wishes to reverse the contract, it iscompulsorily to go to the same
counter party, which often results high prices

33
Forward Trading in Securities:

The Securities Contract (amendment) Act of 1999 has allowed the trading in derivative

products in India. As a further step to widen and deepen the securities market the

st
government has notified that with effect from March 1 2000 the ban on forward
trading in shares and securities is lifted to facilitate trading in forwards and futures.

It may be recalled that the ban on forward trading in securities was imposed in 1986 to

curb certain unhealthy trade practices and trends in the securities market. During the

past few years, thanks to the economic and financial reforms, there have been many

healthy developments in the securities markets.

The lifting of ban on forward deals in securities will help to develop index futures

and other types of derivatives and futures on stocks. This is a step in the right

direction to promote the sophisticated market segments as in the western countries.

34
Meaning of Futures

FUTURES
The future contract is an agreement between two parties to buy or sell an asset at a
certain specified time in future for certain specified price. In this, it is similar to a
forward contract. A futures contract is a more organized form of a forward contract;
these are traded on organized exchanges. However, there are a number of differences
between forwards and futures. These relate to the contractual futures, the way the
markets are organized, profiles of gains and losses, kind of participants in the markets
and the ways they use the two instruments.
Futures contracts in physical commodities such as wheat, cotton, gold, silver, cattle,
etc. have existed for a long time. Futures in financial assets, currencies, and interest
bearing instruments like treasury bills and bonds and other innovations like futures
contracts in stock indexes are relatively new developments.
The futures market described as continuous auction markets and exchanges providing
the latest information about supply and demand with respect to individual commodities,
financial instruments and currencies, etc. Futures exchanges are where buyers and
sellers of an expanding list of commodities; financial instruments and currencies come
together to trade. Trading has also been initiated in options on futures contracts. Thus,
option buyers participate in futures markets with different risk. The option buyer knows
the exact risk, which is unknown to the futures trader.

FEATURES OF FUTURES CONTRACTS:

The principal features of the contract are as follows.

Organized Exchanges: Unlike forward contracts which are traded in an over- the-

counter market, futures are traded on organized exchanges with a designated physical

location where trading takes place. This provides a ready, liquid market which futures

can be bought and sold at any time like in a stock market.

Standardization: In the case of forward contracts the amount of commodities to be

35
delivered and the maturity date are negotiated between the buyer and seller and can be

Tailor made to buyer’s requirement. In a futures contract both these are standardized by

the exchange on which the contract is traded.

Clearing House: The exchange acts a clearing house to all contracts struck on the

trading floor. For instance a contract is struck between capital A and B. Upon entering

into the records of the exchange, this is immediately replaced by two contracts, one

between A and the clearing house and another between B and the clearing house. In

other words the exchange interposes itself in every contract and deal, where it is a buyer

to seller, and seller to buyer. The advantage of this is that A and B do not have to

undertake any exercise to investigate each other’s credit worthiness. It also guarantees

financial integrity of the market. This enforces the delivery for the delivery of contracts

held for until maturity and protects itself from default risk by imposing margin

requirements on traders and enforcing this through a system called marking – to –

market.

Actual delivery is rare:

In most of the forward contracts, the commodity is actually delivered by the seller and

is accepted by the buyer. Forward contracts are entered into for acquiring or disposing

of a commodity in the future for a gain at a price known today. In contrast to this, in

most futures markets, actual delivery takes place in less than one percent of the

contracts traded. Futures are used as a device to hedge against price risk and as a way of

betting against price movements rather than a means of physical acquisition of the

underlying asset. To achieve this most of the contracts entered into are nullified by the

matching contract in the opposite direction before maturity of the first.

36
 Margins:

In order to avoid unhealthy competition among clearing members in reducing margins

to attract customers, a mandatory minimum margins are obtained by the members from

the customers. Such a stop insures the market against serious liquidity crisis arising out

of possible defaults by the clearing members. The members

Collect margins from their clients as may be stipulated by the stock exchanges from

time to time and pass the margins to the clearing house on the net basis i.e. at a

stipulated percentage of the net purchase and sale position. The stock exchange imposes

margins as follows:
 
Initial margins on both the buyer as well as the seller.

 
The accounts of buyer and seller are marked to the market daily.

The concept of margin here is same as that of any other trade, i.e. to introduce a

financial stake of the client, to ensure performance of the contract and to cover day to

day adverse fluctuations in the prices of the securities.

The margin for future contracts has two components:

 
 Initial margin
 
Marking to market

Initial margin: In futures contract both the buyer and seller are required to perform
the contract. Accordingly, both the buyers and the sellers are required to put in the

initial margins. The initial margin is also known as the “performance margin” and

usually 5% to 15% of the purchase price of the contract. The margin is set by the stock

exchange keeping in view the volume of business and size of transactions as well as

37
Operative risks of the market in general.

The concept being used by NSE to compute initial margin on the futures transactions is

called “value- at –Risk” (VAR) where as the options market had SPAN based margin

system”.

Marking-to-Market: Marking to market means, debiting or crediting the client’s

equity accounts with the losses/profits of the day, based on which margins are sought.

It is important to note that through marking to market process, the clearinghouse

substitutes each existing futures contract with a new contract that has the settlement

price or the base price. Base price shall be the previous day’s closing Nifty value.

Settlement price is the purchase price in the new contract for the next trading day.

38
FUTURES TERMINOLOGY:
Spot price:

The price at which an asset is traded in spot market.

Futures price:

The price at which the futures contract is traded in the futures market.

Expiry Date:

It is the date specified in the futures contract. This is the last day on which the contract

will be traded, at the end of which it will cease to exist.

Contract Size:

The amount of asset that has to be delivered under one contract. For instance contract

size on NSE futures market is 100 Nifties.

Basis/Spread:

In the context of financial futures basis can be defined as the futures price minus the

spot price. There will be a different basis for each delivery month for each contract. In

formal market, basis will be positive. This reflects that futures prices normally exceed

spot prices.

Cost of Carry:

The relationship between futures prices and spot prices can be summarized in terms of

what is known as the cost of carry. This measures the storage cost plus the interest that

is paid to finance the asset less the income earned on the asset.

Multiplier:

It is a pre-determined value, used to arrive at the contract size. It is the price per index

point.

39
Tick Size:

It is the minimum price difference between two quotes of similar nature.

Open Interest:

Total outstanding long/short positions in the market in any specific point of time. As

total long positions for market would be equal to total short positions for calculation of

open Interest, only one side of the contract is counted.

Long position:

Outstanding/Unsettled purchase position at any point of time.

Short position:

Out standing/unsettled sale position at any time point of time.

Index Futures:

Stock Index futures are most popular financial futures, which have been used to hedge

or manage systematic risk by the investors of the stock market. They are called hedgers,

who own portfolio of securities and are exposed to systematic risk. Stock index is the

apt hedging asset since, the rise or fall due to systematic risk is accurately shown in the

stock index. Stock index futures contract is an agreement to buy or sell a specified

amount of an underlying stock traded on a regulated futures exchange for a specified

price at a specified time in future.

Stock index futures will require lower capital adequacy and margin requirement as

compared to margins on carry forward of individual scrip’s. The brokerage cost on

index futures will be much lower. Savings in cost is possible through reduced bid-ask

spreads where stocks are traded in packaged forms. The impact cost will be much lower

40
in case of stock index futures as opposed to dealing in individual scraps. The market is

conditioned to think in terms of the index and therefore, would refer trade in stock

index futures. Further, the chances of manipulation are much lesser.

The stock index futures are expected to be extremely liquid, given the speculative

nature of our markets and overwhelming retail participation expected to be fairly high.

In the near future stock index futures will definitely see incredible volumes in India. It

will be a blockbuster product and is pitched to become the most liquid contract in the

world in terms of contracts traded. The advantage to the equity or cash market is in the

fact that they would become less volatile as most of the speculative activity would shift

to stock index futures. The stock index futures market should

ideally have more depth, volumes and act as a stabilizing factor for the cash market.

However, it is too early to base any conclusions on the volume or to form any firm

trend. The difference between stock index futures and most other financial futures

contracts is that settlement is made at the value of the index at maturity of the contract

Stock Futures

With the purchase of futures on a security, the holder essentially makes a legally

binding promise or obligation to buy the underlying security at same point in the future

(the expiration date of the contract). Security futures do not represent ownership in a

corporation and the holder is therefore not regarded as a shareholder.

A futures contract represents a promise to transact at same point in the future. In this

light, a promise to sell security is just as easy to make as a promise to buy security.

Selling security futures without previously owing them simply obligates the trader to

sell a certain amount of the underlying security at same point in the future. It can be

done just as easily as buying futures, which obligates the trader to buy a certain amount

41
of the underlying security at some point in future.

OPTIONS

An option is a derivative instrument since its value is derived from the underlying asset.

It is essentially a right, but not an obligation to buy or sell an asset. Options can be a

call option (right to buy) or a put option (right to sell). An option is valuable if and only

if the prices are varying.

An option by definition has a fixed period of life, usually three to six months. An

option is a wasting asset in the sense that the value of an option diminishes as the date

of maturity approaches and on the date of maturity it is equal to zero.

An investor in options has four choices before him. Firstly, he can buy a call option

meaning a right to buy an asset after a certain period of time. Secondly, he can buy a

put option meaning a right to sell an asset after a certain period of time. Thirdly, he can

write a call option meaning he can sell the right to buy an asset to another investor.

Lastly, he can write a put option meaning he can sell a right to sell to another investor.

Out of the above four cases in the first two cases the investor has to pay an option

premium while in the last two cases the investors receives an option premium.

DEFINITION:-

An option is a derivative i.e. its value is derived from something else. In the case of the

stock option its value is based on the underlying stock (equity). In the case of the index

option, its value is based on the underlying index.

42
Options clearing corporation

The Options Clearing Corporation (OCC) is guarantor of all exchange-traded options

once an option transaction has been completed. Once a seller has written an option and

a buyer has purchased that option, the OCC takes over it. It is the responsibility of the

OCC who over sees the obligations to fulfill the exercises. If I want to exercise an ACC

November 100-call option, I notify my broker. My broker notifies the OCC, the OCC

then randomly selects a brokerage firm, which is short of

One ACC stock. That brokerage firm then notifies one of its customers who have

written one ACC November 100 call option and exercises it. The brokerage firm

customer can be chosen in two ways. He can be chosen at random or FIFO basis.

Because, OCC has a certain risk that the seller of the option can’t fulfill the contract,

strict margin requirement are imposed on sellers. This margin requirements acts as a

performance Bond. It assures that OCC will get its money.

European options:

European options are the options that can be exercised only on the expiration date itself.

European options are easier to analyze than the American options and properties of an

American option are frequently deduced from those of its European counterpart.

In-the-money option:

An in-the-money option (ITM) is an option that would lead to a positive cash flow to

the holder if it were exercised immediately. A call option in the index is said to be in

the money when the current index stands at higher level that the strike price (i.e. spot

price > strike price). If the index is much higher than the strike price the call is said to

be deep in the money. In the case of a put option, the put is in the money if the index is

below the strike price.

43
At-the-money option:

An At-the-money option (ATM) is an option that would lead to zero cash flow if it

exercised immediately. An option on the index is at the money when the current index

equals the strike price (I.e. spot price = strike price).

Out-of-the-money option:

An out of the money (OTM) option is an option that would lead to a negative cash flow

if it were exercised immediately. A call option on the index is out of the money when

the current index stands at a level, which is less than the strike price (i.e. spot price <

strike price). If the index is much lower than the strike price the call is said to be deep

OTM. In the case of a put, the put is OTM if the index is above the strike price.

Intrinsic value of an option:

It is one of the components of option premium. The intrinsic value of a call is the

amount the option is in the money, if it is in the money. If the call is out of the money,

its intrinsic value is Zero. For example X, take that ABC November-call option. If ABC

is trading at 102 and the call option is priced at 2, the intrinsic value is 2. If ABC

November-100 put is trading at 97 the intrinsic value of the put option is 3. If ABC

stock was trading at 99 an ABC November call would have no intrinsic value and

conversely if ABC stock was trading at 101 an ABC November-100 put option would

have no intrinsic value. An option must be in the money to have intrinsic value.

44
Time value of an option:

The value of an option is the difference between its premium and its intrinsic value.

Both calls and puts have time value. An option that is OTM or ATM has only time

value. Usually, the maximum time value exists when the option is ATM. The longer

the time to expiration, the greater is an options time value. At expiration an option

should have no time value.

CHARACTERISTICS OF OPTIONS:

The following are the main characteristics of options:

1. Options holders do not receive any dividend or interest.

2. Options holders receive only capital gains.

3. Options holder can enjoy a tax advantage.

4. Options are traded at O.T.C and in all recognized stock exchanges.

5. Options holders can control their rights on the underlying asset.

6. Options create the possibility of gaining a windfall profit.

7. Options holders can enjoy a much wider risk-return combinations.

8. Options can reduce the total portfolio transaction costs.

9. Options enable the investors to gain a better return with a limited amount of

investment.

45
 Call Option:

An option that grants the buyer the right to purchase a desired instrument is called a

call option. A call option is contract that gives its owner the right but not the obligation,

to buy a specified asset at specified prices on or before a specified date.

An American call option can be exercised on or before the specified date. But, a

European option can be exercised on the specified date only.

The writer of the call option may not own the shares for which the call is written. If he

owns the shares it is a ‘Covered Call’ and if he des not owns the shares it is a ‘Naked

call’.

Strategies:

The following are the strategies adopted by the parties of a call option. Assuming that

brokerage, commission, margins, premium, transaction costs and taxes are ignored.

A call option buyer’s profit/loss can be defined as follows:

• At all points where spot price < exercise price, there will be a loss.

• At all points where spot prices > exercise price, there will be a profit.

• Call Option buyer’s losses are limited and profits are unlimited.

Conversely, the call option writer’s profits/loss will be as follows:

• At all points where spot prices < exercise price, there will be a profit

• At all points where spot prices > exercise price, there will be a loss

• Call Option writer’s profits are limited and losses are unlimited.

46
Following is the table, which explains In the-money, Out-of-the-money and At-the-

money position for a Call option.

Exercise call option Spot price>Exercise price In-The-Money

Do not exercise Spot price<Exercise price Out-of the-Money

Exercise/Do not exercise Spot price=Exercise price At-The-Money

Payoff for buyer of call option: Long call

The profit/loss that the buyer makes on the option depends on the spot price of the

underlying asset. If upon expiration, the spot price exceeds the strike price, he makes a

profit. Higher the spot price more is the profit he makes. If the spot price of the

underlying asset is less than the strike price, he lets his option un-exercise. His loss in

Payoff for writer of put option: Short put

The figure below shows the profit/losses for the seller/writer of a three-month put

option. As the spot Nifty falls, the put option is In-The-Money and the writer starts

making losses. If upon expiration, Nifty closes below the strike of 4850, the buyer

would exercise his option on writer who would suffer losses to the extent of the

difference between the strike price and Nifty-close.

47
Meaning of swap:-

SWAPS
Financial swaps are a funding technique, which permit a borrower to access one market

and then exchange the liability for another type of liability. Global financial markets

present borrowers and investors with a variety of financing and investment vehicles in

terms of currency and type of coupon – fixed or floating. It must be noted that the

swaps by themselves are not a funding instrument: They are devices to obtain the

desired form of financing indirectly. The borrower might otherwise as found this too

expensive or even inaccessible.

A common explanation for the popularity of swaps concerns the concept of comparative

advantage. The basis principle is that some companies have a comparative advantage

when borrowing in fixed markets while other companies have a comparative advantage

in floating markets. Swaps are used to transform the fixed rate loan into a floating rate

loan.

Types of swaps:-

All Swaps involves exchange of a series of payments between two parties. A swap

transaction usually involves an intermediary who is a large international financial

Institution. The two payment streams estimated to have identical present values at the

outset when discounted at the respective cost of funds in the relevant markets. The most

widely prevalent swaps are

1. Interest rate swaps.

2. Currency swaps.

48
Interest rate swaps

Interest rate swaps, as a name suggest involves an exchange of different payment

streams, which are fixed and floating in nature. Such an exchange is referred to as an

exchange of borrowings.

For example, ‘B’ to pay the other party ‘A’ cash flows equal to interest at a pre-

determined fixed rate on a notional principal for a number of years. At the same time,

party ‘A’ agrees to pay ‘B’ cash flows equal to

interest at a floating rate on the same notional principal for the same period of time. The

currencies of the two sets of interest cash flows are the same. The life of the swap can

range from two years to fifty years.

Usually two non-financial companies do not get in touch with each other to directly

arrange a swap. They each deal with a financial intermediary such as a bank.

At any given point of time, the swaps spreads are determined by supply and demand. If

no participants in the swaps market want to receive fixed rather than floating, Swap

spreads tend to fall. If the reverse is true, the swaps spread tend to rise. In real life, it is

difficult to envisage a situation where two companies contact a financial institution at a

exactly same with a proposal to take opposite positions in the same swap

Currency Swaps

Currency swaps involves exchanging principal and fixed interest payments on a loan in

one currency for principal and fixed interest payments on an approximately equivalent

loan in another currency.

Example:

Suppose that a company ‘A’ and company ‘B’ are offered the fixed five years rates of

49
interest in US $ and Sterling. Also suppose that sterling rates are higher than the dollar

rates. Also, company ‘A’ a better credit worthiness then company ‘B’ as it is offered

Better rates on both dollar and sterling. What is important to the trader who structures

the swap deal is that the difference in the rates offered to the companies on both

currencies is not same. Therefore, though company ‘A’ has a better deal. In both the

currency markets, company ‘B’ does enjoy a comparative lower disadvantage in one of

the markets. This creates an ideal situation for a currency swap. The deal could be

structured such that the company ‘B’ borrows in the market in which it has a lower

disadvantage and company ‘A’ in which it has a higher advantage. They swap to

achieve the desired currency to the benefit of all concerned.

A point to note is that the principal must be specified at the outset for each of the

currencies. The principal amounts are usually exchanged at the beginning and the end

of the life of the swap. They are chosen such that they are equal at the exchange rate at

the beginning of the life of the swap.

Like interest swaps, currency swaps are frequently warehoused by financial

institutions that carefully monitor their exposure in various currencies so that they can

hedge currency risk.

50
Literature Review

O.P Gupta(2004) study suggest that the overall volatility of the stock market has

declined after the introduction of the index futures for both Nifty and Sensex

indices, However there is no conclusive evidence.

Mayhew (2000) made a more focused, though quite detailed, review of theoretical

and empirical work on the effect of introduction of derivative on the underlying

cash market, including PD. He points out that a simple way to analyze PD is to look

at the led-lag relationship between spot and derivative market of an asset. Kawaller,

Koch, and Koch (1987) took one-minute-interval spot and futures data for S&P-500

index for 1984-85 and found that the futures leads the spot market 14 by 20-45

minutes, with longer lead in the more active nearer term contracts, but the spot

market leads only by a maximum of two minutes. Realizing that asynchronous

trading could be showing the spot-market as lagging, many authors try to overcome

the problem. Harris (1989) examined the S&P-500 spot and futures data in five-

minute-intervals ten days around the US stock-market crash of 1987 and concluded

that, though the extreme movements in the cashfutures basis was caused due to

infrequent-trading, even after correcting for that, the futures market still led the cash

(or spot) market. Also using five-minute-interval data from April 1982 to March

1987, Stoll and Whaley (1990) overcame the infrequent-trading problem by making

the spot return pas through an ARMA filter; they also found that the futures market

leads by 5-10 minutes and sometimes cash market also leads, but the incidence of

51
the latter effect is diminishing over time. Chan (1992) looked at the 20-share MMI

index, which is less subject to infrequent trading, and both MMI and S&P-500

futures contracts. He also found strong support for futures leading spot and weak

support for the reverse. In fact, he also observed that the index-futures led even the

most-active component-stocks that are a part of the index. He also highlighted that

the lead-lag relationship is not affected whether good or bad news is received or

whether market activity is high or low. In an insightful paper, Wahab and Lashgari

(1993) pointed out that earlier empirical works were misspecified, because they

failed to recognize that the spot and derivative prices were cointegrated.

Kamara, Miller, and Siegel (1992) have found no increase in spot-market-

volatility due to introduction of S&P-500 futures, Antoniou and Holmes (1995)

have argued that the introduction of stock-index futures increased spot-market

volatility in the short run, but not in the long run. Frino, Walter, and West (2000)

used high-frequency data for Share-Price-Index futures contract 15 on Sydney

Futures Exchange from August 1995 to December 1996 and analyzed the effect of

release of macroeconomic and stock-specific information on the PD process in the

spot and futures market. They found that the lead of the futures market strengthens

significantly around the time of release of macroeconomic information, which is

consistent with a scenario where investors with superior information on the broad

market are more likely to trade in the index futures. There was also some evidence

that the lead of the future market weakens and that of the equity-market strengthens

around the release of information specific to individual stocks, consistent with a

52
scenario where investors with stock-specific knowledge prefer to trade in

underlying shares.

Smidt (1971) argued that, in addition to what Demsez (1968) had modelled, the

market-maker, in her quest to constantly bring her inventory up or down to a desired

level, would influence price, thus making it depart, during the course of a day or

sometimes even over a longer period, from the true value. But, it is Garman (1976)

who formally modelled the relation between dealer’s quote (or bid-ask spread) and

the inventory level. One of the model’s implications is that a dealer having a

sizeable long position in inventory would not go for addition unless there is a drastic

price reduction. Models by Stoll (1978) and Amihud and Mendelson (1980) reflect

the intuition of the Garman model.

Kenourgios (2004) analyzes the relative movements in Greece’s FTSE/ASE-20

index and the three-month futures on it and finds two-way causality. A survey by

Lien and Zhang (2008) argues that, while there is clear evidence for the PD role of

futures market in emerging markets, its price-stabilizing role cannot be established

unequivocally. Schlusche (2009) analyzes the German blue-chip index, DAX, and,

using Schwarz and Szakmary (1994) procedure, concludes that futures market is the

most significant contributor to the PD process; he also highlights that, instead of

liquidity, it is volatility that is the key for the PD leadership

53
Tsetsekos and Varangis (2000) conducted a survey among almost all the derivative

exchanges that were in operation in 1996: 75 in all. They made some important

observations. As against the traditional approach of starting with derivatives on

agricultural commodities, emerging markets have begun their innings with index-

based and interest-rate-based derivatives. They also find that emerging markets

introduce index derivatives more quickly than do their industrial counterparts. Most

exchanges reported using the open-outcry system, though there is a discernible shift

towards electronic-trading, which is the choice for the more recent entrants. Two-

thirds of the exchanges had their own in-house clearing facility, but a recent

tendency has been towards a common clearing for a group of exchanges; besides,

most were self-regulating bodies owned by their members. Using “changes in

consumer prices, prime interest rates, government bond yields, industrial

production, growth in real gross national product (GNP), the level of GNP, and the

share of investments in GNP” as economic proxies and “stock - market turnover and

capitalization, the variance in stock -market capitalization, the value of stocks

traded, the volatility in value traded, and the number of listed companies 17 in the

stock exchange” as capital-market-condition proxies, they did not find any

statistically significant variable among these to make a country or market

‘derivative-exchange-ready’.

Treviño (2005) analyzed 1999-2005 data for 83 derivative exchanges in 58

emerging-markets and, based on volume of contracts, inferred from the Hirschman-

Herfindahl Index that the smaller exchanges have increased their market-share from

9% to 37% during this period. They also observed that most of the new-born

54
derivative exchanges have focused on financial derivatives with or without

commodity derivatives while the older one started with the latter type; this is partly

because financials attract higher liquidity than commodities. They also point out

that, in order to separate trading-rights from membership-rights, so s to allow

outside ownership of bourses, derivative exchanges have undergone

demutualization. They also discovered that interest-rate derivatives commanded the

highest dollar-volume in both exchanges and over the counter (OTC) market,

followed by equity-linked ones in the exchanges and foreign-exchange-based ones

in the OTC.

55
 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY


To understand the concept ofthe Financial Derivatives such as Forwards,
Futures, Options and Swaps


To knowthe participation of Investors in Financial Derivative
 Markets


To know the Strategy
 used by Investors While Trading in
derivatives market
 
To know the Expected return by Investors in Financial Derivatives Market


To study the Investors Preference for selecting types of Derivatives for

 
To know the Investment Experience of Investors in Derivative Market

To know the Investors having any Training in Derivatives Market

fromNSE, BSE or any Broking firm before trading


To know theInvestors preference of interest in kinds of Derivatives for
Investment
56
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Achieving accuracy in any research requires a deep study regarding the subject. The

prime objective of this research is to know the awareness regarding mutual fund

among earning people.

RSEARCH DESIGN:-

DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH & CAUSAL RESEARCH DESIGN

Descriptive Research:-

Descriptive research is a study designed to depict the participants in an accurate

way. More simply put, descriptive research is all about describing people who take

part in the study.

There are three ways a researcher can go about doing a descriptive research

project, and they are:


Observational,
 defined as a method of viewing and recording the
participants


Case study,defined as an in-depth study of an individual or group of
 individuals


Survey, defined as a brief interview or discussion with an individual about a
specific topic

57
Causal Research Design:-
Causal research, as the name specifies, tried to determine the cause underlying a

given behaviour. It finds the cause and effect relationship between variables. It

seeks to determine how the dependent variable changes with variations in the

independent variable.

For example, a marketer may want to determine the cause of dip in sales. He would

test the sales against various parameters like selling price, competition, geography

etc.

The results obtained may not be very straight forward because, more often than not,

the variability will be a factor of more than one variable. Therefore , while varying

one variable, the other variables need to be held constant. This type of research can

take two forms:

Experimental – The research performs structured experiments to vary one variable

and find the effect on the behaviour/end result

Simulation based – This uses mathematical formulae to simulate real life

scenarios.

58
SAMPLING: - Convenience sampling

Convenience sampling, as the name implies is a specific type of non-

probability sampling method that relies on data collection from

population members who are conveniently available to participate in

study.

Convenience sampling is a type of sampling where the first available

primary data source will be used for the research without additional

requirements. In other words, this sampling method involves getting

participants wherever you can find them and typically wherever is

convenient. In convenience sampling no inclusion criteria identified

prior to selection of subjects. All subjects are invited to participate

SAMPLE SIZE : - “50 UNIT”

Sample size is an important concept in statistics, and refers to the

number of individual pieces of data collected in a survey. A survey or

statistic's sample size is important in determining the accuracy and

reliability of a survey's findings.

In 50 Respondent are Investor in IIFL Clients in Noida

59
 DATA COLLECTION METHOD
 
 Primary data
 
Secondary data

PRIMARY DATA:-

Data used in research originally obtained through the direct efforts of the researcher

through surveys, interviews and direct observation.

SECONDARY DATA:-

Secondary data is the data that have been already collected by and readily available

from other sources. Such data are cheaper and more quickly obtainable than the

primary data and also may be available when primary data can not be obtained at

all.

60
 TOOLS OF THE COLLECTION OF DATA


Primary data was collected through Questionnaire where 
 Respondent give there valuable suggestions and feedback




Secondary data was collected through 
internet website of IIFL
 Company and other relevant websites.



Journals and Magazines of the Company
 which are issued
Weekly, Fortnight and Monthly.

61
 DATA ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION

Q.1) Gender

Gender

Male
Female

41

INTERPRETATION

Above Pie Chart Shows that:-

 
 82% Respondents are male
 
18% Respondents are female

62
 Q.2) Age

Age

10 20 20-30
30-40
40-50
50 above

15

INTERPRETATION

Above Pie Chart Shows that:-

 
 40% Investors are 20-30 Age groups
 
 30% Investors are 30-40 Age groups

 
 20% Investors are 40-50 Age groups

 
10% Investors are 50 and above Age groups

63
 Q.3 Education

EDUCATION
0

10th
22
12th
Graduation
PG & Above
22

INTERPRETATION

Above Pie Chart Shows that:-

 
 0% Investors are 10t h Qualified
 
 20% Investors are 12t h Qualified
 
 44% Investors are Graduates Qualified

 
44% Investors are PG & Above Qualified

64
 Q.4 Occupation

OCCUPATION

7
9

Service
Business
Profession
Any Other
18
16

INTERPRETATION

Above Pie Chart Shows that:-

 
 7% Investors are belongs to service Sector.
 
36% Investors are belongs to Business Sector.

 32% Investors are belongs to Profession Sector.

 18% Investors are belongs to Any Other Sector.

65
 Q.5 Annual Income.

Annual Income

15
Upto 3 lacs
3-6 lacs
11
6-8 lacs
8 above

17

INTERPRETATION

Above Pie Chart Shows that:-

 
 30% Investors Annual Income is Upto 3 Lakhs
 
 34% Investors Annual Income is 3-6 Lakhs

 
 22% Investors Annual Income is 6-8 Lakhs

 
14% Investors Annual Income is 8 & Above Lakhs

66
 Q.6 Participation in Derivative market as:-

Participation in Derivative maket as

14 14

Hedger
Speculator
Arbitrageur
Others
6

16

INTERPRETATION

Above Pie Chart Shows that:-

 
 28% Investors are Participates as Hedger
 
 32% Investors are Participates as Speculator

 
 12% Investors are Participates as Arbitrageur

 
28% Investors are Participates as Other

67
 Q.7 Using Strategy in Derivative market:-

Using strategy in Derivative market

24 Yes

26 No

INTERPRETATION

Above Pie Chart Shows that:-

 
 48% Investors are using Strategy in Derivative Market
 
52% Investors are not using Strategy in Derivative Market

68
 Q.8 Investor’s expected rate of return in derivative market:-

Expected Investor's rate of return in

derivative market

12
Don't trade
22
Less than 5%
5-10%

8 More than 10%

INTERPRETATION

Above Pie Chart Shows that:-

 
 24% Investors are Don’t Trade
 
 16% Investors are Expected rate of return less than 5%

 
 16% Investors are Expected rate of return less than 5-10%

 
44%Investors are Expected rate of return more than 10%

69
 Q.9 Satisfaction level in Derivative market:-

Satisfaction level in derivative market

19 Do not trade
Agree
Disagree

19 Neutral

INTERPRETATION

Above Pie Chart Shows that:-

 
 12% Investors Don’t Satisfy in Derivative Market.
 
38% Investors Satisfaction level in Derivative Market as Agree.


12% Investors
 Satisfaction level in Derivative Market as
 Disagree.
 
38% Investors Satisfaction level in Derivative Market as Neutral.

70
 Q.10 Investors prefer investment in Derivative market

Investors prefer in Derivative

10 12
Forward
Future
Option
12 Swap
16

INTERPRETATION

Above Pie Chart Shows that:-

 
 24% Investors prefers investment in Forwards.
 
 32% Investors prefers investment in Futures.

 
 24% Investors prefers investment in Option.

 
20% Investors prefers investment in Swap

71
 Q.11 Experience in Derivative market

Experience in Derivative maket

6 4

0 to 1
1 to 3
3 to 6
12 More than 6
18

INTERPRETATION

Above Pie Chart Shows that:-


8% Investors
 have Experience in Derivative market approx 0-1
 year.


36%% Investors
 have Experience in Derivative market approx
 1-3 years.


24%% Investors
 have Experience in Derivative market approx
 3-6 years.


12%% Investors  have Experience in Derivative market approx
more than years.

72
 Q.12 Training in NSE, BSE for Derivative Market:-

Training in NSE, BSE for Derivative Market

23 Yes
No
27

INTERPRETATION

Above Pie Chart Shows that:-

 
 46% Investors got Training in NSE, BSE for Derivative Market.
 
54% Investors got Training in NSE, BSE for Derivative Market.

73
 Q.13 Investors investing in Derivative Market:-

Investor Investing in Derivative Market

7 Equity
Currency
Commodity
Any Other
6 31

INTERPRETATION

Above Pie Chart Shows that:-

 
 62% Investors in invest Equity Market in Derivative.
 
 12% Investors invest in Currency Market in Derivative.

 
 14% Investors invest in Commodity Market in Derivative.

 
12% Investors invest in Any Other Market in Derivative.

74
 CONCLUSION


Derivatives have existed and evolved over a long time, with roots  in
 commodities market. In the recent years advances in financial markets and

 the technology have made derivatives easy for the investors.




Derivatives market in India is growing rapidly unlike equity markets. 
 Trading in derivatives require more than average understanding of finance.

Being new to markets maximum number of investors have not yet

understood the full implications of the trading in derivatives. SEBI should


take actions to create awareness in investors about the derivative market.



Introduction of derivatives implies better risk management. These markets 
can give greater depth, stability and liquidity to Indian capital markets.

Successful risk management with derivatives requires a thorough

understanding of principles that govern the pricing of financial derivatives.



In order to increase the derivatives market in India SEBI should revise some 
of their regulation like contract size, participation of FII in the derivative

market. Contract size should be minimized because small investor cannot

afford this much of huge premiums.



In cash market the profit/lossis limited but where in F& O an investor can
enjoy unlimited profits/loss.

75
 
At present scenario the Derivatives market is increased to a great position.
 Its daily turnover teaches to the equal stage of cash market.
 
The derivatives are mainly used for hedging purpose.


In cash market the investor has to pay the total money, but in derivatives
the
 investor has to pay premiums or margins, which are some percentage of

total one.


In derivative segment the profit/loss of the option holder/option writer is

purely depended on the fluctuations of the underlying asset.

76
 RECOMMENDATIONS TO INVESTORS


The investors can minimize risk by investing in derivatives. The use of
 derivative equips the investor to face the risk, which is uncertain. Though the

use of derivatives does not completely eliminate the risk, but it certainly lessens

the risk.


It is advisable to the investor to invest in the derivatives market because ofthe
 greater amount of liquidity offered by the financial derivatives and the lower

 transactions costs associated with the trading of financial derivatives.


The derivatives products give the investor an option or choice whether to
 exercise the contract or not. Options give the choice to the investor to either

exercise his right or not. If on expiry date the investor finds that the underlying

asset in the option contract is traded at a less price in the stock market then, he

has the full liberty to get out of the option contract and go ahead and buy the

asset from the stock market. So in case of high uncertainty the investor can go

for options.


However, these instruments act as a powerful instrument for knowledgeable 
 traders to expose them to the properly calculated and well understood risks in

pursuit of reward i.e. profit.

77
 LIMITATIONS:-


The study does not take any Nifty
 Index Futures and Options and International
Markets into the consideration.
 
This is a study conducted within a period of 45 days.


  may not be a detailed, Full –
During this limited period of study, the study
fledged and utilitarian one in all aspects.
 
 The study contains some assumptions based on the demands of the analysis.
 
 The study does not provide any predictions or forecast of the selected scripts.

 
The study was conducted in Noida only.



As the time was limited, study
 was confined to conceptual understanding of
Derivatives market in India

78
 BIBLIOGRAPGHY:-

WEBSITES:-
www.indiaifoline.com
www.nseindia.org
www.moneycontrol.com
www.bseindia.com
www.unicon.com

 www.sebi.gov.in





ARTICLES:-

 
 Gupta, OP (2002): “Effect of Introduction of Index Futures on Stock Market

 Volatility: The Indian Evidence”, Paper Presented at the Sixth Capital Market

Conference of UTI Institute of Capital Markets, Mumbai, India.


Kamara, A, T Miller, and A Siegel (1992), “The Effects of Futures Trading
 on the
 Stability of the S&P 500 Returns”, Journal of Futures Markets, Vol. 12,
 
 Kenourgios, Dimitris F (2004), “Price Discovery in the Athens Derivatives

 Exchange: Evidence for the FTSE/ASE-20 Futures Market”, Economic and
 
Business Review, Vol. 6,
 
Mayhew, Stewart (2000): “The Impact of Derivatives on Cash Markets: What

Have We Learned?”, University of Georgia Working Paper, 27 October 1999,

Revised 3 February 2000

79
 (http://media.terry.uga.edu/documents/finance/impact.pdf, Accessed 28 July

2013)


Smidt, S (1971): “Which Road to an Efficient Stock Market: Free
Competition or
Regulated Monopoly?” Financial Analysts Journal, Vol 27-18-20


Treviño, Lourdes (2005): “Development and Volume Growth of Organized
 Derivatives Trade in Emerging Markets”, Ensayos, Vol 24-2
 
Tsetsekos, George and Panos Varangis (2000): “Lessons in Structuring


Derivatives Exchanges”, World Bank Research Observer, Vol 15-1: 85-98.

80
APPENDICES:-

-: QUESTINNAIRE FOR STUDY ON DERIVATIVES:-

Dear Respondents,

This is study for investor’s preferences on Derivatives in IIFL.We request you to kindly

fill the information and the information provided by you will be used only for the study

purpose.

Name of the Investor. (Please enter your name)

1. Gender. Male ( ) Female ( )

2. Age (in years)

(i) 20-30 ( ) (ii) 30-40 ( ) (iii) 40-50 ( )

(iv)Above 50 ( )

3. Highest Education. s(Please √ appropriate box)

(i) 10t h ( ) (ii) 12t h ( ) (iii) Graduation ( )

(iv) PG & above ( )

4. Please enter the Occupation details.

(i)Service ( ) (ii) Business ( ) (iii) Professional ( )

(iv) Any Other ( )

5. What is your Income? (Per Annum)

(i)Up to 3 lakhs ( ) (ii) 3-6 lakhs ( ) (iii)6-8 lakhs ( )

(iv) Above 8 lakhs( )

81
6. You like to participate in Derivative market as.

(i) Hedger ( ) (ii) Speculator ( ) (iii) Arbitrageur ( )

(iv)Others ( )

7. Do you use any strategies while trading in Derivatives?

(i) Yes ( ) (ii) No ( )

8. What is the rate of return expected by you from derivative market?

(i) Don’t trade ( ) ii) Less than 5%( ) (iii) 5%-10% ( ) (iv) More than 10% ( )

9. What kind of Derivatives investment would you like in?

(i) Forwards ( ) (ii) Futures ( ) (iii) Options ( )

(iv) Swaps ( )

10. Experience in Derivatives Market (please select only one which is applicable)

(i) 0-1 Year ( ) (ii) 1-3 Years ( ) (iii) 3-6 Years ( )

(iv) Above 6 Years ( )

11. Have you undergone any training in derivatives from NSE, BSE or Broking

Firms before starting trading in Derivatives Market?

(i)Yes ( ) (ii) No ( )

12. Which Derivatives Markets you like to invest in? (Please tick all applicable

below)

(i) Equity ( ) (ii) Currency ( ) (iii) Commodity ( ) (iv) Any other ( )

82
Any comments, suggestions and feedback with regard to derivatives segment in

India and for its improvement further.

83