Emilio Aguinaldo:

National Issues
National issues within Aguinaldo’s presidency revolve in the Filipino-American war Filipino army
is not considered a real army because they lack qualities and proper training. On the first phase
of the war, the Filipino outnumbered the Americans but our arms don’t have enough ammunition,
funds and military supplies which resulted in defeat. Famine and illness due to war is also spreading
in the country.

2. Transnational Issues
Upon the Commonwealth Act No.1 America seems threaten because they held back weapons and showed
lack of support for the defense plan. Still, Quezon aims for amity and friendship, fairness
and square deals in the country’s relations with other nations, their citizens and subjects

3. National Issues

Filipino people were torn in half whether he’s a hero or a traitor ; others think that he was ready
to obey the orders of the Japanese Army for the “maintenance of peace and order and the
promotion of well-being of our people” on the contrast the idea that he did not make any
negative actions against the Japanese Government when they occupied the Philippines. Food
Shortage; during his presidency, the Philippines faced a crippling food shortage which demanded much
of Laurel's attention

4. The Bell Trade Act is very controversial that it took two terms before the issue settled down. This is where
the public hears the Act, spreads it, until eventually the issue is in every corner of the country

5. National Issues

Although Roxas was successful in obtaining rehabilitation funds from America to repair what ha sbeen destroyed
in the Philippines, he was still criticized for his approval to the Bell Trade Act. Graft and corruption did not stop in
the government. Scandals such as the surplus war property scandal, school supplies scandal and
Chinese immigration scandals appeared during his time. People were infuriated at Roxas to the point that
there were plans of assassinating him. Fortunately for the former president, he escaped an attempted murder by
a Tondo barber, Julio Guillen, who threw a grenade on the platform at Plaza Miranda after
the President addressed the rally of citizens