.l+ . OIiSIrRV.\1-I()N, IN't l:RVtI:\\'ING. RICOI{I)INC DA'1.

'\ RICOITDING CLII TLRAL DATA 35

, l . r y s o c i a l r c l i l t i . ) n s , a n d i s t l i s h t r n c s t i n h i s c o n t r l c t s g ' i t h i n l - o r r t r : t n t s l,t c n l . r j . i r i n f o r m i l n t s , r ' i l l l , q c s c r n e s . . r n c lt t r r j o r t t ' p c s o l - r r : i i r c t s . ' f h i s is chrrrrt-
rrill hrrnpcr lour s'ork. If hc dislikcs fcrtrrl. infortmnts or childrcrr. r'otrr in.q rapidly as it [ ) c ( ( ) n r c s i n c r c r s i n r : 1 1 'o b r i o u s t h . r t d e t , r i l c t ] p h o t o t r : i p h r i
r r o r l : n r y b c < l i s t o r t c d . I f a n i n t c r P r c t er i r r l u c s g , i t h i n f o r m l n t s , ) r l u r ) r i r y :rncl sor:nd rccofds !rc.ltly cnl)irncc syslcnratic trcirtnrcnt of contplcx cr.rltur,rl
I i r s c c o n t ; r c t r v i t h k c y p e r s o n s o f a s o c i c - t y .P c r h l p s t h c r n o s t c f f c c t i v c s o l u t r o n rlrta nncl rs rcscerch brrdccts h;irc bcgun to bc approrr-l to inclLrdc costs oi
to thcsc l)ro[)l('nrs is to try to Icrrrn ordinerl' lantuegc ri,clI cnough to lrc c x r c n s i v c u s c o f t c c l ) n i c : r l a i d s . T h c r . r s co f I . t r t c r ) u r . r b c r s o i photogr.rphs.
.rblc lo nrolritor cliructil thc cornlnents of thc intcrl-rctcr, tnd so to dctcr' n r : r n ) ' i n r . 1 p i . l s c q L r c n c c ,o n t h c o r c l c r o f l().000 l)cr \'..rr oI sruilr', .rllos s
nrinc his cflcctivcncss:rnd the plecc of thc prcstige lccorclcd hin-r bv thc i o r q u a n t r r t i v e a n : r l ) ' s i so f c u l t u r . r l r l r t r r . l i r r c x r r n r l ) l c . i t i s p o s s i b i c t o c l r r r .
a ()n l l n u l l rt ) ' . i r r , n r l l a r g c n u n r b c r o i P h o t o g r r r l r h s t h c f r c c l L t t n c l ,o i i h l u s c o i . t p e r t i i u i : r r
r \ n t h r o p o l o g i s t s s c c r ) )r a r c l l ' t o c r n p l o l ' \ 1 ' o m c l ) a s i n t c r p r c t c r s o r i l c l r l
{!stLlrc, posturc, or fecial cxIrcssi()nor to dctcrtltinc tht lnxiclv c,i chil.lrcn
, r s s i s t : r n t s t. r { r r n v l ' c n t a J ea- n t h r o p o l o g i s t s h a v c c n t p l o l ' c d n t l l c s i n t h c s r t . r s k : . ; i n p : r r t i c r , r l e sr i l t r . L t i o n s [. - a r g c n r - u r b t r s o f ' p h o t o - r r I h . nr.rkc il:'r,ssiLrlt'tr
I t s r c n r s t h a t n l o s t c o n r n - r u n i t i e sn - r o r e r c a c i i l y a c c c p t a m l n i n t h e r o l c u i d c v c l o p a n c l c h c c k n c * ' h l p o t h c s c s a f t L r l c r r ri n g t h c r t i d . AIrrl'.'sis of c,ur
. r n i n t c r P r c t e r a n d f i c l d x s s i s t a n t .T h c r c a r e g o o d r c x s o n s , h o w c v e r , f o r u s i n : D r - i s r : np h o t o e r . I p h s s h o \ \ ' s i n i a n t s c a r r i e c l o n t h e b : r c k s o i t l o t h . - r s r v i t h t h r i r
.L fcnr:rlc interPrctcr. Research on child-rearint prlcticcs, s,omcn's scxulrl he:ds gencrlll;, turnint to thc lcit, rathcr thxn thc rilht l h i c h r ' , ' : r sn r i r r t
b r l i : r v i o r , e c o n o m i c a n d s p c c i a l c r a f t . r c t i ri t i c s * , i l l often bc studicrl morc ftrnctir,n of i.rrge
r , r s r , i : Li rIo n r s f u r d i c s i n o t h e r s o c i e t r c s . T h c m o s t i u r 1 . 9 1 ; . 1 n 6
. l r r , i , r r t l i r i i t h I u ' o m r n i n r c r p r c t c r . i c t i r r s . r isn t c r n r t d i . r rsr i t h k c r l c n t . r l . numl>crs of photocr:rphs is to lllr-rrv thc r,bscn'cr to check the dislortron
in ltornlrnts.
of his obsen'ations bccausc of his ol'rr cLlltirr.ll cxpc'ricacc. Ii,r lrrqe r',tr,r-
ber of p h o t o € r , ' r p h i a s c c l L r c l r c r sr r l ' i n t c r p c r s i , n . r l b r i r . r r r o r : r r e n . r r d e ; n r m . - '
.lr.ritlv eftcr rntcring thc llcld it is r)i:!-ir |t)ssrbl: .riter ic,rn-rr-i1.iiir,-
I . r i ' p o t f r c s etso r c t u r n t o I h 1 1 i l 5 r r r . r c l cb c f o r , ' t h c h r ' ; r o t l i c : . : i l e r t i i f i i . L i l r t t c r i . I n
RecorclingCr-tliural Data" r c n r r n i n g t o t h c p i c t o r i a l d e t a i l o f t h e s i t t r . r t i t , at l t : r t I l r ' , . h : r . . g i l r n r i s e t o r r r :
insight, thc obserrer can clreck his inclinrLtion to distorl cttlntr,ri ,lltl in ihr
Anthropologists.qcnerelll'trt' to prcscn.c thc rl'holcncssof culRrr.ri
iiircction oi his c,un culnrral lcarnings.
drt,L. Thc;'trcat th: cunple::ity oi culh:rc ls x irct end proccsd on thc
N{otion pictures hrve a nltural superiorrry' ovcr canciid camera ection
.rssunlptionth:rt the ireined cbscn'er, u ith his sh.rrpeneCinsi.ght.lr.ii r.rpiJ
photographs. However, a scmiskilled photolrapher using a still camere rn
|r,-rcr.-piions, ( rr) l-)' tr. ,lell s,irh thr, contplex n.",turccii culturc untii urrre
raprrl actron c:ln provicic pilptlr llstlqi gencralh c'guai to that obtaincd throueh
Lr f i c i r n tn l c t l t r r d sI n r a n . t l ; s i so f s t n r ,t u r r l c o m p l c x i t l c' , r n b c d e v e l o p c d F
. or
e motion picture carncra used bv a novice. trlotion picturc films are much
thc most Part culnrrirlanthropologictsronmr,rnicrtethc cssencr-, cf ccn;lexi*r'
rrore expensive and are moie diliculi to an;ri1ze in ihc- neld, -sincc compic:;
irr culhrrc through n'ord portraits based on feld notes. Thosc $'ith sreater
cquipment and a rathcr high degree oi technical skili is needed to produce
litcr:r11.andartisticskilis have been mcrc successfuiin proviCing i scnsc oi
an analysis that could be obtained more simply throur:h spreading huncireds
thc n'holeni:ss and complr>:ity oi h.rmln. iife. Hor^'ever, tcchnical der,.lc,p-
of still photos oo a llat surface. Records of cultural complexitv made with
ments of the past forty years through refinementsof cameras,6lm. lishtins.
stili cameras seem today to offer the best rneans of providing contrasts be-
sound recording, and deviccs for analysesof film and sound tape makc it
ts,een culture rcgions (as between Africe and Oceania) and over long
possible now for the less artistic and iiterary cultural anthropologist to
periods of time in the study of one cuiturc bl different obserers. Our crndid
supplen-rcnthis field notes by r.isual and auditory means, and thereby extend
photographic record of Dusun culture s,ill be usable tsventl'-fir'e years fronl
his ability to tell of the richnessof complex material.?
now by another obsen'er. Motion picture lilrns ri'ill not be as easill' studied.
Until recently most anthropologists have lacked the technical and
unless some device is dcveloped to allon' the simultrneous vietr'ina rnd
rnrnu:rlskill to dcal s'ith mechanicrlrids for treating complex cultural data.
analysis of thrce or more 6lms.
Thc prin-ritivestatc of eguipntent and low budgets have usualll' forced thcnr
Large numbers of sound recordinss ntrrde n'ith lightivcight batten'-
to Lrsca singlc still camcraand a limitcd seriesof still photographsto shorv
p , r n ' c r e d t e p c r er o r d e r s p r o l i d c for nruch d.Iti1 on thc richncss end com-
; In r rcccirt p l e x i t v o f a c u l t u r e . 6 L i n g u i s t i c s t u d i c s r n . r v b e b a s ed o n p e r m . l n e n t t a p e s
s c r i e s o f essals by' tvent]' anthfopolo.qists (Casagrande 1960) de-
scrihing thcir ioterpreters, field assistants, end ker informants, only two womcn
\\crc Irortftfcd. f,n(l onr of thcse bt'l nrrle, altlrough four of the accounts rvere b1 ! Discussions of uses oi tapc- recorders jn th:- studv of culture are to be found
i c i r r ri c . t n t l t r , r p 9 l , r q i 5 g 5
';'l-he Jlrst in.\ettl (t95{); and Pickctt and Lcnrcoe (19t9). It is noi urconrmon thrt a 6elc-
p . r r t p i t h i s djscussion is dral'n from somc comments bl llrrgarct
sr'rker making a specielrecord of cultural clatr, or sturlling: prrticular and limitcc
I f t : , r . 1( 1 9 5 ( r . r ) .
; An c\tcnsi\(. pr,rblenr, will take fcrv photographs or nrrke lirrited tapc i..!)rdings. And the pc:-
t i u t t l ) c n i oi photographl in anthropology is to be published b1'
( - , , l l r . r i n l 9 ( , - I . , r , , r h t . r l i : . L r . r i r n r .s c c I J . u r i ( ) nr n c i I I c ' . r d / l ! - i 2 ) ; C o l l i e r ( 1 9 1 : ) : sonrl feelings of a 6eldrvorker nral rlso lirnit ust,'f such rlei:tes in stuclr of cultur.
S :,. fieldv.ork.r. d', trnJ rt di16,rrll,, r.\c (.rr (:.ii ,rn,l trf : :s.orier5 , i: nf .r (, x.
e n d l l o * ' e ( 1 91 1 ) .
c e r n f o r t h e i r i n f o r m a n t s . S u c h c o n c e r n i s . o i c r , u r s c - .q u i t e i e i i t i r r r t e .
 .16 O I i s l . l i \ ' . \ ' i l ( ) : 1 , I N . i . t l l V I I : \ \ ' t \ O . I i r .C ( ) R I ) t N C I )
r\.r.A
Rltctor{t)r)i(; cUr..r.uRAl_ I)ATA
37
r i l - r - o t l Y c r s . t t i r ) l l sl ' ( ' ( ) r ' ( ] r ' ( l i r r n l r t , - r , * l s , : I r n g s . 1 ' . r 1 r c
r c c o r L l r n , q ss l r a t r l r l i - . c t i c ' c 1 . 1 - ' i . , qa . r l
t t t l t c i t ' o i s o r r n ( i : ;\ \ ' i l i ) c r t r o I i o 1 1 xcl( ) n t c l ] t ,s L r c hl r s u . o m c n P ' i n t i r g , b u t i t * i l i s . r \c s l ) ( ) i l i . g v i i , l l i i l n ) b c c . r u s c . l
a c l c l r c s s i r rcgh i l ( l r c . , i r l c P l i i L r t l ci t r i ' i l l a l s o s : r v c t i l r t c t o l l r v c t i r c r i , o r l i t l o n c c o n r n r c r c i l l l v .
lllcr'):lr!Llin!. lrrntre! s.rilinu. as u,cll ls thc contcnt U.lcss
of cvcrl.rlaf b;rckgrouncl \'o.l cu. hrr.c s.rrc..c clei.ot. rr t.od dr.rrl of tirnc to thc rvork,
s , r u n t l s ,s u c h : r s t i r c c l l l s o f c l o r n c s t i cl n i r n : r l s l n c l n o i s c s fictd dc'elop_
of rwrrk tasks in anrl ing crrn occlll)y lrcxt rmoLlnts oi timc trcilcr invcstccl in
ncrr Irt)usc_.A s .n , r l v s c s o f l i n c u i s t i c a n d o t h c r s c . r u n d obscn,ation and
dlta can lrror.iclc for a i n t c r v i c $ ' . I t u ' i l l s r r v c c o n s i c l c r u b l ci r r n t l s t o b u y f i l m i n
n r c . r r r s, r l i n c l L r i r l i n i o t h c u o r l c i o l ' r c l l i t l l . : n o s . n btrlk irnd to cut e.d
t c , 1 - r c 6 r b c r so f l c r - r l t r r r c l , , . r , l i t i r : t l r c l i c i , l . i r r i n . g 1 1 1 , , , j , 6I1i ,1r l t l n q i r - l r ,t l . r v l i . c h r - t r . 1 . , .
: r n . l . r r c ' . s t r ' : r l . : r b l c i , , r r h c c l - r - , 1 . L L irr ' n f i , , . r , l i r r ,,q. r f i 1 , .
dlt;r at l l.tcr tinrc. whilc ntcnf u4ricir is nou, ,qcncrirliy livrrilablc.
i l i s r , r r ' r l . , r r r i r r .. L r r , rl i n r , .c r r n s 1 , , , r ' , , , ,
t , i . , 1 , , r L . c o r c( l. \ ( r v i n r r . r , , i . . ul.i .r , . r t . I 1 - l l l r i t s r r r c t l t : r ' c l o l r c ccl o n t n t c r r . i . r l l i .i t. n l r r . s r i r c t i n t c : r n c l
*'ill bc l rrticLrl:rr inrc^ icr's rvith licy infornr:rnrs cxpcnsc to
on 'itirl toPics ihlt c..rir l r r r V cs h c c t s o f c o n r e c r
l - ' cl : r ' ' . , 1l r o r l r r t L r r cp l . r v b . r c kz. \ u r i t : 1 i l < i n eg l - r i n t s s c r r t t o l t r u h - r ' r n . L i lf u r r c v i c u . . I r u l l l r r i n t s e n . l
d c s r r i p r i o nu 1 - " . , , 1 r i . l l 1 . . l c v c r 6 p - n c ' g . r t i v c st r t n t l t c n b c s l - n t t o
irt! rnd contIlcx cr cnl into ,r t,r|c rt l . c r s o r r sr ( . a ( . i \ i l ' g t o p i r s o l y o L t r l i c l r l g t r t c s .
rrrrrlur ntit\. bc rlorc satisfactorl, than ()r err;rnlcnlcnts ciLn sonrctinrcs bc nr,rdr
irlinq to \\'ritc notrs rvhiic obscn.ing. in thc ncrrcst to$,n or citl'rrr,r
storrtlc iir a filnr r aulr. Wc storcJ bllck ,rntl r,,,hitcrrncl cokrr
ncgativrs lncl
Gc.cr.riir'. it is ircst r()
r)Lrrch,lscsinrl:,rc and *.cil-tcsted crll.ncras Prirtts 1-or ir tintc in thr coltl stor,t{!- r()onl oi:t f i r r . r . ri n t h , : i r j o r t h i i r r ; r c c r
rrncl rt'c.rdr:rs. * lrirh rcquirc littrc nraintcnancc
anc! *,ill hold up for ront c ' t p i t : r l ' t h e n a r r a n l c d r o h i r v c n c g . r t i v c s r n : r i r c L ld i r c . c i i l
to tl,c U.ritccl Strtcs
Jr.rr(r({o . ;f r i s i u r r rj i r , l j i i i r u l t c ] i r u r r t i cr u r c lu . o r k c i , n d i r i o n - sA. n c i : l r c n s i cr a n c l . r fi r r r ' o r r r i n t r c i ; r l r l c r c l r r j r i r - r c n tr n S i r r g r r | t ) i c i l n d A t r s t r r r l i l .
iclur-i:;l .l.ll r.r il:.,i i.i:rs irlcu'.i:: Shctts of conlecr
"i :lnid risc cr fails duc to d,.lst. ccic_ nrints and l)rintj \\'!:ic nrlrilrd tc lrs.rnj r...trc uscri ro r.iljt:rntl toii.rit
r l i _ i i - a . ) r l i n r : i , l l ; r . l i . , : ;i . l i t t l c L r r . . ] f . r b u r l ' c t p c _ r m i t s .i t * , o , l C b c h c l l ; ,
-r,[ _ 1liltlrllsri'ith1]cI:lnetls,itisrir.rith:Lt.iri.rilc.ilqr',r,|;.i1'I1l.1IIlt.Il1)c(lit)r
ftil tLr e,ir.rr irrlLr ii-rc h.l,i :,t lctst i\rrl rrcorric-r:
arrd ..1.o still crinter:Ls. i,trh r.ll.r s c ( t . r . l r ( . a , , Ji l l . r . . r . i l h c : r r . l \r e f ( ) 1 r ) r i n l s . . r r , !
*'itfr.r *'irii r.rn!(r c,f lc.scs. pro'ision shoulc l i r , , i . c g : L t i r s sh .
bc madc for lordi.g filnr rrr D u t i n l r s r s t c n t c f n ( ) f i t t i o n r s t o l r t c l t i l l t . r i r L t r . l i n t c . . P . r r t i c i p r n l s ,a n r l y r - r L r r
rhc Iciii. l.tl s.p,lic:; iror thc carc of camerrrs,
fi1m, tapcs, and recorcrcrs i n r I r c s s i o n o f t h c r n e j o r i r c r t t r r , :o i : r r t i o n ( ' , d i r . i n r t i o n . i ' . . r i r - c
.irist bc sciri.('rl hc.fo..sctting uir rcsidc-ncc. hrn.cst,.,ancl
A generous s'ppl1,of plastic r i o o n ) . T h c c a r c f r i i : o t . r t i o r . r o t i h c r r i n , : o f e i i o i r s , :r : r i r o r r s . L l . i
corltilurcrs rnrl ir:r!s. ryirfi a r;ood supply of strone intelvien.s
rubber banis w;tt a;d ;n
i ' : c c p i r - r cc a n r e * : l n ( l r . c c r i d i n p e c u i p m c - n t 1 - r o v i c l ' : so n / i \ , \ ' : r ) ' i n l h i c h c u i t L r n l r o n r p i t : : i t . , . c . r n I x : o r g r n i z c , i f o r l n a l l , s r s .
dn. dLrsi free, and away fron-r high \\/ith.'t tinrc norrrtions on notcs and photo.qr:lphs, deta c:in bcco'e nrean-
hrr.nri.litrIn. thq ri,,pi,f i s n . c e s s . r nl o h . , r . " a s u o p l y o f s m r l l p l a s t i c
.it inglcss, as tirc scetch ior
bcii je;s;'itl .fi,':icl,c.irrinci lrerticuier obscn'atiols oi coniuicirrs bccorles nrore
f r n , . . , s i c e s l a b - r i s ha ' , - a c u u r a f c l c o n t r c i o f c i c r n : r n c i i n r :r. h c r r L , r i i r u s r r . l i . i o . \ . i l i L , . i : i i i . i i r c h , . . r s - i , , c , , r - ! . - a r c i r i n g
humiditv a.d :r'oidence oi fungus qro\\.th. for r-:r
-siore'i In or:r Dusun sfudies q,e also 'in itci.n rifiich could he simply retri.'ec thror-rsh a tiurc
can'e-a and rcc-ording*cquipnrent in ierge, hea.r.y nc.tc. prints can bc
prastic containeil cro:;s.incicxcdfrcntilt-t:notaiions.seeliorlri,ilir.otbcq'a:ic.:iiileli:ingflrr
r"'ith ti,ght ::eis. Srrch ccntliners arc u:lcl i;i American "an old'an
r.it.h.rr. for curpcser chopoinr *'ood," or l "m.thtr
ol sto,ring fiour, tcachi'r.q u bo1.to o,aik." tf
1.,gar. srrlt, and so on. Across the bottcm cf each contairrer rctaine d. prints and negati'es shcuici be prot:ctcci in the 6eld -
x'e fixced se','eral-inchc: cf fresh siiica gc! fronr darr-rp-
end co'erei it E,ith a piecc of ncss. dust. and insccts. Aftci lndexing eacir iirrn, it
lauze material. Thc silica pel nas replaced twice a week; 1 r e + , ' a r t 1 , r . , u u l . ib e h e r p -
the preriously use.l ful io store matcrials in a closcd coniainer.
scl ri'es cookcd in a laiee frying pan o'er an open
fire and allowed io cool since the basic means 'f rccording tiaia stiil is thror-,gh use
ir':r:i'c1i.1i of fi.-id
1l.r:tir r,,rririn.r, rhrn r.-usr:d. Ii ihe nrorc efficient bell jars notes, it'yould seem 'rseful to anticipete pre63qlrrresand oroblems in-
arc.used, a supply of plastic bass that
can be sealed will help in keeping volved in the making, classifying and using notes. A typcnriter
cquipn-rent sealed off orice takc'rr fro'r the is a valuable
\.aculiin storage. cameras and iup" lid in recording notes in a permanent form. Selection and purcltase
rccorders shotrl,-l br: r:rrriecl on trips *,rapped of a
in ser.eral sealed plastic bags ..vcll ntadc. lightweight t1'pcwriter,
t o k c c p o l T t h c r e i n e n d c i a n - r p n c s sE. ' e . r - a f t e r and arranrement for shipment to vou of
a fall in a ri'er o,,...-..", expendable t1'-ping supplics (ribbons, carbon peper)
havc remaircd dry. Onc of our still shourd be part of the
cameras has been used in t*.o field prcparation for long-tern'r field studv.
trr|s. trkin! rrt lc.rst 10.000 photoeraphs.
end shon.s littlc signs of q,ear. It Fie ld s'orkers har-c rcported ;r r :i rirt1. of n.ei.s
n'oLrltl bc *'isc to t.rkc a limitcd amcunt to ntlke, con1, an.l
of equipment to tesi-develop a rolr enalyzc and iile field notes.e I her.e a prefcrence
.f fronr (\'.r\' .:lrrcril ciicrl *'cek to evoicr Ioss of for ri,riting -y,,ot"s of
.fii'r g r e a t a m o r - l n t so f f i r m obscn'ation lnd intcnierv in longhand on 'note
r r l r l v i t : r l o l r s c r v r L t i , r n sd , - i r t o f u ' g u s scts.., l h:n.c found that ri
on lenses. licht leaks, and so on. s:r'cs ntuch tirrte to mrke up sets of sc\.-lt
olges of sccond shcet pupcr c.t
Extcnsivc rlo cl.ping of pl-robs in the field
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I t i s r r r r t u n u s u . r l t h . r i . t l r t h r o p , r l o . : i s "u r i l ] i r r t r l i c r r ' 1 s i 6 1 1 1 96 i l f r : : l ! 1 1 | 1 . '' ., 1 ' . ' : l l ) a ' rc' tosn. [ . r i n c r s .l t . r r n r i n g t , r I s l r j n g u t c l t s i i - s ) $ c i i i . ] . i i l i ; , . I . , 1 - l
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! t . , t " r ' rt ,t . r . . ; ] r , . 1 n , , ( i r L, l, i i i : , , , , i \ . 1 , , \ \ ; . r i l . , l , i i t ' t L r l l ' ( r . r r L : I.ul n i
o 1 - t c c h n o l o g r ' a r ) i l d u r . u . li n t f r r i n i r i - r i
; . r i , r . 1 r , 1 ' r c s i r l r r r c i r i 1 , , ' 1 i , 11 . , , . ,i r, ] . . '
h t r i r i , l r t r r . r n q u s . : u r ( tl h c d i r . e t i o n . u ) c l s p r r ( l s o i l i n r l s . l l G . r u g c s , i o d i c , r t o r s . [ r , t s t f, c r r r i L f i . ] ' ( ) l l e c t ) n a n d : r l r - . n ! - t r r n t > t L i i l i o i c r - t l t r i r . Lr rj b j r t i : . l ) e i r r . r t , j , r ' .
. r l l ( l t l r L - r t ' l l r l l l r c t , , - ri ' ,s' r r l a c r l r . r l r l \ r ( L r ) I ( l i l r { t l t U s c c i c i r t s a r l ) L u t L i s r l : 1 i l j 'b L ' on VOlir bLrriget rrnd tinrc, it u,ould bc ir-'iorn'i:ttjvc tr) t1).lli. iiqr:rilc,l rrlrri
, , i ; l , , i t r c r i r t t h c f i c l d . i i i t i s l l ) l ) t r r c r r tt l - r . L lL; . r i r c i u r c l s o i ' c l i n i e t t r v i l l b . r c c o i . i s o I t h r - 's e q u c n c e o f r i ' o r k b 1 ' s c rt r . i i c i a f t s i r c n i n t i r c r r i r i k i ; ; ! ( ) ; ' s o i ] 3
-;::tlifcilnt. fr',r vc;i f;r'l,i :t:,;it, tt r,'i]l l-,. it...i-i3;tri. i;- crtlcr sirnple i-t-
i l p e s - o i ! a ) i l l r l u u , i r r . r i c r i , Lr rl i l i u r e . r r ' i l l r , r ' L . t p u{ c c t r i J i r t r ' - , i i i , , . , . c . : ; , 1 . i r , , i , , , r .
,'(,r.ling tl.-viccs bcforc po;n.q to thc ficid, rnd to
l--i.rn tr routinc of driti f o r e a c h s t e f o f t h e p r o c e s s . I t . r . o r r k i b e - u s e f n l t o I r n . c l r r r r l . - - l sc i o b j c c t s .
. - l : - : . 1 ' . 1 ' i c i - , s .I n S a r i ; i ; , - ; ; r . ; ( , ; l i i . ] a i s 1 ' s ' . i : n t ; t ; cr i . . o r . ] o f r a i ' ; f ; i l l , l r r r ; t ; i i i l .
ar .: liua-rrrr.r,ai soirl- (a). !i'cifti-n,.it rs i,,iii.iL . r r , - ] i r t , r . t i i . , : : ., r r , , - l c l , r
t('ittt)cntLrrc. and $'ind spccrl ilnd clirccrion b1'scrrin.q tintes elch ciav for en irrrportr{nt perticipant. ln thc et'ent c,t'e ntodel or ciiorllr:r i..ing nt:r.i..
1 , r i l r ; r - l i o r. tr i t l i c - s cd a t a . I l p h y s i c a l e n t h r o l r o l o c i r - a ld , , i . r . r r r : , t o , b c c o l i e , . i . J r)hotographs of th,: full-sizcd obiect .)r elent shoulci be fileci rrith rtre c-x-
i1,r;rr the ior;i! pon.,1t,tc)n, lnstrums.,is sricir as siiiiing rn4 i-,ingc.i caiipr:;s-
: e , , l t s . : r r ' , d s o o r - rs l t o u l d L . c s : n t t o t h c f i c l d . O b s c r r r t i o r , s c r f s t a t u r c , ; , e r g h t , i: [or discussrons of soi{
ti'pes. see tr{ilirr. f-urk. ;nci Forh (t9>S). }iefc-rcnres
br;.lt'propcrtioils, skin color, iirJ h:rir shepc xrc b.3st mltde tcccrding tc i o c l i r s > i f l c a t i o r r so f p l a r r t a r r d a n i r r a l l i f e a r c t o b e f o u n d i r i A r c h c r ( t 9 - 1 t ) i B r ; t i j h
st.rnJ:rrd i)raciiccs and $'ith usual devices for reccrding such Cetr ( rl. trfuseunr Insrn:ctions for Collcctors (f91]-19tj): end l:osberr (19('0). Fr,r .i;:,
l\f ()nt:rqu 1960). If spccial studits. such ts blood-rrou;, iyping, physiologic c u s s , o r r so i e i i ) l o A v , s . e B a t e s ( 1 9 5 3 ) , T h o [ i s (I)t(,): an.j trlalinos.ski ( lgjj).
For sonre discrrssions of ntetallurgicai prarticcs. brsketrr., p.rtier)'xnd tc\tiles. sce
l-t:nctions, rnd othcrs are plenncd, proiision rrllist bc nlldc not onli'for rc- ilarrctt (19i2)r Coghlan (19t1). Bunzel (i929), Shcpard (r9i'): Birck (191-);
i.rtlinq dci rccs. but also for thc sprcial \\'.ifs fequircd for hanclling mr- rnd P.cichard ( 1 9 3 6 ) . Fol somc discussions of dancing lnrl nrusic. see Kurxtir (t9ait):
I)ensmorc (t9,i6); Karples (19)8) ; and Netil (19t4).
i er i i l I r o n r r h c i l c L i . s u c h a s
P r c s c ni n ! : r n d s h i I p i n : r b l o , r d f o r t v p i n c . r'j For co!nnrrnt on nrsthods
of stuCr.of coior percrption scc ller (t9tr).
Slreci.rl slLrdics nlrl)'rc(lliirc usc of otfrcr deviccs for rccortlin( data. I I I r o r d i s c u s s i o n so i p r o j c c t i v c
tcsis in :;ru.litsof cuiturc. sce Adcock in,l Ritchie
iiL:r.rrch aonccn)cd g ith thc \\':lys .1 socictl. e.xpi,riis the n.rhtril environ- (19ts. 191c)t. 195qh)', Hcnrr and Spiro (i9ll); I{enn. (1955): rrn.l Spin,Jler
( 1 9 1 1 ) . I f L r s co i p r o j e c t i l e t e s t s i s p l r n n e J i n F t l . l l r r r k . t r k t r : i r - . r n ; : : f r j . ! i l . . j \
r t ! ! i i n r . i | i n r , r l r , : . r n . i 1 1 : ; i st - , t s , . i l t ) . p c s , l n c l c l : i s s i l l c . r t i r i nts) [ p l a r - r t su s e d
sible to the 6cl.l to allos'i grcrtcr choicc,rf mcthorli. Sonrc t,,.t; f,rc ro!) (\l)(n-
: L n , l . u r i i r . i l s h u n l e r l . S t u d i , _ , s( r i n t c t . r l l u r g i c . r l
Pi.rciccs. b.rskctr1., tcxtilcs, : r i \ . f i i ) r i l ( r t r - s p r r c c i r p r , : s t . r b c t a k e n t r r t l t c - l l c l i l : i t i s L t s r 'L1r l t 1 ) a . r i r \ ( i c i . r , 1 i
r r { ) i i ! r | r , . , l . i r ) r - . i , u r ,i n . g . n r r r s i c . riln s l n r r r t r r i s . i , r n r . r k i n ; i n ( l u s c s o f h r i n t i r , ! of or,lt'rin! rn,l dcs:r:l.rions oi tirr,sr tcsii. \[rni t( \t\ c.ln bc trrucrt,] , nir hr
D s r c l t . l l 0 q i : t s I i t n c r - . s , r r : r t x r r a . t . q e i l e n t \ j t . i . , . t o i t c l I . i J c i i t s ( l L t i c i c i i . , , ' l r r ' .i i l
] - L , r \ i ) l ) 'r r r . i i i . r l l l ( r f \ l ( L i . 1 l , l , - r . i , . . ,i-':o r O b l . r i n i r - r gr.c a i ) r d i n , q ,r n d r n . r l y z i n . l nee.!.
-I-akc
r r l r r i P r r c n r ( s c i : , s o r s , c t r d l ) r ) J r , - 1 .. l : . t i r i r r c t ( ) ( ) l \ . ( r ; l r ( ) n i a n , l . , . , r n ) t o
! ' l ' r r r r r i r r . : t r ' \ 1 , , i . . r i : i n :r i r ' , , , . r L i . i r i,cl t : L r i i . l i o n . allov rou i() C(rnstrrlat r\ts ;f vorr neeil to Li\ sr)
t n r l r t a o r ( l io f c l i l n : i ; cs. r t , l i I . r t r , . , , n t r -1 . . ; 1 1 1 1 1 1, ,gi . sc o l l c - r t i o n r n c l . l - . r : i l . t i , r n ; r r i l . . r t r r i . t l . i r l : : , . . i'
l . , r ' , . i i , r ' , l ) : . , r 1 ( l : L . r i l i : 1 . , : | . 1 : : , , : , , 1 , : r . . t lJ l . , n . i h 1 ) r r{ i i. 9 : , . ) .
{ t 9 r 0 ) t } { r , l . l , , nr r n dH L r r n , . l (l 1 9 1 6 1 9 i s ) t r n . l \ \ ' . C l i . - o n c t ( t 9 r t ) .