Coordinates: 55°N 097°W

Manitoba
Manitoba (/ˌmænɪˈtoʊbə/ ( listen)) is a province at the
longitudinal centre of Canada. It is one of the three prairie
Manitoba
provinces (with Alberta and Saskatchewan) and Canada's
fifth-most populous province with its estimated 1.3 million
people. Manitoba covers 649,950 square kilometres
(250,900 sq mi) with a widely varied landscape. The
province is bordered by the provinces of Ontario to the east Flag
and Saskatchewan to the west, the territories of Nunavut to Coat of arms

the north, and Northwest Territories to the northwest, and Motto(s): Latin: Gloriosus et Liber
the US states of North Dakota and Minnesota to the south. ("Glorious and free")

Aboriginal peoples have inhabited what is now Manitoba

for thousands of years. In the late 17th century, fur traders
arrived in the area when it was part of Rupert's Land and
YT
owned by the Hudson's Bay Company. In 1869, NT NU
negotiations for the creation of the province of Manitoba
led to an armed uprising of the Métis people against the BC AB
NL
Government of Canada, a conflict known as the Red River SK MB QC
ON PE
Rebellion. The rebellion's resolution led to the Parliament NBNS
of Canada passing the Manitoba Act in 1870 that created
the province.
Confederation 15 July 1870 (5th)
Manitoba's capital and largest city, Winnipeg, is the eighth- Capital Winnipeg
largest census metropolitan area in Canada. Other census Largest city Winnipeg
agglomerations in the province are Brandon, Steinbach, Largest metro Winnipeg Capital
Portage la Prairie, and Thompson. Region
Government
• Lieutenant Governor Janice Filmon
• Premier Brian Pallister (PC)
Contents Legislature Legislative Assembly
Etymology of Manitoba

Geography Federal (in Canadian

Hydrography and terrain representation Parliament)
Climate House seats 14 of 338 (4.1%)
Flora and fauna Senate seats 6 of 105 (5.7%)

History Area
First Nations and European settlement • Total 649,950 km2
Confederation (250,950 sq mi)
Modern era • Land 548,360 km2
(211,720 sq mi)

1/17/2018, 7:23 PM 1
 • Water 101,593 km2
Demography
(39,225 sq mi) 15.6%
Economy Area rank Ranked 8th
Economic history 6.5% of Canada
Military bases Population
Government and politics • Total 1,278,365 [1]
Official languages • Estimate (2017 Q4) 1,343,371 [2]
Transportation • Rank Ranked 5th
Education • Density 2.33/km2 (6.0/sq mi)

Culture Demonym(s) Manitoban

Arts Official languages English[3]
Festivals GDP
Museums • Rank 6th
Media • Total (2015) C$65.862 billion[4]
Sports • Per capita C$50,820 (9th)
References Time zone Central: UTC–6, (DST
Further reading −5)
External links Postal abbr. MB
Postal code prefix R
ISO 3166 code CA-MB
Etymology Flower Prairie crocus

The name Manitoba is believed to be derived from the

Cree, Ojibwe or Assiniboine languages. The name derives Tree White spruce
from Cree manitou-wapow or Ojibwa manidoobaa, both
meaning "straits of Manitou, the Great Spirit", a place
Bird Great grey owl
referring to what are now called The Narrows in the centre
of Lake Manitoba. It may also be from the Assiniboine for
"Lake of the Prairie".[5] Website www.gov.mb.ca
(http://www.gov.mb.ca)
The lake was known to French explorers as Lac des Rankings include all provinces and territories
Prairies. Thomas Spence chose the name to refer to a new
republic he proposed for the area south of the lake. Métis leader Louis Riel also chose the name, and it was accepted in
Ottawa under the Manitoba Act of 1870.[6]

Geography
Manitoba is bordered by the provinces of Ontario to the east and Saskatchewan to the west, the territories of Nunavut
to the north, and Northwest Territories to the northwest, and the US states of North Dakota and Minnesota to the
south. It adjoins Hudson Bay to the northeast, and is the only prairie province to have a saltwater coastline. The Port of
Churchill is Canada's only Arctic deep-water port. Lake Winnipeg is the tenth-largest freshwater lake in the world.
Hudson Bay is the world's second-largest bay. Manitoba is at the heart of the giant Hudson Bay watershed, once known
as Rupert's Land. It was a vital area of the Hudson's Bay Company, with many rivers and lakes that provided excellent
opportunities for the lucrative fur trade.

1/17/2018, 7:23 PM 2
 Hydrography and terrain
The province has a saltwater coastline bordering Hudson Bay and more
than 110,000 lakes,[7] covering approximately 15.6 percent or 101,593
square kilometres (39,225 sq mi) of its surface area.[8] Manitoba's major
lakes are Lake Manitoba, Lake Winnipegosis, and Lake Winnipeg, the
tenth-largest freshwater lake in the world.[9] Some traditional Native lands
and boreal forest on Lake Winnipeg's east side are a proposed UNESCO
World Heritage Site.[10]

Manitoba is at the centre of the Hudson Bay drainage basin, with a high
volume of the water draining into Lake Winnipeg and then north down the
Nelson River into Hudson Bay. This basin's rivers reach far west to the
mountains, far south into the United States, and east into Ontario. Major
watercourses include the Red, Assiniboine, Nelson, Winnipeg, Hayes,
Whiteshell and Churchill rivers. Most of Manitoba's inhabited south has
Relief map of Manitoba
developed in the prehistoric bed of Glacial Lake Agassiz. This region,
particularly the Red River Valley, is flat and fertile; receding glaciers left
hilly and rocky areas throughout the province.[11]

Baldy Mountain is the province's highest point at 832 metres (2,730 ft) above sea level,[12] and the Hudson Bay coast is
the lowest at sea level. Riding Mountain, the Pembina Hills, Sandilands Provincial Forest, and the Canadian Shield are
also upland regions. Much of the province's sparsely inhabited north and east lie on the irregular granite Canadian
Shield, including Whiteshell, Atikaki, and Nopiming Provincial Parks.[13]

Extensive agriculture is found only in the province's southern areas, although there is grain farming in the Carrot
Valley Region (near The Pas). The most common agricultural activity is cattle husbandry (34.6%), followed by assorted
grains (19.0%) and oilseed (7.9%).[14] Around 12 percent of Canada's farmland is in Manitoba.[15]

Climate
Manitoba has an extreme continental climate. Temperatures and precipitation generally decrease from south to north
and increase from east to west.[16] Manitoba is far from the moderating influences of mountain ranges or large bodies
of water. Because of the generally flat landscape, it is exposed to cold Arctic high-pressure air masses from the
northwest during January and February. In the summer, air masses sometimes come out of the Southern United
States, as warm humid air is drawn northward from the Gulf of Mexico.[17] Temperatures exceed 30 °C (86 °F)
numerous times each summer, and the combination of heat and humidity can bring the humidex value to the
mid-40s.[18] Carman, Manitoba recorded the second-highest humidex ever in Canada in 2007, with 53.0.[19] According
to Environment Canada, Manitoba ranked first for clearest skies year round, and ranked second for clearest skies in
the summer and for the sunniest province in the winter and spring.[20]

Southern Manitoba (including the city of Winnipeg), falls into the humid continental climate zone (Köppen Dfb). This
area is cold and windy in the winter and has frequent blizzards because of the open landscape. Summers are warm with
a moderate length. This region is the most humid area in the prairie provinces, with moderate precipitation.
Southwestern Manitoba, though under the same climate classification as the rest of Southern Manitoba, is closer to the
semi-arid interior of Palliser's Triangle. The area is drier and more prone to droughts than other parts of southern
Manitoba.[21] This area is cold and windy in the winter and has frequent blizzards due to the openness of the prairie

1/17/2018, 7:23 PM 3
 landscape.[21] Summers are
generally warm to hot, with low
to moderate humidity.[21]

Southern parts of the province

just north of Tornado Alley,
experience tornadoes, with 16
confirmed touchdowns in 2016.
Deep Lake at Riding Mountain In 2007, on 22 and 23 June,
National Park. numerous tornadoes touched
down, the largest an F5 tornado
that devastated parts of Elie
(the strongest recorded tornado in Canada).[22]

The province's northern sections (including the city of Thompson) fall in

the subarctic climate zone (Köppen climate classification Dfc). This region
features long and extremely cold winters and brief, warm summers with
little precipitation.[23] Overnight temperatures as low as −40 °C (−40 °F)
occur on several days each winter.[23]

Köppen climate types of Manitoba

January Plant
July daily Annual
Community Region daily hardiness
maximum[24] precipitation[24]
maximum[24] zone[25]

Pembina
Morden 26 °C (79 °F) −10 °C (14 °F) 541 mm (21 in) 3A
Valley

Winnipeg Winnipeg 26 °C (79 °F) −11 °C (12 °F) 521 mm (21 in) 2B

Westman
Pierson 27 °C (81 °F) −9 °C (16 °F) 457 mm (18 in) 2B
Region

Dauphin Parkland 25 °C (77 °F) −10 °C (14 °F) 482 mm (19 in) 2B

Steinbach Eastman 25 °C (77 °F) −11 °C (12 °F) 581 mm (23 in) 2B

Portage la Central
26 °C (79 °F) −9 °C (16 °F) 532 mm (21 in) 3A
Prairie Plains

Brandon Westman 25 °C (77 °F) −11 °C (12 °F) 474 mm (19 in) 2B

The Pas Northern 24 °C (75 °F) −14 °C (7 °F) 450 mm (18 in) 2B

Thompson Northern 23 °C (73 °F) −18 °C (0 °F) 474 mm (19 in) 2B

Churchill Northern 18 °C (64 °F) −22 °C (−8 °F) 453 mm (18 in) 0A

Flora and fauna

1/17/2018, 7:23 PM 4
 Manitoba natural communities may be grouped within five ecozones: boreal plains,
prairie, taiga shield, boreal shield and Hudson plains. Three of these—taiga shield,
boreal shield and Hudson plain—contain part of the Boreal forest of Canada which
covers the province's eastern, southeastern, and northern reaches.[26]

Forests make up about 263,000 square kilometres (102,000 sq mi), or 48 percent,

of the province's land area.[27] The forests consist of pines (Jack Pine, Red Pine,
Eastern White Pine), spruces (White Spruce, Black Spruce), Balsam Fir, Tamarack
(larch), poplars (Trembling Aspen, Balsam Poplar), birches (White Birch, Swamp
Birch) and small pockets of Eastern White Cedar.[27]

Two sections of the province are not dominated by forest. The province's northeast
corner bordering Hudson Bay is above the treeline and is considered tundra. The Polar bears are common in
tallgrass prairie once dominated the south central and southeastern parts including northern Manitoba
the Red River Valley. Mixed grass prairie is found in the southwestern region.
Agriculture has replaced much of the natural prairie but prairie still can be found in
parks and protected areas; some are notable for the presence of the endangered western prairie fringed orchid,.[28][29]

Manitoba is especially noted for its northern polar bear population; Churchill is commonly referred to as the "Polar
Bear Capital".[30] Other large animals, including moose, white-tailed deer, black bears, cougars, lynx, and wolves, are
common throughout the province, especially in the provincial and national parks. There is a large population of red
sided garter snakes near Narcisse; the dens there are home to the world's largest concentration of snakes.[31]

Manitoba's bird diversity is enhanced by its position on two major migration routes, with 392 confirmed identified
species; 287 of these nesting within the province.[32] These include the great grey owl, the province's official bird, and
the endangered peregrine falcon.[33]

Manitoba's lakes host 18 species of game fish, particularly species of trout, pike, and goldeye, as well as many smaller
fish.[34]

History

First Nations and European settlement

Modern-day Manitoba was inhabited by the First Nations people shortly after the last ice age glaciers retreated in the
southwest about 10,000 years ago; the first exposed land was the Turtle Mountain area.[35] The Ojibwe, Cree, Dene,
Sioux, Mandan, and Assiniboine peoples founded settlements, and other tribes entered the area to trade. In Northern
Manitoba, quartz was mined to make arrowheads. The first farming in Manitoba was along the Red River, where corn
and other seed crops were planted before contact with Europeans.[36]

In 1611, Henry Hudson was one of the first Europeans to sail into what is now known as Hudson Bay, where he was
abandoned by his crew.[37] The first European to reach present-day central and southern Manitoba was Sir Thomas
Button, who travelled upstream along the Nelson River to Lake Winnipeg in 1612 in an unsuccessful attempt to find
and rescue Hudson.[38] When the British ship Nonsuch sailed into Hudson Bay in 1668–1669, she became the first
trading vessel to reach the area; that voyage led to the formation of the Hudson's Bay Company, to which the British
government gave absolute control of the entire Hudson Bay watershed. This watershed was named Rupert's Land, after

1/17/2018, 7:23 PM 5
 Prince Rupert, who helped to subsidize the Hudson's Bay Company.[39]
York Factory was founded in 1684 after the original fort of the Hudson's
Bay Company, Fort Nelson (built in 1682), was destroyed by rival French
traders.[40]

Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, sieur de La Vérendrye, visited the Red River

Valley in the 1730s to help open the area for French exploration and
trade.[41] As French explorers entered the area, a Montreal-based company,
the North West Company, began trading with the Métis. Both the North First Nations would stampede
West Company and the Hudson's Bay Company built fur-trading forts; the American bison over these cliffs,
two companies competed in southern Manitoba, occasionally resulting in near Cartwright, Manitoba.

violence, until they merged in 1821 (the Hudson's Bay Company Archives in
Winnipeg preserve the history of this era).[39]

Great Britain secured the territory in 1763 after their victory over France in the North American theatre of the Seven
Years' War, better known as the French and Indian War in North America; lasting from 1754 to 1763. The founding of
the first agricultural community and settlements in 1812 by Lord Selkirk, north of the area which is now downtown
Winnipeg, led to conflict between British colonists and the Métis.[42] Twenty colonists, including the governor, and one
Métis were killed in the Battle of Seven Oaks in 1816.[43] Thomas Spence attempted to be President of the Republic of
Manitobah in 1867, that he and his council named.

Confederation
Rupert's Land was ceded to Canada by the Hudson's Bay Company in 1869
and incorporated into the Northwest Territories; a lack of attention to
Métis concerns caused Métis leader Louis Riel to establish a local
provisional government as part of the Red River Rebellion. In response,
Prime Minister John A. Macdonald introduced the Manitoba Act in the
Canadian House of Commons, the bill was given Royal Assent and
Manitoba was brought into Canada as a province in 1870.[44] Louis Riel was
pursued by British army officer Garnet Wolseley because of the rebellion,
and Riel fled into exile.[45] The Canadian government blocked the Métis'
attempts to obtain land promised to them as part of Manitoba's entry into
Evolution of Canadian provinces
confederation. Facing racism from the new flood of white settlers from 1867–present
Ontario, large numbers of Métis moved to what would become
Saskatchewan and Alberta.[44]

Numbered Treaties were signed in the late 19th century with the chiefs of various First Nations that lived in the area.
These treaties made specific promises of land for every family. As a result, a reserve system was established under the
jurisdiction of the Federal Government.[46] The prescribed amount of land promised to the native peoples was not
always given; this led aboriginal groups to assert rights to the land through aboriginal land claims, many of which are
still ongoing.[47]

The original province of Manitoba was a square one-eighteenth of its current size, and was known colloquially as the
"postage stamp province".[48] Its borders were expanded in 1881, taking land from the Northwest Territories and the
District of Keewatin, but Ontario claimed a large portion of the land; the disputed portion was awarded to Ontario in

1/17/2018, 7:23 PM 6
 1889. Manitoba grew to its current size in 1912, absorbing land from the Northwest Territories to reach 60°N, uniform
with the northern reach of its western neighbours Saskatchewan, Alberta and British Columbia.[48]

The Manitoba Schools Question showed the deep divergence of cultural values in the territory. The Catholic Franco-
Manitobans had been guaranteed a state-supported separate school system in the original constitution of Manitoba,
but a grassroots political movement among English Protestants from 1888 to 1890 demanded the end of French
schools. In 1890, the Manitoba legislature passed a law removing funding for French Catholic schools.[49] The French
Catholic minority asked the federal government for support; however, the Orange Order and other anti-Catholic forces
mobilized nationwide to oppose them.[50]

The federal Conservatives proposed remedial legislation to override Manitoba, but they were blocked by the Liberals,
led by Wilfrid Laurier, who opposed the remedial legislation because of his belief in provincial rights.[49] Once elected
Prime Minister in 1896, Laurier implemented a compromise stating Catholics in Manitoba could have their own
religious instruction for 30 minutes at the end of the day if there were enough students to warrant it, implemented on a
school-by-school basis.[49]

Modern era
By 1911, Winnipeg was the third largest city in Canada, and remained so
until overtaken by Vancouver in the 1920s.[51] A boomtown, it grew quickly
around the start of the 20th century, with outside investors and immigrants
contributing to its success.[52] The drop in growth in the second half of the
decade was a result of the opening of the Panama Canal in 1914, which
reduced reliance on transcontinental railways for trade, as well as a
decrease in immigration due to the outbreak of the First World War.[53]
Over 18,000 Manitoba residents enlisted in the first year of the war; by the
end of the war, 14 Manitobans had received the Victoria Cross.[54]
Crowd gathered outside the old City
After the First World War ended, severe discontent among farmers (over Hall during the Winnipeg general
wheat prices) and union members (over wage rates) resulted in an upsurge strike, 21 June 1919
of radicalism, coupled with a polarization over the rise of Bolshevism in
Russia.[55] The most dramatic result was the Winnipeg general strike of
1919. It began on 15 May and collapsed on 25 June 1919; as the workers gradually returned to their jobs, the Central
Strike Committee decided to end the movement.[56]

Government efforts to violently crush the strike, including a Royal Northwest Mounted Police charge into a crowd of
protesters that resulted in multiple casualties and one death, had led to the arrest of the movement's leaders.[56] In the
aftermath, eight leaders went on trial, and most were convicted on charges of seditious conspiracy, illegal
combinations, and seditious libel; four were aliens who were deported under the Canadian Immigration Act.[57]

The Great Depression (1929–c. 1939) hit especially hard in Western Canada, including Manitoba. The collapse of the
world market combined with a steep drop in agricultural production due to drought led to economic diversification,
moving away from a reliance on wheat production.[58] The Manitoba Co-operative Commonwealth Federation,
forerunner to the New Democratic Party of Manitoba (NDP), was founded in 1932.[59]

Canada entered the Second World War in 1939. Winnipeg was one of the major commands for the British
Commonwealth Air Training Plan to train fighter pilots, and there were air training schools throughout Manitoba.

1/17/2018, 7:23 PM 7
 Several Manitoba-based regiments were deployed overseas, including Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry. In
an effort to raise money for the war effort, the Victory Loan campaign organized "If Day" in 1942. The event featured a
simulated Nazi invasion and occupation of Manitoba, and eventually raised over C$65 million.[60]

Winnipeg was inundated during the 1950 Red River Flood and had to be
partially evacuated. In that year, the Red River reached its highest level
since 1861 and flooded most of the Red River Valley. The damage caused by
the flood led then-Premier Duff Roblin to advocate for the construction of
the Red River Floodway; it was completed in 1968 after six years of
excavation. Permanent dikes were erected in eight towns south of
Winnipeg, and clay dikes and diversion dams were built in the Winnipeg
area. In 1997, the "Flood of the Century" caused over C$400 million in
damages in Manitoba, but the floodway prevented Winnipeg from
Red River Floodway from the air
flooding.[61]

In 1990, Prime Minister Brian Mulroney attempted to pass the Meech Lake
Accord, a series of constitutional amendments to persuade Quebec to endorse the Canada Act 1982. Unanimous
support in the legislature was needed to bypass public consultation. Manitoba politician Elijah Harper, a Cree, opposed
because he did not believe First Nations had been adequately involved in the Accord's process, and thus the Accord
failed.[62]

In 2013, Manitoba was the second province to make accessibility legislation law, protecting the rights of persons with
disabilities.[63]

Demography
At the 2011 census, Manitoba had a population of 1,208,268, more than half of which is in the Winnipeg Capital
Region; Winnipeg is Canada's eighth-largest Census Metropolitan Area, with a population of 730,018 (2011
Census[64]). Although initial colonization of the province revolved mostly around homesteading, the last century has
seen a shift towards urbanization; Manitoba is the only Canadian province with over fifty-five percent of its population
located in a single city.[65]

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 Population of Manitoba since 1871
Largest cities by population
Five- Ten-
City Rank 2011 2006
year year
Year Population among
% %
Winnipeg provinces 663,617 633,451
change change
Brandon 46,061 41,511
1871 25,228 n/a n/a 6
Steinbach 13,524 11,066
1881 62,260 n/a 146.8 6
Portage la Prairie 12,996 12,728
1891 152,506 n/a 145 5
Thompson 12,829 13,446
1901 255,211 n/a 67.3 5
Winkler 10,670 9,106
1911 461,394 n/a 80.8 5
Selkirk 9,834 9,515
1921 610,118 n/a 32.2 4
Dauphin 8,251 7,906
1931 700,139 n/a 14.8 5
Morden 7,812 6,571
1941 729,744 n/a 4.2 6
Table source: Statistics Canada (http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/popdwell/Table.cfm?T=302&
1951 776,541 n/a 6.4 6
SR=1&S=3&O=D&RPP=25&PR=46)
1956 850,040 9.5 n/a 6

1961 921,686 8.4 18.7 6

1966 963,066 4.5 13.3 5

1971 988,245 2.3 7.2 5

1976 1,021,505 3.4 6.1 5

1981 1,026,241 0.4 3.8 5

1986 1,063,015 3.6 4.1 5

1991 1,091,942 2.7 6.4 5

1996 1,113,898 2.0 4.8 5

2001 1,119,583 0.5 2.5 5

2006 1,148,401 2.6 3.1 5

2011 1,208,268 5.2 7.9 5

Source: Statistics Canada[66][67] A map of Manitoba with the location

of the major cities
According to the 2006 Canadian census,[64] the largest ethnic group in
Manitoba is English (22.9%), followed by German (19.1%), Scottish
(18.5%), Ukrainian (14.7%), Irish (13.4%), North American Indian (10.6%), Polish (7.3%), Métis (6.4%), French (5.6%),
Dutch (4.9%), and Russian (4.0%). Almost one-fifth of respondents also identified their ethnicity as "Canadian".[68]
There is a significant indigenous community: aboriginals (including Métis) are Manitoba's fastest-growing ethnic
group, representing 13.6 percent of Manitoba's population as of 2001 (some reserves refused to allow census-takers to
enumerate their populations).[69] There is a significant Franco-Manitoban minority (148,370) and a growing aboriginal
population (192,865, including the Métis). Gimli, Manitoba is home to the largest Icelandic community outside of
Iceland.[70]

1/17/2018, 7:23 PM 9
 Most Manitobans belong to a Christian denomination: on the 2001 census, 758,760 Manitobans (68.7%) reported
being Christian, followed by 13,040 (1.2%) Jewish, 5,745 (0.5%) Buddhist, 5,485 (0.5%) Sikh, 5,095 (0.5%) Muslim,
3,840 (0.3%) Hindu, 3,415 (0.3%) Aboriginal spirituality and 995 (0.1%) pagan.[71] 201,825 Manitobans (18.3%)
reported no religious affiliation.[71] The largest Christian denominations by number of adherents were the Roman
Catholic Church with 292,970 (27%); the United Church of Canada with 176,820 (16%); and the Anglican Church of
Canada with 85,890 (8%).[71]

Economy
Manitoba has a moderately strong economy based largely on natural resources. Its Gross Domestic Product was
C$50.834 billion in 2008.[72] The province's economy grew 2.4 percent in 2008, the third consecutive year of growth;
in 2009, it neither increased nor decreased.[73][74] The average individual income in Manitoba in 2006 was C$25,100
(compared to a national average of C$26,500), ranking fifth-highest among the provinces.[75] As of October 2009,
Manitoba's unemployment rate was 5.8 percent.[76]

Manitoba's economy relies heavily on agriculture, tourism, energy, oil, mining, and forestry. Agriculture is vital and is
found mostly in the southern half of the province, although grain farming occurs as far north as The Pas. Around 12
percent of Canadian farmland is in Manitoba.[15] The most common type of farm found in rural areas is cattle farming
(34.6%),[14] followed by assorted grains (19.0%) and oilseed (7.9%).[14]

Manitoba is the nation's largest producer of sunflower seed and dry beans,[77] and one of the leading sources of
potatoes. Portage la Prairie is a major potato processing centre, and is home to the McCain Foods and Simplot plants,
which provide French fries for McDonald's, Wendy's, and other commercial chains.[78] Can-Oat Milling, one of the
largest oat mills in the world, also has a plant in the municipality.[79]

Manitoba's largest employers are government and government-funded institutions, including crown corporations and
services like hospitals and universities. Major private-sector employers are The Great-West Life Assurance Company,
Cargill Ltd., and James Richardson and Sons Ltd.[80] Manitoba also has large manufacturing and tourism sectors.
|Churchill's Arctic wildlife is a major tourist attraction; the town is a world capital for polar bear and beluga whale
watchers.[81] Manitoba is the only province with an Arctic deep-water seaport, at Churchill.[82]

Economic history
Manitoba's early economy depended on mobility and living off the land.
Aboriginal Nations (Cree, Ojibwa, Dene, Sioux and Assiniboine) followed
herds of bison and congregated to trade among themselves at key meeting
places throughout the province. After the arrival of the first European
traders in the 17th century, the economy centred on the trade of beaver
pelts and other furs.[83] Diversification of the economy came when Lord
Selkirk brought the first agricultural settlers in 1811,[84] though the triumph
of the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) over its competitors ensured the Red River cart train
primacy of the fur trade over widespread agricultural colonization.[83]

HBC control of Rupert's Land ended in 1868; when Manitoba became a province in 1870, all land became the property
of the federal government, with homesteads granted to settlers for farming.[83] Transcontinental railways were
constructed to simplify trade. Manitoba's economy depended mainly on farming, which persisted until drought and the

1/17/2018, 7:23 PM 10
 Great Depression led to further diversification.[58]

Military bases
CFB Winnipeg is a Canadian Forces Base at the Winnipeg International Airport. The base is home to flight operations
support divisions and several training schools, as well as the 1 Canadian Air Division and Canadian NORAD Region
Headquarters.[85] 17 Wing of the Canadian Forces is based at CFB Winnipeg; the Wing has three squadrons and six
schools.[86] It supports 113 units from Thunder Bay to the Saskatchewan/Alberta border, and from the 49th parallel
north to the high Arctic. 17 Wing acts as a deployed operating base for CF-18 Hornet fighter–bombers assigned to the
Canadian NORAD Region.[86]

The two 17 Wing squadrons based in the city are: the 402 ("City of Winnipeg" Squadron), which flies the Canadian
designed and produced de Havilland Canada CT-142 Dash 8 navigation trainer in support of the 1 Canadian Forces
Flight Training School's Air Combat Systems Officer and Airborne Electronic Sensor Operator training programs
(which trains all Canadian Air Combat Systems Officer);[87] and the 435 ("Chinthe" Transport and Rescue Squadron),
which flies the Lockheed C-130 Hercules tanker/transport in airlift search and rescue roles, and is the only Air Force
squadron equipped and trained to conduct air-to-air refuelling of fighter aircraft.[86]

Canadian Forces Base Shilo (CFB Shilo) is an Operations and Training base of the Canadian Forces located 35
kilometres (22 mi) east of Brandon. During the 1990s, Canadian Forces Base Shilo was designated as an Area Support
Unit, acting as a local base of operations for Southwest Manitoba in times of military and civil emergency.[88] CFB Shilo
is the home of the 1st Regiment, Royal Canadian Horse Artillery, both battalions of the 1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade
Group, and the Royal Canadian Artillery. The Second Battalion of Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry (2
PPCLI), which was originally stationed in Winnipeg (first at Fort Osborne, then in Kapyong Barracks), has operated
out of CFB Shilo since 2004. CFB Shilo hosts a training unit, 3rd Canadian Division Training Centre. It serves as a base
for support units of 3rd Canadian Division, also including 3 CDSG Signals Squadron, Shared Services Unit (West), 11
CF Health Services Centre, 1 Dental Unit, 1 Military Police Regiment, and an Integrated Personnel Support Centre. The
base currently houses 1,700 soldiers.[88]

Government and politics

The Manitoba Legislative Building,
meeting place of the Legislative
Assembly of Manitoba
parties.[90]
After the control of Rupert's Land was passed from Great Britain to the
Government of Canada in 1869, Manitoba attained full-fledged rights and
responsibilities of self-government as the first Canadian province carved
out of the Northwest Territories.[89] The Legislative Assembly of Manitoba
was established on 14 July 1870. Political parties first emerged between
1878 and 1883, with a two-party system (Liberals and Conservatives).[90]
The United Farmers of Manitoba appeared in 1922, and later merged with
the Liberals in 1932.[90] Other parties, including the Co-operative
Commonwealth Federation (CCF), appeared during the Great Depression;
in the 1950s, Manitoban politics became a three-party system, and the
Liberals gradually declined in power.[90] The CCF became the New
Democratic Party of Manitoba (NDP), which came to power in 1969.[90]
Since then, the Conservatives and the NDP have been the dominant

1/17/2018, 7:23 PM 11
 Like all Canadian provinces, Manitoba is governed by a unicameral legislative assembly.[91] The executive branch is
formed by the governing party; the party leader is the premier of Manitoba, the head of the executive branch. The head
of state, Queen Elizabeth II, is represented by the Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba, who is appointed by the Governor
General of Canada on advice of the Prime Minister.[92] The head of state is primarily a ceremonial role, although the
Lieutenant Governor has the official responsibility of ensuring that Manitoba has a duly constituted government.[92]

The Legislative Assembly consists of the 57 Members elected to represent the people of Manitoba.[93] The premier of
Manitoba is Brian Pallister of the PC Party. The PCs were elected with a majority government of 40 seats.[94][95] The
NDP holds 14 seats, and the Liberal Party have three seats but does not have official party status in the Manitoba
Legislature.[95][96] The last provincial general election was held on 19 April 2016.[94] The province is represented in
federal politics by 14 Members of Parliament and six Senators.[97][98]

Manitoba's judiciary consists of the Court of Appeal, the Court of Queen's Bench, and the Provincial Court. The
Provincial Court is primarily for criminal law; 95 percent of criminal cases in Manitoba are heard here.[99] The Court of
Queen's Bench is the highest trial court in the province. It has four jurisdictions: family law (child and family services
cases), civil law, criminal law (for indictable offences), and appeals. The Court of Appeal hears appeals from both
benches; its decisions can only be appealed to the Supreme Court of Canada.[100]

Official languages
English and French are the official languages of the legislature and courts of Manitoba, according to §23 of the
Manitoba Act, 1870 (part of the Constitution of Canada). In April 1890, the Manitoba legislature attempted to abolish
the official status of French, and ceased to publish bilingual legislation. However, in 1985 the Supreme Court of Canada
ruled in the Reference re Manitoba Language Rights that §23 still applied, and that legislation published only in
English was invalid (unilingual legislation was declared valid for a temporary period to allow time for translation).[101]

Although French is an official language for the purposes of the legislature, legislation, and the courts, the Manitoba Act
does not require it to be an official language for the purpose of the executive branch (except when performing
legislative or judicial functions).[102] Hence, Manitoba's government is not completely bilingual. The Manitoba French
Language Services Policy of 1999 is intended to provide a comparable level of provincial government services in both
official languages.[103] According to the 2006 Census, 82.8 percent of Manitoba's population spoke only English, 3.2
percent spoke only French, 15.1 percent spoke both, and 0.9 percent spoke neither.[104]

In 2010, the provincial government of Manitoba passed the Aboriginal Languages Recognition Act, which gives official
recognition to seven indigenous languages: Cree, Dakota, Dene, Inuktitut, Michif, Ojibway and Oji-Cree.[105]

Transportation
Transportation and warehousing contribute approximately C$2.2 billion to Manitoba's GDP. Total employment in the
industry is estimated at 34,500, or around 5 percent of Manitoba's population.[106] Trucks haul 95 percent of land
freight in Manitoba, and trucking companies account for 80 percent of Manitoba's merchandise trade to the United
States.[107] Five of Canada's twenty-five largest employers in for-hire trucking are headquartered in Manitoba.[107]
C$1.18 billion of Manitoba's GDP comes directly or indirectly from trucking.[107]

Greyhound Canada and Grey Goose Bus Lines offer domestic bus service from the Winnipeg Bus Terminal. The
terminal was relocated from downtown Winnipeg to the airport in 2009, and is a Greyhound hub.[108] Municipalities
also operate localized transit bus systems.

1/17/2018, 7:23 PM 12
 Manitoba has two Class I railways: Canadian National Railway (CN) and
Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR). Winnipeg is centrally located on the main
lines of both carriers, and both maintain large inter-modal terminals in the
city. CN and CPR operate a combined 2,439 kilometres (1,516 mi) of track
in Manitoba.[107] Via Rail offers transcontinental and Northern Manitoba
passenger service from Winnipeg's Union Station. Numerous small regional
and short-line railways also run trains within Manitoba: the Hudson Bay
Railway, the Southern Manitoba Railway, Burlington Northern Santa Fe
Manitoba, Greater Winnipeg Water District Railway, and Central Manitoba Union Station (Winnipeg)
Railway. Together, these smaller lines operate approximately 1,775
kilometres (1,103 mi) of track in the province.[107]

Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport, Manitoba's

largest airport, is one of only a few 24-hour unrestricted airports in Canada
and is part of the National Airports System.[109] A new, larger terminal
opened in October 2011.[110] The airport handles approximately 195,000
tonnes (430,000,000 lb) of cargo annually, making it the third largest
cargo airport in the country.[109]

Eleven regional passenger airlines and nine smaller and charter carriers
The Port of Churchill
operate out of the airport, as well as eleven air cargo carriers and seven
freight forwarders.[107] Winnipeg is a major sorting facility for both FedEx
and Purolator, and receives daily trans-border service from UPS.[107] Air Canada Cargo and Cargojet Airways use the
airport as a major hub for national traffic.[107]

The Port of Churchill, owned by OmniTRAX, is the only Arctic deep-water port in Canada. It is nautically closer to
ports in Northern Europe and Russia than any other port in Canada.[82] It has four deep-sea berths for the loading and
unloading of grain, general cargo and tanker vessels.[107] The port is served by the Hudson Bay Railway (also owned by
OmniTRAX). Grain represented 90 percent of the port's traffic in the 2004 shipping season.[107] In that year, over
600,000 tonnes (1.3 × 109 lb) of agricultural products were shipped through the port.[107]

Education
The first school in Manitoba was founded in 1818 by Roman Catholic missionaries in present-day Winnipeg; the first
Protestant school was established in 1820.[111] A provincial board of education was established in 1871; it was
responsible for public schools and curriculum, and represented both Catholics and Protestants. The Manitoba Schools
Question led to funding for French Catholic schools largely being withdrawn in favour of the English Protestant
majority.[112] Legislation making education compulsory for children between seven and fourteen was first enacted in
1916, and the leaving age was raised to sixteen in 1962.[113]

Public schools in Manitoba fall under the regulation of one of thirty-seven school divisions within the provincial
education system (except for the Manitoba Band Operated Schools, which are administered by the federal
government).[114] Public schools follow a provincially mandated curriculum in either French or English. There are
sixty-five funded independent schools in Manitoba, including three boarding schools.[115] These schools must follow
the Manitoban curriculum and meet other provincial requirements. There are forty-four non-funded independent
schools, which are not required to meet those standards.[116]

1/17/2018, 7:23 PM 13
 There are five universities in Manitoba, regulated by the Ministry of Advanced Education and Literacy.[117] Four of
these universities are in Winnipeg: the University of Manitoba, the largest and most comprehensive; the University of
Winnipeg, a liberal arts school primarily focused on undergrad studies located downtown; Université de Saint-
Boniface, the province's only French-language university; and the Canadian Mennonite University, a religious-based
institution. The Université de Saint-Boniface, established in 1818 and now affiliated with the University of Manitoba, is
the oldest university in Western Canada. Brandon University, formed in 1899 and located in Brandon, is the province's
only university not in Winnipeg.[118]

Manitoba has thirty-eight public libraries; of these, twelve have French-language collections and eight have significant
collections in other languages.[119] Twenty-one of these are part of the Winnipeg Public Library system. The first
lending library in Manitoba was founded in 1848.[120]

Culture

Arts
Manitoba's culture has been influenced by traditional (Aboriginal and
Métis) and modern Canadian artistic values, as well as by the cultures of its
immigrant populations and American neighbours. The Minister of Culture,
Heritage, Tourism and Sport is responsible for promoting and, to some
extent, financing Manitoban culture.[121] Manitoba is the birthplace of the
Red River Jig, a combination of aboriginal pow-wows and European reels
popular among early settlers.[122] Manitoba's traditional music has strong
roots in Métis and Aboriginal culture, in particular the old-time fiddling of
the Métis.[123] Manitoba's cultural scene also incorporates classical Centennial Concert Hall in Winnipeg
European traditions. The Winnipeg-based Royal Winnipeg Ballet (RWB), is
Canada's oldest ballet and North America's longest continuously operating
ballet company; it was granted its royal title in 1953 under Queen Elizabeth II.[124] The Winnipeg Symphony Orchestra
(WSO) performs classical music and new compositions at the Centennial Concert Hall.[125] Manitoba Opera, founded
in 1969, also performs out of the Centennial Concert Hall.

Le Cercle Molière (founded 1925) is the oldest French-language theatre in

Canada,[126] and Royal Manitoba Theatre Centre (founded 1958) is
Canada's oldest English-language regional theatre.[127] Manitoba Theatre
for Young People was the first English-language theatre to win the
Canadian Institute of the Arts for Young Audiences Award, and offers plays
for children and teenagers as well as a theatre school.[128] The Winnipeg Art
Gallery (WAG), Manitoba's largest art gallery and the sixth largest in the
country, hosts an art school for children; the WAG's permanent collection
comprises over twenty thousand works, with a particular emphasis on
Author Margaret Laurence's home in
Manitoban and Canadian art.[129][130]
Neepawa

The 1960s pop group The Guess Who was formed in Manitoba, and later
became the first Canadian band to have a No. 1 hit in the United States;[131]
Guess Who guitarist Randy Bachman later created Bachman–Turner Overdrive (BTO) with fellow Winnipeg-based

1/17/2018, 7:23 PM 14
 musician Fred Turner.[132] Fellow rocker Neil Young, lived for a time in Manitoba, played with Stephen Stills in Buffalo
Springfield, and again in supergroup Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young.[133] Soft-rock band Crash Test Dummies formed in
the late 1980s in Winnipeg and were the 1992 Juno Awards Group of the Year.[134]

Several prominent Canadian films were produced in Manitoba, such as The Stone Angel, based on the Margaret
Laurence book of the same title, The Saddest Music in the World, Foodland, For Angela, and My Winnipeg. Major
films shot in Manitoba include The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford and Capote,[135] both of
which received Academy Award nominations.[136] Falcon Beach, an internationally broadcast television drama, was
filmed at Winnipeg Beach, Manitoba.[137]

Manitoba has a strong literary tradition. Manitoban writer Bertram Brooker won the first-ever Governor General's
Award for Fiction in 1936.[138] Cartoonist Lynn Johnston, author of the comic strip For Better or For Worse, was
nominated for a Pulitzer Prize and inducted into the Canadian Cartoonist Hall of Fame.[139] Margaret Laurence's The
Stone Angel and A Jest of God were set in Manawaka, a fictional town representing Neepawa; the latter title won the
Governor General's Award in 1966.[140] Carol Shields won both the Governor General's Award and the Pulitzer Prize
for The Stone Diaries.[141] Gabrielle Roy, a Franco-Manitoban writer, won the Governor General's Award three
times.[138] A quote from her writings is featured on the Canadian $20 bill.[142]

Festivals
Festivals take place throughout the province, with the largest centred in Winnipeg.
The inaugural Winnipeg Folk Festival was held in 1974 as a one-time celebration to
mark Winnipeg's 100th anniversary. Today, the five-day festival is one of the largest
folk festivals in North America with over 70 acts from around the world and an
annual attendance that exceeds 80,000. The Winnipeg Folk Festival's home – Birds
Hill Provincial Park – is located 34 kilometres outside of Winnipeg and for the five
days of the festival, it becomes Manitoba's third largest "city." The Festival du
Voyageur is an annual ten-day event held in Winnipeg's French Quarter, and is
Western Canada's largest winter festival.[143] It celebrates Canada's fur-trading past
and French-Canadian heritage and culture. Folklorama, a multicultural festival run
by the Folk Arts Council, receives around 400,000 pavilion visits each year, of
which about thirty percent are from non-Winnipeg residents.[143][144] The Winnipeg The Morden Corn and
Fringe Theatre Festival is an annual alternative theatre festival, the second-largest Apple Festival
festival of its kind in North America (after the Edmonton International Fringe
Festival).[145]

Museums
Manitoban museums document different aspects of the province's heritage. The Manitoba Museum is the largest
museum in Manitoba and focuses on Manitoban history from prehistory to the 1920s.[146] The full-size replica of the
Nonsuch is the museum's showcase piece.[147] The Manitoba Children's Museum at The Forks presents exhibits for
children.[148] There are two museums dedicated to the native flora and fauna of Manitoba: the Living Prairie Museum,
a tall grass prairie preserve featuring 160 species of grasses and wildflowers, and FortWhyte Alive, a park
encompassing prairie, lake, forest and wetland habitats, home to a large herd of bison.[149] The Canadian Fossil
Discovery Centre houses the largest collection of marine reptile fossils in Canada.[150] Other museums feature the

1/17/2018, 7:23 PM 15
 history of aviation, marine transport, and railways in the area. The Canadian Museum for Human Rights is the first
Canadian national museum outside of the National Capital Region.[151]

Media
Winnipeg has three daily newspapers: the Winnipeg Free Press, a broadsheet with the highest circulation numbers in
Manitoba, as well as the Winnipeg Sun and Metro, both smaller tabloid-style papers. There are several ethnic weekly
newspapers,[152] including the weekly French-language La Liberté, and regional and national magazines based in the
city. Brandon has two newspapers: the daily Brandon Sun and the weekly Wheat City Journal.[153] Many small towns
have local newspapers.[154]

There are five English-language television stations and one French-language station based in Winnipeg. The Global
Television Network (owned by Canwest) is headquartered in the city.[155] Winnipeg is home to twenty-one AM and FM
radio stations, two of which are French-language stations.[156] Brandon's five local radio stations are provided by Astral
Media and Westman Communications Group.[156] In addition to the Brandon and Winnipeg stations, radio service is
provided in rural areas and smaller towns by Golden West Broadcasting, Corus Entertainment, and local broadcasters.
CBC Radio broadcasts local and national programming throughout the province.[157] Native Communications is
devoted to Aboriginal programming and broadcasts to many of the isolated native communities as well as to larger
cities.[158]

Sports
Manitoba has four professional sports teams: the Winnipeg Blue Bombers
(Canadian Football League), the Winnipeg Jets (National Hockey League),
the Manitoba Moose (American Hockey League), and the Winnipeg
Goldeyes (American Association). The province was previously home to
another team called the Winnipeg Jets, which played in the World Hockey
Association and National Hockey League from 1972 until 1996, when
financial troubles prompted a sale and move of the team, renamed the The Winnipeg Jets celebrate their
Phoenix Coyotes.[159] A second incarnation of the Winnipeg Jets returned, first regulation win in Winnipeg at
after True North Sports & Entertainment bought the Atlanta Thrashers and the MTS Centre on 17 October
moved the team to Winnipeg in time for the 2011 hockey season.[160] 2011.
Manitoba has one major junior-level hockey team, the Western Hockey
League's Brandon Wheat Kings, and one junior football team, the Winnipeg
Rifles of the Canadian Junior Football League.

The province is represented in university athletics by the University of Manitoba Bisons, the University of Winnipeg
Wesmen, and the Brandon University Bobcats. All three teams compete in the Canada West Universities Athletic
Association (the regional division of Canadian Interuniversity Sport).[161]

Curling is an important winter sport in the province with Manitoba producing more men's national champions than
any other province, while additionally in the top 3 women's national champions, as well as multiple world champions
in the sport. The province also hosts the world's largest curling tournament in the MCA Bonspiel.[162] The province is
regular host to Grand Slam events which feature as the largest cash events in the sport such as the annual Manitoba
Lotteries Women's Curling Classic as well as other rotating events.

1/17/2018, 7:23 PM 16
 Though not as prominent as hockey and curling, long track speed skating also features as a notable and top winter
sport in Manitoba. The province has produced some of the world's best female speed skaters including Susan Auch and
the country's top Olympic medal earners Cindy Klassen and Clara Hughes.[163]

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161. Canada West Universities Athletic Association. About Canada West (http://www.canadawest.org/sports/2010/8
/9/About-CW.aspx?); 2006 [archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110425232906/http://www.canadawest.org
/sports/2010/8/9/About-CW.aspx) 25 April 2011; Retrieved 11 April 2011].
162. World's biggest bonspiel open to women curlers in 2014 (http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/breakingnews
/Worlds-biggest-bonspiel-open-to-women-curlers-in-2014-172702291.html). 10 April 2012 [Retrieved 2 December
2012]. Winnipeg Free Press.
163. Canadian Athletes: The Greatest Athletes Canada Has Ever Produced (http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2012/11
/22/canada-greatest-athletes_n_2175537.html#slide=more240920). 22 November 2012. Huffington Post Canada.

Further reading
Donnelly, MS. The Government of Manitoba. University of Toronto Press; 1963.
Hanlon, Christine; Edie, Barbara; Pendgracs, Doreen. Manitoba Book of Everything. MacIntyre Purcell Publishing
Inc.; 2008. ISBN 978-0-9784784-5-2.
Whitcomb, Ed. A Short History of Manitoba. Canada's Wings; 1982. ISBN 978-0-920002-15-5.

External links
Government of Manitoba (https://web.archive.org/web/20160715225137/http://www.gov.mb.ca/splash.html)
Manitoba (https://curlie.org/Regional/North_America/Canada/Manitoba) at Curlie (based on DMOZ)

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