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Outline
• Emissions Testing
• Normalized Site Attenuation Method
• Reference Site Attenuation Method
• Antennas’ Calibration for NSA
• sVSWR Method
• TDsVSWR Method
• Antenna Requirements for sVSWR
• References
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EUT less than 1m depth, 1.5m width, 1.5m height and with
periphery greater than 1m from the closest material that may
cause undesirable reflections
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h ≥ d *
3
h = the height of the
antennas
d = antenna separation
distance
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sVSWR Method
sVSWR Method
E V SVSWR ,dB = Vmax, dB − Vmin, dB
SVSWR = max = max
Emin Vmin SVSWR , dB = Emax, dB − Emin, dB
Emax = Maximum received signal
Emin = Minimum received signal
Vmax = Corresponding maximum voltage measured using
receiver or spectrum analyzer
Vmin = Corresponding minimum voltage measured using
receiver or spectrum analyzer
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sVSWR Method
• The acceptance criterion
is:
• SVSWR 2:1 or 6 dB
sVSWR Method
• sVSWR can be an adventure
• sVSWR tests are performed on a yearly basis.
• It takes approximately one day
• Failure or pass is not known until data is collected and
post processed
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sVSWR Method
• The maximum sVSWR from the CISPR method is not often achieved at
lower frequencies (<2 GHz) because the sample distance is limited
to 40 cm,
• At higher frequencies, 40 cm is too long to assume small phase
perturbation needed by spatial movement. 6 samples positions are
too sparse.
• 50 MHz frequency step is too sparse, and misses peaks.
• Catch the peak in sVSWR = finding a needle in a haystack. The
nature of the data makes it more suitable to judge the results
using statistical metrics. Otherwise, the resulting sVSWR could
be sensitive to small antenna displacement, or a slight frequency
step change (for example using a 49.9 MHz step vs. a 50 MHz step).
TDsVSWR Method
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TDsVSWR Method
• Measure the vector s21 between the two antennas with the
gate around the main response
• First “gate in” to obtain the direct data
• Second “gate out” to obtain the reflections
• In frequency domain, perform gate-out/gate-in to get the
reflection coefficient ρ. sVSWR is then:
TDsVSWR Method
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TDsVSWR Method
TDsVSWR Method
• Data are collected at approximately 3.5 MHz step
• The data from both TD & CISPR methods are “noise-like”
when plotted against frequencies with the means removed
(although they are not noises, and are repeatable). The
best way to compare is to use a moving average with a
120 MHz window.
• TDmavg: moving average of the TD method
• CISPRmavg: moving average of the CISPR method
• σ: standard deviation of the data within the moving
window
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TDsVSWR Method
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TDvswr - TDmavg
6 ±1σ
±2σ
TDvswr - TDmavg (dB)
4 ±3σ
2
-2
-4
-6
-8
2 4 6 8 10 12
frequency (Hz) 9
x 10
TDsVSWR Method
sVSWR in dB sVSWR in linear unit
Density
0.3 2
1.5
0.2
1
0.1
0.5
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
Data Data
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TDsVSWR Method
• TD method can detect chamber defects more
accurately/thoroughly
• How to match to the CISPR method-To match the lower
levels of severity of the CISPR method, 0.676*stdev
(75%) can be used for the TD method (1*stdev is 84%).
• With the statistical approach, we can be honest about
the real performance of the chamber with a predetermined
confidence level
TDsVSWR Method
How to decide the moving mean window size?
autocorrelation
1.2
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
-0.2
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60
lags
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TDsVSWR Method
Chamber #1 Chamber #2
Moving Mean sVSWR by TD and CISPR, position=F (f6h1Gin.cti) Moving Mean sVSWR by TD and CISPR, position=F (f6h2Gin.cti)
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TDmavg TDmavg
CISPRmavg CISPRmavg
10 10
sVSWR (dB)
sVSWR (dB)
5 5
0 0
2 4 6 8 10 12 2 4 6 8 10 12
frequency (Hz) 9 frequency (Hz) x 10
9
x 10
TDsVSWR Method
Chamber #3 Chamber #4
Moving Mean sVSWR by TD and CISPR, position=Left (data08.f1) sVSWR by TD and CISPR (50MHz interval), position=L (l3v1Gin.cti)
15 15
TDmavg TD
CISPRmavg CISPR
TDmavg+1σ
10 10
sVSWR (dB)
sVSWR (dB)
5 5
0 0
2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10 12
frequency (Hz) 9 frequency (Hz) 9
x 10 x 10
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TDsVSWR Method
• Can correlate closely to the CISPR sVSWR results
• Better repeatability because a statistical metric is
used instead of a randomly chosen number at every 50
MHz. Results are much more immune to small variations
in antenna positioning or frequency shift.
• Faster (1/6th of measurement points)
• Bounded and predictable measurement uncertainties, and
more mathematically rigorous.
TDsVSWR Method
• Retains the benefit of CISPR VSWR method - antenna
calibrations are not required
• Can aid chamber debugging using time of arrival
information: a user can estimate how far a significant
reflection comes from.
• Draft C63.25 document expected soon in ANSI C63
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sVSWR (dB)
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sVSWR (dB)
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References
• ANSI C63.4 – 2009, “American National Standard for Methods of Measurement of Radio-Noise Emissions from Low-
Voltage Electrical and Electronic Equipment in the Range of 9 kHz to 40 GHz”
• ANSI C63.5 – 2017, “American National Standard for Electromagnetic Compatibility—Radiated Emission Measurements
in Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) Control—Calibration and Qualification of Antennas (9 kHz to 40 GHz)”
• ANSI C63.6 – 1988, “American National Standard for Electromagnetic Compatibility – Open Area Test site measurements
– guide for the computation of errors”
• ANSI C63.7 – 1992, “American National Standard Guide for Construction of Open-Area Test Sites for Performing
Radiation Emission Measurements”
• ANSI C63.25, Draft Standard for Methods of Measurement Requirements for the Validation of Radiated Emission Test
Sites, 2015.
• CISPR 16-1-4 – 2010, “Specifications for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods-Part1-4:
Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus –Antennas and test sites for radiated measurements”
• CISPR 16-1-6 – 2014, “Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods – Part 1-6:
Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus – EMC antenna calibration
• Daniel D. Hoolihan, “Radiated Emission Measurements at 1/3/5/10/30 Meters”, May 2012
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THANK YOU
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