Vous êtes sur la page 1sur 19

Available online at www.sciencedirect.

com

ScienceDirect
Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 784 – 802

WK,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ3UHVVXUH9HVVHO7HFKQRORJ\

$GYDQFHVLQ)UDFWXUH7RXJKQHVV7HVW0HWKRGVIRU'XFWLOH0DWHULDOV
LQ/RZ&RQVWUDLQW&RQGLWLRQV
;.=KXD 
(GLVRQ:HOGLQJ,QVWLWXWH
a
1250 Arthur E Adam Drive, Columbus, OH 43221, USA

$EVWUDFW

)UDFWXUH WRXJKQHVV LV DQ LPSRUWDQW PDWHULDO SURSHUW\ LQ WKH IUDFWXUH PHFKDQLFV PHWKRGV DQG RIWHQ GHVFULEHG ZLWK WKH IUDFWXUH
SDUDPHWHUV RI JLQWHJUDO DQG FUDFNWLS RSHQLQJ GLVSODFHPHQW &72'  IRU GXFWLOH FUDFNV $670 %6, DQG ,62 KDYH GHYHORSHG
WKHLU RZQ VWDQGDUG WHVW PHWKRGV IRU PHDVXULQJ LQLWLDO WRXJKQHVV DQG UHVLVWDQFH FXUYHV LQ WHUPV RI J DQG &72' XVLQJ GHHSO\
FUDFNHG EHQGLQJ VSHFLPHQV 6XFK VSHFLPHQV DUH RI KLJK FUDFNWLS FRQVWUDLQWV DQG JLYH FRQVHUYDWLYH WRXJKQHVV RU UHVLVWDQFH
FXUYHV
$FWXDO FUDFNV LQ SUHVVXUH YHVVHOV DQG ZHOGV DUH RIWHQ VKDOORZ DQG GRPLQDWHG E\ WHQVLOH IRUFHV UHVXOWLQJ LQ ORZ FUDFNWLS
FRQVWUDLQWFRQGLWLRQVDQGULVLQJUHVLVWDQFHFXUYHV7KXVWKHVWDQGDUGUHVLVWDQFHFXUYHVFRXOGEHRYHUO\FRQVHUYDWLYHIRUDVKDOORZ
FUDFN LQ UHDO VWUXFWXUHV  7R REWDLQ PRUH UHDVRQDEOH IUDFWXUH WRXJKQHVV IRU GXFWLOH FUDFNV LQ ORZFRQVWUDLQW FRQGLWLRQV PDQ\
H[SHULPHQWDODQGDQDO\WLFDOPHWKRGVKDYHEHHQGHYHORSHGLQWKHUHFHQWGHFDGHV7KLVSDSHUSUHVHQWVDFULWLFDOWHFKQLFDOUHYLHZRI
IUDFWXUH WRXJKQHVV WHVW PHWKRGV IRU VWDQGDUG DQG QRQVWDQGDUG VSHFLPHQV LQFOXGLQJ   $670 %6, DQG ,62 VWDQGDUG WHVW
PHWKRGV IRU KLJKFRQVWUDLQW VSHFLPHQV   FRQVWUDLQW FRUUHFWLRQ PHWKRGV IRU GHWHUPLQLQJ D IDPLO\ RI FRQVWUDLQWGHSHQGHQW
UHVLVWDQFHFXUYHVDQG  GLUHFWWHVWPHWKRGVIRUDORZFRQVWUDLQWVSHFLPHQVLQJOHHGJHQRWFKHGWHQVLRQ 6(17 VSHFLPHQ7KLV
LQFOXGHV WKH EDVLF FRQFHSWV EDVLF PHWKRGV HVWLPDWLRQ HTXDWLRQV WHVW SURFHGXUHV OLPLWDWLRQV KLVWRULFDO HIIHFWV DQG UHFHQW
SURJUHVVHV
‹7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG
© 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKHRUJDQL]LQJFRPPLWWHHRI,&397
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of ICPVT-14
Keywords:IUDFWXUHWRXJKQHVVJ-RFXUYH&72'5FXUYHFRQVWUDLQWFRUUHFWLRQ$670(%6,62





&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HOID[
E-mail address:[]KX#HZLRUJ

1877-7058 © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of ICPVT-14
doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2015.12.195
X.-K. Zhu / Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 784 – 802 785

1RPHQFODWXUH

DD&UDFNOHQJWKRULJLQDOFUDFNOHQJWK
$$UHDXQGHUDORDGGLVSODFHPHQWFXUYH
$&RQVWUDLQWSDUDPHWHULQWKH-$WKHRU\
$670$PHULFDQ6RFLHW\IRU7HVWLQJDQG0DWHULDOV
E8QFUDFNHGOLJDPHQW E :D 
%6SHFLPHQWKLFNQHVV
%6,%ULWLVK6WDQGDUGV,QVWLWXWLRQ
&DQ0HW&DQDGD&HQWHUIRU0DWHULDODQG(QHUJ\7HFKQRORJ\
&&3&HQWUDOFUDFNHGSODWH
&7&RPSDFWWHQVLRQ
&72$&UDFNWLSRSHQLQJDQJOH
&72'&UDFNWLSRSHQLQJGLVSODFHPHQW
&72'5&72'UHVLVWDQFH
&02'&UDFNPRXWKRSHQLQJGLVSODFHPHQW
'19'HW1RUVNH9HULWDVLQ1RUZD\
(<RXQJ¶VPRGXOXV
)($)LQLWHHOHPHQWDQDO\VLV
*(QHUJ\UHOHDVHUDWH
K6WUHVVWULD[LDOLW\UDWLR
,62,QWHUQDWLRQDO2UJDQL]DWLRQIRU6WDQGDUGL]DWLRQ
--LQWHJUDO
-,F3ODQHVWUDLQIUDFWXUHWRXJKQHVVIRUGXFWLOHPDWHULDO
-5-LQWHJUDOUHVLVWDQFH
.6WUHVVLQWHQVLW\IDFWRU
.,F3ODQHVWUDLQIUDFWXUHWRXJKQHVVIRUEULWWOHPDWHULDO
//'/RDGOLQHGLVSODFHPHQW
P)DFWRUXVHGWRUHODWH-DQG&72'
3$SSOLHGIRUFHRQIUDFWXUHVSHFLPHQV
US3ODVWLFURWDWLRQIDFWRU
5FXUYH5HVLVWDQFHFXUYH
4&RQVWUDLQWSDUDPHWHULQWKH-4WKHRU\
6(1%6LQJOHHGJHQRWFKHGEHQG
6(176LQJOHHGJHQRWFKHGWHQVLRQ
77VWUHVV
99 &02'
99&OLSJDJHGLVSODFHPHQWV
:6SHFLPHQZLGWK
]]]KK&OLSJDJHNQLIHKHLJKWV
'' //'
'D&UDFNH[WHQVLRQ 'D DD 
GG &72'
G,F&ULWLFDOYDOXHRI&72'LQSODQHVWUDLQFRQGLWLRQV
KJ'LPHQVLRQOHVVSODVWLFJHRPHWU\IDFWRUV
V\V<LHOGVWUHVVRIPDWHULDO
VXWV8OWLPDWHWHQVLOHVWUHVVRIPDWHULDO
V<(IIHFWLYH\LHOGVWUHVV V<  V\VVXWV  
Q3RLVVRQ¶VUDWLR
786 X.-K. Zhu / Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 784 – 802

,QWURGXFWLRQ

)UDFWXUH WRXJKQHVV LV DQ LPSRUWDQW PDWHULDO SURSHUW\ XVHG WR GHVFULEH PDWHULDO UHVLVWDQFH DJDLQVW IUDFWXUH LQ D
VWUXFWXUH FRQWDLQLQJ D FUDFN )RU DQ HODVWLF FUDFN WKH VWUHVV LQWHQVLW\ IDFWRU . SURSRVHG E\ ,UZLQ >@ LV XVHG DV D
IUDFWXUHSDUDPHWHU)RUDGXFWLOHFUDFNWKH-LQWHJUDOSURSRVHGE\5LFH>@DQGWKHFUDFNWLSRSHQLQJGLVSODFHPHQW
&72'RUG SURSRVHGE\:HOOV>@DUHXVHGDVIUDFWXUHSDUDPHWHUV7KHVHIUDFWXUHSDUDPHWHUVDUHDEOHWRGHVFULEH
ERWKDFUDFNGULYLQJIRUFHDQGWKHPDWHULDOWRXJKQHVVLQDIUDFWXUHPHFKDQLFVDQDO\VLV7KXVWKH\ZHUHDGRSWHGLQ
GLIIHUHQWILWQHVVIRUVHUYLFHFRGHVVXFKDV$3,>@DQGKDYHH[WHQVLYHO\EHHQXVHGLQWKHHQJLQHHULQJFULWLFDO
DQDO\VLV RU VWUXFWXUDO LQWHJULW\ DVVHVVPHQW >@ IRU YDULRXV HQJLQHHULQJ VWUXFWXUHV LQFOXGLQJ SUHVVXUH YHVVHOV
SUHVVXUHHTXLSPHQWDQGRLODQGJDVSLSHOLQHV
)UDFWXUHWRXJKQHVVPHDVXUHPHQWLVHVVHQWLDOWRWKHIUDFWXUHPHFKDQLFVPHWKRGVDQGH[WHQVLYHHIIRUWVKDYHEHHQ
PDGHWRGHYHORSUHOLDEOHIUDFWXUHWRXJKQHVVWHVWPHWKRGVRYHUWKHSDVWKDOIFHQWXU\VLQFHWKHHDUO\V5HFHQWO\
=KXDQG-R\FH>@DQG=KX>@SUHVHQWHGDFRPSUHKHQVLYHWHFKQLFDOUHYLHZRIIUDFWXUHWRXJKQHVVWHVWPHWKRGVDQG
VWDQGDUGL]DWLRQDWWKH$PHULFDQ6RFLHW\IRU7HVWLQJDQG0DWHULDOV $670 LQ86$$PRQJWKHVWDQGDUGIUDFWXUH
WHVWPHWKRGV$670(>@DQG$670(>@DUHWZRUHSUHVHQWDWLYHV$670(ZDVWKHILUVWIUDFWXUH
WHVW VWDQGDUG GHYHORSHG IRU PHDVXULQJ WKH HODVWLF SODQH VWUDLQ IUDFWXUH WRXJKQHVV KIc IRU EULWWOH PDWHULDOV $670
( LV D FRPELQHG IUDFWXUH WHVW VWDQGDUG GHYHORSHG IRU GHWHUPLQLQJ WKH HODVWLFSODVWLF SODQH VWUDLQ IUDFWXUH
WRXJKQHVVJIcRUG,FDQGJ-RFXUYHVRUG5FXUYHVIRUGXFWLOHPDWHULDOV5HFHQWO\$670SXEOLVKHGDQHZHUIUDFWXUH
WHVW VWDQGDUG ( >@ IRU PHDVXULQJ FUDFNWLS RSHQLQJ DQJOH &72$  LQ ORZFRQVWUDLQW FRQGLWLRQV %HFDXVH
&72$LVRIWHQXVHGWRGHVFULEHODUJHVWDEOHFUDFNJURZWKEXWQRWIRUVPDOOFUDFNH[WHQVLRQDQGWKXVLWZLOOQRWEH
GLVFXVVHGKHUHDIWHU1XPHURXVIUDFWXUHWRXJKQHVVWHVWVWDQGDUGVKDYHEHHQGHYHORSHGZRUOGZLGH)RUH[DPSOHWKH
%ULWLVK6WDQGDUG,QVWLWXWLRQ %6, GHYHORSHGDVHWRIVWDQGDUGIUDFWXUHWRXJKQHVVWHVWPHWKRGVZLWKDGHVLJQDWLRQRI
%6  >@  ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 2UJDQL]DWLRQ IRU 6WDQGDUGL]DWLRQ ,62  GHYHORSHG D FRPELQHG IUDFWXUH WRXJKQHVV
WHVWVWDQGDUG,62>@WKDWFRUUHVSRQGVWR$670(
,QRUGHUWRREWDLQFRQVHUYDWLYHIUDFWXUHUHVLVWDQFHPRVWIUDFWXUHWHVWVWDQGDUGVDGRSWHGGHHSO\FUDFNHGEHQGLQJ
VSHFLPHQVZLWKKLJKFUDFNWLSFRQVWUDLQWFRQGLWLRQV$PRQJWKHPFRPSDFWWHQVLRQ &7 VSHFLPHQDQGVLQJOHHGJH
QRWFKHG EHQG 6(1%  VSHFLPHQ DUH WZR PRVW RIWHQ XVHG RQHV LQ D IUDFWXUH WRXJKQHVV WHVW +RZHYHU PDQ\
H[SHULPHQWV>@VKRZHGWKDWWKHFUDFNWLSFRQVWUDLQWOHYHOVGXHWRFUDFNVL]HVSHFLPHQJHRPHWU\DQGORDGLQJ
W\SHKDYHDVWURQJHIIHFWRQIUDFWXUHUHVLVWDQFHLQWHUPVRIJ-RRUG5FXUYHV,QJHQHUDODKLJKFRQVWUDLQWVSHFLPHQ
JLYHVDORZHURFXUYHZKLOHDORZFRQVWUDLQWVSHFLPHQSURGXFHVDKLJKHURFXUYH
0RVWUHDOFUDFNVIRXQGLQSUHVVXUHYHVVHOVDQGRWKHUHQJLQHHULQJVWUXFWXUHVDUHQRWGHHSEXWVKDOORZRQHVZLWK
ORZFRQVWUDLQWFRQGLWLRQV,QWKLVFDVHVWDQGDUGIUDFWXUHUHVLVWDQFHUHVXOWVPD\JLYHRYHUO\FRQVHUYDWLYHWRXJKQHVV
IRUUHDOVKDOORZFUDFNVWKDWFRXOGUHVXOWLQDQXQQHFHVVDU\UHSDLURUUHSODFHPHQWRIFRPSRQHQWV7RUHGXFHWKHRYHU
FRQVHUYDWLVPDQGWRGHWHUPLQHPRUHUHDOLVWLFIUDFWXUHWRXJKQHVVVWDQGDUGWRXJKQHVVUHVXOWVPXVWEHWUDQVIHUUHGWR
DFWXDO FUDFNV LQ ORZFRQVWUDLQW FRQGLWLRQV 7R VROYH WKLV WUDQVIHUDELOLW\ LVVXH =KX DQG KLV FRZRUNHUV >@
SURSRVHG D FRQVWUDLQW FRUUHFWLRQ PHWKRG IRU GHYHORSLQJ D IDPLO\ RI FRQVWUDLQWGHSHQGHQW J-R FXUYHV EDVHG RQ D
VHULHV RI VHOHFWHG VWDQGDUG DQG QRQVWDQGDUG VSHFLPHQ WHVWV D IUDFWXUH FRQVWUDLQW WKHRU\ DQG WKH ILQLWH HOHPHQW
DQDO\VLV )($  RI WHVWHG VSHFLPHQV )RU D UHDO FUDFN RQH )($ FDOFXODWLRQ LV QHHGHG WR GHWHUPLQH WKH FUDFNWLS
FRQVWUDLQW OHYHO DQG WKHQ WKH IUDFWXUH UHVLVWDQFH FXUYH IRU WKLV UHDO FUDFN FDQ EH SUHGLFWHG IURP WKH SURSRVHG
FRQVWUDLQWFRUUHFWHG UHVLVWDQFH FXUYH 7KLV FRQVWUDLQW FRUUHFWLRQ PHWKRG KDV EHHQ VXFFHVVIXOO\ DSSOLHG WR SLSHOLQH
LQWHJULW\DVVHVVPHQWV>@
)RURLODQGJDVSLSHOLQHV1\KXVHWDO>@VKRZHGWKDWWKHFUDFNWLSFRQVWUDLQWOHYHOIRUDVLQJOHHGJHQRWFKHG
WHQVLRQ 6(17 VSHFLPHQLVPXFKFORVHUWRWKDWIRUDFUDFNLQDOLQHSLSHWKDQWKHVWDQGDUG6(1%VSHFLPHQDQG
VXJJHVWHGXVHWKH6(17VSHFLPHQWRPHDVXUHPRUHUHDOLVWLFIUDFWXUHWRXJKQHVVIRUWKDWSLSH&UDYHURDQG5XJJLHUL
>@VKRZHGWKDWSLQORDGHG6(17VSHFLPHQVLQSODQHVWUDLQFRQGLWLRQVJHQHUDWHFUDFNWLSFRQVWUDLQWOHYHOVVLPLODU
WRD[LDOVXUIDFHFUDFNVLQDSLSHZLWKLGHQWLFDOFUDFNOHQJWKVSDUWLFXODUO\IRUPRGHUDWHWRVKDOORZFUDFNVL]HV/DWHU
&UDYHURHWDO>@VKRZHGWKDWFODPSHG6(17VSHFLPHQVLQWKUHHGLPHQVLRQDOFRQGLWLRQVKDYHFUDFNWLSFRQVWUDLQW
OHYHOV VLPLODU WR WKRVH IRU LGHQWLFDO FLUFXPIHUHQWLDO VXUIDFH FUDFNV LQ SLSH XQGHU FRPELQHG ORDGLQJ  $V D UHVXOW
6(17 VSHFLPHQV LQ SLQORDGHG RU HQGFODPSHG FRQGLWLRQV FDQ EH XVHG WR GLUHFWO\ PHDVXUH D IUDFWXUH UHVLVWDQFH
FXUYHIRUDQD[LDORUFLUFXPIHUHQWLDOFUDFNLQDOLQHSLSH
X.-K. Zhu / Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 784 – 802 787

'XHWRWKHQDWXUHRIORZFRQVWUDLQWFRQGLWLRQVLQ6(17VSHFLPHQVWKHRLODQGJDVLQGXVWU\SUHIHUVWRGHYHORS
GLUHFW WHVW PHWKRGV WR PHDVXUH OHVV FRQVHUYDWLYH IUDFWXUH WRXJKQHVV XVLQJ ORZFRQVWUDLQW 6(17 VSHFLPHQV DQG
VHYHUDOGLUHFWWHVWPHWKRGVKDYHEHHQGHYHORSHGE\GLIIHUHQWFRPSDQLHV>@2IZKLFKWKUHHW\SLFDORQHVDUHWKH
PXOWLSOH VSHFLPHQ PHWKRG GHYHORSHG E\ '19 >@ WKH VLQJOH VSHFLPHQ PHWKRG ZLWK XVH RI D VLQJOH FOLS JDJH
GHYHORSHGE\&DQ0HW>@DQGDVLQJOHVSHFLPHQPHWKRGZLWKXVHRIDGRXEOHFOLSJDJHDUUDQJHPHQWGHYHORSHG
E\([[RQ0RELO>@7RGDWHKRZHYHUDGHWDLOHGUHYLHZRIWKHFRQVWUDLQWFRUUHFWLRQPHWKRGVDQGGLUHFW6(17
WHVW PHWKRGV LV QRW DYDLODEOH LQ SXEOLF OLWHUDWXUH 6XFK D UHYLHZ ZLOO IDFLOLWDWH WR GHYHORS EHWWHU ORZFRQVWUDLQW
IUDFWXUHWRXJKQHVVWHVWPHWKRGVDQGWREHQHILWWKHIUDFWXUHPHFKDQLFVFRPPXQLW\DQGHYHQWXDOO\WKHLQGXVWULHV
6RPRWLYDWHGWKLVSDSHUSUHVHQWVDFULWLFDOWHFKQLFDOUHYLHZRIWKHH[LVWLQJIUDFWXUHWRXJKQHVVWHVWPHWKRGVIRU
GXFWLOHFUDFNVLQORZFRQVWUDLQWFRQGLWLRQV7KLVLQFOXGHV  $670%6,DQG,62VWDQGDUGWHVWPHWKRGVIRUKLJK
FRQVWUDLQW VSHFLPHQV   FRQVWUDLQW FRUUHFWLRQ PHWKRGV IRU GHWHUPLQLQJ D IDPLO\ RI FRQVWUDLQWGHSHQGHQW IUDFWXUH
UHVLVWDQFH FXUYHV DQG   GLUHFW WHVW PHWKRGV IRU ORZFRQVWUDLQW 6(17 VSHFLPHQV 7KH EDVLF FRQFHSWV EDVLF
PHWKRGVHVWLPDWLRQHTXDWLRQVWHVWSURFHGXUHVOLPLWDWLRQVKLVWRULFDOHIIHFWVDQGUHFHQWSURJUHVVHVDUHGLVFXVVHGLQ
WKLVUHYLHZ

6WDQGDUGIUDFWXUHWRXJKQHVVWHVWPHWKRGV

2.1. ASTM E1820 standard fracture test methods

2.1.1. Basic test method for JIc testing


  //'EDVHG PHWKRG  7KH HDUO\ JLQWHJUDO WHVW PHWKRGV ZHUH GHYHORSHG EDVHG RQ WKH ORDG YV ORDGOLQH
GLVSODFHPHQW //' DVVWDQGDUGL]HGE\WKH$670VHH=KXDQG-R\FH>@7KHILUVWJ-RFXUYHWHVWVWDQGDUG$670
( WKHHDUOLHVWYHUVLRQRI(>@ VHSDUDWHGWKHWRWDOJLQWHJUDOLQWRHODVWLFDQGSODVWLFFRPSRQHQWVWREH
GHWHUPLQHGVHSDUDWHO\

J J el  J pl    

ZKHUHWKHHODVWLFFRPSRQHQWJelLVFDOFXODWHGGLUHFWO\IURPWKHVWUHVVLQWHQVLW\IDFWRUKIRUDSODQHVWUDLQFUDFN

K   Q 
J el    
E

ZKHUH E LV WKH <RXQJ¶V PRGXOXV DQGQ LV WKH 3RLVVRQ¶V UDWLR )RU D VWDWLRQDU\ FUDFN WKH SODVWLF FRPSRQHQW Jpl LV
GHWHUPLQHGIURPWKHIROORZLQJKIDFWRUHTXDWLRQ

KA pl
J pl    
BN b

ZKHUH K LV D SODVWLF JHRPHWU\ IDFWRU b=W-a LV WKH VSHFLPHQ OLJDPHQW BN LV WKH QHW WKLFNQHVV RI VLGH JURRYHG
VSHFLPHQ DQG Apl LV WKH SODVWLF DUHD XQGHU WKH ORDG//' FXUYH REWDLQHG LQ D IUDFWXUH WHVW 1RWH WKDW WKH RULJLQDO
FUDFN VL]H a0 LV XVHG LQ WKH HODVWLF DQG SODVWLF J ±LQWHJUDO FDOFXODWLRQV (TXDWLRQV      ZHUH DGRSWHG ILUVW LQ
$670(DQGQRZLQ$670(>@DVWKHEDVLFSURFHGXUHWRHYDOXDWHWKHSODQHVWUDLQLQLWLDWLRQWRXJKQHVV
JIcZKHQDFUDFNJURZWKUHVLVWDQFHLVQRWQHHGHG
  &02'EDVHG PHWKRG([SHULPHQWVVKRZHGWKDWFUDFNPRXWKRSHQLQJGLVSODFHPHQW &02' LVHDVLHUWR
PHDVXUHLQDKLJKHUDFFXUDF\WKDQ//'IRU6(1%VSHFLPHQVSDUWLFXODUO\IRUDVKDOORZFUDFN8VLQJWKH&02'
EDVHGSODVWLFKIDFWRU.LUNDQG'RGGV>@SURSRVHGD&02'EDVHGJHVWLPDWLRQHTXDWLRQWKDWLVVLPLODUWR(T  

pl
K CMOD ACMOD
J pl    
BN b
788 X.-K. Zhu / Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 784 – 802

ZKHUH WKH VXEVFULSW &02' GHQRWHV WKH &02'EDVHG YDOXHV (TXDWLRQ   ZDV DGRSWHG E\ $670 ( DV DQ
DOWHUQDWLYH EDVLF SURFHGXUH WR GHWHUPLQH JIc 1RWH WKDW WKH EDVLF WHVW SURFHGXUH ZDV RULJLQDOO\ GHYHORSHG RQO\ IRU
PXOWLSOH VSHFLPHQ WHVWV EXW QRZ LV DSSOLFDEOH WR WKH VLQJOH VSHFLPHQ PHWKRG ZLWK DQ DSSURSULDWH FUDFN JURZWK
FRUUHFWLRQ

2.1.2. Resistance curve test method for J-R curve testing


  //'EDVHG PHWKRG:KLOHWKHEDVLFWHVWPHWKRGGHWHUPLQHVIUDFWXUHLQLWLDWLRQWRXJKQHVVLQDSRLQWYDOXH
WKH UHVLVWDQFH FXUYH WHVW PHWKRG GHWHUPLQHV IUDFWXUH WRXJKQHVV LQ D IRUPDW RI UHVLVWDQFH FXUYH IURP D VLQJOH
VSHFLPHQWHVW7KHJLQWHJUDOHVWLPDWLRQ(T  RU  LVYDOLGRQO\IRUDVWDWLRQDU\FUDFNWRGHWHUPLQHWKHFULWLFDOJIc
DWGXFWLOHWHDULQJLQLWLDWLRQ)RUDJURZLQJFUDFNWKHJHVWLPDWLRQHTXDWLRQQHHGVWRFRUUHFWWKHFUDFNJURZWKHIIHFW
EHFDXVHWKHJLQWHJUDOZDVGHILQHGLQWHUPVRIGHIRUPDWLRQWKHRU\RISODVWLFLW\>@7RWKLVHQG(UQVWHWDO>@
SURSRVHG DQ LQFUHPHQWDO JLQWHJUDO HTXDWLRQ WR FRQVLGHU WKH FUDFN JURZWK FRUUHFWLRQ LQ D J-R FXUYH HYDOXDWLRQ
$670(VWLOOFDOFXODWHVWKHHODVWLFJelGLUHFWO\IURPWKHVWUHVVLQWHQVLW\IDFWRUXVLQJ(T  EXWXVHVWKH(UQVW
LQFUHPHQWDOJLQWHJUDOHTXDWLRQWRFDOFXODWHWKHSODVWLFJLQWHJUDOFRPSRQHQWJpl

ª Ki ii º§ J i ·


J pl i « J pl i  Apl »¨¨  ai  ai ¸¸   
¬ B b
N i  ¼© bi  ¹

ZKHUHKDQGJDUHWZRSODVWLFJHRPHWU\IDFWRUVDQG Aplii GHQRWHVWKHLQFUHPHQWDOSODVWLFDUHDXQGHUWKHPHDVXUHG


ORDG//'FXUYHDQGFDOFXODWHGE\


Aipli Pi  Pi ' pl i  ' pl i    


ZKHUH'plLVWKHSODVWLFFRPSRQHQWRI//'7KHXQORDGLQJFRPSOLDQFHWHFKQLTXHLVUHFRPPHQGHGE\$670(
IRUGHWHUPLQLQJWKHLQVWDQWDQHRXVFUDFNOHQJWKWKURXJKPHDVXULQJ&02'EDVHGHODVWLFXQORDGLQJFRPSOLDQFHLQD
VLQJOH VSHFLPHQ WHVW $V VXFK WKH ORDG //' DQG &02' UHFRUGV DUH UHTXLUHG LQ WKH J FDOFXODWLRQ DQG LQ D J-R
FXUYHHYDOXDWLRQIURPDVLQJOHVSHFLPHQWHVW5HFHQWO\=KX>@GHYHORSHGDPRUHDFFXUDWHLQFUHPHQWDOJLQWHJUDO
HTXDWLRQWKDQ(T  IRUDJ-RFXUYHHYDOXDWLRQ
  &02'EDVHG PHWKRG 7KH DERYHQRWHG //'EDVHG UHVLVWDQFH FXUYH WHVW PHWKRG KDV EHHQ DGRSWHG E\
$670 ( IRU PRUH WKDQ  \HDUV ,Q RUGHU WR PHHW WKH ORQJWLPH GHVLUH DW $670 IRU HOLPLQDWLQJ //'
PHDVXUHPHQWDQGIRULQFUHDVLQJWKHDFFXUDF\RIJ-RFXUYHHYDOXDWLRQ=KXHWDO>@LQGHYHORSHGD&02'
EDVHGLQFUHPHQWDOJLQWHJUDOHTXDWLRQ

§ K i  ·§ J i  ·
J pl i ¨¨ J pl i   CMOD AVi pli ¸¸¨¨  CMOD ai  ai  ¸¸   
© b B
i  N ¹© bi  ¹

WRFDOFXODWHWKHSODVWLFFRPSRQHQWRIJZKHUH K CMOD DQG J CMOD DUHWZR&02'EDVHGSODVWLFJHRPHWU\IDFWRUVDQG


  
AVii GHQRWHVWKHLQFUHPHQWDOSODVWLFDUHDXQGHUWKHPHDVXUHGORDG&02'FXUYH
pl


AVi pli Pi  Pi V pl i  V pl i    


1RWHWKDW(T  RQO\UHTXLUHVORDGDQG&02'GDWDWRGHYHORSDJ5FXUYHDQGWKXV$670(LQLWVDQG
ODWHUYHUVLRQVDGRSWHG(T  DVDQDOWHUQDWLYHUHVLVWDQFHFXUYHWHVWPHWKRGIRUDJ-RFXUYHHYDOXDWLRQ7KLVQHZJ-R
FXUYHHYDOXDWLRQPHWKRGLVJRRGQRWRQO\IRU6(1%RU&7VSHFLPHQVEXWDOVRIRU6(17VSHFLPHQV+RZHYHUWR
GDWH$670(KDVQRWFRQVLGHUHGWKH6(17VSHFLPHQLQLWVVWDQGDUGWHVWPHWKRGV
X.-K. Zhu / Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 784 – 802 789

J-integral conversion method for CTOD testing


$670 ( >@ ZDV GHYHORSHG IRU &72' WHVWLQJ WR GHWHUPLQH WKH FULWLFDO G,F WR TXDQWLI\ GXFWLOH FUDFN
LQLWLDWLRQRUFOHDYDJHLQVWDELOLW\7KHHDUOLHVWYHUVLRQRI(XWLOL]HGWKHSODVWLFKLQJHPRGHODVXVHGE\%6
>@WRFDOFXODWHWKHG,F%HFDXVHWKHURWDWLRQUDGLXVGHSHQGVRQWKHFUDFNVL]HDQGVWUDLQKDUGHQLQJ(LQ
GLVFDUGHG WKH SODVWLF KLQJH PRGHO DQG FKDQJHG WR XVH WKH JLQWHJUDO FRQYHUVLRQ PHWKRG WR FDOFXODWH WKH G,F
&RUUHVSRQGLQJO\$670(>@LQDGRSWHGWKHJLQWHJUDOFRQYHUVLRQPHWKRGWRGHWHUPLQHG,FLQLWVEDVLF
PHWKRGDQGG5FXUYHVLQLWVUHVLVWDQFHFXUYHPHWKRG

J
CTOD    
mV Y

ZKHUHV<  V\VVXWV V\VLVWKH\LHOGVWUHVVVXWVLVWKHXOWLPDWHWHQVLOHVWUHVVDQGmLVDIDFWRUWREHDIXQFWLRQRI


a/WDQGV\VVXWV1RWHWKDWmZDVGHWHUPLQHGE\)($ZLWKWKH&72'GHILQHGDWWKHRLQWHUFHSWLRQRIDOLQHIURP
WKHEOXQWHGFUDFNWLSZLWKWKHGHIRUPHGFUDFNVXUIDFHV'XHWRWKHGXSOLFDWLRQRI((>@ZDVZLWKGUDZQ
LQ

2.1.4. Fracture toughness test method for shallow cracks


7KH$670(WHVWPHWKRGVDQGHTXDWLRQVRYHUYLHZHGDERYHZHUHVXLWDEOHIRUVWDQGDUG6(1%&7DQGGLVN
VKDSHG&7VSHFLPHQVZLWKGHHSFUDFNVRIda0/WdDQGODUJHUVSHFLPHQZLGWKRIdW/Bd6LQFH
$670 ( LQ LWV DSSHQGL[ ; KDV SURYLGHG JXLGHOLQHV IRU PHDVXULQJ WKH IUDFWXUH WRXJKQHVV RI PDWHULDOV ZLWK
VKDOORZFUDFNVRIda0/Wd7KLVLVDQRQPDQGDWRU\DSSHQGL[DQGVHUYHVDVDQRSWLRQIRUXVHUV7KHQRQ
VWDQGDUGVSHFLPHQDGRSWHGLV6(1%ZLWKDVKDOORZFUDFNLQWKUHHSRLQWEHQGLQJFRQGLWLRQV2QO\WKH&02'EDVHG
JLQWHJUDO HTXDWLRQ LV XVHG DQG WKH FUDFN JURZWK FRUUHFWLRQ LV QRW FRQVLGHUHG IRU D J-R FXUYH WHVWLQJ  7KLV PD\
FDXVHFRQIXVLRQVDQGGLVSXWHVEHFDXVHLWLVLQFRQVLVWHQWZLWK(T  IRUWKHGHHSFUDFNV

2.2. BS 7448 standard fracture test methods

2.2.1. J-integral test methods


 JIcWHVWLQJ%6>@SURYLGHVWKHVWDQGDUGWHVWPHWKRGIRUGHWHUPLQDWLRQRISRLQWYDOXHWRXJKQHVVJIc
IRUPHWDOOLFPDWHULDOV7KHJIcHYDOXDWLRQSURFHGXUHLQ%6LVWKHVDPHDVWKHEDVLFPHWKRGLQ$670(
ZLWKXVHRI(TV  WR  EXWRQO\//'PHDVXUHPHQWVDUHDOORZHG
 J-RFXUYHWHVWLQJ%6>@SURYLGHVWKHVWDQGDUGWHVWPHWKRGIRUGHWHUPLQDWLRQRIIUDFWXUHUHVLVWDQFH
FXUYHVDQGLQLWLDWLRQYDOXHVIRUVWDEOHFUDFNH[WHQVLRQLQPHWDOOLFPDWHULDOV$JDLQWKHSURFHGXUHRIUHVLVWDQFHFXUYH
HYDOXDWLRQLQ%6LVVLPLODUWRWKDWLQ$670(EXWDGLIIHUHQWJLQWHJUDOHTXDWLRQLVXVHG

൫଴Ǥ଻ହఎ೛ ିଵ൯
‫ ܬ‬ൌ ‫ܬ‬଴ ቄͳ െ ȟܽቅ   
ሺௐି௔బ ሻ

ZKHUHJ0LVWKHWRWDOYDOXHFDOFXODWHGIURP(TV  ±  ZLWKXVHRI//'EDVHGRQWKHEDVLFSURFHGXUH$OWKRXJK


WKHJLQWHJUDO(T  LVFRPSOHWHO\GLIIHUHQWIURPWKHJLQWHJUDOLQFUHPHQWDO(T  EXWH[SHULPHQWDOUHVXOWVKDYH
VKRZQ WKDW WKH UHVLVWDQFH FXUYH WHVW SURFHGXUHV LQ %6  DQG $670 ( GHWHUPLQH QHDUO\ LGHQWLFDO J-R
FXUYHVIRUWKHVDPHWHVW

2.2.2. CTOD test methods


 3ODVWLFKLQJHPRGHO%RWK%6DQG%6DGRSWDSODVWLFKLQJHPRGHOWRFDOFXODWH&72'WKDWLV
GHILQHGDWWKHRULJLQDOFUDFNWLS7KLVPRGHODVVXPHVWKDWWZRDUPVRIWKHVSHFLPHQULJLGO\URWDWHDURXQGDSODVWLF
KLQJHSRLQWRQWKHOLJDPHQWRIVSHFLPHQLQDWHVW7KHWRWDO&72'ZDVVHSDUDWHGLQWRDQHODVWLFSDUWFDOFXODWHGIURP
WKHVWUHVVLQWHQVLW\IDFWRUKDQGDSODVWLFSDUWFDOFXODWHGE\WKHSODVWLFKLQJHPRGHO
 G,FWHVWLQJ%6UHFRPPHQGVXVHWKHIROORZLQJHTXDWLRQWRFDOFXODWHWKHG,FYDOXHXVLQJ&02'GDWD
790 X.-K. Zhu / Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 784 – 802

௄ మ ൫ଵିఔమ ൯ ൣ௥೛ ሺௐି௔బ ሻ൧௏೛೗


ߜൌ ൅    
ଶఙ೤ೞ ா ൣ௥೛ ሺௐି௔బ ሻା௔బ ା௓൧

ZKHUHrpLVDSODVWLFURWDWLRQIDFWRUWKDWGHSHQGVRQFUDFNVL]HDQGVSHFLPHQW\SH rp IRU6(1%DQGrp 


IRU&7 VplLVWKHSODVWLFFRPSRQHQWRI&02'zLVWKHKHLJKWRIWKHNQLIHHGJHPHDVXUHPHQWSRLQWIURPWKHIURQW
IDFHRQVSHFLPHQ
 G5FXUYHWHVWLQJ%6DGRSWVWKHFUDFNJURZWKFRUUHFWHGSODVWLFKLQJHPRGHOWRFDOFXODWH&72'LQD
G5WHVW

௄ మ ൫ଵିఔమ ൯ ൣ௥೛ ሺௐି௔ሻା'௔൧௏೛೗


ߜൌ ൅   
ଶఙ೤ೞ ா ൣ௥೛ ሺௐି௔ሻା௔ା௓൧
 

(TXDWLRQ  UHGXFHVWR(T  LIa a0DQG'a ,WZDVIRXQGWKDWWKHURWDWLRQEDVHG&72'VWURQJO\GHSHQGV


RQFUDFNOHQJWKLIa/WLIPDWHULDOVWUDLQKDUGHQLQJLVSUHVHQW7KLVLVWKHUHDVRQWKDW$670(LQDQG
(LQGLVFDUGHGWKHSODVWLFKLQJHPRGHODQGFKDQJHGWRXVHWKHJFRQYHUVLRQPHWKRGIRUWKH&72'WHVWLQJ

2.3. ISO 12135 standard fracture test methods

2.3.1. J-integral test methods


%DVLFDOO\WKHVWDQGDUGIUDFWXUHWHVWPHWKRGVLQ,62>@DUHWKHH[WHQVLRQRI%6IRUJIcWHVWLQJDQG
%6IRUJ-RFXUYHWHVWLQJ7KHJLQWHJUDOFDOFXODWLRQXVHV//'GDWDUDWKHUWKDQ&02'GDWD

2.3.2. CTOD test methods


)RUG,FWHVWLQJ,62>@XVHVWKHSODVWLFKLQJHPRGHOLQ%6ZLWKXVHRI(T  WRFDOFXODWHWKHG,F
IRU D VWDWLRQDU\ FUDFN  )RU G5 FXUYH WHVWLQJ KRZHYHU ,62  DGRSWV WKH JLQWHJUDO FRQYHUVLRQ PHWKRG LQ
$670(WRFDOFXODWH&72'IURP(T  IRUDJURZLQJFUDFN
7KH$670%6,DQG,62VWDQGDUGWHVWPHWKRGVZHUHEULHIO\UHYLHZHGDERYHDQGWKHIRFXVZDVSXWRQWKHEDVLF
FRQFHSWVDQGPHWKRGVZLWKSULPDU\HVWLPDWLRQHTXDWLRQV0DQ\RWKHULPSRUWDQWGHWDLOVLQFOXGLQJWHVWGDWDYDOLGDWLRQ
UHTXLUHPHQWV GHILQLWLRQ RI LQLWLDWLRQ WRXJKQHVV DQG YDOLG WHVW GDWD UDQJHV DUH QRW GLVFXVVHG KHUH GXH WR VSDFH
OLPLWDWLRQEXWFDQEHIRXQGIURPWKHWHVWVWDQGDUGV

&RQVWUDLQWFRUUHFWLRQPHWKRGVIRUIRUPXODWLQJFRQVWUDLQWGHSHQGHQW-5FXUYHV

3.1. Experimental observations - constraint effect on J-R curves

)RU D YDULHW\ RI GXFWLOH PHWDOV LQFOXGLQJ QXFOHDU SUHVVXUH YHVVHO VWHHOV VWUXFWXUDO VWHHOV DQG SLSHOLQH VWHHOV
H[WHQVLYH H[SHULPHQWV > @ KDYH VKRZQ WKDW WKH FUDFNWLS FRQVWUDLQW OHYHOV KDYH D VLJQLILFDQW HIIHFW RQ
GXFWLOHIUDFWXUHUHVLVWDQFHLQWHUPVRIJ-RFXUYHVRUG5FXUYHVGXHWRFUDFNVL]HVSHFLPHQJHRPHWU\DQGORDGLQJ
W\SH,QJHQHUDODKLJKFRQVWUDLQWIUDFWXUHVSHFLPHQ LHGHHSFUDFNLQEHQGLQJGRPLQDQWFRQGLWLRQV JLYHVDORZHU
RFXUYH ZKHUHDV D ORZFRQVWUDLQW IUDFWXUH VSHFLPHQ LH VKDOORZ FUDFN LQ WHQVLOH GRPLQDQW ORDGLQJ FRQGLWLRQV 
SURGXFHVDKLJKHURFXUYHIRUGXFWLOHFUDFNV
-R\FHDQG/LQN>@VKRZHGWKDW6(1%VSHFLPHQVVXEMHFWHGWRWKUHHSRLQWEHQGLQJFDQEHWHVWHGRYHUDZLGH
UDQJH RI a/W UDWLRV IURP VKDOORZ WR GHHS FUDFNV DQG WKH PHDVXUHG J-R FXUYHV GHPRQVWUDWHG D ZLGH VSHFWUXP RI
HIIHFWLYHWRXJKQHVV6LQFHWKLVVSHFLPHQLVDUHODWLYHO\HDV\JHRPHWU\WRWHVWWKH6(1%VSHFLPHQVZLWKGLIIHUHQW
a/W UDWLRV KDYH EHHQ RIWHQ XVHG WR LQYHVWLJDWH WKH FRQVWUDLQW HIIHFW RQ J-R FXUYHV IRU GXFWLOH PDWHULDOV )LJXUH 
VKRZV WKH FRQVWUDLQWGHSHQGHQW J-R FXUYHV RI +< VWHHO WKDW ZHUH REWDLQHG E\ =KX DQG -R\FH >@ XVLQJ WKH
QRUPDOL]DWLRQPHWKRGIRUDVHWRI6(1%VSHFLPHQV$VHYLGHQWLQWKLVILJXUHVLJQLILFDQWGLIIHUHQFHVH[LVWEHWZHHQ
WKHJ-RFXUYHVIRUGHHSDQGVKDOORZFUDFNVGXHWRWKHFRQVWUDLQWHIIHFW
,QRUGHUWRUHGXFHRUHOLPLQDWHWKHFRQVWUDLQWHIIHFWRQFRQYHQWLRQDOGHIRUPDWLRQJ-RFXUYHV(UQVW>@SURSRVHG
DVRFDOOHGPRGLILHGJMLQWHJUDO5HFHQWO\=KXDQG/DP>@VKRZHGWKDWDJM-RFXUYHLVDFWXDOO\WKHGHIRUPDWLRQ
X.-K. Zhu / Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 784 – 802 791

J-RFXUYHZLWKRXWFUDFNJURZWKFRUUHFWLRQDQGWKXVJM-R FXUYHVVKRXOGQRWEHXVHGLQSUDFWLFHRIIUDFWXUHWHVWLQJ
DQGHQJLQHHULQJDSSOLFDWLRQV


)LJ([SHULPHQWDO-5FXUYHVRI+<VWHHOREWDLQHGE\=KXDQG-R\FH>@XVLQJ6(1%VSHFLPHQVDQGQRUPDOL]DWLRQPHWKRG

3.1.1. Constraint correction method – concept and procedure


,QRUGHUWRTXDQWLI\WKHFRQVWUDLQWHIIHFWRQJ-RFXUYHVDQGWRWUDQVIHUWKHVWDQGDUGJ-RFXUYHVWRDORZFRQVWUDLQW
FUDFNWKHSUHVHQWDXWKRUDQGKLVFRZRUNHUV>@GHYHORSHGDJHQHUDOFRQVWUDLQWFRUUHFWLRQPHWKRG7KLVPHWKRG
LQWHJUDWHG WKUHH EDVLF DQDO\VHV RI WKHRUHWLFDO H[SHULPHQWDO DQG QXPHULFDO VWXGLHV LQWR RQH UHVXOW 7KLV LQFOXGHV
XVLQJWKHIUDFWXUHFRQVWUDLQWWKHRU\H[SHULPHQWDOWHVWVDQG)($VLPXODWLRQV,Q$670(>@DJ-RFXUYHLV
DVVXPHGWREHDSRZHUODZIXQFWLRQZLWKLQLWVYDOLGUDQJH6LPLODUO\DFRQVWUDLQWFRUUHFWHGJ-RFXUYHLVDVVXPHGWR
EHDSRZHUODZIXQFWLRQRIFUDFNH[WHQVLRQDQGFRQVWUDLQWSDUDPHWHULQDIRUPRI

C q
§ 'a ·
J 'a q C q ¨ ¸    
© mm ¹

ZKHUH 'a LV FUDFN H[WHQVLRQ q LV D JHQHUDO GXPP\ FRQVWUDLQW SDUDPHWHU C1 DQG C2 DUH WZR FRHIILFLHQWV WR EH
IXQFWLRQV RI WKH q ,Q WKH IUDFWXUH FRQVWUDLQW WKHRULHV WKUHH W\SLFDO DV\PSWRWLF VROXWLRQV DUH DGHTXDWH WR XVH IRU
TXDQWLI\LQJWKHFUDFNWLSFRQVWUDLQWOHYHODQGWKHVWUHVVDQGVWUDLQILHOGIRUDGXFWLOHFUDFN7KH\DUHWKHJ-TWKHRU\
>@J-QWKHRU\>@DQGJ-A2WKHRU\>@7KHUHIRUHWKHGXPP\FRQVWUDLQWSDUDPHWHUqLQ(T  FDQEHTQ
DQGA2)RUPRVWGXFWLOHVWHHOVWKHODUJHVFDOH\LHOGLQJRFFXUVDVDFUDFNJURZVDQGVRQDQGA2DUHWKHDSSURSULDWH
FRQVWUDLQWSDUDPHWHUWRXVH
7R FDOLEUDWH WKH FRQVWUDLQW SDUDPHWHU q DQG WZR FRHIILFLHQW IXQFWLRQV C1(q) DQG C2(q) LQ (T   D IRXUVWHS
SURFHGXUHKDVEHHQGHYHORSHGWRXVH  WHVWDWOHDVWWKUHHIUDFWXUHVSHFLPHQVZLWKVWDQGDUGDQGQRQVWDQGDUGFUDFNV
WRFRYHUORZWRKLJKFRQVWUDLQWFRQGLWLRQV  SHUIRUPHODVWLFSODVWLF)($FDOFXODWLRQVIRUHDFKWHVWHGVSHFLPHQIRU
ORDGLQJXSWRWKHIUDFWXUHLQLWLDWLRQWRXJKQHVV  VHOHFWDIUDFWXUHFRQVWUDLQWWKHRU\OLNHJ-QRUJ-A2VROXWLRQDQG
FDOFXODWHWKHFRQVWUDLQWSDUDPHWHUqIRUHDFKWHVWHGFUDFNXVLQJWKH)($UHVXOWDQGVHOHFWHGDV\PSWRWLFVROXWLRQ  
FDOLEUDWH WKH WZR FRHIILFLHQWV C1(q) DQG C2(q) EDVHG RQ WKH H[SHULPHQWDO J-R FXUYHV DQG WKH )($ FDOFXODWHG
FRQVWUDLQW SDUDPHWHU YDOXHV XVLQJ D UHJUHVVLRQ DSSURDFK 2QFH WKH FDOLEUDWLRQ SURFHGXUH LV FRPSOHWHG HDFK
H[SHULPHQWDO J-R FXUYH LV XQLTXHO\ FRUUHODWHG WR D VSHFLILF YDOXH RI WKH FRQVWUDLQW SDUDPHWHU DQG D IDPLO\ RI
FRQVWUDLQWGHSHQGHQW J-R FXUYHV LV HYHQWXDOO\ IRUPXODWHG IRU WKH WHVWHG PDWHULDO 3URYLGHG WKDW WKH FRQVWUDLQW
SDUDPHWHULVREWDLQHGIRUDUHDOFUDFNRILQWHUHVWLWVJ-RFXUYHFDQFRQYHQLHQWO\EHSUHGLFWHGIURP(T  
,Q WHUPV RI WKH PRGLILHG FRQVWUDLQW SDUDPHWHU Q =KX DQG -DQJ >@ DQG =KX DQG /HLV > @ GHWHUPLQHG
FRQVWUDLQWFRUUHFWHG J-R FXUYHV IRU GLIIHUHQW GXFWLOH PHWDOV ,Q UHIHUHQFH WR WKH FRQVWUDLQW SDUDPHWHU A2 &KDR DQG
792 X.-K. Zhu / Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 784 – 802

=KX>@/DPHWDO>@DQG=KXDQG/HLV>@REWDLQHGFRQVWUDLQWFRUUHFWHGJ-RFXUYHVDOVRIRUGXFWLOHPDWHULDOV
)RUH[DPSOH)LJVKRZVWKHH[SHULPHQWDODQGSUHGLFWHGFRQVWUDLQWGHSHQGHQWJ-RFXUYHVIRU;SLSHOLQHVWHHO
REWDLQHGE\=KXDQG/HLV>@XVLQJ6(1%VSHFLPHQVDQGWKHPRGLILHGFRQVWUDLQWSDUDPHWHUQ,QWKLVILJXUHWKH
FRQVWUDLQWFRUUHFWHGJ-RFXUYHLVH[SUHVVHGDV

 Q 
'a ·
J 'aQ  Q   §¨ ¸    
© mm ¹

ZKHUH 'a LVLQPPDQGWKHJLQWHJUDOKDVXQLWVRIN-P7KLVHTXDWLRQGHPRQVWUDWHVWKDWWKHH[SHULPHQWDOUHVXOWVRI


FRQVWUDLQWGHSHQGHQW J-R FXUYHV IRU D JLYHQ PDWHULDO FDQ VLPSO\ EH DSSUR[LPDWHG LQ D FORVHGIRUP IXQFWLRQ RI D
VLQJOHFRQVWUDLQWSDUDPHWHURQO\)LJXUHVKRZVWKDWWKHSUHGLFWHGJ-RFXUYHVIURP(T  PDWFKZHOOZLWKWKH
H[SHULPHQWDOUHVXOWVIRUERWKGHHSDQGVKDOORZFUDFNV,IDUHDOFUDFNLQWKH;SLSHQHHGVWREHDVVHVVHGIRULWV
LQWHJULW\DQHODVWLFSODVWLF)($FDOFXODWLRQLVUHTXLUHGIRUGHWHUPLQLQJWKHFRQVWUDLQWSDUDPHWHUQDQGWKHQWKHJ-R
FXUYHIRUWKDWUHDOFUDFNLVSUHGLFWHGIURP(T  


;
6(1%

WHVWGDWDD: 

 3UHGLFWLRQ4 

7HVWGDWDD: 
- N-P

 3UHGLFWLRQ4 

WHVWGDWDD: 

3UHGLFWLRQ4 


PPRIIVHWOLQH


     
'D PP


)LJ([SHULPHQWDO-5FXUYHVRI;SLSHOLQHVWHHODQGWKHLUSUHGLFWLRQV
REWDLQHGE\=KXDQG/HLV>@XVLQJWKHPRGLILHGFRQVWUDLQWSDUDPHWHU4

3.2. Constraint correction method - recent progresses

6LQFHWKHFRQVWUDLQWFRUUHFWLRQPHWKRGZDVGHYHORSHGPDQ\LQYHVWLJDWLRQVDQGDSSOLFDWLRQVKDYHEHHQPDGHRQ
WKLV WRSLF )RU H[DPSOH :DQJ HW DO >@ LQ  DSSOLHG WKH FRQVWUDLQW FRUUHFWLRQ PHWKRG ZLWK WKH FRQVWUDLQW
SDUDPHWHUAWR*$VWUXFWXUDOVWHHODQGGHYHORSHGDFRQVWUDLQWFRUUHFWHGJ-RFXUYHIRUWKLVVWHHO<LQHWDO>@
LQ  DSSOLHG WKH FRQVWUDLQW FRUUHFWLRQ PHWKRG WR D ODUJH (XURSHDQ SURMHFW RI VWUXFWXUDO LQWHJULW\ IRU OLIHWLPH
PDQDJHPHQW DQG WUDQVIHUUHG FRQVWUDLQWGHSHQGHQW J-R FXUYHV PHDVXUHG IURP VWDQGDUG VSHFLPHQV WR D ODUJHVFDOH
PRFNXSH[SHULPHQWFRQILJXUDWLRQ=KRXHWDO>@LQDQGH[WHQGHGWKHFRQVWUDLQWFRUUHFWLRQPHWKRG
WR FUDFNV GHVFULEHG E\ WKH TVWUHVV DQG LPSURYHG WKH UHJUHVVLRQ SURFHGXUH LQ GHWHUPLQDWLRQ RI C1(q) DQG C2(q)
7KHQWKHVHDXWKRUVREWDLQHGWKUHHIDPLOLHVRIFRQVWUDLQWFRUUHFWHGJ-RFXUYHVXVLQJWKHFRQVWUDLQWSDUDPHWHUQA2
DQGTIRU+<VWHHO
0RUHUHFHQWO\+XDQJHWDO>@LQUHLQYHVWLJDWHGWKHFRQVWUDLQWFRUUHFWLRQPHWKRGIRUDVHWRIFRQVWUDLQW
SDUDPHWHUV LQFOXGLQJ Q DQG LWV YDULDWLRQV A2 TZ DQG WKH VWUHVV WULD[LDOLW\ UDWLR h ,Q WKHLU DQDO\VLV DOO FRQVWUDLQW
SDUDPHWHUV ZHUH GHWHUPLQHG IURP WKH WKUHHGLPHQVLRQDO )($ FDOFXODWLRQV )RU HDFK FRQVWUDLQW SDUDPHWHU WKH\
REWDLQHGWKHFRQVWUDLQWFRUUHFWHGJ-RFXUYHRI;SLSHOLQHVWHHODVLQYHVWLJDWHGE\=KXDQG/HLV>@$VVXFK
X.-K. Zhu / Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 784 – 802 793

WKRVH DXWKRUV ZHUH DEOH WR LGHQWLI\ WKH PRVW HIIHFWLYH FRQVWUDLQW SDUDPHWHU WR EH XVHG LQ GHWHUPLQDWLRQ RI D PRUH
DFFXUDWHFRQVWUDLQWFRUUHFWHGJ-RFXUYHXVLQJWKHFRQVWUDLQWFRUUHFWLRQPHWKRG
,Q DGGLWLRQ :DQJ HW DO >@ LQ  DQG &KHQ HW DO >@ LQ  DOVR LQYHVWLJDWHG WKH FRQVWUDLQW
FRUUHFWLRQPHWKRGXVLQJDPRGLILHGTVWUHVVDVWKHFRQVWUDLQWSDUDPHWHUZKHUHWKHJ-RFXUYHVIRUFDOLEUDWLRQZHUH
HLWKHU PHDVXUHG H[SHULPHQWDOO\ RU REWDLQHG QXPHULFDOO\ XVLQJ D PLFURPHFKDQLFV GDPDJH LH *XUVRQ7YHUJDUG
1HHGOHPDQ *71  PRGHO %HFDXVH WKH GDPDJH PRGHO ZDV LQWURGXFHG WKH GXFWLOH FUDFN JURZWK FDQ EH VLPXODWHG
DQGWKHDVVRFLDWHGJ-RFXUYHFDQEHGHWHUPLQHGIRUDVSHFLILFIUDFWXUHVSHFLPHQLQFOXGLQJ6(1%&76(17DQG
FHQWUDOFUDFNHGSODWH &&3 ,QWKLVZD\WKRVHDXWKRUVVXFFHVVIXOO\GHWHUPLQHGWKHIDPLO\RIFRQVWUDLQWGHSHQGHQW
J-R FXUYHV IURP D VHW RI 6(1% WHVWV IRU D QXFOHDU SUHVVXUH YHVVHO VWHHO $ DQG LWV GLVVLPLODU ZHOGV 7KH\ DOVR
YDOLGDWHG WKHLU UHVXOWVXVLQJ WKH &7 6(17DQG &&3 VSHFLPHQV DQG DSSOLHG WKHLU UHVXOWV WRGHWHUPLQH FRQVWUDLQW
GHSHQGHQW/%%FXUYHVIRUSLSHVZLWKFLUFXPIHUHQWLDOWKURXJKZDOOFUDFNV
,Q D VXPPDU\ WKH FRQVWUDLQW FRUUHFWLRQ PHWKRG LV DQ LQWHJUDWHG WHFKQLTXH DQG WKXV FDQ EH XVHG UHOLDEO\ WR
GHYHORSDIDPLO\RIFRQVWUDLQWGHSHQGHQWJ-RFXUYHVDQGWRSUHGLFWDJ-RFXUYHIRUDVSHFLILFFUDFNSURYLGHGWKDWWKH
FRQVWUDLQW SDUDPHWHU LV QXPHULFDOO\ REWDLQHG D SULRUL IRU WKDW FUDFN $V D UHVXOW WKH FRQVWUDLQW FRUUHFWLRQ PHWKRG
SURYLGHV DQ HIIHFWLYH FRPSOLPHQW PHDQV WR WKH H[SHULPHQWDO PHDVXUHPHQWV RI $670 ( DQG FDQ VHUYH DV D
YLWDO WRRO WR WUDQVIHU ODERUDWRU\ PHDVXUHG IUDFWXUH WRXJKQHVV WR WKRVH IRU DFWXDO HQJLQHHULQJ DSSOLFDWLRQV LQ DQ
LQGLUHFWWHVWPDQQHU

'LUHFWWHVWPHWKRGVIRUPHDVXULQJORZFRQVWUDLQWIUDFWXUHWRXJKQHVVXVLQJ6(17VSHFLPHQV

7KHFRQVWUDLQWFRUUHFWLRQPHWKRGGHVFULEHGDERYHLVDJHQHUDODSSURDFKXVHGWRWUDQVIHU/DEPHDVXUHGVWDQGDUG
IUDFWXUHWRXJKQHVVWRDFWXDOFRPSRQHQWVDQGWRSUHGLFWDUHVLVWDQFHFXUYHIRUDUHDOFUDFNRILQWHUHVW+RZHYHULWLV
DQ LQGLUHFW VHPLWHVW PHWKRG DQG LQYROYHG LQ D PXOWLSOHVWHS SURFHGXUH LQ GHWHUPLQDWLRQ RI D ORZFRQVWUDLQW
UHVLVWDQFH FXUYH IRU D VKDOORZ FUDFN 7KXV GLIIHUHQW GLUHFW PHWKRGV ZHUH GHYHORSHG WR PHDVXUH ORZFRQVWUDLQW
IUDFWXUHWRXJKQHVVXVLQJ6(17VSHFLPHQVDVGLVFXVVHGQH[W

4.1. Early SENT test methods for J-R curve evaluation

  +LVWRULFDO 6(17 WHVWLQJ  7KH6(17VSHFLPHQLVQRWDQ$670VWDQGDUGVSHFLPHQVRIDUEXWKDVDORQJ


KLVWRU\ WR EH XVHG IRU IUDFWXUH WRXJKQHVV WHVWLQJ >@ 6(17 VSHFLPHQ ZDV ILUVW LQWURGXFHG E\ ,UZLQ .UDIIW DQG
6XOOLYDQIRUPHDVXULQJWKHHODVWLFSODQHVWUDLQIUDFWXUHWRXJKQHVV K,FRUG,F LQDQXQSXEOLVKHGPHPRUDQGXPWRWKH
$6706SHFLDO&RPPLWWHHRQ)UDFWXUH7HVWLQJLQ$XJXVW/DWHULQ6XOOLYDQ>@SUHVHQWHGDGHVLJQRI
6(17VSHFLPHQLQDSLQORDGHGFRQGLWLRQDVVKRZQLQ)LJ D DQG6UDZOH\HWDO>@PHDVXUHGWKHHODVWLFHQHUJ\
UHOHDVH UDWH G XVLQJ WKH SLQORDGHG 6(17 VSHFLPHQV ,Q  6UDZOH\ DQG %URZQ >@ REWDLQHG D FORVHGIRUP
H[SUHVVLRQRIKIRUWKH6(17VSHFLPHQV,Q7DGDHWDO>@REWDLQHGPRUHDFFXUDWHIXQFWLRQVRIKDQGHODVWLF
FRPSOLDQFHIRUWKHSLQORDGHG6(17VSHFLPHQV+RZHYHUWKHSULPDU\LQWHUHVWZDVWRPHDVXUHORZHUERXQGSODQH
VWUDLQ WRXJKQHVV WR HQVXUH FRQVHUYDWLYH UHVXOWV WKH KLJKFRQVWUDLQW EHQGLQJ GRPLQDQW &7 DQG 6(1% VSHFLPHQV
EHFDPH WKH IRFXV IRU GHYHORSLQJ VWDQGDUG IUDFWXUH WRXJKQHVV WHVW PHWKRGV %DVHG RQ WKH EHQGLQJ GRPLQDWHG
VSHFLPHQVWKHILUVWIUDFWXUHWRXJKQHVVWHVWVWDQGDUG$670(>@IRUWKHKIcWHVWLQJZDVGHYHORSHGDQGSXEOLVKHG
LQ
 6(17WHVWLQJIRU-5FXUYHV$VDORZFRQVWUDLQWVSHFLPHQ6(17KDVEHHQXVHGIRUVWXG\LQJWKHFUDFNWLS
FRQVWUDLQW HIIHFW RQ J-R FXUYHV -R\FH HW DO >@ LQ  H[WHQGHG WKH UHVLVWDQFH FXUYH WHVW SURFHGXUH LQ $670
( WR 6(17 VSHFLPHQV DQG PHDVXUHG WKH J-R FXUYH XVLQJ SLQORDGHG 6(17 VSHFLPHQV 7KHLU H[SHULPHQWV
VKRZHGWKDWWKH6(17PHDVXUHGJ-RFXUYHVKDYH  ULVLQJYDOXHVLQFRPSDULVRQWRWKRVHIRUWKHVWDQGDUG6(1%
VSHFLPHQV  OHVVVHQVLWLYLW\WRWKHFUDFNOHQJWKDQG  LQLWLDOFUDFNEDFNXSDWWKHEHJLQQLQJRIFUDFNH[WHQVLRQ
7KHQWKH\SURSRVHGDURWDWLRQFRUUHFWLRQIDFWRUWRFRUUHFWWKHXQORDGLQJFRPSOLDQFHDQGWRUHPRYHWKHLQLWLDOFUDFN
EDFNXSRFFXUUHGLQWKHLUJ-RFXUYHV

794 X.-K. Zhu / Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 784 – 802

W
a

H

D 

W
a

H

E 

)LJ6FKHPDWLFGLDJUDPRI6(17VSHFLPHQLQ D SLQORDGHGFRQGLWLRQDQG E FODPSHGFRQGLWLRQ

4.2. DNV multiple specimen method for J-integral testing

)RU RIIVKRUH SLSHOLQHV LQVWDOOHG E\ WKH UHHOLQJ DSSURDFK ODUJH SODVWLF VWUDLQV DUH LQWURGXFHG DQG JLUWK ZHOGV
IUDFWXUHPD\RFFXU7RDVVHVVDVKDOORZFUDFN'19IDYRUHGWRGHYHORSDGLUHFWPHWKRGWRPHDVXUHORZFRQVWUDLQW
IUDFWXUH WRXJKQHVV XVLQJ FODPSHG 6(17 VSHFLPHQV DV VKRZQ LQ )LJ  E   ,Q  '19 SXEOLVKHG WKHLU RZQ
6(17 WHVW PHWKRG '19 UHFRPPHQGHG SUDFWLFH '1953) >@ 7KLV SUDFWLFH DGRSWV WKH PXOWLSOH VSHFLPHQ
PHWKRG IRU GHYHORSLQJ D J-R FXUYH ZLWK 6(17 VSHFLPHQV LQ D SLQORDGHG RU FODPSHG FRQGLWLRQ 7KH VSHFLPHQ
WKLFNQHVV B=2W WKH GLVWDQFHEHWZHHQ WKHWZR JULSV LVH=10W DQG WKH SUHFUDFNHG OHQJWK LV LQ WKHUDQJH RI 
”a/W”6LGHJURRYHVDUHQRWUHTXLUHG7KHPD[LPXPFUDFNH[WHQVLRQLVVHWDVPP
7R GHYHORS D J-R FXUYH '19 UHTXLUHV D PLQLPXP RI VL[ 6(17 VSHFLPHQV  YDOLG UHVXOWV  EH WHVWHG LQ D
SURFHGXUHVLPLODUWRWKHEDVLFPHWKRGRI$670(7KHWRWDOJLQWHJUDOZDVVHSDUDWHGLQWRWKHHODVWLFDQGSODVWLF
SDUWVDVVKRZQLQ(T  DQGFDOFXODWHGVHSDUDWHO\7KHHODVWLFJZDVFDOFXODWHGIURPWKHVWUHVVLQWHQVLW\IDFWRUK
IURP (T   DQG WKH SODVWLF JLQWHJUDO LV FDOFXODWHG E\ WKH &02'EDVHG (T   7KH &02' FDQ EH PHDVXUHG
GLUHFWO\RQWKHFUDFNPRXWKRIWKHVSHFLPHQRUHVWLPDWHGIURPGRXEOHFOLSJDJHPHDVXUHPHQWV
$VZHOONQRZQWKHPXOWLSOHVSHFLPHQPHWKRGLVFRVWO\LQWHUPVRIWHVWWLPHDQGPDWHULDOV$VDUHVXOWDVLQJOH
VSHFLPHQPHWKRGKDVEHHQVRXJKWIRUWKH6(17WHVWLQJ

4.3. CanMet single specimen method for J-integral testing

4.3.1. CanMet method for J-R curve testing


$Q HIIHFWLYH GLUHFW WHVW PHWKRG LH VLQJOH VSHFLPHQ PHWKRG ZDV GHYHORSHG E\ &DQ0HW >@ IRU FODPSHG
6(17VSHFLPHQV7KHVSHFLPHQZLGWKW BWKHFODPSLQJGLVWDQFHH WDQGWKHSUHIDWLJXHGFUDFNVL]HLVLQWKH
UDQJH RI da/Wd DQG D WRWDO VLGH JURRYH RI  RI WKLFNQHVV LV UHFRPPHQGHG 7KH &DQ0HW SURFHGXUH LV
VLPLODU WR WKH UHVLVWDQFH FXUYH PHWKRG LQ $670 ( LQ GHWHUPLQDWLRQ RI D J-R FXUYH RU &72'5 FXUYH 7KH
XQORDGLQJFRPSOLDQFHWHFKQLTXHLVUHFRPPHQGHGIRUPHDVXULQJFUDFNOHQJWK$VLQJOHFOLSJDJHLVPRXQWHGRQWKH
FUDFNPRXWKRIWKHVSHFLPHQVRDVWRPHDVXUHWKH&02'LQD6(17WHVW$SSDUDWXVUHTXLUHGIRUPHDVXULQJORDG
DQG &02' DUH VLPLODU WR WKRVH IRU 6(1% VSHFLPHQV GHVFULEHG LQ (  'XH WR VLJQLILFDQW URWDWLRQ RFFXUUHG
GXULQJWKH6(17WHVWDURWDWLRQFRUUHFWLRQIDFWRUZDVSURSRVHGIURP)($VLPXODWLRQV>@
$V D UHVXOW PRVW WHVW GHWDLOV DUH VLPLODU WR WKRVH IRU VWDQGDUG 6(1% VSHFLPHQV DV VSHFLILHG LQ ( 7KH
&02'EDVHG LQFUHPHQWDO JLQWHJUDO (T   LV DGRSWHG LQ WKH 6(17 J-R FXUYH HYDOXDWLRQ 8VLQJ WKH &DQ0HW
X.-K. Zhu / Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 784 – 802 795

PHWKRG6KHQHWDO>@DQG3DUNHWDO>@GHWHUPLQHGIUDFWXUHWRXJKQHVVIRU;SLSHOLQHVWHHODQGLWVZHOGV
7KH\IRXQGWKDWJ-RFXUYHVDUHOHVVVHQVLWLYHWRFUDFNOHQJWKZKLFKLVFRQVLVWHQWWRWKHREVHUYDWLRQE\-R\FHHWDO
>@IRUSLQORDGHG6(17VSHFLPHQV
7RDVVHVVWKHYLDELOLW\RI&DQ0HWGUDIWSURFHGXUHIRU6(17WRXJKQHVVWHVWLQJDQGWRH[DPLQHLWVDSSOLFDWLRQWR
SLSHOLQH VWHHOV D URXQGURELQ SURJUDP ZDV FRPSOHWHG DQG WKH UHVXOWV ZHUH UHSRUWHG E\ 7\VRQ DQG *LDQHWWR >@
1LQH/DEVSDUWLFLSDWHGLQWKLVURXQGURELQSURJUDP$OOJ-RFXUYHVPHDVXUHGE\WKHVH/DEVXVLQJFODPSHG6(17
VSHFLPHQV DUH VKRZQ LQ )LJ  ZKHUH WKH PDWHULDO LV ; SLSHOLQH VWHHO DQG WKH FUDFN VL]H LV a/W   7KH
VWDQGDUGGHYLDWLRQEHWZHHQWKHJ-RFXUYHVLVaDQGWKLVGLIIHUHQFHLVQRWVPDOO7KXVWKHDFFXUDF\RI&DQ0HW
H[SUHVVLRQVQHHGVWRUHVWXG\>@

4.3.2. CanMet method for G-R curve testing


&DQ0HWDGRSWVWKH$670(JLQWHJUDOFRQYHUVLRQPHWKRGDQG(T  IRUWKHLU6(17&72'WHVWLQJ6KHQ
DQG 7\VRQ >@ SHUIRUPHG GHWDLOHG HODVWLFSODVWLF )($ FDOFXODWLRQV DQG REWDLQHG D FXUYHILWWHG IXQFWLRQ RI WKH m
IDFWRULQ(T  IRUFODPSHG6(17VSHFLPHQV$VLQJOHFOLSJDJHLVXVHGWRPHDVXUHWKH&02'WKHQWKHJLQWHJUDO
LVFDOFXODWHGIURPWKHORDG&02'GDWDDQGWKH&72'LVFRQYHUWHGIURPWKHFDOFXODWHGJIURP(T  2QFHDJ-R
FXUYHLVGHYHORSHGIRUDFODPSHG6(17WKHDVVRFLDWHGG5FXUYHLVHDVLO\GHWHUPLQHG


)LJ-5FXUYHVGHYHORSHGE\QLQHODEVXVLQJFODPSHG6(17VSHFLPHQVRID: IRU;SLSHOLQHVWHHO>@

4.4. Other J-R curve test methods

,QDGGLWLRQ&UDYHURDQG5XJJLHUL>@DOVRGHYHORSHGDVLQJOHVSHFLPHQPHWKRGWRPHDVXUHJ-RFXUYHVIRU
6(17VSHFLPHQV7KHLUWHVWSURFHGXUHLVVLPLODUWR$670(DQG&DQ0HWSURFHGXUHVZLWKXVHRIWKHXQORDGLQJ
FRPSOLDQFHWHFKQLTXH7KHVHDXWKRUQXPHULFDOO\REWDLQHGWKHKVROXWLRQFRPSOLDQFHHTXDWLRQDQGJHRPHWU\IDFWRUV
UHTXLUHG LQ D J-R HYDOXDWLRQIRU D 6(17 WHVW LQSLQORDGHG DQG FODPSHG FRQGLWLRQV 7KHLUUHVXOWV VKRZHG WKDW WKH
&02'EDVHGLQFUHPHQWDOJLQWHJUDO(T  GHWHUPLQHVPRUHDFFXUDWHJ-RFXUYHVIRU6(17VSHFLPHQV

4.5. ExxonMobil single-specimen method for CTOD testing

4.5.1. ExxonMobil CTOD test method


,QFRQWUDVWWRWKH&DQ0HW&72'WHVWPHWKRG([[RQ0RELO&RPSDQ\>@GHYHORSHGDQRWKHUVLQJOHVSHFLPHQ
PHWKRG IRU 6(17 G5 FXUYH WHVWLQJ ZLWK XVH RI D GRXEOH FOLS JDJH DUUDQJHPHQW %DVHG RQ WKH ULJLG URWDWLRQ
DVVXPSWLRQERWK&02'DQG&72'DUHGLUHFWO\LQIHUUHGIURPWKHGRXEOHFOLSJDJHPHDVXUHGGLVSODFHPHQWVE\
796 X.-K. Zhu / Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 784 – 802

௛భ
‫ ܦܱܯܥ‬ൌ ܸଵ െ ሺܸଶ െ ܸଵ ሻ   
௛మ ି௛భ

௛భ ା௔బ
‫ ܦܱܶܥ‬ൌ ܸଵ െ ሺܸଶ െ ܸଵ ሻ   
௛మ ି௛భ

ZKHUHV1DQGV2DUHWKHFUDFNRSHQLQJGLVSODFHPHQWVPHDVXUHGDWWZRKHLJKWVhDQGhDERYHWKHVSHFLPHQIURQW
HGJH1RWHWKDW&72'LQ(T  LVGHILQHGDWWKHRULJLQDOFUDFNWLS
,QWKH([[RQ0RELOPHWKRGWKHFODPSHG6(17VSHFLPHQVKDYHW=BDQGH=WWKHLQLWLDOFUDFNOHQJWKLVLQ
a0/WDQGWKHWRWDOVLGHJURRYHRIRIWKLFNQHVVLVUHFRPPHQGHG7KHGRXEOHFOLSJDJHSURFHGXUHLV
VLPSOH DQG FRQYHQLHQW WR XVH IRU PHDVXULQJ D G5 FXUYH ZLWK 6(17 VSHFLPHQV DQG WKXV LW LV RI JUHDW SUDFWLFDO
LPSRUWDQFH+RZHYHUWKHDOORZHGFUDFNVL]HLVWRRVPDOOWKH&72'GHILQLWLRQLVGLIIHUHQWIURP$670(>@

4.5.2. Comparison of two G-R curve test methods


7KH WZR G5 FXUYH WHVW PHWKRGV GLVFXVVHGDERYH DUH FRPSOHWHO\ GLIIHUHQW:KLOH WKH&DQ0HW PHWKRGXVHV WKH
VLQJOH FOLS JDJH PHDVXUHPHQW DQG WKH JFRQYHUVLRQ PHWKRG WR FDOFXODWH &72' DW WKH FXUUHQW FUDFN WLS DQG WKH
([[RQ0RELOPHWKRGXVHVWKHGRXEOHFOLSJDJHPHDVXUHPHQWDQGWKHURWDWLRQPRGHOWRLQIHU&72'DWWKHRULJLQDO
FUDFN WLS 7R VHH LI WKHVH WZR SURFHGXUHV GHWHUPLQH D VLPLODU G5 FXUYH IRU D VSHFLILF 6(17 VSHFLPHQ GLIIHUHQW
LQYHVWLJDWRUVKDYHPDGHFRPSDULVRQVEDVHGRQWKHLUH[SHULPHQWDOUHVXOWV
5HFHQWO\:HHNVHWDO>@H[SHULPHQWDOO\GHWHUPLQHGG5FXUYHVIRU;SLSHOLQHVWHHORQFODPSHG6(17
VSHFLPHQVXVLQJWKHWZR&72'WHVWPHWKRGVDQGVKRZHGELJGLIIHUHQFHVRIWKHWZRG5FXUYHV$VVKRZQLQ)LJ
WKH G5 FXUYHV REWDLQHG XVLQJ WKH GRXEOH FOLS JDJH PHWKRG DUH KLJKHU WKDQ WKRVH REWDLQHG E\ WKH JFRQYHUVLRQ
PHWKRGIRUODUJHUFUDFNJURZWKDOWKRXJKVLPLODUUHVXOWVKDYHEHHQREVHUYHGLQWKHLQLWLDODUHDRIFUDFNH[WHQVLRQ
/LNHZLVH3DUNHWDO>@SHUIRUPHGDVLPLODUFRPSDULVRQRIWKHWZRG5FXUYHWHVWPHWKRGVIRU;SLSHOLQH
VWHHOZHOGV7KH\VKRZHGWKDWWKH&02'LQIHUUHGIURPWKHGRXEOHFOLSJDJHPHDVXUHPHQWVLVQHDUO\LGHQWLFDOWRWKH
&02'PHDVXUHGGLUHFWO\XVLQJDVLQJOHFOLSJDJHEXWWKHG5FXUYHVREWDLQHGXVLQJWKHGRXEOHFOLSJDJHPHWKRG
DUHKLJKHUWKDQWKRVHREWDLQHGXVLQJWKHJFRQYHUVLRQPHWKRGDVVKRZQLQ)LJ:KLFK&72'WHVWPHWKRGLVPRUH
DGHTXDWHWRXVHLQSUDFWLFHOHDYHVIRUIXUWKHULQYHVWLJDWLRQ


)LJ&RPSDULVRQRI&72'5FXUYHVRI;VWHHOGHWHUPLQHGXVLQJWKHGRXEOHFOLSJDJHPHWKRGDQGWKH-FRQYHUVLRQPHWKRG>@
X.-K. Zhu / Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 784 – 802 797

4.6. Other CTOD test methods

,QDGGLWLRQ'HQ\VDQGKLVFRZRUNHUV>@GHYHORSHGWKHLURZQSURFHGXUHWRGHWHUPLQHG5FXUYHVIRU6(17
VSHFLPHQV 7KH\ GHILQHG WKH &72' EDVHG RQ WKH R LQWHUFHSW PHWKRG VWDUWLQJ IURP WKH RULJLQDO FUDFN WLS DQG
GHULYHGDQHTXDWLRQVLPLODUWR(T  IRUWKHGRXEOHFOLSJDJHPHWKRG7KLV&72'GHILQLWLRQLVGLIIHUHQWIURPWKDW
GHILQHGE\WKH&DQ0HWRU([[RQ0RELOPHWKRG2WKHUWHVWGHWDLOVDUHVLPLODUWRWKH([[RQ0RELOWHVWSURFHGXUHDQG
WKH GRXEOH FOLS JDJH DUUDQJHPHQW LV HPSOR\HG WR GHWHUPLQH WKH WRWDO &72' IRU 6(17 VSHFLPHQV LQ WKH FODPSHG
FRQGLWLRQV

5HFHQWSURJUHVVHVLQIUDFWXUHWRXJKQHVVWHVWPHWKRGVXVLQJ6(17VSHFLPHQV

5.1. British standard SENT test method – BS 8571:2014

7R LPSURYH '1953) >@ 3LVDUVNL >@ DW 7:, UHYLHZHG WKHEDVLV RI 6(17 WHVWLQJ DV GHVFULEHG LQ WKH
'19VWDQGDUGDQGDGGUHVVHGLWVOLPLWDWLRQVZLWKUHVSHFWWRVSHFLPHQSUHSDUDWLRQWHVWLQJDQGDQDO\VLVSURFHGXUHV
,QRUGHUWRGHYHORSD6(17WHVWVWDQGDUGLQ8.3LVDUVNLHWDO>@UHSRUWHGWKHLUEURDGHIIRUWVDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQV
WRH[WHQGWKH'19SUDFWLFH,Q'HFHPEHU%6,SXEOLVKHGWKHLUQHZVWDQGDUGWHVWPHWKRGIRUGHWHUPLQDWLRQRI
IUDFWXUHWRXJKQHVVLQPHWDOOLFPDWHULDOVXVLQJ6(17VSHFLPHQVZLWKDGHVLJQDWLRQRI%6


)LJ&RPSDULVRQRI&72'5FXUYHVRI;VWHHOZHOGVGHWHUPLQHGXVLQJWKHGRXEOHFOLSJDJHPHWKRGDQGWKH-FRQYHUVLRQPHWKRG>@

,QWKH%6WKHJ-RFXUYHWHVWSURFHGXUHDOORZVERWKWKHPXOWLSOHVSHFLPHQPHWKRGDQGWKHVLQJOHVSHFLPHQ
PHWKRGEXWWKHJHVWLPDWLRQHTXDWLRQVDUHWKHVDPHDV(TV  ±  ZLWKRXWFUDFNJURZWKFRUUHFWLRQ7KHGRXEOH
FOLSJDJHDUUDQJHPHQWLVXWLOL]HGWRPHDVXUHGLVSODFHPHQWVWKH&02'XVHGWRFDOFXODWHJLVQRWGLUHFWO\PHDVXUHG
RQFUDFNPRXWKRIWKHVSHFLPHQEXWLQIHUUHGIURPWKHGRXEOHFOLSJDJHPHDVXUHGGLVSODFHPHQWVXVLQJ(T  ,QD
G5FXUHHYDOXDWLRQWKH&72'LVFDOFXODWHGE\

ሺଵିఔమ ሻ௄಺మ ௭భ ା௔బ


‫ ܦܱܶܥ‬ൌ ൅ ቂܸ௣௟ଵ െ ൫ܸ௣௟ଶ െ ܸ௣௟ଵ ൯ቃ  
ଶఙೊೄ ா ௭మ ି௭భ

ZKHUHWKHILUVWWHUPGHWHUPLQHVWKHHODVWLF&72'DQGWKHVHFRQGWHUPGHWHUPLQHVWKHSODVWLF&72'ZLWKVpl1DQG
Vpl2EHLQJSODVWLFSDUWVRIWKHGRXEOHFOLSJDJHPHDVXUHGGLVSODFHPHQWVDWWKHKHLJKWVz1DQGz21RWHWKDW(T  LV
798 X.-K. Zhu / Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 784 – 802

GLIIHUHQWIURP(T  7KHGLIIHUHQFHLVWKDW([[RQ0RELOXVHVWKHWRWDO&72'ZLWKRXWVHSDUDWLRQRIHODVWLFDQG
SODVWLFFRPSRQHQWV

5.2. Corrected K solutions for SENT specimens

%HFDXVHDQH[WUHPHO\FRPSOLFDWHGVROXWLRQRIKIDFWRUZDVXVHGIRUFODPSHG6(1%VSHFLPHQVLQ%6=KX
DQG0F*DXJK\>@UHVWXGLHGWKLVFRPSOLFDWHGEXWDQDO\WLFDOKVROXWLRQLQRUGHUWRVLPSOLI\WKHKVROXWLRQ7KHVH
DXWKRUVVKRZHGWKDWWKHVWUHVVLQWHQVLW\IDFWRUKXVHGLQ%6IRUWKHFODPSHG6(17LVLQFRUUHFWIRUGHHSFUDFNV
RID:!7KXVWKH\FRUUHFWHGWKHDQDO\WLFDOVROXWLRQRIKIDFWRUIRUWKHFODPSHG6(17VSHFLPHQVRYHUWKHIXOO
UDQJHRIa/WDQGDOVRJDYHDFXUYHILWWHGFORVHGIRUPVROXWLRQRIWKHFRUUHFWHGDQDO\WLFDOKVROXWLRQLQDVLPSOHVL[
RUGHUSRO\QRPLDOIXQFWLRQ

P §a·
K f ¨ ¸  D 
BBNW   ©W ¹

ZKHUHWKHJHRPHWULFIXQFWLRQI D: ZDVH[SUHVVHGDV

 
§a·
¨ ¸ ª     
a
§ · ©W ¹ §a· §a· §a· §a· §a· §a· º
f¨ ¸ «  ¨ ¸  ¨ ¸  ¨ ¸  ¨ ¸  ¨ ¸  ¨ ¸ »
©W ¹ § ©W ¹ ©W ¹ ©W ¹ ©W ¹ ©W ¹ © W ¹ »¼
 
a ·§ a · «¬
¨   ¸¨  ¸
© W ¹© W ¹

7KLV QHZ K VROXWLRQ LV YHU\ DFFXUDWH IRU FODPSHG 6(17 VSHFLPHQV RYHU D ZLGH UDQJH RI ”a/W” DQG LWV
HUURULVOHVVWKDQRIWKHFRUUHFWHGDQDO\WLFDOKVROXWLRQ'XHWRLWVVLPSOLFLW\DQGDFFXUDF\WKLVKVROXWLRQLVD
JRRGDOWHUQDWLYHIRU%6RURWKHU6(17WHVWVWDQGDUGWRXVH

5.3. Improved K-factor and unloading compliance equations

,QDGGLWLRQWRWKHVWUHVVLQWHQVLW\IDFWRUVROXWLRQWKHOLPLWORDGWKH&02'FRPSOLDQFHHTXDWLRQSODVWLFJHRPHWU\
IDFWRUVXVHGDQGFRPSOLDQFHURWDWLRQFRUUHFWLRQXVHGLQ%6RU&DQ0HWSURFHGXUHPD\DOVRQHHGUHFDOLEUDWLRQ
DQGUHYDOLGDWLRQWRHQVXUHWKHLUFRUUHFWQHVVDQGDFFXUDF\5HFHQWO\3DUHGHV>@GLVFXVVHGWKHSODVWLFOLPLWORDGDQG
LWV DSSOLFDWLRQ WR GHWHUPLQH WKH SODVWLF JHRPHWU\ IDFWRU K IRU FODPSHG 6(17 VSHFLPHQV +XDQJ DQG =KRX >@
GHWHUPLQHGWKHKIDFWRUIRUFODPSHG6(17VSHFLPHQVXVLQJWKUHHGLPHQVLRQDO)($FDOFXODWLRQV:DQJDQG2PL\D
>@DQG+XDQJDQG=KRX>@XSGDWHGWKH&02'FRPSOLDQFHHTXDWLRQVWKDWDUHXVHGIRUGHWHUPLQLQJFUDFNOHQJWK
LQ DQ XQORDGLQJ FRPSOLDQFH WHVW IRU FODPSHG 6(17 VSHFLPHQV 1HYHUWKHOHVV WKHVH XSGDWHG UHVXOWV DUH VXEMHFW WR
H[SHULPHQWDOYDOLGDWLRQ2QFHWKH\JHWYDOLGDWHGEURDGO\WKHVWDQGDUG6(17WHVWPHWKRGVLQ%6DUHDEOHWR
PHDVXUHPRUHDFFXUDWHRFXUYHV

5.4. Strain based direct measurement method

0RVW UHFHQWO\ :HHNV DQG 5HDG >@ GHYHORSHG D VWUDLQ EDVHG GLUHFW PHWKRG WR PHDVXUH D J-R FXUYH IRU D
FODPSHG6(17VSHFLPHQ7KHH[SHULPHQWDOWHFKQLTXHPHDVXUHGWKHJLQWHJUDOXVLQJVWUDLQJDJHVDQGFDOFXODWHVWKH
JLQWHJUDOIURPDIDUILHOGFRQWRXU7KHFRQWRXUHQFRPSDVVHVWKHIURQWVXUIDFHWKURXJKWKLFNQHVVDQGEDFNVXUIDFH
RIWKHVSHFLPHQV\PPHWULFDERXWWKHQRWFKSODQHVSDFHGDWW7ZRGLIIHUHQWVWUDLQJDJHFRQILJXUDWLRQVZHUHXVHG
ZLWKHDFKORRSRIJDJHVWRFDSWXUHWKHVWUDLQJUDGLHQWRQWKHIURQWDQGEDFNVXUIDFHVDQGWZRH[WHQVRPHWHUVZHUH
PRXQWHGDWGHVLJQHGSRVWVWRPHDVXUHWKHWHQVLOHGLVSODFHPHQWV:LWKWKHVHPHDVXUHGVWUDLQVGLVSODFHPHQWVDWHDFK
ORDGLQJWKHJLQWHJUDOLVFDOFXODWHG7KHUHVXOWVVKRZHGWKDWWKHJ-RFXUYHVRI;SLSHOLQHVWHHOPHDVXUHGIURP
WKHVWUDLQEDVHGGLUHFWPHDVXUHPHQWPHWKRGDUHYHU\FORVHWRWKRVHGHWHUPLQHGIURPWKH&DQ0HWPHWKRGZLWKLQD
VPDOO FUDFN H[WHQVLRQ RI a PP DQG WKHQ GHYLDWH WR EH ORZHU FXUYHV ,Q VSLWH RI WKLV WKH VWUDLQEDVHG GLUHFW
X.-K. Zhu / Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 784 – 802 799

PHDVXUHPHQWPHWKRGSURYLGHVXVDQDSSURDFKWRYHULI\WKHJ-RFXUYHVREWDLQHGE\WKH&DQ0HWPHWKRGRU%6
PHWKRG
,QDGGLWLRQWRXVH6(17VSHFLPHQVWRGLUHFWO\PHDVXUHORZFRQVWUDLQWIUDFWXUHWRXJKQHVV6(1%VSHFLPHQVZLWK
VKDOORZFUDFNVFDQDOVREHXVHGWRGRWKHVDPHWKLQJ,WLVOLNHO\EHWWHUWRXVHWKH6(1%VSHFLPHQWKDQWKH6(17
VSHFLPHQIRUWKHGLULPHQWPHDVXUHPHQWRIIUDFWXUHWRXJKQHVVEHFDXVH$670(LVDPDWXUHGWHVWVWDQGDUGDQG
KDVJXLGHOLQHVIRUVKDOORZFUDFNWRXJKQHVVWHVWLQJDQGHYDOXDWLRQ5HFHQWO\0DWKLDVHWDO>@VKRZHGWKDWD6(1%
VSHFLPHQZLWKDVKDOORZFUDFNFDQGHWHUPLQHDVLPLODUJ-RFXUYHWRWKDWE\DFODPSHG6(17ZLWKWKHVDPHVKDOORZ
FUDFN

&RQFOXVLRQVDQG5HPDUNV

7KH SUHVHQW SDSHU GHOLYHUHG D WHFKQLFDO UHYLHZ RI IUDFWXUH WRXJKQHVV WHVW PHWKRGV IRU GXFWLOH PHWDOV LQ ORZ
FRQVWUDLQW FRQGLWLRQV 7KH UHYLHZHG IUDFWXUH WHVW PHWKRGV LQFOXGH WKH VWDQGDUG IUDFWXUH WRXJKQHVV WHVW PHWKRGV
GHYHORSHG E\$670 %6, DQG ,62 WKH FRQVWUDLQWFRUUHFWLRQ PHWKRGV DQG WKH GLUHFW WHVW PHWKRGVXVLQJ WKH ORZ
FRQVWUDLQW6(17VSHFLPHQV
$670%6,DQG,62KDYHWKHVLPLODUPHWKRGVWRGHWHUPLQHJIc DQGJ-RFXUYHVEXWGLIIHUHQWPHWKRGVIRU&72'
WHVWLQJ:KLOH$670XVHVWKHJLQWHJUDOFRQYHUVLRQPHWKRGWRREWDLQG,FDQGG5FXUYHV%6,XVHVWKHSODVWLFKLQJH
PRGHO WR GHWHUPLQH G,F DQG G5 FXUYHV ,62 XVHV WKH SODVWLF KLQJH PRGHO WR FDOFXODWH G,F EXW WKH JFRQYHUVLRQ
PHWKRGWRHYDOXDWHG5FXUYHV)XUWKHUVWXG\QHHGVWRXQLI\D&72'WHVWPHWKRGIRUWKHVHIUDFWXUHWHVWVWDQGDUGV
7KHFRQVWUDLQWFRUUHFWLRQPHWKRGLVDQHIIHFWLYHWRROWRGHYHORSDIDPLO\RIFRQVWUDLQWGHSHQGHQWJ-RFXUYHVIRU
GXFWLOHPDWHULDOV7KLVPHWKRGLVWHFKQLFDOO\VRXQGGXHWRLWVLQWHJUDWLRQRIWKHRUHWLFDOQXPHULFDODQGH[SHULPHQWDO
UHVXOWV LQWR RQH FRQVWUDLQWFRUUHFWHG J-R FXUYH DQG LV XQLTXH WR EH DEOH WR VROYH WKH WUDQVIHUDELOLW\ LVVXH 7KH
FRQVWUDLQWFRUUHFWHGJ-RFXUYHFDQWUDQVIHUODERUDWRU\PHDVXUHGIUDFWXUHUHVLVWDQFHFXUYHVWRUHDOVKDOORZFUDFNVLQD
VWUXFWXUDOLQWHJULW\DVVHVVPHQW,WKDVJDLQHGPDQ\DSSOLFDWLRQVLQGHWHUPLQDWLRQRIORZFRQVWUDLQWUHVLVWDQFHFXUYHV
IRUDYDULHW\RIGXFWLOHVWHHOVLQFOXGLQJQXFOHDUSUHVVXUHYHVVHOVWHHOV
7KH GLUHFW WHVW PHWKRGV XVLQJ 6(17 VSHFLPHQV KDYH REWDLQHG WKH H[WHQVLYH DWWHQWLRQV DQG LQYHVWLJDWLRQV
ZRUOGZLGH'LIIHUHQWGLUHFWWHVWPHWKRGVZHUHGHYHORSHGLQFOXGLQJWKHPXOWLSOHVSHFLPHQPHWKRGE\'19VLQJOH
VSHFLPHQPHWKRGZLWKDVLQJOHFOLSJDJHPHDVXUHPHQWE\&DQ0HWDQGVLQJOHVSHFLPHQPHWKRGZLWKDGRXEOHFOLS
JDJH PHDVXUHPHQW E\ ([[RQ0RELO 0RUH UHFHQWO\ %6, SXEOLVKHG WKH QHZ VWDQGDUG %6  IRU 6(17 WHVWLQJ
+RZHYHUUHFDOLEUDWLRQRILWVHVWLPDWLRQHTXDWLRQVLVQHHGHGWRLPSURYHLWVDFFXUDF\IRUGHYHORSLQJDPRUHDFFXUDWH
UHVXOWRIORZFRQVWUDLQWIUDFWXUHWRXJKQHVVIURPD6(17WHVW
,QDGGLWLRQWR6(17VSHFLPHQV6(1%VSHFLPHQVZLWKVKDOORZFUDFNVLQWKUHHSRLQWEHQGLQJFDQDOVREHXVHG
GLUHFWO\WRPHDVXUHIUDFWXUHWRXJKQHVVLQORZFRQVWUDLQWFRQGLWLRQV%HFDXVH$670(SURYLGHVWKHJXLGHOLQHV
IRUWHVWLQJVKDOORZFUDFNVRI6(1%VSHFLPHQVDQGWKH6(1%WHVWLVZRUWKIXUWKHUVWXG\WRPHDVXUHORZFRQVWUDLQW
IUDFWXUHWRXJKQHVVWRPHHWHQJLQHHULQJQHHGV

5HIHUHQFHV

>@ *5,UZLQ$QDO\VLVRIVWUHVVHVDQGVWUDLQVQHDUWKHHQGRIDFUDFNWUDYHUVLQJDSODWH-$SS0HFK  


>@ -55LFH$SDWKLQGHSHQGHQWLQWHJUDODQGWKHDSSUR[LPDWHDQDO\VLVRIVWUDLQFRQFHQWUDWLRQVE\QRWFKHVDQGFUDFNV-$SS0HFK.
  
>@ $$:HOOV$SSOLFDWLRQRIIUDFWXUHPHFKDQLFVDWDQGEH\RQGJHQHUDO\LHOGLQJ%ULWLVK:HOG-  
>@ $3,)LWQHVVIRU6HUYLFH$PHULFDQ3HWUROHXP,QVWLWXWH:DVKLQJWRQ'&
>@ ; &KHQ 6 7X = )DQ 7 <DQJ : *XDQ - -LDQJ = *DR $GYDQFHV LQ UHVHDUFK RI HOHYDWHG DQG KLJK WHPSHUDWXUH VWUXFWXUDO
LQWHJULW\RISURFHVVSUHVVXUHEHDULQJHTXLSPHQWLQ&KLQHVHSHWURFKHPLFDOLQGXVWU\3URF$60(393&RQI&KLFDJR86$-XO

>@ 7 <DQJ ; &KHQ = )DQ $ FRPSDULVRQ RI IUDFWXUH DVVHVVPHQW PHWKRGV LQ VHYHUDO VWUXFWXUDO LQWHJULW\ DVVHVVPHQW SURFHGXUHV
3URF$60(393&RQI3UDJXH&]HFK-XO\
>@ ;.=KX-$-R\FH5HYLHZRIIUDFWXUHWRXJKQHVV *.-&72'&72$ WHVWLQJDQGVWDQGDUGL]DWLRQ(QJ)UDFW0HFK
 
>@ ;.=KX)UDFWXUHWRXJKQHVV .- WHVWLQJHYDOXDWLRQDQGVWDQGDUGL]DWLRQ-3LS(QJ.  
800 X.-K. Zhu / Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 784 – 802

>@ $670 (H 6WDQGDUG 7HVW 0HWKRG IRU /LQHDU(ODVWLF 3ODQH 6WUDLQ )UDFWXUH 7RXJKQHVV .,F RI 0HWDOOLF 0DWHULDOV $670
,QWHUQDWLRQDO
>@ $670(H6WDQGDUG7HVW0HWKRGIRU0HDVXUHPHQWRI)UDFWXUH7RXJKQHVV$670,QWHUQDWLRQDO
>@ $670 (H 6WDQGDUG 7HVW 0HWKRG IRU 'HWHUPLQDWLRQ RI 5HVLVWDQFH WR 6WDEOH &UDFN ([WHQVLRQ XQGHU /RZ&RQVWUDLQW
&RQGLWLRQV$670,QWHUQDWLRQDO
>@ %6)UDFWXUH0HFKDQLFV7RXJKQHVV7HVWV±3DUW0HWKRGIRU'HWHUPLQDWLRQRI.,FFULWLFDO&72'DQG&ULWLFDO-9DOXHV
RI0HWDOOLF0DWHULDOV%ULWLVK6WDQGDUG,QVWLWXWLRQ
>@ %6)UDFWXUH0HFKDQLFV7RXJKQHVV7HVWV±3DUW0HWKRGIRU'HWHUPLQDWLRQRI.,FFULWLFDO&72'DQG&ULWLFDO-9DOXHV
RI:HOGVLQ0HWDOOLF0DWHULDOV%ULWLVK6WDQGDUG,QVWLWXWLRQ
>@ %6)UDFWXUH0HFKDQLFV7RXJKQHVV7HVWV±3DUW0HWKRGIRU'HWHUPLQDWLRQRI)UDFWXUH5HVLVWDQFH&XUYHVDQG,QLWLDWLRQ
9DOXHVIRU6WDEOH&UDFN([WHQVLRQLQ0HWDOOLF0DWHULDOV%ULWLVK6WDQGDUG,QVWLWXWLRQ
>@ ,620HWDOOLF0DWHULDOV±8QLILHG0HWKRGRI7HVWIRUWKH'HWHUPLQDWLRQRI4XDVLVWDWLF)UDFWXUH7RXJKQHVV,QWHUQDWLRQDO
2UJDQL]DWLRQRI6WDQGDUGL]DWLRQ
>@ 2/ 7RZHUV 6- *DUZRRG ,QIOXHQFH RI FUDFN GHSWK RQ UHVLVWDQFH FXUYHV IRU WKUHHSRLQW EHQG VSHFLPHQV LQ +< )UDFWXUH
0HFKDQLFV6HYHQWK9ROXPH$670673SS
>@ -: +DQFRFN :* 5HXWHU '0 3DUNV &RQVWUDLQW DQG WRXJKQHVV SDUDPHWHUL]HG E\ 7 &RQVWUDLQW (IIHFWV LQ )UDFWXUH $670
673SS
>@ -$-R\FH(0+DFNHWW&5RH(IIHFWRIFUDFNGHSWKDQGPRGHRIORDGLQJRQWKH-5FXUYHEHKDYLRURIDKLJKVWUHQJWKVWHHO
&RQVWUDLQW(IIHFWVLQ)UDFWXUH$670673SS
>@ -$-R\FH5(/LQN(IIHFWVRIFRQVWUDLQWRQXSSHUVKHOIIUDFWXUHWRXJKQHVV)UDFWXUH0HFKDQLFVWK9ROXPH$670673
SS
>@ <-&KDR;.=KX&RQVWUDLQWPRGLILHG-5FXUYHVDQGLWVDSSOLFDWLRQVWRGXFWLOHFUDFNJURZWK,QW-)UDFW  
>@ ;. =KX %1 /HLV $SSOLFDWLRQ RI FRQVWUDLQWFRUUHFWHG J-R FXUYH WR IUDFWXUH DQDO\VLV RI SLSHOLQHV - 3UHVV 9HVV 7HFK 
 
>@ ;.=KX%1/HLV&RQVWUDLQWFRUUHFWHGJ-RFXUYHDQGLWVDSSOLFDWLRQVIRU;SLSHOLQHVWHHO-$670,QW  -$,
>@ % 1\KXV 0/ 3RODQFR 2 2UMDVHWKHU 6(17 VSHFLPHQV DQ DOWHUQDWLYH WR 6(1% VSHFLPHQV IRU IUDFWXUH PHFKDQLFV WHVWLQJ RI
SLSHOLQHV3URF,QW&RQI20$(&DQFXQ0H[LFR-XQH
>@ 6&UDYHUR&5XJJLHUL&RUUHODWLRQRIIUDFWXUHEHKDYLRULQKLJKSUHVVXUHSLSHOLQHVZLWKD[LDOIODZVXVLQJFRQVWUDLQWGHVLJQHGWHVW
VSHFLPHQV±3DUW,SODQHVWUDLQDQDO\VHV(QJ)UDFW0HFK  
>@ 6 &UDYHUR 5( %UDYR +$ (UQVW &RQVWUDLQW HYDOXDWLRQ DQG HIIHFWV RQ -5 FXUYHV IRU SLSHV XQGHU FRPELQHG ORDG FRQGLWLRQV
3URF(&)%UQR&]HFK6HSW
>@ :57\VRQ*6KHQ'<3DUN-*LDQHWWR/RZFRQVWUDLQWWRXJKQHVVWHVWLQJ-3LS(QJ  
>@ '195HFRPPHQGHG3UDFWLFH'1953))UDFWXUH&RQWUROIRU3LSHOLQH,QVWDOODWLRQ0HWKRGV,QWURGXFLQJ&\FOLF3ODVWLF6WUDLQ
'HW1RUVNH9HULWDV1RUZD\
>@ * 6KHQ -$ *LDQHWWR :5 7\VRQ  'HYHORSPHQW RI 3URFHGXUH IRU /RZ&RQVWUDLQW 7RXJKQHVV 7HVWLQJ 8VLQJ D 6LQJOH
6SHFLPHQ7HFKQLTXH07/5HSRUW1R 75 
>@ *6KHQ-$*LDQHWWR:57\VRQ0HDVXUHPHQWRI-5FXUYHVXVLQJVLQJOHVSHFLPHQWHFKQLTXHRQFODPSHG6( 7 VSHFLPHQV
3URF2IWK,623(&RQI2VDND-DSDQ-XQH
>@ ([[RQ0RELO 8SVWUHDP 5HVHDUFK &RPSDQ\ 0HDVXUHPHQW RI &UDFN7LS 2SHQLQJ 'LVSODFHPHQW &72'  )UDFWXUH 5HVLVWDQFH
&XUYHV8VLQJ6LQJOH(GJH1RWFKHG7HQVLRQ 6(17 6SHFLPHQ6HSW
>@ + 7DQJ 0 0DFLD . 0LQDDU 3 *LRLHOOL 6 .LEH\ ' )DLUFKLOG 'HYHORSPHQW RI WKH 6(17 WHVW IRU VWUDLQEDVHG GHVLJQ RI
ZHOGHGSLSHOLQHV3URFWK,3&&DOJDU\$OEHUWD&DQDGD6HSW2FW
>@ 07.LUN5+'RGGVJDQG&72'HVWLPDWLRQHTXDWLRQVIRUVKDOORZFUDFNVLQVLQJOHHGJHQRWFKEHQGVSHFLPHQV-7HVW(YDO
  
>@ ;. =KX 36 /DP 'HIRUPDWLRQ YHUVXV PRGLILHG -LQWHJUDO UHVLVWDQFH FXUYHV IRU GXFWLOH PDWHULDOV - 3UHVV 9HVV 7HFK 
 
>@ +$(UQVW3&3DULV-'/DQGHV(VWLPDWLRQVRQ-LQWHJUDODQGWHDULQJPRGXOXV7IURPDVLQJOHVSHFLPHQWHVWUHFRUG)UDFWXUH
0HFKDQLFV7KLUWHHQWK&RQIHUHQFH$670673SS
>@ ;.=KX,PSURYHGLQFUHPHQWDO-LQWHJUDOHTXDWLRQVIRUGHWHUPLQHFUDFNJURZWKUHVLVWDQFHFXUYHV-3UHVV9HVV7HFK  

>@ ;. =KX %1 /HLV DQG -$ -R\FH ([SHULPHQWDO HVWLPDWLRQ RI -5 FXUYH IURP ORDG&02' UHFRUGV IRU 6( %  VSHFLPHQV -
$670,QW  -$,
>@ $670 (H 6WDQGDUG 7HVW 0HWKRG IRU &UDFN7LS 2SHQLQJ 'LVSODFHPHQW &72'  )UDFWXUH 7RXJKQHVV 0HDVXUHPHQW
$670,QWHUQDWLRQDO ZLWKGUDZQ 
>@ -$-R\FH5(/LQN$SSOLFDWLRQRIWZRSDUDPHWHUHODVWLFSODVWLFIUDFWXUHPHFKDQLFVWRDQDO\VLVRIVWUXFWXUHV(QJ)UDFW0HFK
  
>@ 36/DP<-&KDR;.=KX<.LP5/6LQGHODU'HWHUPLQDWLRQRIFRQVWUDLQWPRGLILHG-5FXUYHVIRUFDUERQVWHHOVWRUDJH
WDQNV-3UHVV9HVV7HFK  
>@ * 6KHQ :5 7\VRQ $ *ORYHU ' +RUVOH\ &RQVWUDLQW HIIHFWV RQ OLQHSLSH WRXJKQHVV 3URF WK ,QW &RQI 3LS 7HFK 9RO 
2VWHQG%HOJLXP0D\SS
X.-K. Zhu / Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 784 – 802 801

>@ ;. =KX -$ -R\FH -UHVLVWDQFH FXUYH WHVWLQJ RI +< VWHHO XVLQJ 6( %  VSHFLPHQV DQG QRUPDOL]DWLRQ PHWKRG (QJ )UDFW
0HFK  
>@ +$(UQVW0DWHULDOUHVLVWDQFHDQGLQVWDELOLW\EH\RQG-FRQWUROOHGFUDFNJURZWK(ODVWLF3ODVWLF)UDFWXUH6HFRQG6\PSRVLXP9RO
,±1RQOLQHDU&UDFN$QDO\VLV, $670673SS,,
>@ &%HWHJRQ-:+DQFRFN7ZRSDUDPHWHUFKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQRIHODVWLFSODVWLFFUDFNWLSILHOGV-$SS0HFK  
>@ 132¶'RZG&)6KLK)DPLO\RIFUDFNWLSILHOGVFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\DWULD[LDOLW\SDUDPHWHU±,VWUXFWXUHRIILHOGV-0HFK3K\V
6ROLGV  
>@ 6<DQJ<-&KDR0$6XWWRQ+LJKHURUGHUDV\PSWRWLFILHOGVLQDSRZHUODZKDUGHQLQJPDWHULDO(QJ)UDFW0HFK  

>@ ;.=KX6.-DQJ-5FXUYHVFRUUHFWHGE\ORDGLQGHSHQGHQWSDUDPHWHULQGXFWLOHFUDFNJURZWK(QJ)UDFW0HFK  

>@ ;.=KX%1/HLV%HQGLQJPRGLILHGJ-QWKHRU\DQGFUDFNWLSFRQVWUDLQWTXDQWLILFDWLRQ,QW-)UDFW  
>@ =;:DQJ<-&KDR36/DP4XDQWLILFDWLRQRIGXFWLOHFUDFNJURZWKLQ*$VWHHODWGLIIHUHQWFRQVWUDLQWOHYHOV,QW-3UHVV
9HVV3LS  
>@ 6<LQ37:LOOLDPV+%.ODVN\%5%DVV$QDO\VLVRIGXFWLOHFUDFNJURZWKLQSLSHWHVWLQ67</(SURMHFW3URF$60(393
&RQI7RURQWR2QWDULR&DQDGD-XO\
>@ ':=KRX:*;X6'6PLWK5FXUYHPRGHOLQJZLWKFRQVWUDLQWHIIHFW3URFWK,QW&RQI)UDFW2WWDZD&DQDGD-XO\

>@ ':=KRX0HDVXUHPHQWDQGPRGHOOLQJRI5&XUYHVIRUORZFRQVWUDLQWVSHFLPHQV(QJ)UDFW0HFK  
>@ <+XDQJ:=KRX(:DQJ&RQVWUDLQWFRUUHFWHG-5FXUYHEDVHGRQWKUHHGLPHQVLRQDOILQLWHHOHPHQWDQDO\VHV)DW)UDFW(QJ
0DW6WUFXW  
>@ -:DQJ*=:DQJ)=;XDQ677X'HULYDWLRQRIFRQVWUDLQWGHSHQGHQW-5FXUYHVEDVHGRQPRGLILHG7VWUHVVSDUDPHWHUDQG
*71PRGHOIRUDORZDOOR\VWHHO,QW-)DFW  
>@ -:DQJ*=:DQJ)=;XDQ677X&RQVWUDLQWGHSHQGHQW-5FXUYHVRIDGLVVLPLODUPHWDOZHOGHGMRLQWIRUFRQQHFWLQJSLSH
QR]]OHRIQXFOHDUSUHVVXUHYHVVHO-3UHVV9HVV7HFK  
>@ </ &KHQ *= :DQJ )= ;XDQ 67 7X &UDFNWLS FRQVWUDLQW DQDO\VHV DQG FRQVWUDLQWGHSHQGHQW /%% FXUYHV IRU
FLUFXPIHUHQWLDOWKURXJKZDOOFUDFNHGSLSHV1XFO(QJ'HV  
>@ ;.=KX70F*DXJK\$UHYLHZRIIUDFWXUHWRXJKQHVVWHVWLQJDQGHYDOXDWLRQXVLQJ6(17VSHFLPHQV3URFWK,3&&DOJDU\
$OEHUWD&DQDGD6HSW2FW
>@ $06XOOLYDQ1HZVSHFLPHQGHVLJQIRUSODQHVWUDLQIUDFWXUHWRXJKQHVVWHVWV0DW5HV6WDQG  
>@ -(6UDZOH\0+-RQHV%*URVV([SHULPHQWDO'HWHUPLQDWLRQRIWKH'HSHQGHQFHRI&UDFN([WHQVLRQ)RUFHRQ&UDFN/HQJWK
IRUD6LQJOH(GJH1RWFK7HQVLRQ6SHFLPHQ1$6$71'
>@ -(6UDZOH\:)%URZQ)UDFWXUH7RXJKQHVV7HVWLQJ1$6$71'
>@ +7DGD3&3DULV*5,UZLQ7KH6WUHVV$QDO\VLVRI&UDFNV+DQGERRN'HO5HVHDUFK&RUSRUDWLRQ+HOOHUWRZQ3$86$
>@ *6KHQ:57\VRQ&UDFNVL]HHYDOXDWLRQXVLQJXQORDGLQJFRPSOLDQFHLQVLQJOHVSHFLPHQVLQJOHHGJHQRWFKHGWHQVLRQIUDFWXUH
WRXJKQHVVWHVWLQJ-7HVW(YDO  -7(
>@ * 6KHQ 5 %RXFKDUG -$*LDQHWWR :57\VRQ)UDFWXUH WRXJKQHVV HYDOXDWLRQ RIKLJKVWUHQJWK VWHHO SLSH 3URF$60( 393
&RQI&KLFDJR86$-XO\
>@ '< 3DUN :5 7\VRQ -$ *LDQHWWR * 6KHQ 56 (DJOHVRQ )UDFWXUH WRXJKQHVV RI ; SLSH JLUWK ZHOGV XVLQJ 6( 7  DQG
6( % WHVWV3URFWK,3&&DOJDU\$OEHUWD&DQDGD6HSW
>@ :57\VRQDQG-$*LDQHWWR/RZ&RQVWUDLQWWRXJKQHVVWHVWLQJUHVXOWVRIDURXQGURELQRQDGUDIW6( 7 WHVWSURFHGXUH
3URF$60(393&RQI3DULV)UDQFH-XO\
>@ *6KHQ:57\VRQ(YDOXDWLRQRI&72'IURP-LQWHJUDOIRU6( 7 VSHFLPHQV3URF3LS7HFK&RQI.,2VWHQG%HOJLXP2FW

>@ 6&UDYHUR& 5XJJLHUL (VWLPDWLRQ SURFHGXUH RI-UHVLVWDQFH FXUYHV IRU 6( 7  IUDFWXUH VSHFLPHQV XVLQJ XQORDGLQJ FRPSOLDQFH
(QJ)UDFW0HFK  
>@ &5XJJLHUL)XUWKHUUHVXOWVLQ-DQG&72'HVWLPDWLRQSURFHGXUHVIRU6( 7 IUDFWXUHVSHFLPHQV±3DUW,KRPRJHQHRXVPDWHULDOV
(QJ)UDFW0HFK  
>@ 76:HHNV(/XFRQ'LUHFWFRPSDULVRQRIVLQJOHVSHFLPHQFODPSHG6( 7 WHVWPHWKRGVRQ;OLQHSLSHVWHHO3URFWK,3&
&DOJDU\$OEHUWD6HSW2FW
>@ 76 :HHNV '7 5HDG &RPSDULVRQ RI -LQWHJUDO IURP VLQJOH VSHFLPHQ 6( 7  WHVWV RQ $3,/ ; OLQH SLSH VWHHO 3URF WK
,623(&RQI.RQD+DZDLL-XQH
>@ '<3DUN-3*UDYHO0$UDILQ-/LDQJ&+06LPKD(YDOXDWLRQRIWZRORZFRQVWUDLQWWRXJKQHVVWHVWPHWKRGVLQDVLQJOH
VSHFLPHQ-(QJ0DW7HFK  
>@ 0$9HUVWUDHWH50 'HQ\V.9 0LQQHEUXJJHQ 6+HUWHOH :' :DHOH'HWHUPLQDWLRQ RI &72'UHVLVWDQFH FXUYHV LQ VLGH
JURRYHGVLQJOHHGJHQRWFKHGWHQVLOHVSHFLPHQVXVLQJIXOOILHOGGHIRUPDWLRQPHDVXUHPHQWV(QJ)UDFW0HFK  
>@ 09HUVWUDHWH6+HUWHOH.90LQQHEUXJJHQ5'HQ\V:':DHOH8*HQWJXLGHOLQHVIRU6(17WHVWLQJ3URFWK,QW3LS7HFK
&RQI2VWHQG%HOJLXP
>@ +*3LVDUVNL'HWHUPLQDWLRQRISLSHJLUWKZHOGIUDFWXUHWRXJKQHVVXVLQJ6(173URFWK,3&&DOJDU\$OEHUWD&DQDGD
>@ +3LVDUVNL30RRUH(+XWFKLQVRQ$+RUQ'HYHORSPHQWRID%ULWLVKVWDQGDUGVLQJOHHGJHQRWFKWHQVLRQ 6(17 WHVWPHWKRG
%6 3URFWK,QW3LS7HFK&RQI2VWHQG%HOJLXP
802 X.-K. Zhu / Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 784 – 802

>@ %6  0HWKRG RI 7HVW IRU 'HWHUPLQDWLRQ RI )UDFWXUH 7RXJKQHVV LQ 0HWDOOLF 0DWHULDOV 8VLQJ 6LQJOH (GJH 1RWFKHG
7HQVLRQ 6(17 6SHFLPHQVWKH%ULWLVK6WDQGDUGV,QVWLWXWLRQ
>@ ;.=KX70F*DXJK\&RUUHFWHGVWUHVVLQWHQVLW\IDFWRUIRU%6VLQJOHHGJHQRWFKHGWHQVLRQ 6(17 VSHFLPHQV3URFWK
,623(&RQI.RQD+DZDLL-XQH
>@ 03DUHGHV3ODVWLFOLPLWORDGDQGLWVDSSOLFDWLRQWRWKHIUDFWXUHWRXJKQHVVWHVWLQJIRUKHWHURJHQHRXVVLQJOHHGJHQRWFKHGWHQVLRQ
VSHFLPHQV)DW)UDFW(QJ0DW6WUXFW  
>@ <+XDQJ:=KRX,QYHVWLJDWLRQRISODVWLFHWDIDFWRUVIRUFODPSHG6( 7 VSHFLPHQVEDVHGRQWKUHHGLPHQVLRQDOILQLWHHOHPHQW
DQDO\VHV(QJ)UDFW0HFK  
>@ ( :DQJ 0 2PL\D )LQLWH HOHPHQW DQDO\VLV RI FUDFN PRXWK RSHQLQJ GLVSODFHPHQW FRPSOLDQFH LQ FUDFN OHQJWK HYDOXDWLRQ IRU
FODPSHGVLQJOHHGJHWHQVLRQVSHFLPHQ)DW)UDFW(QJ0DW6WUXFW  
>@ <+XDQJ:=KRX1XPHULFDOLQYHVWLJDWLRQRIFRPSOLDQFHHTXDWLRQVXVHGLQWKH5FXUYHWHVWLQJIRUFODPSHG6( 7 VSHFLPHQV
)DW)UDFW(QJ0DW6WUXFW(DUO\YLHZRQOLQH'2,IIH
>@ //60DWKLDV')%6DU]RVD&5XJJLHUL(IIHFWVRIVSHFLPHQJHRPHWU\DQGORDGLQJPRGHRQFUDFNJURZWKUHVLVWDQFHFXUYHVRI
DKLJKVWUHQJWKSLSHOLQHJLUWKZHOG,QW-3UHVV9HVV3LS  

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi