ENGLISH REVIEWERS

Expository Writing
Expository Writing
- defined as presenting reasons, explanations, or steps in a process
- Informative writing
- Follow a logical sequence
- 3 different main points
- Logic and coherence is the main focus

Comparison Writing
- Compares people, places or things
- Explains how 2 subjects are alike
- Organized by points of comparison

How is it Different
- Expository writing does not tell a story
- Expository writing does not persuade a reader but only gives facts and reasons
- Expository writing can also give the steps of a process

Thesis Statement
- The main idea of the whole essay

Transition Words
- Words such as first, second, as a result, which make transitions easy in the essay.

Main Ideas
- Each paragraph should have a main point or idea

Supporting Details
- Details support the main ideas

Details
- Must be descriptive
- Can be factual
- Can be from personal experience
- Can be anecdote
 Introduction
Hook
- Hook your reader with a question, quote, short anecdote, or personal experience statement

Background
- Informational sentence about each idea you are going to write about

Thesis Statement
- Can be first in the paragraph, last in the paragraph, or implied throughout the whole
paragraph

On Checking with 6 Traits of Writing

Ideas
- The thesis statement identifies the focus of the essay.
- The beginning introduces the two people and summarizes the main similarity between them.
- The writer supports the comparison with details, paraphrases, and anecdotes.

Organization
- Each middle paragraph focuses on one point of comparison.
- The writer presents ideas point by point in chronological order, using dates and time-order
words to make the order clear.
- The ending reinforces the comparison by emphasizing the similar goals and accomplishments
of the two people.

Voice and Word Choice

- The writer’s use of facts and statistics shows knowledge of topic.
- Anecdotes and quotations help to engage the reader’s interest
- Precise noun and verbs make the writer’s ideas vivid.

Sentence Fluency
- Write variety of sentences that smoothly connect your ideas.

Convection
- Use of correct punctuation, capitalization, spelling, and grammar.
 Outline for Expository
Title:
I. Introduction:
A. Hook______________________________________________________
B. Background information______________________________________
C. Background information on topic_______________________________
D. Background information on topic_______________________________
E. Statistic or personal anecdote-optional___________________________
F. THESIS STATEMENT________________________________________
II-IV. 1st-3rd Reason
Reason__________________________________________________
A. Fact/ or example_________________________________________
B. Detail__________________________________________________
C. Fact/ example___________________________________________
D. Detail_________________________________________________
E. Fact/example____________________________________________
F. Detail__________________________________________________
G. Sum- up statement_______________________________________
V. Conclusion:
- Re- state all reasons in conclusion
- Clincher sentence- gives a summation of the above and a “feeling” about the
whole essay.
- Use transition words, plan reasons in a logical order, make sure you re-state
reasons in your conclusion.
 Journalistic Writing
Journalism
- Short, concise sentences
- Simple, understandable words
- Short paragraph, often 2 sentences
- Traditionally an inverted pyramid
- 1st paragraph is the lead with 5W’s & H
- Summary lead is usually one sentence
- Additional Paragraphs are short and contain less and less important information.
- Uses lots of primary resources
 Spokespersons
 Newsmakers
 ‘People on the street’
- Secondary Sources
 Official record
 Reference materials
 Other media
- Media Writing works attribution

Essay
- Has longer, more complex sentences
- Uses multi-syllabic words
- Often has paragraphs of 100 words or more, including a topic sentence and its support
- Traditionally five paragraphs
- 1st paragraph is the introduction and thesis statement
- 2nd, 3rd, & 4th paragraphs develop the topic using
 Definition
 Classification
- Five paragraph essay often require
 Reading a particular work
 Drawing on insight and information from previous reading or lectures
 News
Proximity
- Location

Timeliness
- Present time

Prominence
- Well-known

Conflict
- Interesting rivalries, arguments, fights, & disagreement

Novelty
- Unusual, original, or uniqueness

Human Interest
- Evokes emotion; relatable

Fact Sheet
Who What When Where Why How

Inverted Pyramid Formatted: Font: (Default) Times New Roman, 12 pt

Most Newsworthy

Least Newsworthy
 Vocabulary
1. 5W’s & H
- Who, What, When, Where, Why, How
2. By-line
- who wrote the story
3. Caption
- A.K.A. Cutline; explanation of the picture
4. Editor
- overall responsibility of publication
5. Editorial
- type of story that serves to express opinion or encourage reader
6. Ethics
- standard conduct based on moral beliefs
7. Comments
- based on emotion
8. Options
- based on facts
9. Fact
- statement that can be proven
10. Feature
- with some interpretation; beyond just reporting facts
11. Flag
- name of paper at the top of page 1
12. Graf
- paragraph in news writing, 2 to 3 sentences
13. Hammer
- Headline consisting of large words (description of headline)
14. Headline
- large words (bigger than hammer size)to catch reader’s attention by summarizing
15. Human Interest
- in news, includes people or events in which people can identify
16. Inverted Pyramid
- most > least interesting
17. Kicker
- a short sentence to catch the attention of the reader
18. Lead
- beginning of the story
19. Libel
- writing defamation; damaging false statements against another person or institute
in writing
20. Quotation
- statement by another person in published story
 21. Direct Quotation
- quotation marks what the person had said directly
22. Indirect Quotation
- paraphrase; change the structure of what they said
23. Review
- editorial written to comment on a play, movie, or piece of music or other creative
works
24. Slander
- written defamation; damaging false statements against another person or institute
that is spoken

Literature
What is Literature?
- Litera
 Means letter
 Latin word
 Origin of literary

Classical Literary Greats (On Poetry)

Plato
- Plato’s theory: literature must be the vehicle for the telling of the truth.
- Poets are not men of art but men of God

Aristotle
- Poetry Is considered to be the highest form of literature
- Poetry is the pleasure derived from the working of different elements into a proper
literary whole

Mimesis (Aristotle)
- Mimesis is the Greek word for imitation

Censorship (Plato)
- Issue on the value of literature to the readers

Catharsis (Aristotle)
- Refers to purgation, purification, cleansing.
- Purging on negative thoughts

Function (Horace)
- A piece of literature that seeks to entertain or teach
Edgar Allan Poe
- “The end of art is pleasure, not truth. In order for that pleasure to be intense, the work of
art must have unity and brevity. In poetry, the proper means of arousing pleasure is the
creation of beauty; not beauty of concrete things alone but also a higher beauty-
supernatural beauty.”

Theoretical Criticism (TC)

- Formulate the theories and principles, and tenets of the nature and value of art
- Provides the necessary framework for practical criticism

Practical Criticism
- Application of theories and principles of theoretical criticism to a particular work
- The standards of taste and explains, evaluates, or justifies a particular pieces of literature

Two Types of Practical Criticism

Absolutic Critic
- Posits that there is only one theory or set of principles a critic may use when
evaluating a literary work
Relativistic Critic
- Uses various and even contradictory theories in criticizing a piece of literature
Literary Theory
- The basis of any form of criticism without a theory, practical criticism could not exist
- The assumptions (conscious or unconscious) that undergird one’s understanding and
interpretation of language, the construction of meaning, art, culture, aesthetics, and
ideological positions
- An incomplete, unconscious, and therefore, unclear literary theory, leads to illogical,
unsound and haphazard interpretations

Literature
- The greatest reality stimulator
- Helps speed up time
- Makes you nicer
- Prepares you for failure
- Therapy or cures your loneliness
- Escape from reality
- Medium of one’s expectations
 Literary Terms
Character
- A person or an animal that takes part of an action in a literary work

Antagonist
- Character or force that is in conflict with the main character

Protagonist
- Main character in a literary work

Diction
- The manner in which we express words

Denotation
- Dictionary meaning of a word

Connotation
- The set of ideas associated with it in addition to it explicit meaning

Imagery
- Words or phrases that appeal to one or more of the five senses

Mood
- The feeling created in the reader by a literary work or passage

Plot
- Sequence of events

CLIMAX

EXPOSITION RESOLUTION

CONFLICT INTRODUCED
Exposition
- Setting and characters are introduced
- Gives information about the characters and their problems or conflicts

Rising Action
- Begins to occur as soon as conflict is introduced
- Adds complications to the conflict and increases reader interest
- Series of complications

Climax
- Point of greatest emotional intensity, interest, or suspense in the plot of a narrative
- Turning point in a story or drama
- The most emotional part of the story
(Hamartia – Tragic Flaw)

Falling Action
- Typically follows the climax and reveals its results
- Presents events that result from the climax

Resolution
- Concludes the falling action by revealing or suggesting the outcome of the conflict
- End of story (all struggles are over)
- We know what is going to happen to the characters

Conflict
- Struggle between opposing forces in a story or play

External Conflict
- When a character struggles against some outside force, such as another character, nature,
society, or fate
- Man vs. Man
- Man vs. Nature

Internal Conflict
- Conflict exist within the mind of a character who is torn between different courses of
action
- Man vs. Himself

Flashback
- Literary device in which an earlier episode, conversation, or event is inserted into a
sequence of events
- Presented as the memory of the narrator or of another character
Foreshadowing
- Looking forward into the future
- To build reader’s expectations and create suspense
- Used to help readers prepare for what is coming

Suspense
- Growing interest and excitement readers experience while awaiting a climax or resolution
in a work of literature
- Feeling of anxious uncertainty about the nature of events
- Writers create suspense by raising questions in the mind of their readers

Point of View
- Perspective from different views
- The relationship of the narrator to the story
- First person
- Third person

Setting
- A literary work is the time and place of the action
- Even the weather, dialect, clothing, customs , and modes of transport

Style
- Distinctive way in which an author uses language
- Word choice, phrasing, sentence length, tone, dialogue, purpose and attitude toward the
audience and subject can all contribute to an author’s writing style

Theme
- The core of a literary story or literature writing
- May be presented directly
- Central message, concern, or purpose

Tone
- A reflection of a writer’s or speaker’s attitude toward a subject of a poem, story, or other
literary work
- The particular emotions that the author evoke in the story
- Respect, anger, light heartedness, sarcasm
 Figures of Speech
Meaning
- A specific or kind of figurative language
- Used for descriptive effect often to imply ideas directly
- Used to state ideas in vivid and imaginative ways

Simile
- Expressed comparison between two similar things introduced by like, as if, thanseems, or
similar to

Metaphor
- Comparison of unlike objects without like or as

Personification
- Some human characteristic is attributed to an inanimate object

Periphrasis
- Substitution of a descriptive phrase for name of vice versa

Litotes
- A deliberate understatement used to affirm negating its opposite
- Using negative words yet giving a positive idea

Apostrophe
- Address to the absent as if present or the inanimate as if human
- Not living or non-existing being
- In a parenthesis ( )

Antithesis
- The equating or balancing of two opposite ideas
- A sentence should have contradicting words positioned in a balanced way in a phrase or a
clause

Hyperbole
- An exaggeration for the purpose of emphasis or poetic event
- An overstatement

Understatement
- Opposite of hyperbole
- It is saying what is less than what is true
Irony
- A discrepancy or disparity between what seems and what is
- Verbal irony
- Irony of situation
- Dramatic irony

Verbal irony
- Discrepancy of what the speaker says and what the speaker means
- The speaker says one thing but means the opposite

Irony of Situation
- Discrepancy between expectation and result, intention, and outcome, illusion and reality

Dramatic irony
- Most effective us in in theater
- Also found in other forms of fiction
- Discrepancy between the meaning intended by the fictional character and another
meaning that the audience simultaneously find in the same words

Synecdoche
- The writer says a part when he means a whole
- The writer says a whole when he means a part

Metonymy
- Symbolism used for cause and effect

Allusions
- Explicit use of biblical, historical, literary characters