Basic of AND Gate

AND gate gives high at the output only when all the inputs are high otherwise, it gives
low.

SYMBOL OF AND GATE

INPUT 1 A INPUT 2 B OUTPUT A.B

The
TRUTH 0 0 0
TABLE
OF AND 0 1 0
GATE
1 0 0
The use of
transistor 1 1 1
for AND
gate operation depends on the transistor switching speed. For AND gate operation we
use transistor as a switch.

Components Required

Two BC547 NPN transistor

Three 10k resistor
 1k resistor
4.7k resistor
Two toggle switches
General purpose LED
5V power supply
Some jumper wires
Breadboard
Multimeter

Two Input AND Gate Using Transistor

The BC547 is used here in common emitter configuration. This transistor utilizes low
power and also has low-frequency. In the common emitter configuration, transistor
gives a phase shift of 180 degrees. Due to change in 180 degree in phase
shift, it is able to give high at the output when our input is low and vice-versa. The
biasing of the transistor is done in a way so that the operating point of the transistor
comes closer to the origin in the transfer-characteristic curve of the transistor.

This causes an immediate switching of the transistor from its cutoff to the saturation
state. Hence when we apply enough voltage at the base of the transistor it immediately
reaches its saturation state and the transistor starts conducting. In this project, we
have used BC547general purpose NPN bipolar junction transistor. Other range of BC
transistor (BC548, BC549) also works fine here. By using RTL (resistor transistor logic)
we have designed the AND gate by two transistors and some resistor.
 AND Gate Using Transistor

How it Works

The transistors are connected in series and their bases are used as input. The base of
both the transistors act like inputs and one of the emitter of either of the transistors is
used to derive the output. Initially, both the switches are in OFF state so none of the
transistor bases get a power supply. The base to emitter junction and base to collector
junction of both the transistors have a voltage lower than 0.65V, which is the practical
threshold voltage of the diode.

Both junctions are in reverse bias hence both the transistors turn off and go into their
cutoff state. Therefore, the transistors act like an open switch. Since all the current
coming from the collector through resistor R3 blocks by the transistor. Hence at the
output, we get a low voltage which turns off the LED.

In next case when we press switch 1 then the base of the first transistor gets a positive
value of voltage but its emitter is connected to another transistor collector. As the
second transistor is still in its cutoff state, the emitter of the first transistor is
disconnected. The base to emitter junction and base to collector junction of both the
transistors have a voltage lower than the threshold voltage and again they reach their
cutoff state. All the current is again blocked by the transistor and we get low voltage at
the output, which turns OFF the LED.
Likewise, when switch 1 is opened and switch 2 is closed, the current is blocked by the
first transistor and we get low at the output.
When we press our second switch, the junction of both the transistors has a voltage
greater than threshold voltage so both junctions are forward bias. Therefore, both
transistors are in saturation state and act like a short circuit. The current now gets a
short circuit path and flows from the collector of the first transistor to the emitter of the
second transistor which derives high at the output. At the output, our LED lights up.
We can say for AND logic, transistors are connected in series and both the transistors
must be in their conducting state to derive high at the output. If one of the inputs or
both the inputs have low value then we get low at the output, otherwise high.