Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Georg Bauer
John Dalton
AP Chemsitry---Michalek 2
Unit 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions
JJ Thomson
Ernst Rutherford
Robert Boyle
Schrodinger
Antoine Lavoisier
John Proust
2.2 Notes
John Proust said that a compound will always contain the same proportion of element by mass. This law forms the basis
of stoichiometry. H2O will always have the proportion of hydrogen and oxygen by mass. If you have one mole of
water, there will be 2 grams of hydrogen to 16 grams of oxygen totaling 18 grams. the mass of the total compound is 2
grams which is the mass of hydrogen. If you have three moles of water (54 grams total), the mass will be 6 grams and
this will also be the mass of hydrogen in the compound.
John Dalton said that “When two elements from a series of compounds, the ratios of the masses of the second element
that combine with 1 gram of the first element can always be reduced to the smallest whole number ratio. This is known
as the law of multiple proportions. Basically you can have multiple ways to bond two elements, but they will always
bond in whole number ratios.
AP Chemsitry---Michalek 3
Unit 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions
Example 2.2a
The following data were collected for several compounds of nitrogen and oxygen:
Compound A 1.750g
Compound B .8750g
Compound C .4375g
Show how these data illustrate the law of multiple proportions.
A= 1.750g = 2
B .8750g 1
B = .8750g =2
C .4375g 1
A = 1.750g = 4
C .4375g 1
*Compound A contains twice as much N per gram of O as B. B contains twice as much N per gram of O as C. A contains
four time as much N per gram as C. If compound A is N2O, B is NO, and C is NO2. If A is NO, B is NO2, and C is NO4.
Avogadro’s Hypothesis
2.
3.
4.
AP Chemsitry---Michalek 4
Unit 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions
Electrons
Radioactivity
Nuclear atom
Nucleus
What was the gold foil experiment, and what did the findings contribute to the atomic theory?
AP Chemsitry---Michalek 5
Unit 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions
a) I only
b) I and V
c) III and IV
d) III and V
e) I and III
2. The chemist who is given credit for being the first to use symbols for elements and who developed a system for
compounds was:
a) Berzelius
b) Thompson
c) Lavoister
d) LeChatelier
e) Arrehenius
3. The chemistry given credit for first developing a valid model of the nucleus as a result of experiments with gold foil
and alpha particles was:
a) Boyle—Worked with gas laws—pressure and volume are indirect relationships
b) Thomson—experimented with cathode ray tube, discovery of electrons
c) Rutherford—gold foil experiment, nucleus
d) Berzelius—first to use chemical symbols
e) Arrhenius—Worked with acids and bases
Neutrons
Isotopes
Atomic number
Atomic mass
What subatomic particles are found in the nucleus? What is the charge of the nucleus?
How would you write the symbol for element X with showing the atomic number (Z) and atomic mass (A)?
AP Chemsitry---Michalek 7
Unit 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions
Covalent bonds
Molecule
Chemical formula
Structural formula
Ion
Cation
Anion
Ionic bonding
Ionic Solid
Polyatomic Ion
Metals
Nonmetals
Groups
AP Chemsitry---Michalek 9
Unit 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions
Families
Alkali metals
Halogens
Noble gases
Transition metals
Periods
Oxyanions
Acids
AP Chemsitry---Michalek 10
Unit 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions
2.8 Notes
There are two major types of naming ionic and covalent naming. Ionic naming consists of group A and B metals.
Covalent naming consists of covalent and acid naming.
The easiest way to name is drawing two boxes around the element. The first box contains the first element, unless it is
the polyatomic ion NH4+1(this then goes in the box). The second box goes around everything else.
Follow the chart to figure out the type of naming you need to use:
Group A Metals
Elements with only one ion are group A naming. These elements consist of s block elements, p block metals minus Pb
and Sn, and including Ag, Cd, and Zn. Ammonium belongs in this group as well.
Sodium thiocyanide
AP Chemsitry---Michalek 12
Unit 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions
Barium Fluoride
Barium has a +2 charge
Fluoride has a -1 charge
You need 2F to 1Ba to have a neutral atom
BaF2
Group B Metals
Elements with more than one ion are group B naming. These elements consist of both f and d blocks and Pb and Sn.
Cation (Roman Numeral) Anion
FeCl3
Iron with a +3 charge
Chlorine with a -1 charge
Iron (III) Chloride
Covalent Naming
Prefix before all elements except before the first element if it is one. The second element always change the ending to –
ide.
1. The first element in the formula is named first, using the full element name.
2. The second element is named as if it were an anion.
3. Prefixes are used to denote the numbers of atoms present.
4. The prefix mono- is never used for naming the first element.
1-mono 6-hexa
2-di 7-hepta
3-tri 8-octa
4-tetra 9-nona
5-penta 10-deca
AP Chemsitry---Michalek 13
Unit 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions
P4O10
Tetraphosphorus decoxide
Nitrogen Monoxide
NO
Dichloride heptaoxide
Cl2O7
Acid Naming
1. Write anion
2. You will need to conjugate based on the anion
HCl
Chloride
Hydrochloric Acid
H2SO4
Sulfate
Sulfuric Acid
H3PO3
Phosphite
Phosphorous Acid
Same as Metals
1. Name the cation (always H+)
2. Name the anion
3. cross the charges
Carbonic Acid
H+1 CO3-2
H2CO3
AP Chemsitry---Michalek 14
Unit 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions
1. AlF3 _________________________________
2. Ba(ClO4)2 _________________________________
3. Li3PO4_________________________________
4. Ca(C2H3O2)2 _________________________________
5. K2CrO4_________________________________
6. (NH4)2SO4 _________________________________
7. Ag2S _________________________________
8. Ba3(PO4)2 _________________________________
9. SrSO3_________________________________
10. NaSCN _______________________________
1. Fe(OH)2_________________________________
2. Cu(NO3)2_________________________________
3. Hg2S _________________________________
4. Cr(CO3)3_________________________________
5. CoBr2_________________________________
6. SnI2_________________________________
7. Cr(NO3)3_________________________________
8. Pb3(PO4)4_________________________________
9. Cr(SO4)3_________________________________
10. Au(NO2)3_________________________________
1. SO2_________________________________
2. PCl5_________________________________
3. N2O3 _________________________________
4. SiBr4 _________________________________
5. S2Cl2 _________________________________
6. SF6_________________________________
7. IF5_________________________________
8. XeO3 _________________________________
9. N2O4 _________________________________
10. P4S6_________________________________
1. HCl_________________________________
2. H2SO4 _________________________________
3. HClO4 _________________________________
4. H3PO4 _________________________________
5. HNO2 _________________________________
6. H3N _________________________________
7. H2CO3 _________________________________
8. HCN_________________________________
9. HBr _________________________________
10. HI _________________________________
1. Ammonium Acetate_________________________________
2. Gold(III) Bromide_________________________________
3. Dicarbon Hexahydride_________________________________
4. Beryllium Cyanide_________________________________
5. Carbonic Acid_________________________________
6. Silicon Dioxide_________________________________
7. Cesium Oxalate_________________________________
8. Copper(II) Hydroxide_________________________________
9. Bromic Acid_________________________________
10.Francium Permanganate_________________________________
11.Sodium Chloride_________________________________
12.Iodic Acid_________________________________
13.Lithium Silicate_________________________________
14.Lead(IV) Thiocyanate_________________________________
15.Nitrogen Trifluoride_________________________________
16.Dichloride Monoxide_________________________________
17.Vanadium(V) Thiosulfate_________________________________
18.Magnesium Phosphite_________________________________
19.Hydronitric Acid_________________________________
20.Silver Sulfate_________________________________
21.Tetraphosphorous Decasulfide____________________________
22.Zinc Iodate_________________________________
23.Chromium(VI) Bromate_________________________________
24.Cyanic Acid_________________________________
25.Tetraphosphorous Decoxide______________________________
AP Chemsitry---Michalek 19
Unit 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions