Analysis of active power sharing and synchronization
in MultiDG micro grid
Rahul S. Somalwar Snehal P.Vaidya
Electrical Department Electrical Department
D.M.I.E.T.R D.M.I.E.T.R
Wardha, India Wardha , India
rahulsomalwar@gmail.com sneh01v@gmail.com
Abstract— The increasing demand of efficiency, cost
effectiveness, environmental aspects has driven the development
of micro grid technology. The controlling of the micro grid in
standalone mode and grid connected mode is the major concern.
The active power sharing after grid disconnection and
resynchronization with the utility grid are the challenging task in
micro grid. In this paper, proper relay coordination are proposed
for islanding and power sharing of multi distribution generations
(DGs) unit in single phase system. Also discussed the
synchronization of DGs with utility grid using Static Transfer
Switch (STS) called as micro switch. Various conditions consider
for islanding, active power sharing of multi DGs and
synchronization between grid with two parallel connected DG’s.
The simulation results reported in this paper are based on
MATLAB software. Result shows that Static transfer switch
works effectively and synchronized the system in proper way.
Keywords—Active power sharing,Distribution generations,
islanding, micro grid,Micro switch, Sysnchronization, utility grid.
I. INTRODUCTION
In today’s world the biggest trouble which everyone
facing is energy crises. Near about 60% of natural resources
are used for generating energy which are conventional energy
sources[1]. Due to increasing the demand of electricity as well
as rapid depletion of fossil fuels and the government policies
on reduction of green house gas emissions, renewable energy
techniques are more attractive. Various types of distribution
generation (DG) sources such as wind turbines, generators and
solar photovoltaic panels are being connected to low voltage
distribution network [2]. Due to popular use of distribution
generation (DGs) and its advantages, the DG’s are preferred
with utility grid. Therefore, the new concept introduced which
are micro grid. Basically as per IEEE, micro grid is a cluster
of loads, Distribution generation (DGs) unit and Energy
storage system (ESS) are operated in co-ordination to reliably
supply electricity, connected to the power system at the
distribution level at a single point of connection called as the
point of common coupling (PCC) [3]. All over the world,
there are many major practical research projects are enduring
on the micro grid. One of the basic objectives of micro grid is
to achieve accurate power sharing while maintaining
magnitude of voltage and frequency. The unique feature of
micro grid which allows both synchronized grid connected as
well as islanded operation in case of instabilities or power
Sumant G. Kadwane
Department of Electrical Engineering
Y.C.C.E
Nagpur, India
sgkadwane@gmail.com
outages in the main grid [4]. When a micro grid is
disconnected from the main grid, there should be power
sharing in micro grid. In general, a micro grid is interfaced to
the main power system by a fast semiconductor switch called
as static transfer switch (STS). It is most important switch for
protection of micro grid in both grid connected and the
islanded mode of the operation against all faulty condition[6].
The aim of this paper is to analyze power sharing cases for
different load conditions and propose a micro switch between
the utility grid and DGs for islanding and synchronization.
Verify the simulation results for both the condition. From the
simulation results using simulink models is shown that the
scheme provides the micro grid with a deterministic and
reliable reconnection to the grid. The purpose of this paper, is
to propose an automatic synchronizing method for a micro
grid which can be applicable.
The rest of the paper described as follows. Section II
describes power sharing methods in micro grid, Section III
discussed a proposed system, Section IV suggests flow chart
of the proposed system, Section V analysis of simulation
results, Section VI conclusion.
II. POWER SHARING METHODS IN MICRO GRID
The fast development of digital signal processors has brought
an increase in control techniques for the parallel operation of
inverters [7]. These control schemes can be classified into two
main groups, communication based techniques and droop
characteristics based techniques. The first techniques based on
active load sharing e.g. Concentrated control, master/slave
control, distributed control and second techniques for the
parallel operation of inverters is mainly based on droop
method. This technique consists of adjusting the frequency
and voltage amplitude in terms of active and reactive power
injected by the inverters [7]-[8]. A several innovative
techniques have been used for proper power sharing and
stability of the system. The one of the best method for proper
active power sharing is droop control method without
affecting the voltage and the frequency at the point of
common coupling(PCC)[9].Normally, the droop constant of a
DG is considered to be a fixed parameter so that the load
demand is shared among DGs in proportional to their rating
capacity. The real and reactive power sharing can be achieved
by controlling two independent parameters ,one is the III. PROPOSED SYSTEM
frequency and another one is the voltage magnitude[5].
The active and reactive power transmitted across lossless line STATIC TRANSFER
is shown below SWITCH UTILITY
GRID
V1  V2 PCC S1

P sin  (1)
X DG 1 Inverter RL
1
Q  (V2  V1 cos  )
LOAD Micro Switch
(2) 1 Control

Signal from
STS S3
The active and reactive power sharing is directly proportional Vpcc FpccVg Fg
Inverter
DG 2
to the power angle and voltage difference respectively. Below 2 RL S2
LOAD2 Trip signal
equations forms the basis of frequency and voltage droop to Inverters

control where active and reactive power are adjusted

according to linear characteristics based on the following
control equations. Fig.1 Proposed System with Static Transfer switch.

The basic power system model with two DG sources

V  V0  K q (Q  Q0 ) (3)
connected to the loads at the point of common coupling (PCC)
f  f 0  K p ( P  P0 ) (4) is shown in Fig.1. The micro grid can run in grid connected
mode or islanded mode. In grid connected mode, the micro
Where
grid either draws or supplies power from or to the main grid,
f is the system frequency
depending on the generation & load conditions. When the
f0 is the base frequency.
circuit breaker (CB) S1 is closed the system runs in grid
kp is the frequency droop control setting.
connected mode, otherwise it should be islanded. A Static
P is the active power of the unit.
transfer switch (STS) is used for disconnection of utility grid
P0 is the base active power of the unit.
from micro grid under faulty condition and resynchronized
V is the voltage at the measurement location.
when normal condition occurred. It gives trip signal to
V0 is the base voltage.
inverters for islanding. There are two RL loads. Initially
Q is the reactive power of the unit.
switch S2 is closed and only Load 1 connected with system.
Q0 is the base reactive power of the unit.
Load 2 is in series with load 1when circuit breaker S3 closed
kq is the voltage droop control setting.
which is initially open. For varying the load, used load 2. The
operation of load 2 is controlled by switch S3. The various
The poor active and reactive power sharing problems due to
effects analyzed after grid disconnection. The relay
the influence of impedance mismatch of the DG feeders and
coordination which internally constructed in micro-switch is
the different ratings of the DG units are predictable when the
proposed in the system. If, after some time fault has been
conventional droop control scheme is adopted. There are some
cleared in the grid, micro grid resynchronized with the help of
drawbacks in droop control method like if the line impedance
static transfer switch. The detail structure of STS is shown in
between point of common coupling and the inverters are
the fig.2
different, it may result of large circulating current and low
precision of power sharing among inverters.
when the parallel system must share non linear load the droop Static Transfer Switch
control method is not suitable. This method is focus on
fundamental power sharing but does not take harmonic
Thyristor bridge
sharing into account in case of non linear loads. Therefore, the S
adaptive/improved droop control, network-based control
methods and cost-based droop schemes are compared and
summarized in [2] for active power sharing.
To preserve the power sharing stability, an adaptive Vg
decentralized droop controller of paralleled inverter-based DG Firing Board
units is presented and power sharing strategy which is based
on the static droop characteristics combined with an adaptive
Vpcc
transient droop function discussed in [8]. The literature shows Trip Micro switch
that the active power sharing is major concern in micro grid. control Fpcc
Hence in this paper the active power sharing between two Fg
DGs with the help of STS is proposed.
Fig.2 Structure of Static Transfer Switch.
Broadly, the STS consist of two components thyristor bridge
and the Micro switch control unit. The STS is the exclusive
connection in between the micro grid and utility grid. Switch
S1 disconnect the utility grid from DGs and it re-synchronized
after getting the signal from micro switch control unit. A
thyristor bridge is consisting of two anti-parallel SCRs as
shown in the fig 2.
The thyristor bridge is controlled by the firing board, which
then again check the delay time. The value remain in the same
range up to the delay time (delay time is 10 msec ), in that
condition synchronization condition to be checked.
START
Measures the parameters
Vpcc,fpcc,VDG1, VDG2,Vgrid,fgrid,

gets an on/off signal from the micro switch controls for

synchronization or disconnection respectively. The function of NO NO YES
micro switch unit is to gathers its voltage, frequency PDG1= PL PDG1> PL PDG2= PL
information from both the grid and micro grid sides and
NO

YES
generate the signal for islanding or re-synchronization. The VDG1<
202 V NO
detail of micro switch control is shown in the fig 3. YES VDG1<
PDG2 > PL
VDG1> 202V

YES
NO
253 V NO
YES

YES
Vpcc Vg fg
Over voltage
logic NO
VDG2>
YES 253 V NO
Vpcc
Under voltage NOT AND ISLANDING
logic Synchronization Firing
logic board
active YES
signal

Fpcc Breakers
Under / over NOT AND disconnect
frequency logic
signal
Vg= Vpcc
NO

YES
Fig.3 Details of micro switch NO
fg= fpcc

The micro switch controls perform two main functions

YES
synchronization and islanding detection. The micro switch
control consist of synchronization logic unit, under/ over Synchroniz
ation
voltage logic unit and Under/over frequency logic unit as
shown in the fig 3. Working of under/ over voltage unit and
synchronization unit explain in the flow chart. END

IV. FLOW CHART

The proposed system works in three different conditions. All
these three conditions discussed in detail. At the point of
common coupling the various parameters like Voltage of grid,
(Vg), Voltage at PCC (Vpcc), voltage of distribution
generations (VDG1 and VDG2 ) are measured. If the requirement
of load power fulfill by DG1 no need of DG2 operated. But
this is not the case every time, load may increase or decrease.
Both the cases are considered in the flow chart. As the power
mismatch affects on the voltage of DG, islanding condition to
be checked in this situation. The three different cases of power
mismatch for DG1explain in detail.
Case 1. The power of DG1 will be equal to required load
(PDG1=PL). Power of DG2 will be equal to required load
(PDG2=PL). If this condition is full fill, at that time the variation
of voltage will be in the permissible limit, hence directly
check the synchronization condition as shown in flow chart of
fig 4.
Case 2. If the generated power of DG1 is more than the
required load power in that condition, the voltage of DG1
increases now it should be check that value, if voltage crosses
the permissible limit (253 volt) the DG1 should be trip. If not
Fig 4 Flow chart of System
Case 3. Here the generated power of DG1 is less than the
required load, in this situation voltage droop checking the
value of VDG1, if the value crosses its threshold value then trip
DG1. If the voltage is within the range, check the delay time
and after that the condition of synchronization.
The above all three cases are applicable to DG2 which is
shown in flow chart. All the parameters are within limit of
DG1 and DG2 then only synchronization condition to be
checked. For single phase synchronization there is no need to
check phase sequence hence only voltage and frequency of
grid and PCC to be checked. In this situation if condition full
fill, the synchronization to be done otherwise again the
parameter to be check.
The same flow chart to be verified in our simulation and
shows the synchronization of DGs with grid.
V. SIMULATION RESULTS
The specification of the system is shown in the table 1. The
Generating capacity of each DG is 10 kW. The load 1 is 10kW
and load 2 is variable in the range of 5-10kW.
 Sr. No. Parameters in units
1 DG Power 10kW each
2 DG voltage 230 V
3 Frequency 50Hz
4 Grid Voltage 230V
5 Grid Frequency 50Hz
6 Load 1 10kW,
Load 2 5-10kW
7 Inductor 6mH

The grid connected with DGs, if Load Power is less than

generating power (PL < PDG). In this case, when grid
disconnected at 0.1sec. Voltage increases at PCC as shown in
the fig.6.
The PCC voltage is more than its permissible limit and hence
the trip signal gives to DG1. At 0.15sec the load changes
which is increases the load power than generating power
hence the DG2 also trip. The system is in islanding condition.
Now at 0.20sec the load increases in sufficient way, the
voltage is in permissible limit, synchronization condition
checked and grid synchronized at 0.21sec.
Fig 7 The PL > PDG DG1 in islanding condition , DG2 sharing power
and Grid synchronized.

Fig 6 The PL < PDG both DGs in islanding condition , Grid

synchronized. Fig 8 The PL > PDG DG1 sharing Power DG2 in islanding
condition, Grid synchronized.
In second case the load power is more than the generating
power (PL > PDG ) when the grid disconnected at 0.10sec. Now the In above all condition the synchronization of grid is possible.
voltage at PCC is less than the permissible limit hence under voltage Now synchronization of DGs with the utility grid is to be test.
relay trips the DG1. At 0.15sec load reduces due to which DG2 share The grid disconnected at 0.10sec, DGs sharing the power as
the required power. The PCC voltage after 0.15 sec allow to per the required load. At 0.15sec the load again changed
synchronized the grid. At 0.20 sec the gird synchronized as shown in which affects on voltage of PCC. The voltage of DG2 crosses
the fig.7. This relay coordination indicate that power sharing of the the permissible limit, under voltage relay trip the DG2.
load in the DGs with their capacity is possible.
At 0.19 the load changes, checked the synchronization
Now by simulation, the operation of DGs to be checked for
condition. Here the voltage conditions not fulfill
another condition. The grid disconnected at 0.10sec. The load
synchronization condition hence relay operates and system not
power share with the DG1.At 0.15 load increases which
synchronized. After the adjusting the load, grid synchronized
affects on the voltage of DG2. As a result the voltage at PCC
shown in the fig.9.
reduces and DG2 islanded. At 0.20 sec again the load adjust in
such a way that grid synchronized with DGs as shown in the
fig 8.
 Fig.11 shows that the voltage of DG1, DG2 and PCC are
same in all the conditions i.e during grid disconnection, load
changes at 0.15sec and at the grid synchronization.

Fig 9 The PL > PDG DG1 sharing Power DG2 in islanding Fig. 11 Voltage of DG1, DG2 and PCC when PL = PDG
condition , Grid not synchronized
The relay coordination for this condition is tested. The
Equal Power Sharing voltage at DG1, DG2 and at PCC is nearly equal to grid
In this case, Load 1= 10 KW, in grid connected mode, grid is voltage when grid disconnection condition occurs at 0.10 sec
supplying 10 KW. Grid voltage is 325V (peak to peak as well as at 0.15 after load changes. Grid synchronized at
0.20 sec as the voltage level is same even in this condition.
voltage).Now at t= 0.1 sec, grid is disconnected, voltage
The relay is not generate any trip signal during all these
should be reduced but it remain constant as DG1supplying
conditions which is shown in the fig.12
same load as grid and full fill the requirement. Now if the
load is suddenly increase say Load 2= 10 KW at t= 0.15 sec,
then DG 2 ON having same voltage instead of reducing the
voltage, now both DGs are fulfill the load requirement up to
t=0.2 sec. At t= 0.2 sec, grid is synchronized with the help of
synchronization switch (STS) having voltage constant and grid
should give power to load. In equal power sharing throughout
voltage remain constant. The power sharing of DG1, DG2 and
Power at PCC are shown in the fig 10.

Fig 12 Voltage at PCC and relay signal for the condition PL = PDG
For the various conditions, the power of DG1 and DG2 as
well as Voltage of DG1 and DG2 are summarized in the table
2.

Fig 10 Power sharing by the DGs for the condition PL = PDG

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Assume, generating power capacity of DG1 and DG2 denoted as P g1 and Pg2 respectively and requirement of load Ld.

Case Conditions DGs Effects Effects of Effects Effects of

No. of DG1 of increasing of active increasing
and DG2 voltage or power or
on DG1 decreasing on DG1 decreasing
& DG2 load on & DG2 load on
voltage of active
DG1 & power at
DG2 PCC

1 Pg1 > Ld. DG1 Voltage Voltage Power Power

increases decreases increases decreases
Pg2 = Ld. DG2 Voltage Power
decreases decreases
2 Pg1 = Ld. DG1 Voltage Voltage Power Power
constant increases constant increases
Pg2 < Ld. DG2 Voltage Power
decreases decreases
3 Pg1 < Ld. DG1 Voltage Voltage Power Power
decreases decreases decreases decreases
Pg2 < Ld. DG2 Voltage Power
decreases decreases
4 Pg1 > Ld. DG1 Voltage Voltage Power Power
increases increases increases increases
Pg2 > Ld. DG2 Voltage Power
decreases decreases

From the above condition shows that as an increasing or decreasing the demand of generating power as per the load requirement
the voltage are droops or increases according that power decreases or increases.

This paper addresses the low-frequency relative stability problem in paralleled inverter-based distributed generation (DG) units in
microgrids. In the sense of the small-signal dynamics of a microgrid, it can be shown that as the demanded power of each inverter
changes, the low-frequency modes of the power sharing dynamics drift to new locations and the relative stability is remarkably
affected, and eventually, instability can be yielded. To preserve the power sharing stability, an adaptive decentralized droop
controller of paralleled inverter-based DG units is presented in this paper. The proposed power sharing strategy is based on the
static droop characteristics combined with an adaptive transient droop function. Unlike conventional droop controllers, which
yield 1-DOF tunable controller, the proposed droop controller yields 2-DOF tunable controller. Subsequently, the dynamic
performance of the power sharing mechanism can be adjusted, without affecting the static droop gain, to damp the oscillatory
modes of the power sharing controller. To account for the power modes immigration at different loading conditions, the transient
droop gains are adaptively scheduled via small-signal analysis of the power sharing mechanism along the loading trajectory of
each DG unit to yield the desired transient and steady-state response. The gain adaptation scheme utilizes the filtered active and
reactive powers as indices; therefore, a stable and smooth power injection performance can be obtained at different loading
conditions. The adaptive nature of the proposed controller ensures active damping of power oscillations at different operating
conditions, and yields a stable and robust performance of the paralleled inverter system.[8]
the poor active and reactive power sharing problems due to the influence of impedance mismatch of the DG feeders and the
different ratings of the DG units are inevitable when the conventional droop control scheme is adopted. Therefore, the
adaptive/improved droop control, network-based control methods, and cost-based droop schemes are compared and summarized
in this paper for active power sharing. Moreover, nonlinear and unbalanced loads could further affect the reactive power sharing
when regulating the active power, and it is difficult to share the reactive power accurately only by using the enhanced virtual
impedance method[2]