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1733207

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PREFACE................................................................................................................... vii
INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... ix
Chapter 1 OVERVIEW OF ARMY OPERATIONS ..................................................................... 1-1
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Section I – Overview of Army Echelons, Capabilities, and Training .................. 2-1
Section II – Army Echelons .................................................................................... 2-1
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Contents

Section IV – Training for Large-Scale Combat Operations............................... 2-52

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Section I – Overview: Large-Scale Combat Operations ...................................... 5-1
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Section IV – Transition to Consolidate Gains .................................................... 5-22
Chapter 6 LARGE-SCALE DEFENSIVE OPERATIONS .......................................................... 6-1
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Chapter 8 OPERATIONS TO CONSOLIDATE GAINS ........................................................ 8-1
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Appendix A COMMAND AND SUPPORT RELATIONSHIPS ................................................. A-1
Appendix B RISK CONSIDERATIONS................................................................................. B-1
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6 December 2017 FM 3-0, C1 1-1

Chapter 1

1-3. Large-scale combat operations are at the far right of the conflict continuum and associated with war.
Historically, battlefields in large-scale combat operations have been more chaotic, intense, and highly
destructive than those the Army has experienced in the past several decades. During the 1943 battles of Sidi
Bou Zid and Kasserine Pass in World War II, 5,000 American Soldiers were killed over the course of just 10
days; during the first three days of fighting the Army lost Soldiers at the rate of 1,333 per day. Even later in
the war, when units were better seasoned, trained, and equipped, casualty rates remained high due to the
inherent lethality of large-scale combat operations. In the Hürtgen Forest the Army sustained +32,976 total
casualties over 144 days, a loss of 229 Soldiers per day. Similarly, the Battle of the Bulge cost the Army 470
Soldiers per day, for a total loss of 19,270 killed and 62,489 wounded over 41 days of sustained combat.

Close Combat: Hürtgen Forest

In November 1944, the 4th Infantry Division attacked into the Hürtgen Forest in a costly
attempt to break through Nazi Germany’s “West Wall” and into the Rhine Valley
beyond. Opposing them were veteran German divisions, dug into prepared positions
consisting of concrete pillboxes and log bunkers, all protected by a carpet of mines.
These defenses were skillfully camouflaged in a planted forest that offered perfectly
straight fields of fire for machine guns and small arms. On the other hand, the 4th
Infantry Division had outstripped its supply lines, resulting in a lack of cold weather
gear, especially rubber shoepacs, as the frigid and damp European winter descended.

The division failed to penetrate the German defenses, suffering 4,000 battle casualties
and another 2,000 non-battle casualties in less than a month, an average of over 200
per day. In the midst of this ferocious combat, American forces could not rely on artillery
support, which had difficulty penetrating the dense forest canopy, or air support, which
was likewise limited or grounded by poor weather. The attack degenerated into a close
quarters infantry fight, with the Germans using the rugged terrain of high ridges and
steep gorges to excellent advantage. Supporting American armor could only use a few
cleared trails, which tanks quickly churned into immobilizing, bottomless mud.
Exposure to the elements, and especially “trench foot,” took a constant toll, leading to
high rates of non-battle casualties, even when units were not engaged.

Despite a constant flow of inexperienced replacements, the 4th Infantry Division

struggled to reach its objectives. Reduced to less than 50 percent strength, the division
had to be withdrawn to a quiet section of the line, where it would hold the southern
shoulder of what would soon become the Battle of the Bulge.

1-4. Large-scale combat operations are intense, lethal, and brutal. Their conditions include complexity,
chaos, fear, violence, fatigue, and uncertainty. Future battlefields will include noncombatants, and they will
be crowded in and around large cities. Enemies will employ conventional tactics, terror, criminal activity,
and information warfare to further complicate operations. To an ever-increasing degree, activities in the
information environment are inseparable from ground operations. Large-scale combat operations present the
greatest challenge for Army forces.

CHALLENGES FOR ARMY FORCES

1-5. Army forces must be organized, trained, and equipped to meet worldwide challenges against a full
range of threats. The experiences of the U.S. Army in Afghanistan and Iraq in the early 21st century are not
representative of the most dangerous conflicts the Army could face in the future. While the Army conducted
combat operations in both locations, for the most part it focused its efforts on counterinsurgency operations
and stability tasks. Only a fraction of the forces committed in either theater were engaged in offensive and
defensive tasks on any given day. While undoubtedly dangerous and lethal at times, these operations reflected
the reality that the enemy operated from positions of disadvantage across all domains. The enemy lacked
capabilities in the form of sustained long-range precision fires, integrated air defense systems, robust

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1-12 FM 3-0 6 October 2017

 Overview of Army Operations

Commanders may compress, expand, or omit a phase entirely. Phases may be conducted sequentially, but
many activities from a phase may begin in a previous phase and continue into subsequent phases.
1-54. The nature of operations and activities during large-scale combat operations will change from the
beginning (at operation order activation) to the operation’s end (at operation order termination). Figure 1-3
shows that change from the deter phase through the enable civil authority phase. The operations and activities
in these groups vary in magnitude, time, and force as an operation progresses. Shaping activities precede
operation order activation and continue during and after an operation order is terminated. Theater and global
shaping activities occur continuously to support specific joint operations and to meet theater and global
requirements. Such requirements are defined in theater-specific campaign plans for each area of
responsibility (AOR) and the Unified Command Plan that encompasses the six AORs.

SHAPE
I should like to know what advantage it would be to you to lose the support of a man like
me.
Saladin

1-55. Activities in the shape phase help set conditions for successful theater operations. They are designed
to dissuade or deter adversaries, assure friends, and set conditions for contingency plans. Shape activities are
generally conducted as part of military engagement and security cooperation. Joint and multinational
operations and various interagency activities occur routinely during the shape phase. Shape activities are
executed continuously with the intent of enhancing international legitimacy and gaining multinational
cooperation by shaping perceptions and influencing adversaries’ and allies’ behavior, developing allied and
friendly military capabilities for self-defense and multinational operations, improving information exchange
and intelligence sharing, providing U.S. forces with peacetime and contingency access, and mitigating
conditions that could lead to a crisis.

DETER
1-56. The intent of the deter phase is to prevent an adversary from undesirable actions through the posturing
of friendly capabilities and demonstrating the will to use them. The deter phase is generally weighted toward
security and preparatory actions to protect friendly forces and to indicate the intent to execute subsequent
phases of a planned operation. A number of flexible deterrent options (FDOs) or flexible response options
(FROs) could be implemented during this phase. Once a crisis is defined, these actions may include
mobilization, tailoring of forces, and initial deployment into a theater. Other actions may include establishing
friendly A2 and AD capabilities and developing C2, intelligence, force protection, and logistic capabilities
to support the JFC’s concept of operations. Many actions in the deter phase build on activities from the
previous phase and are conducted as part of security cooperation. They can also be part of stand-alone
operations.

SEIZE INITIATIVE
1-57. In the seize initiative phase, JFCs seize the initiative through decisive use of joint force capabilities. In
combat, this involves conducting reconnaissance, maintaining security, performing defensive and offensive
tasks at the earliest possible time, forcing the enemy to culminate offensively, and setting the conditions for
decisive operations. Rapid application of joint combat power may be required to enter a theater (through joint
forcible entry) or to delay, impede, or halt an enemy’s initial aggression and to deny an enemy its initial
objectives. Operations to gain access to theater infrastructure and expand friendly freedom of action continue
during this phase, while the JFC seeks to degrade enemy capabilities with the intent of resolving the crisis at
the earliest opportunity.

DOMINATE
1-58. The dominate phase focuses on breaking an enemy’s will to resist or, in noncombat situations, to
control an OE. Success in the dominate phase depends on overmatching enemy capabilities at the right time
and place. Operations can range from large-scale combat to various stability activities, depending on the

6 December 2017 FM 3-0, C1 1-13

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1-18 FM 3-0 6 October 2017

 Overview of Army Operations

 Time (including speed of recognition, speed of decision making, speed of action, and operational
tempo).
 Freedom of action (including secure lines of communications, standoff, depth, access to
cyberspace, maritime and air enablers, and friendly A2 and AD measures).
 Moral (including alignment of words and deeds, just and unjust, and international support).
 Will (including doing what must be done, continuing as long as it takes, and maintaining support
from domestic leaders).
1-82. Relative positional advantage is something to gain, protect, and exploit across all domains. Combining
positional advantages across multiple domains during each phase of operations provides opportunities for
exploitation through maneuver. Physical or geographic positions of relative advantage are often identified
first as decisive points and then depicted in operational graphics as objectives. The greater the number of
positions of advantage a commander can generate, the increased number of dilemmas that commander can
present to an enemy. The combination of positional advantages change over time relative to changes in the
OE, and this change includes how the enemy reacts to friendly forces’ activities. It is the exploitation of
positions of advantage through maneuver which deters, defeats, or destroys an enemy. Leaders at every
echelon are expected to display the initiative necessary to assume prudent risk while taking timely advantage
of opportunities that present themselves under ambiguous, chaotic conditions. It is not always possible to
understand those opportunities before they arise, so it is important that units have a command climate that
rewards those who make decisions and act boldly in the absence of orders.

MISSION COMMAND
Never tell people how to do things. Tell them what to do and they will surprise you with
their ingenuity.
General George S. Patton, Jr.

1-83. Mission command is the exercise of authority and direction by the commander using mission orders to
enable disciplined initiative within the commander’s intent to empower subordinates in the conduct of unified
land operations. Mission command is a principle of unified land operations that enables commanders to blend
the art of command and the science of control while integrating the warfighting functions during operations.
1-84. Mission command requires an environment of mutual trust and shared understanding among
commanders, staffs, and subordinates. It requires a command climate in which commanders encourage
subordinates to accept prudent risk and exercise disciplined initiative to seize opportunities and counter
threats within the commander’s intent. Using mission orders, commanders focus their orders on the purpose
of an operation rather than on the details of how to perform assigned tasks. Doing this minimizes detailed
control and allows subordinates the greatest possible freedom of action. Finally, when delegating authority
to subordinates, commanders set conditions for success by allocating adequate resources to subordinates
based on assigned tasks.
1-85. Through mission command, commanders integrate and synchronize operations. Commanders
understand that they do not operate independently but as part of a larger force united by a common operational
purpose. They integrate and synchronize their actions with the rest of the force to achieve the overall objective
of the operation. +Commanders create and sustain situational understanding through collaborative dialogue
within their organization and with unified action partners to facilitate unity of effort. They provide a clear
commander’s intent and use mission orders to assign tasks, allocate resources, and issue broad guidance. (See
ADRP 6-0 for doctrine on mission command).

OPERATIONAL ART
[T]here is a wide difference between right and wrong disposition of troops, just as stones,
bricks, timber and tiles flung together anyhow are useless, whereas when the materials
that neither rot nor decay, that is, the stones and tiles, are placed at the bottom and the
top, and the bricks and timber are put together in the middle, as in building, the result is
something of great value, a house, in fact.
Xenophon

6 December 2017 FM 3-0, C1 1-19

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Chapter 1

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1-24 FM 3-0 6 October 2017

 Overview of Army Operations

assemble force packages that maximize the lethality of initial-entry forces. Commanders tailor follow-on
forces to increase both the lethality and operational reach of the entire force.
1-113. Deploying commanders integrate protection capabilities to ensure mission accomplishment and
increase the survivability of deployed Army forces. As with the other attributes, lift constraints and time
available may complicate integration of protection capabilities. In many operations, rapid offensive action to
seize the initiative may better protect forces than extensive defensive positions around lodgments.

FORCE PROJECTION
1-114. Force projection is the military component of power projection. It is central to the National Military
Strategy. Speed is paramount; force projection is a race between friendly forces and enemy or adversary
forces. The side that most rapidly builds combat power can seize the initiative. Thus, it is not the velocity of
individual stages or transportation means that are decisive; it is a combat-ready force deployed to an
operational area before an enemy is prepared to act or before the situation deteriorates further.
1-115. Commanders visualize force projection as one seamless operation. Deployment speed sets the initial
tempo of military activity in an operational area. Commanders understand how speed, sequence, and mix of
deploying forces affect their employment options. Commanders prioritize the mix of forces on the time
phased force and deployment list to project forces into an operational area where and when required. Singular
focus on the land component, to the exclusion of complementary joint capabilities, can result in incorrect
force sequencing.
1-116. Force projection encompasses five processes: mobilization, deployment, employment, sustainment,
and redeployment. These processes occur in a continuous, overlapping, and repeating sequence throughout
an operation. Force projection operations are inherently joint. They require detailed planning and
synchronization. Sound, informed decisions made early about force projection may determine a campaign’s
success. (See chapter 4 for a discussion of force projection.)

ENTRY OPERATIONS
1-117. Attaining operational reach often requires gaining and maintaining operational access in the face of
enemy A2 and AD capabilities and actions. Commanders conduct forcible entry operations to seize and hold
a military lodgment in the face of armed opposition. Once an assault force seizes a lodgment, it normally
defends to retain it, while the JFC rapidly deploys additional combat power by air and sea. When conditions
are favorable, JFCs may combine a forcible entry with other offensive operations in a coup de main. This
action can achieve the strategic objectives in a simultaneous major operation. For example, the 1989 invasion
of Panama demonstrated operational maneuver from strategic distance in a coup de main.
1-118. A forcible entry operation can be by parachute, air, or amphibious assault. The Army’s parachute
assault and air assault forces provide a formidable forcible entry capability. Marine Corps forces specialize
in amphibious assault; they also conduct air assaults as part of amphibious operations. Special operations
forces (SOF) play an important role in forcible entry; they conduct shaping operations in support of
conventional forces while executing their own missions. These capabilities permit JFCs to overwhelm enemy
A2 measures and quickly insert combat power. The entry force either resolves the situation or secures a
lodgment for delivery of larger forces by aircraft or ships. The three forms of forcible entry produce
complementary and reinforcing effects that help JFCs seize the initiative early in a campaign.
1-119. Forcible entry operations are inherently complex and always joint. Often only hours separate the
alert from the deployment. The demands of simultaneous deployment and employment create a distinct set
of dynamics. Operations are carefully planned and rehearsed in training areas and marshalling areas.
Personnel and equipment are configured for employment upon arrival without reception, staging, onward
movement, and integration (RSOI). (See JP 3-18 for doctrine on joint forcible entry operations.)

OPERATIONAL FRAMEWORK
1-120. An operational framework is a cognitive tool used to assist commanders and staffs in clearly
visualizing and describing the application of combat power in time, space, purpose, and resources in the
concept of operations (ADP 1-01). The operational framework provides an organizing construct for

6 December 2017 FM 3-0, C1 1-25

Chapter 1

visualizing and describing operations by echelon in time and space within the context of an AO, area of
influence, and area of interest. It provides a logical architecture for determining the responsibilities,
permissions, and restrictions for subordinate echelons, and by doing so enables freedom of action and unity
of effort. When used in conjunction with effective operational graphics, it provides commanders the ability
to provide intent, develop shared visualization, and ultimately create the shared understanding necessary for
the exercise of initiative at every echelon.
1-121. +The operational framework has four components. First, commanders are assigned an AO for the
conduct of operations, from which, in turn, they assign AOs to subordinate units based on their visualization
of the operation. Units should be assigned AOs commensurate with their ability to influence what happens
within them. Second, within their assigned AO, commanders can designate deep, close, support, and
consolidation areas to describe the physical arrangement of forces in time, space, and purpose. Third, within
an AO, commanders conduct decisive, shaping, and sustaining operations to articulate an operation in terms
of purpose. Finally, commanders designate the main and supporting efforts to designate the shifting and
prioritization of resources.

OPERATIONAL FRAMEWORK CONSIDERATIONS

1-122. When establishing their operational framework, commanders and staffs consider the physical,
temporal, virtual, and cognitive aspects of their own AO, their higher echelon’s AO, and subordinate AOs.
The physical, temporal, virtual, and cognitive aspects of an operational framework vary in terms of focus and
priority depending upon the echelon, force capabilities, and the OE.

Physical Considerations
1-123. Physical considerations include geography, terrain, infrastructure, populations, distance, weapons
ranges and effects, and known enemy locations. They also include other related factors that influence the use
of friendly or enemy capabilities, such as climate and weather. When considering physical aspects,
commanders and staffs look beyond the land domain. They look into each domain for relevant physical
aspects and pay particular attention to the physical dimension of the information environment.

Temporal Considerations
1-124. Temporal considerations relate to those things related to time, including when capabilities can be
used, how long they take to generate and employ, and how long they must be used to achieve desired effects.
Temporal considerations largely inform commanders and staffs about when to start necessary movement,
activities, or requests for effects at each echelon. Temporal considerations cross the physical domains and
the dimensions of the information environment. For example, understanding the cognitive dimension of the
information environment helps commanders determine operational tempo to prevent an enemy from making
timely decisions.

Virtual Considerations
1-125. Virtual considerations are those pertaining to activities, capabilities, and effects relevant to the layers
of cyberspace. When not addressed, virtual capabilities provide a form of sanctuary for adversaries and
enemies. Commanders assign responsibilities, priorities, and desired effects across the operational
framework. They consider what entities are present, what must be protected, what should be attacked, and
the effects they want to generate. Friendly examples include the availability and methods of employment for
offensive and defensive cyber capabilities, as well as other capabilities that can be used to target a threat.
Threat examples include the identification of virtual systems, entities, formations and persons for targeting
or countering in order to enable friendly freedom of action. Virtual entities or activities can include banking,
virtual organizations, and recruiting that generate effects in the physical world.

Cognitive Considerations
1-126. Cognitive considerations relate to people and how they behave. They include unit morale and
cohesiveness, as well as perspectives and decision making. Cognitive considerations should account for both
the current situation and desired outcomes to ensure tasks, purpose, and end state are aligned. Commanders

1-26 FM 3-0, C1 6 December 2017

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6 October 2017 FM 3-0 1-39

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 Chapter 2
Army Echelons, Capabilities, and Training
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SECTION I – OVERVIEW OF ARMY ECHELONS, CAPABILITIES, AND

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6 December 2017 FM 3-0, C1 2-1

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2-2 FM 3-0, C1 6 December 2017

 Army Echelons, Capabilities, and Training

 Training units.
 Supplying.
 Administering (including the morale and welfare of personnel).
 Maintaining.

ARMY SUPPORT TO OTHER SERVICES AND COMMON-USER LOGISTICS

2-10. The Army provides certain support to other Services across all phases of a joint operation through
several types of authorities. Collectively known as Army support to other Services (ASOS), these
responsibilities include all executive agent responsibilities assigned to Department of the Army by the
Secretary or Deputy Secretary of Defense.
2-11. An executive agent is the head of a Department of Defense (DOD) component that has been assigned
specific responsibilities, functions, and authorities to provide defined levels of support for operational
missions or administrative or other designated activities that involve two or more of the DOD components.
Whether the term executive agent is used or not, the theater army, on behalf of the Army, is responsible for
support functions in all theaters as designated by the GCC or higher. The supporting requirements the theater
army provides as part of ASOS can include—
 Missile defense.
 Fire support.
 Base defense.
 Transportation.
 Fuel distribution.
 General engineering.
 Intra-theater medical evacuation.
 Logistics management.
 Communications.
 Chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) defense.
 Explosive ordnance disposal.

2-12. In addition to ASOS requirements, a GCC may designate a Service (usually the dominant user or most
capable service) to serve as the lead Service and provide common-user logistics for the entire theater, areas
within a theater, or specific joint operations. Common-user logistics are materiel or service support shared
with or provided by two or more Services, Department of Defense agencies, or multinational partners to
another Service, Department of Defense agency, non-Department of Defense agency, and/or multinational
partner in an operation (JP 4-09). The GCC frequently tasks the Army component of a joint force to provide
sustainment support to other Service components. Additionally, the GCC may task the Army component of
a joint force to provide specific support to multinational commands or other agencies.

THEATER ARMY ORGANIZATION

2-13. The size and composition of forces available to a theater Army vary based on the combatant
commander’s continuing requirements for Army support. During operations to shape and operations to
prevent, the theater army may require more sustainment or civil affairs (CA) units. During the conduct of
large-scale combat operations, the theater army may be task organized with an Army Air and Missile Defense
Command and Army CBRN units to support theater force protection operations. During operations to
consolidate gains, the theater army may require more military police units and a theater aviation brigade.
2-14. Prior to the outbreak of large-scale ground combat, theater armies usually have access to five enabling
capabilities (sustainment, signal, medical, military intelligence, and CA). Figure 2-1 on page 2-4 illustrates
an example of forces that may be available to a theater army to provide these capabilities. These forces are
either allocated or assigned to the combatant commander, who establishes command and support
relationships with the theater army as required. Not every theater army will have the forces shown. In some
cases, a brigade is task organized to an Army command (or direct reporting unit), and aligned to the theater
army. In other cases, the theater army has a brigade instead of a full command.

6 December 2017 FM 3-0, C1 2-3

Chapter 2

Figure 2-1. Theater enabler organizations

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6 October 2017 FM 3-0 2-11

Chapter 2

Figure 2-3. Possible tactical corps task organization

2-12 FM 3-0 6 October 2017

 Army Echelons, Capabilities, and Training

CORPS ADMINISTRATIVE RESPONSIBILITIES

2-60. All JTFs that include Army forces have an ARFOR. The ARFOR is the Army component and senior
Army headquarters of all Army forces assigned or attached to a combatant command, subordinate joint force
command, joint functional command, or multinational command (FM 3-94). When a corps is an ARFOR,
the ARFOR consists of the corps commander, the corps headquarters, and all the Army forces attached to the
JTF.
2-61. As an ARFOR, the corps provides administrative and logistics support to all Army forces assigned to
these organizations as specified by the theater army. The theater army commander specifies the ADCON
responsibilities of the ARFOR, with the theater army retaining control of RSOI, logistics support of the
deployed force, personnel support, and medical support. Administrative responsibilities retained by the corps
include internal administration and discipline, training within the JOA, and Service-specific reporting. (See
FM 3-94, chapter 2, for further details.)

DIVISIONS
2-62. Divisions are the tactical units of execution for a corps. A division’s primary role is as a tactical
headquarters commanding brigades in decisive action. A division combines offensive, defensive, and either
stability or defense support of civil authorities tasks in an AO assigned by its higher headquarters, normally
a corps. It task-organizes its subordinate forces to accomplish its mission. During large-scale combat
operations, a division operates as a formation and not only as a headquarters. The corps commander
determines the number and types of BCTs necessary for the divisions to accomplish their respective missions.
Divisions have operational and administrative responsibilities.

DIVISION OPERATIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES

2-63. A division headquarters is organized, trained, and equipped to command the operations of two to five
BCTs. Divisions are typically task-organized with a combination of armored, infantry, and Stryker BCTs.
These BCTs are dependent on the enabling capabilities at division and corps level. Division tasks associated
with the conduct of large-scale combat operations include—
 Conduct shaping operations within the division AO.
 Task-organize and employ BCTs and multifunctional and functional brigades.
 Integrate and synchronize operations of BCTs and multifunctional and functional brigades.
 Mass effects at decisive points (focus BCTs, multifunctional brigades, functional brigades, and
joint capabilities).
 Allocate resources and set priorities.
 Leverage joint capabilities.
(See ATP 3-91 for more information on division operations.)
2-64. A division receives capabilities and units from its corps to conduct operations. In addition to the BCTs,
a division may directly control several different types of multifunctional and functional brigades. +There is
no standard configuration for a division, but a division will require a CAB, an E-MIB, division artillery
(DIVARTY), an MEB, brigade engineer battalions, and a sustainment brigade to provide the base capabilities
necessary for the conduct of large-scale combat operations. Other units may provide direct or general support.
2-65. The size, composition, and capabilities of the forces task-organized under the division may vary
between divisions involved in the same campaign, and they may change from one operational phase to
another. Operations primarily focused on destruction of a conventional enemy military force (the conduct of
offense and defense tasks) require a different mix of forces and capabilities from those required for an
operation primarily focused on the protection of civil populations (the conduct of stability tasks). Figure 2-4
on page 2-14 shows an example division task organization.
2-66. Each division has an organic DIVARTY. The DIVARTY is a brigade-level command that also fills
the role of the force field artillery headquarters for the division. The division commander specifies the
commensurate responsibilities of the force field artillery headquarters and the duration of those
responsibilities. These responsibilities may range from simple mentoring and technical oversight of BCT

6 December 2017 FM 3-0, C1 2-13

Chapter 2

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Figure 2-4. Division task organized for large-scale combat operations

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6 December 2017 FM 3-0, C1 2-33

Chapter 2

Plan and Conduct Space Activities

2-163. Space operations influence the conduct of all corps, division, and brigade operations. Space
operations enable operations by providing positioning, navigation, timing, satellite communications,
space-based intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance, missile warning, and weather. Army units are
consumers of information generated in the space domain and influence space operations by their demands
for space-based capabilities. Space operations heavily impact daily operations in Army units. Deliberate
planning and targeting processes must request space-based capabilities and effects through the JFC in a timely
manner. Commanders who assume short notice responsiveness for space-based capabilities without
understanding the limitations of those capabilities increase risk to the mission and their units.
2-164. Corps, division, and brigade commanders need to know the potential impact on operations if enemy
action or natural phenomena interrupt the provision of those space-based services. Army forces must retain
the ability to shoot, move, and communicate during large-scale combat operations when space-based
capabilities are denied, degraded, or disrupted. Training and rehearsing combat skills and ensuring the
availability of analog alternatives to space (or cyberspace) enabled systems is critical to successfully
persisting in the chaos and friction of modern, large-scale combat operations. Units must train to operate with
widespread denial, degradation, or disruption of friendly space capabilities. (See FM 3-14 for additional
information on space activities.)

MISSION COMMAND SYSTEMS

2-165. Commanders organize their staffs and other components of the mission command system into
command posts (CPs) to assist them in effectively conducting the operations process. A command post is a
unit headquarters where the commander and staff perform their activities (FM 6-0).

Command Post Operations

2-166. CP personnel, information systems, and equipment must be able to support continuous operations
while in communication with their higher echelon, subordinate, supporting, supported, and adjacent units.
Commanders arrange personnel and equipment within the CP to facilitate internal planning, coordination,
information sharing, and rapid decision making. They ensure staffs are trained on standard operating
procedures and that the unit’s battle rhythm effectively integrates and synchronizes the activities of the
operations process within the headquarters and with external organizations. (See ATP 6-0.5 for doctrine on
CP organization and operations.)
2-167. Commanders echelon their headquarters into CPs and assign responsibilities to each CP to assist
them in controlling operations. While each CP is designed for a particular purpose (for example controlling
current operations), activities common in all CPs include, but are not limited to—
 Maintaining running estimates in support of the commander’s decision making.
 Controlling operations.
 Assessing operations.
 Developing and disseminating orders.
 Coordinating with higher, subordinate, and adjacent headquarters.
 Conducting knowledge management, information management, and foreign disclosure.
 Conducting DODIN operations.
 Maintaining the COP.
 Performing CP administration, including sleep plans, security, and feeding schedules.

2-168. Table 2-2 lists the types of CPs typically employed by echelon and type of unit. Specific echelon
and type of unit publications provide detailed information on CP organization and operations for specific
units. For example, FM 3-96 provides doctrine for the organization and employment of the brigade main CP.
(Organization varies extensively. See specific doctrine for each type of unit.)

2-34 FM 3-0, C1 6 December 2017

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2-40 FM 3-0 6 October 2017

 Army Echelons, Capabilities, and Training

movement and maneuver, intelligence, fires, and sustainment. The G-6 or S-6 does not dictate PACE plans
for these warfighting functions, but assists the staff in developing them.
2-201. Units should identify appropriate PACE systems for each phase of the operation and publish them
in the signal annex. An emergency means of communications does not always have to be equipment; it may
be a procedure such as moving back to the last known effective communications point or linking up at a grid
coordinate. The PACE concept has always been a valuable tool to ensure that there is a backup
communications plan in place in case the primary plan fails.

MOVEMENT AND MANEUVER

Nine-tenths of tactics are certain, and taught in books: but the irrational tenth is like the
kingfisher flashing across the pool, and that is the test of generals. It can only be ensured
by instinct, sharpened by thought practicing the stroke so often that at the crisis it is as
natural as a reflex.
T.E. Lawrence

2-202. The movement and maneuver warfighting function is the related tasks and systems that move and
employ forces to achieve a position of relative advantage over the enemy and other threats (ADRP 3-0).
Direct fire and close combat are inherent in maneuver. The movement and maneuver warfighting function
includes tasks associated with force projection related to gaining a position of relative advantage over the
enemy. Movement is necessary to disperse and displace the force as a whole or in part when maneuvering.
Maneuver is the employment of forces in the operational area through movement in combination with fires
to achieve a position of advantage with respect to the enemy. It works through movement and with fires to
achieve a position of relative advantage over the enemy to accomplish the mission and consolidate gains.
Commanders use maneuver for massing the effects of combat power to achieve surprise, shock, and
momentum. Effective maneuver requires close coordination of movement with fires. The movement and
maneuver warfighting function includes the following tasks:
 Move.
 Maneuver.
 Employ direct fires.
 Occupy an area.
 Conduct mobility and countermobility.
 Conduct reconnaissance and surveillance.
 Employ battlefield obscuration.

2-203. Corps, division, and BCT commanders’ schemes of maneuver seek to surprise the enemy. They do
this by choosing unexpected directions, times, or types of movement and maneuver. Surprise delays enemy
reactions, overloads and confuses enemy command and control systems, induces psychological shock in the
enemy, and reduces the coherence of the enemy combined arms team. Commanders achieve tactical surprise
by attacking or counterattacking in bad weather and over seemingly impassible terrain. They use camouflage
and concealment to lure enemy forces into prepared engagement areas. +They conduct feints and
demonstrations to divert the enemy commander’s attention from their decisive operation. They maintain a
tempo of operations that allows them to operate within the enemy commander’s decision cycle. They select
portions of the enemy force for destruction leading to the enemy’s defeat in detail. They employ sound
OPSEC and MILDEC.
2-204. FM 3-90-1 and FM 3-90-2 provide the foundation for movement and maneuver during large-scale
combat operations. Corps, division, and BCT commanders normally do not specify the form of maneuver to
be adopted by subordinate units. However, the assignment of missions and tasks, AOs, and the allocation of
forces may impose such limitations on a subordinate unit that its commander has little choice on the form of
maneuver adopted. Tactical commands normally employ a combination of the six basic forms of maneuver—
envelopment, flank attack, frontal attack, infiltration, penetration, and turning movement—in their
performance of the four offensive tasks. The distinction in the form of maneuver adopted by a tactical echelon
exists primarily in the intent of the echelon commander, since the subordinate elements may use other forms

6 December 2017 FM 3-0, C1 2-41

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2-50 FM 3-0 6 October 2017

 Army Echelons, Capabilities, and Training

stressing camouflage, survivability positions, and hardened facilities to avoid or withstand hostile actions
during the defense.
2-255. All units have the inherent responsibility to conduct survivability operations and continually improve
their positions. Although there are three general categories of threats and hazards (hostile actions, nonhostile
actions, and environmental conditions), survivability is most concerned with avoiding or withstanding the
threats posed by hostile actions and environmental conditions. The four tasks associated with survivability
operations are constructing fighting positions, constructing protective positions, hardening facilities, and
employing camouflage and concealment. All four tasks are often addressed in combination. Some additional
factors which can enhance an organization’s ability to avoid or withstand threats and hazards include
dispersion, redundancy, leadership, discipline, mobility, situational understanding, terrain management, and
CBRN planning. The loss or severe degradation of unit CPs and other key facilities by enemy attacks in the
physical and cyberspace domains can prevent the successful execution of missions. A CP or key facility’s
size, immobility, and multispectral signature invites enemy attack and the resulting disruption of the friendly
tempo of operations. Survivability of those critical assets that enable a high operational tempo are a top
priority. (See ATP 3-37.34 for additional information on survivability operations.)

CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL, RADIOLOGICAL, AND NUCLEAR DEFENSE OPERATIONS

2-256. CBRN active defense consists of tasks taken to prevent a CBRN attack by destroying the weapon or
its delivery system. CBRN passive defense prevents or minimizes friendly unit vulnerability to the effects of
CBRN threats or hazards. Commanders integrate CBRN defensive considerations into all mission planning.
CBRN passive defense principles cover hazard awareness and understanding, protection (including
mission-oriented protective posture gear, detection equipment, warning, and reporting) and contamination
mitigation (including avoiding contamination and performing decontamination). CBRN passive defense is
focused on maintaining the force’s ability to continue military operations in a CBRN environment while
minimizing or eliminating the vulnerability of the force to the degrading effects of those CBRN threats and
hazards. (See ATP 3-11.36 for additional information on CBRN passive defensive considerations.)
2-257. +The purpose of CBRN reconnaissance and surveillance is to provide commanders with detailed,
timely, and accurate CBRN intelligence and to gain situational understanding of CBRN threats and hazards.
Implementing many CBRN passive defensive measures may slow the tempo, degrade combat power,
increase logistics requirements, and may require the technical skills of low density resources. (See FM 3-11
for information on CBRN operations.)

EXPLOSIVE ORDNANCE DISPOSAL

2-258. EOD provides the supported commander the capability to render safe and dispose of all explosive
ordnance, to include unexploded explosive ordnance, improvised explosive devices, and improvised
explosives. EOD elements may dispose of all types of hazardous foreign or U.S. ordnance in the safest
manner possible. Breaching and clearance of minefields is primarily an engineer responsibility. The EOD
force serves as a combat multiplier by neutralizing unexploded ordnance and mines and booby traps that
restrict unit freedom of movement and deny access to or threaten supplies, facilities, and other critical assets
within the unit AO. (See ATP 4-32 for additional information on EOD operations.)

DETENTION OPERATIONS
2-259. Detention involves the detainment of a population or group that poses some level of threat to military
operations. These operations inherently control the movement and activities of a specific population for
reasons of security, safety, or intelligence gathering. The Army is the DOD executive agent for all detainee
operations and for the long-term confinement of U.S. military prisoners. Detention operations include—
 Interning U.S. military prisoners. (See FM 3-39 for additional information on the battlefield
confinement of U.S. military prisoners.)
 Conducting detainee operations (includes belligerents [privileged belligerents and unprivileged
belligerents], retained personnel, and civilian internees). (See FM 3-63 for additional information
on detainee operations.)

6 December 2017 FM 3-0, C1 2-51

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2-60 FM 3-0, C1 6 December 2017

 Army Echelons, Capabilities, and Training

Army Aviation (Unmanned)

2-304. The use of UASs will be heavily contested by both enemy air defense and EW capabilities. Given
the altitudes required to operate tactical and larger unmanned systems and the density of enemy air defense
and EW capabilities in the close and deep battle areas, Army units will not be able to rely on freedom of
action when employing UASs and must plan for significant attrition. Conducting detailed IPB and
understanding enemy capabilities is essential to developing the best AOs for UASs to safely and effectively
operate during the initial stages of a conflict. In contested environments, using maximum standoff ranges
provided by Gray Eagles instead of the electro-optical sights increases stand off and survivability. +This
requires both operator and analyst training to maximize the effectiveness of this capability. As an enemy is
displaced from positions of advantage, Army forces must be trained to rapidly understand and exploit
windows of opportunity where UASs can be effectively employed in the close, deep, and consolidation areas.

INTELLIGENCE
2-305. Organic Army information collection assets, both ground and air, will be contested during operations
against capable conventional and hybrid peer threats. Furthermore, Army units cannot depend upon
uninterrupted access to national intelligence assets due to likely disruption of the cyberspace and space
domain-based enablers. Ground forces will need to fight for information by developing the situation in
contact, and they must train to operate with less than perfect situational awareness at the tactical level. To
avoid becoming surprised, units should assume during training that they are under continuous observation
and develop tactics that account for the reality that the enemy may have equal or better situational awareness
than they do.
2-306. The preparation of intelligence organizations and staffs to cope with lethal operational environments
that support rapid decision making must occur as part of operations to shape. The ability to discern adversary
warnings and enemy intentions and capabilities across all of the domains informs the commander’s decisions
and realistic assessment of operational and tactical risk. Balancing situational awareness with the requirement
to maintain a high operational tempo must be practiced before the commencement of hostilities.

FIRES
2-307. +The ability to deliver fires against peer threats requires units that can stealthily position themselves
to create effects and then rapidly reposition or disperse to avoid effective counterfire. The superior range and
lethal effects of many enemy missile, rocket, and cannon systems requires significant training to overcome,
and they require a combined arms approach to execution. Enemies able to contest the cyberspace domain can
disrupt the mission command and targeting process for friendly artillery units. To prevent this, units require
training in analog methods of employment. Army units cannot always depend upon Army aviation or joint
fires to solve tactical problems, so unit organic fires elements (including tube, rocket, and mortar units) must
become proficient in maneuvering into positions of advantage to shoot and then rapidly displace.
2-308. Degraded networks and reduced situational awareness demand training in the clearance of fires,
effective airspace management, and the development of trust between firing and maneuvering units.
Determining the balance between speed, accuracy, and fratricide avoidance requires repetitive training under
realistic conditions. Doing so as part of a multinational coalition is even more challenging, and use of fires
should be rehearsed during operations to shape as often as possible. Integration of fires systems with unified
action partners can be time consuming, but it is vital to success during multinational operations.

Counterfire
2-309. Some peer threats can deliver fires over an extended distance and at a sustained volume. +Threat
forces also have the equipment and tactics to execute effective counterfire. Training requirements for counter-
fire and the displacement of weapons locating radars and sequencing are integrated into all combined arms
training exercises. If acquisition radar systems are continuously radiating, they will be targeted by the enemy.
Sensor management must be planned and rehearsed, and cueing schedules developed and actively pursued.
Training for timely displacements of field artillery units is essential for successful operations. Field artillery
units move well forward prior to an attack, with synchronized plans to displace by echelon to provide

6 December 2017 FM 3-0, C1 2-61

Chapter 2

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Chapter 3
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Chapter 4

Space Operations
4-119. Peer threats have capabilities that can contest the space domain and attack the on-orbit, link, and
terrestrial segments of U.S. satellite communications; positioning, navigation, and timing; missile warning;
environmental weather; and space-based intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance efforts. These attacks
may have significant impact across all warfighting functions, and they may significantly disrupt timelines
and resources expended to accomplish the mission. Unified action partners must consider—and be prepared
to operate in—denied, degraded, and disrupted space operational environments (D3SOE).

Corps Support Area

4-120. The corps headquarters establishes a support area.
The corps commander assigns protection responsibility for A boundary is a line that delineates
the corps support area to a single commander; this may be surface areas for the purpose of
subordinate to a division assigned for area security in the facilitating coordination and deconfliction
of operations between adjacent units,
corps consolidation area. The consolidation area is an AO,
formations, or areas (JP 3-0).
assigned to an organization that extends from its higher
headquarters boundary to the boundary of the forces in close
area operations, where forces have established a level of control and are assigned tasks to consolidate gains.
The designated organization may be a division assigned for area security in the corps consolidation area, or
a smaller unit designated as the tactical combat force. (See chapter 1 for more information on consolidation
areas.) Echelons above corps sustainment forces can operate from within a divisional AO, from ports of
debarkation and bases in the joint security area, and from the corps support area. These conditions, associated
with the wide dispersal of a sustainment unit, can reduce self-defense capabilities of sustainment forces
through the placing of bases and base clusters beyond supporting distance of each other. (See ATP 3-37.10
for more information on base and base cluster interrelationships.)

Corps Reserve
4-121. The mission variables may require designating a corps reserve. Unity of command of the reserve is
critical. On occasion, the corps reserve is the reserve of one or more of the divisions, with specific restrictions
imposed by the corps commander on its employment. The positioning of the reserve facilitates its anticipated
employment. The corps reserve is usually committed directly under control of the corps headquarters.

Transition to the Offense

4-122. If required, the corps defeats, destroys, or neutralizes the enemy force. Army commanders seek to
mass effects, but not necessarily forces, as they pursue offensive tasks. (See chapter 7 for detailed discussions
on the offense.) During operations to prevent, commanders position assets to accomplish objectives during
possible follow-on offensive tasks that—
 Defeat, destroy, or neutralize the enemy force.
 Secure decisive terrain.
 Deprive the enemy of resources.
 Gain information.
 Deceive, divert, and fix the enemy in position.
 Disrupt the enemy’s attack.
 Set conditions for future operations.
 Consolidate gains.

THE DIVISION
4-123. The division headquarters performs many of the same activities as the corps headquarters. The
division headquarters fulfills its primary role as an Army tactical headquarters commanding up to five
subordinate BCTs and other subordinate units. Upon deployment into a theater, the division may undergo
significant task organization to enable operations. Initially, during operations to prevent, the division
conducts defensive, security, and stability tasks supporting joint operations. The primary role of the division

4-24 FM 3-0, C1 6 December 2017

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6 October 2017 FM 3-0 4-25

This page intentionally left blank.
 

Chapter 5
Large-Scale Combat Operations
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6 December 2017 FM 3-0, C1 5-21

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Chapter 6
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6 December 2017 FM 3-0, C1 6-25

Chapter 6

6-104. MP units from the MEB or a functional MP brigade enhance force protection capabilities by
conducting reconnaissance within support areas. They perform response-force operations to defeat Level II
threats against bases and base clusters, and maintain contact with Level III threats until the TCF can respond.
6-105. Explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) units may be in a direct support or general support relationship
to the MEB. Maneuver units may breach obstacles, but only EOD units have the capability to reduce
minefields and render improvised explosive devices and explosive ordnance safe.
6-106. All units have an inherent responsibility to improve the survivability of their own fighting positions,
bases, or base camps. This includes preparation for operations in a CBRN environment, which requires
planning for immediate or operational decontamination. Survivability operations enhance the ability to avoid
or withstand hostile actions by altering the physical environment. They accomplish this through four tasks:
constructing fighting positions, constructing protective positions, hardening facilities, and employing
camouflage and concealment. The first three tasks focus on providing cover while the fourth task focuses on
providing concealment from observation and surveillance.
6-107. CBRN personnel contribute to unit protection by performing vulnerability assessments. These
assessments provide a list of recommended activities actions ranging from CBRN protection to
contamination mitigation for commanders to consider.
6-108. All units employ a mix of passive and active AMD measures to protect defensive preparations from
enemy aerial observation and attack. Most enemy forces can employ UASs, even if they lack capable fixed-
or rotary-wing forces. The protection cell in coordination with the fires cell refines division plans to take
advantage of available AMD coverage. When preparing to conduct an area defense, commanders take
advantage of the AMD air defense umbrella to the maximum extent possible by placing critical nodes and
activities within that coverage. When preparing to conduct a mobile defense, the movement of the striking
force complicates coverage by AMD assets. Commanders prioritize between protecting both the fixing force
and the striking force when submitting the defended asset list through the chain of command to the area air
defense commander (AADC.)

DEFENSIVE TASKS
[T]he best protection against the enemy's fire is a well-directed fire from our own guns.
Flag Officer David G. Farragut

6-109. There are three basic defensive tasks—area defense, mobile defense, and retrograde. These apply to
both the tactical and operational levels of war, although the mobile defense is more often associated with the
operational level. The three tasks are significantly different concepts and pose significantly different
challenges in planning and execution. Although the names of these defensive tasks convey the overall aim of
a selected defense, each typically contains static and mobile elements.
6-110. All three basic defensive tasks use terrain, depth, and mutual supporting fires as force multipliers.
Proper use of terrain provides economy of force and helps to mass the effects of combat power at decisive
points. Terrain influences the tempo of enemy attacks and provides the defender with cover and concealment.
The depth of an AO provides commanders with operational flexibility, allows subordinate units to disperse
and maneuver, and reduces risk. Ideally, committed divisions and BCTs should have enough depth to provide
security through the employment of either a covering or a guard force. Mutual support results from the
defending commander’s integration of the fires and movement between subordinate units. This mutual
support allows commanders to focus effects across multiple domains at decisive points to defeat attacking
enemy forces.
6-111. Normally a successful defensive battle culminates in the MBA through the orchestrated application
of combat power that defeats the attacking enemy force. +While current combat operations unfold in the
MBA, the staffs focus on shaping operations that set the conditions necessary for conduct of the decisive
operations in the next phase of the operation. The focus of MBA units is on conducting operations according
to the commander’s intent within the current phase of the campaign or major operation.

6-26 FM 3-0, C1 6 December 2017

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Chapter 7
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Appendix A
Command and Support Relationships

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6 October 2017 FM 3-0 A-7

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Appendix B
Risk Considerations

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6 December 2017
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2FWREHU

By Order of the Secretary of the Army:

0$5.$0,//(<
General, United States Army
Chief of Staff

Official:

GERALD B. O’KEEFE
Administrative Assistant to the
Secretary of the Army


DISTRIBUTION:
Active Army, Army National Guard, and United States Army Reserve: To be distributed in
accordance with the initial distrubution number (IDN) , requirements for )0.
3,1