Enhancing coaching skills and emotional
intelligence through training
Anthony M. Grant
Anthony M. Grant is
Director, Coaching
Psychology Unit, School of
Psychology, University of
Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
DOI 10.1108/00197850710761945
Abstract
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to compare the impact of a long-term (13-week, spaced
learning) with a short-term (two-day, block intensive) coaching skills training programme on participants’
coaching skills and emotional intelligence.
Design/methodology/approach – In the study 23 participants completed a 13-week coaching skills
training course which consisted of weekly 2.5-hour workshops and action learning. In comparison, 20
participants completed a two-day ‘‘Manager as Coach’’ training programme, with a three-week action
learning break between day one and day two. Both training programmes used the same coaching
frameworks, with the two-day programme being more condensed.
Findings – Participation in the 13-week training course was associated with increases in both
goal-focused coaching skills and emotional intelligence, whereas the two-day block intensive training
was associated with increased goal-focused coaching skills, but not emotional intelligence. Further, the
magnitude of the increase in goal-focused coaching skills was less for the two-day programme than for
the 13-week programme.
Research limitations/implications – These studies used a quasi-experimental pre-post design, and
the long-term effects were not measured. Future research should use control groups and random
assignment to short- or long-term training.
Practical implications – The main implications of these findings are that, while short, intensive
programmes may improve participants’ goal-focused coaching skills, organisations seeking to deepen
the impact of ‘‘Manager as Coach’’ training programmes and improve the underlying emotional
intelligence of participants should use a spaced learning approach over a number of weeks.
Originality/value – This is the first study to examine the impact of different approaches to coaching
skills training and their impact on emotional intelligence.
Keywords Coaching, Emotional intelligence, Management development, Workplace training
Paper type Research paper
Introduction
Coaching skills have become an indispensable part of the contemporary workplace.
Managers are expected to be skilled at coaching their staff to enhance employee
engagement, wellbeing and performance, and to facilitate organisational and personal
change (Chartered Institute of Personnel Development, 2004). Indeed, coaching skills are
central to many contemporary models of leadership. For example, transformational
leadership (Bass and Avolio, 2000) involves four factors that embody a coaching approach:
1. idealized influence (acting as an exemplary role model);
2. inspirational motivation (engaging and motivating others);
3. intellectual stimulation (facilitating creative thinking and innovation); and
4. individual consideration (acting as a coach and mentor to help others attain goals).
VOL. 39 NO. 5 2007, pp. 257-266, Q Emerald Group Publishing Limited, ISSN 0019-7858 j INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL TRAINING j PAGE 257
 The notion of the leader as coach is also a key part of the popular situational leadership
model (Hersey, 1984) and Goleman’s (2000) model of emotionally intelligent leadership.
Good coaching skills have been found to be linked to enhanced organisational performance
at both managerial (Graham et al., 1994) and supervisor levels (Ellingeic et al., 2003).
In light of these issues, organisations are increasingly investing in training to develop the
coaching skills of their managers (Wright, 2005), with at least one in five managers having
received training in workplace coaching skills (The Work Foundation, 2004). However, the
impact of coaching skills training programmes is rarely assessed; fewer than 30 per cent of
such programmes are evaluated in any way at all (Lidbetter, 2003). This paper presents
original research looking at the impact of long-term (spaced learning) and short-term (block
intensive) coaching skills training on participants’ goal-focused coaching skills and
emotional intelligence.

Goal-focused coaching and emotional intelligence

Goal-focused workplace coaching can be understood as a collaborative, solution-focused
and systematic process that is aimed at enhancing performance, self-directed learning and
well-being (Grant, 2003). The five key factors in successful goal-focused workplace
coaching are:
1. coaching sessions that deliver an outcome which is of tangible value;
2. the development of a strong collaborative working alliance between manager/coach and
coachee;
3. an emphasis on constructing solutions, rather than merely analysing the problem;
4. efficient goal setting; and
5. managing the coaching process over time and holding the coachee accountable for
completing any agreed actions (Grant, 2006).
Although many commercial workplace coaching models are promoted as being complex
proprietary methodologies, in fact the essence of goal-focused coaching is a
straightforward change process in which an individual sets a goal, develops a plan of
action, begins action, monitors his or her performance (through observation and
self-reflection), evaluates his or her performance (thus gaining insight) and based on this
evaluation, changes his or her actions to further enhance performance, and thus reach his or
her goal. The role of the manager/coach is facilitate the coachee’s progress through this
cycle.
Coaching skills are inextricably related to emotional intelligence. In order to purposefully
move through the goal-focused coaching cycle, individuals have to be able to regulate their
thoughts, feelings and behaviours so they can best achieve their goals. Such intelligent use
of emotions is important for both the manager/coach and the coachee (David, 2005).
Emotional intelligence can be understood as having four key branches:
1. the ability to accurately perceive emotions in oneself and others;
2. the ability to use emotions to facilitate thought;
3. understanding how different emotions arise and change over time; and
4. the ability to use the knowledge from the first three branches to manage emotions and
translate them into constructive action (Mayer and Salovey, 1997).
Emotional intelligence is an important factor in workplace performance (Abraham, 2005)
both on an individual level, predicting individuals’ leadership behaviours (Byrne, 2004), and
on a group level, with leaders’ emotional intelligence being associated with higher levels of
group effectiveness (Stubbs, 2005).
Emotional intelligence can also be understood as being related to personality traits. Traits
are underlying and enduring personal characteristics, and are therefore more difficult to

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‘‘ Coaching skills are inextricably related to emotional
intelligence. ’’

change than specific observable behaviours. From this perspective, coaching behaviours
are, in part, a manifestation of an individual’s emotional intelligence. Therefore developing a
individual’s coaching skills may well also enhance their emotional intelligence. However, little
is known about how coaching skills training impacts on emotional intelligence, and the
relationship between personality, emotional intelligence, goal-focused coaching skills is not
clearly understood (Bryant, 2005). Figure 1 shows a generic model of the relationship
between personality, emotional intelligence, and goal-focused coaching skills.

A dearth of research on enhancing emotional intelligence and coaching skills

Even though many organisations invest in attempting to enhance the emotional intelligence
of employees (Goleman et al., 2002), there is surprisingly little published research showing
whether or not emotional intelligence can in fact be enhanced. In one study Chapman (2005)
found that emotional intelligence as measured by the Boston Emotional Intelligence
Questionnaire (BEIQ (Weisinger, 1988)) increased, following a leadership coaching
programme specifically designed to enhance leaders’ emotional intelligence. Similarly,
Kampa-Kokesch (2002) found that executive coaching could improve managers’ levels of
transformational leadership, which are in turn related to emotional intelligence competencies
(Srivastava and Bharamanaikar, 2004).
Similarly, although there is past research examining the impact of coaching on factors such
as wellbeing (Green et al., 2006), goal attainment (Grant, 2003) and leadership style
(Smither et al., 2003; Wasylyshyn, 2003), there are few published papers on the impact of
coaching skills training on managers’ coaching skills. Using an interview-based
methodology Graham et al. (1994) surveyed 87 account representatives who worked for
13 sales managers involved in a coaching skills programme, and found significant increases
in follow-up ratings on five behaviours, including clarity in performance expectations,
providing feedback, and rewarding performance. To date there has been no research that

Figure 1 Model of the relationship between personality traits, emotional intelligence and
coaching skills

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 looks at the impact of coaching-skill training on both emotional intelligence and individuals’
coaching skills levels.
The aim of the present research was to extend previous research and compare the effect of
two coaching skills training programmes, of the type often used in workplace settings, on
participants’ coaching skills and levels of emotional intelligence. One programme was a
13-week programme, the other was a short intensive two-day training course.

Method

Measures
The Goal-focused Coaching Skills Questionnaire (GCSQ (Grant and Cavanagh, in press)) is
a 12-item self-report measure of goal-focused coaching skills, which assesses the five
factors of goal-focused coaching:
1. outcomes of coaching;
2. working alliance;
3. solution-focus;
4. goal setting; and
5. managing process and accountability.
The scale has been found to be a reliable and valid measure, distinguishing between novice
and professional coaches, and correlating with actual observed coaching skills. It has a
reported Cronbach alpha of 0.906 and test-retest reliability of 0.70 (Grant and Cavanagh, in
press). The full scale is presented in Table I.
The Schutte Emotional Intelligence Scale (SEIS (Schutte et al., 1998)) is a self-report
measure of emotional intelligence which is based on the model of emotional intelligence
proposed by Mayer and Salovey (1997). Questions on this scale include items such as ‘‘By
looking at their facial expressions, I recognise the emotions people are experiencing’’, and ‘‘I
can tell how people are feeling by listening to the tone of their voice’’. The SEIS has been
found to be a reliable and valid measure, with a reported Cronbach alpha of 0.87 and
test-retest reliability of 0.78 (Schutte et al., 1998).

Table I The Goal-focused Coaching Skills Questionnaire

Facet Item

O My coaching is always effective in helping my coachees reach their goals

O My coachees do not seem to value the time we spend having coaching
conversations (R)
WA I know how to create an environment in which coachees feel free to present their
own ideas
WA I purposefully use language that shows that I understand my coachee’s feelings
SF By the end of a coaching session my coachees always have greater clarity about
the issues they face
G The goals we set when coaching are always stretching but attainable
G The goals we set during coaching are very important to my coachees
G The goals we set during coaching are often somewhat vague (R)
G I am very good at helping my coachees develop clear, simple and achievable
action plans
SF When coaching, I spend more time analysing the problem than developing
solutions (R)
MPA I always ask my coachees to report to me on progress towards their goals
MPA When coaching I find it difficult to address any performance shortfalls directly
and promptly (R)

Notes: O ¼ Outcomes of coaching; WA ¼ Working alliance; SF ¼ Solution-focus; G ¼ Goal setting;

MPA ¼ Managing process and accountability; ðRÞ ¼ Reverse scored; Free use of this scale for
training and research purposes is permitted

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The 13-week coaching skills training programme

Participants
Participants were 23 mature age participants (seven men and 16 women, mean age 50
years nine months), who were studying goal-focused coaching as part of a postgraduate
degree programme in management and psychology. Their occupations included human
resources professionals, managers, and lawyers. Individuals enrol in this training
programme because they wish to learn coaching skills for use within a workplace setting,
or as professional development.

Design, procedure and the coaching skills training programme

This study utilised a pre-post design. Participants completed the GCSQ and the SEIS before
and after the coaching skills training programme. The coaching skills training programme
consisted of 13 weekly 2.5-hour seminars giving a total of 32.5 hours face-to-face training.
The course details key coaching strategies in relation to common applications of
goal-focused workplace coaching. Each weekly seminar included both theoretical and
applied components. The theoretical topics covered ethical and professional issues in
coaching, theories of communication, goal-setting theory and practice and applied
solution-focused coaching skills. The applied components included the giving and receiving
of feedback, structured coaching and communication skills practice, and actual coaching
sessions.
Participants practised their coaching skills within the training sessions, conducting coaching
sessions involving real-life issues with fellow participants, and received structured feedback
on their coaching skills. In addition, participants conducted formal workplace coaching
sessions outside of the seminar period, and then wrote a reflective and analytical case study
based on their experience. It was hypothesised that participation in the training programme
would be associated with increased scores on the GCSQ and the SEIS.

Results of the 13-week programme

Paired t-tests were used to examine the impact of the coaching skills training programme.
Participants’ scores on the GSCQ significantly increased (t ð22Þ ¼ 2:78, p , 0:01) following
the programme, from a pre-programme mean score of 55.43 (SD 9.52) to a post-programme
mean of 62.73 (SD 8.21). Scores on the SEIS also significantly increased (t ð22Þ ¼ 2:11,
p , 0:05) following the coaching programme, from a mean score of 125.61 (SD 10.11) to a
post-programme mean score of 129.26 (SD 8.84) (see Figures 2 and 3).

Figure 2 Coaching skills pre- and post-training

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 Figure 3 Emotional intelligence pre- and post-training

The two-day ‘‘Manager as Coach’’ training programme

Participants
Participants were 20 mature age middle-level line and sales managers from two industries,
transport and printing. There were nine women and 11 men. Age of participants was not
recorded. Participants took part in this training programme as part of their professional
development.

Design, procedure and the ‘‘Manager as Coach’’ coaching skills training programme
This study utilised a pre-post design. Participants completed the GCSQ and the SEIS,
before and after the ‘‘Manager as Coach’’ coaching skills training programme. The coaching
skills training programme was based in the same framework and content as the 13-week
course, but the material was taught in a far more condensed fashion. The programme took
place over two-day long training sessions, with a three-week break between the first and
second day, giving a total of 16 hours of face-to-face training. Details of this manualised
programme are available from the author.
The course covered key coaching strategies in relation to goal-focused workplace
coaching. The training sessions included both theoretical and applied components. The
theoretical topics covered theories of goal-setting, communication and solution-focused
coaching skills. The applied components included the giving and receiving of feedback,
and structured coaching skills practice. As part of an action learning assignment,
participants’ practised their coaching skills in the workplace in the break between day one
and day two, keeping written case study records and analytical reflective action learning
diaries. It was hypothesised that participation in the training programme would be
associated with increased scores on the GCSQ and the SEIS.

Results of the two-day ‘‘Manager as Coach’’ training programme

Paired t-tests were used to examine the impact of the ‘‘Manager as Coach’’ training
programme. Participation in the ‘‘Manager as Coach’’ training programme resulted in an
increase in scores on the GSCQ, but not on the SEIS. Participants’ scores on the GSCQ
significantly increased (t ð19Þ ¼ 2:06, p , 0:05) following the programme, from a pre-training
mean score of 54.85 (SD 4.44) to a post-training mean of 57.95 (SD 5.03). Scores on the
SEIS did not significantly change, with a pre-training mean of 119.75 (SD 11.58) compared
with a post-training mean of 120.50 (SD 10.25) (see Figures 2 and 3).

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 Comparing the results of the two training programmes
There were no significant differences between the 13-week group and the two-day group on
pre-training programme scores for either the GSCQ or the SEIS; both groups were
equivalent at the beginning. However, independent sample t-tests showed that post-training
scores on the GSCQ in the 13-week programme (mean 62.73; t ð41Þ ¼ 2:262, p , 0:05) were
significantly larger than for the two-day programme (mean 57.95), and post-training SEIS
scores for the 13-week programme (mean 129.26; t ð41Þ ¼ 3:009, p , 0:01) were significantly
larger than for the two-day programme (mean 120.50). In summary, it appears that the
13-week training programme was more effective and enhanced both participants’ coaching
skills and their emotional intelligence. The two-day Manager as Coach training programme
was effective in enhancing coaching skills, but was less effective than the longer 13-week
training programme, and was not effective in significantly increasing emotional intelligence
(see Figures 2 and 3).

Enhancing coaching skills and emotional intelligence

This is the first study to provide preliminary evidence that goal-focused coaching skills and
emotional intelligence can be enhanced through training. At the beginning of these
coaching skills programmes, there was no significant difference between participants on
either measures. It is noteworthy that both goal-focused coaching skills and emotional
intelligence significantly increased following the 13-week programme, but only goal-focused
coaching skills increased following the two-day programme.
These findings are important because emotional intelligence was not specifically targeted
(or even mentioned) in the coaching skills training programmes. There has been significant
debate about whether emotional intelligence is a learnable skill or an immutable trait (Davies
et al., 1998; Petrides and Furnham, 2001). The present study suggests that emotional
intelligence as measured by the SEIS is indeed changeable, and can be changed by
focusing on specific behaviours related to emotional intelligence such as coaching skills.
However, it appears that long-term training is required to make changes in emotional
intelligence. This result makes sense in that emotional intelligence can be understood as
being closely linked to personality traits (see Figure 1), and traits are more difficult to change
than specific behavioural skills such as goal focused coaching skills (Perez et al., 2005).

Practical implications
The practical implications of these findings are that organisations, consultants and trainers
should be aware that, whilst short intensive programmes may well improve participants’
goal-focused coaching skills, longer term and repeated interventions may be required to
improve emotional intelligence. This conclusion is supported by the literature on spaced
learning. It has been found that short, repeated training sessions combined with feedback
can be more effective than longer, but less frequent sessions (Janiszewski et al., 2003). As
spaced learning can facilitate deeper learning processes, trainers and coaches who wish to
enhance trait-like leadership skills and associated emotional intelligence competencies
would do well to conduct training and coaching sessions in short blocks with several
follow-up sessions, rather than in two day-long sessions with no follow-up sessions.
Such a programme could start with a one-day long introduction module in which participants
were introduced to the theory and practice of workplace coaching. In order to maximise
participant buy-in, it is vital that coach training programmes focus directly on real-life
workplace issues that are considered by both the participant and the organisation to be
important. Programmes should be theoretically grounded, but must have real-world

‘‘ Emotional intelligence can also be understood as being

related to personality traits. ’’

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 application. As in the programmes used in the present studies, actual coaching sessions
should be observed, and specific feedback given.
Although training sessions should be enjoyable, as adults learn best when they are actively
engaged (Mancuso, 2001), the retention of information and transfer of learning back to the
workplace requires that the learner actually expends effort (Hesketh, 1997); mere
‘‘feel-good’’ coaching skills training sessions may not produce real change. Following day
one, participants should have weekly or fortnightly follow-up sessions of approximately 1.5
to 2.5 hours, with another full day-long workshop approximately half way through the
programme to help consolidate learning, discuss any problems and share ideas. This time
frame has been successfully used in workplace stress reduction programmes over an
eight-week time frame; eight weeks possibly being a more acceptable time commitment for
many organisations than the 13-week programme used in the present study.
With regard to limitations, it should be borne in mind that these studies used self-report
scales, rather than objective measures, and the actual face-to-face contact training time for
the groups differed. Furthermore, the studies used a pre-post design and the lack of a
no-training control group means that the effects could have occurred naturalistically. In
addition, the present training programmes used post-training measures taken shortly after
the programme finished, and it is not known if these increases were maintained over time.
Nevertheless, these studies provide useful evidence of the utility of the GSCQ, and suggest
that training in coaching skills can positively impact on emotional intelligence. Future
research should use follow-up measures in longitude research, and use training
programmes of equal face-to-face time.
Leadership, emotional intelligence and good coaching skills are inextricably interwoven.
Effective training in coaching skills may be a useful way for organisations to improve the
leadership styles and emotional intelligence of their managers, thereby enhancing the
performance, wellbeing and quality of organisational life.

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About the author

Anthony M. Grant PhD is a Coaching Psychologist and the Director and Founder of the
Coaching Psychology Unit at the University of Sydney, Australia. His teaching, research and
coaching psychology practice focus on the use of evidence-based behavioural science in
the enhancement of performance, wellbeing and organisational change. Anthony M. Grant
can be contacted at: anthonyg@psych.usyd.edu.au

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