fudagr® ldr®ñl oekqu -04 fudagr® r: ldìhqfr®®gr

wo kùk;u fudagr® r: i|yd fhdod .kq ,nkafka

fudagr® r: fmg%,a bkafclaIka l%u muKla jqjo tf;la fhdod .;a ldìhqfr®gr
ms<sn|j oekqu ldr®ñlhska yg ;j;a jir .Kkdjla hk;=re tl
f,i wjYH jkq we;' thg fya;=j oekg Ndú;fha we;s ldìhqfr®gr
iys; r: ;j ≥rg;a jir .Kkdjla Ndú;fha mj;sk neúks' ta
ldìhqfr®gr flfia fj;;a ldìhqfr®gr ms<sn|j wOHhkh ldr®ñlhska yg
yeuodu;a wjYH jkq we;' thg fya;=j ishΩu bkafclaIka l%u
ksr®udKhj we;af;a ldìhqfr®gr l%uh ;=, .eíj ;snQ fodaI j,g fh¥
fudagr® r: ±kqu-04 ms<shï ksidfjka neúka tu wOHhkh fkd,nd fmg%,a bkafclaIka
wOHhkh idr®:lj l< fkdyels neúks'
by; wvqmdvqj msrùu i|ydu fuu lD;sh ìys lrk
,oafoa wog jvd b†˙h .ek is;d ne,Sfuks' ta wkqj fuu lD;sh
úfYaIfhkau iïmdokh lr we;af;a ldìhqfr®gr fiajdjka j,g
jvd ldìhqfr®gr lsh
% dld˙;ajhka iy tu uQ, Or®u wjfndaO lr°ugh'
fï hgf;a f,dj ìysjQ ir,u ldìhqfr®grfha isg th kùk fudagr®
r: ;=,ska bj;a jkf;la fhdod.;a ixlSr®K;u ldìhqfr®gr l%uh
olajd ishΩu ldìhqfr®gr ksr®udK fuhg we;=,;aj ;sfnhs'
f,dj m˙irfõ†ka úiska ldìhqfr®gr r: i|yd ;yxÑ
we;s ls¯u;a iuÛ ksIamdolhska úiska ldìhqfr®grh ;j ≥rg;a /l
.ekqug ,eïvd md,k moaO;s we;=,;a bf,lafg%dksla md,k
ldìhqfr®gro /ila ìyslrk ,°' tys ixlSr®K;u ldìhqfr®gr
l%uh jQ tfldfg%dksla olajd ishΩ ksr®udKo b;d ir, f,iska fuys
b†˙m;a lr ;sfnhs' ta w;ru oekg Ndú;fha we;s ishΩ fmg%,a
bkafclaIka l%u we;=,;a wmf.a ó<Û lD;sh wOHhkhgo fuu
lD;sh u.ska ,ndfok ldìhqfr®gr uQ, Or®u b;d jeo.;a fjhs'
Carburetor with Electronic Idler control m%ldYl

Printed by Tharanji Prints-2804773

DAMUTHU TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS
ã'tï'tï'oikdhl 407/15, Samagi Mawatha
Udahamulla Rs.450/-
Nugegoda ISBN 978-955-97047-3-7

fuu fjí wvúfha ldìhqfr®gr hgf;a b†˙m;a lr we;s ishΩu fjí msgqj, wvx.= ishΩ lreKq fuu
ldìhqfr®gr .%ka:fhka Wmqgd .kakd ,°' fuu ldìhqfr®gr l%shdld˙;ajhka jgyd .ekqu myiq jkafka jr®K mska;+r
igyka u.ska jk w;r oekg ;djld,slj bka fldgila muKla jr®Kfhka b†˙m;a lr we;' b†˙fha° fuu ishΩ
igyka jr®Kfhka hq;=j Tn fj; b†˙m;a flfrkq we;'

ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk

 fudagr® r: oekqu-04 
 
 fudagr® r: ldìhqfr®®gr
01 jk m˙Éf√oh
ldìhqfr®gr
fmg%,a tka‚ula isjq myr" fomyr fyda jkal,a frdg˙
hk l=uk wdldrhlg ksr®udKh jqj;a thg oykh i|yd fmg%,a
,nd°u l, hq;af;a jd;h iuÛ kshñ; wkqmd;hg fyd|ska ñY%lr
jdIam ñY%Khla f,isks' fuf,i øj jYfhka we;s fmg%,a jdIam
njg yerùu iy th jd;h iuÛ kshñ; wkqmd;h isák f,i
ñY% ls¯u m%Odk wdldr follg is≥fjhs' ñka tla l%uhla jkafka
fmg%,a bkafclaIka moaO;shla fhdod .ekquhs' fuys fojk l%uh
fmr isgu fudagr® r:j, fhdod .;a ldìhqfr®gr l%uhhs'
wo ldìhqfr®gr l%uh fudagr® r: fmg%,a tka‚ka j,
fhdod .ekqu iSud ù ta fjkqjg fmg%,a bkafclaIka l%uh jeä
jYfhka fhdod .ekqk;a Ndú;fha we;s w;s úYd, ldìhqfr®gr r:
ixLHdj wjika jk ;=re ;j;a oYl .Kkdjla hk;=re fuu
;dCIKh wmg wjYH jkq we;' bka Tíng fiajdjka i|yd fuu
;dCIKh t;rï wjYH fkdjqk;a ;dCIK úIhla f,iska fuh
wog;a jvd wjYH jkq we;' ta w;s ixlSr®K fmg%,a bkafclaIka
l%u uQ,slj ìysj we;af;a fuu ldìhqfr®gr l%ufha jQ ≥r®j,;d
i|yd ,nd ≥ka ms<shï ksid neúka tu ≥r®j,;d y∫kd fkdf.k
ta fjkqfjka ksr®udKh jqkq bkafclaIka l%u idr®:lj ye≤¯u l<
fkdyels neúks' fï wkqj fuu .%ka:h iïmdokh lr we;af;a
s |j ±kqj;a ls¯ug jvd tys lsh
ldíhqfr®gr fiajdjka ms<n % dld˙;ajhka
iy tu ksr®udK j, fodaI y∫kajd° fmg%,a bkafclaIka l%u
wOHhkh myiq lrùu i|yd nj uq,skau i|yka l< hq;=j we;'
ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk
kùk fudagr® r:hl fhdod .efkk ldìhqfr®grhla
fuys olajd we;af;a fudagr® r: fmg%,a tka‚ka j, fhdod
.;a ixlSr®K ldìhqfr®gr w;=˙ka tla ldìhqfr®grhls' whsâ,ska
iageì,hsiska iys; fuu ldìhqfr®grh bf,lafg%dksla md,k
tallhlska ls%hd;aul jkakls' fujka ixlSr®K ldìhqfr®gr jr®.
oyia .Kkla wo fudagr® r:j, fhdod .kakd w;r ta ish,a, fjka
fjkaj wOHhkh ls¯u fldfy;au l< fkdyels fohls' tfy;a fuu
iEu ldìhqfr®grhlgu we;af;a fmd≥ ls%hdld˙;ajhka lsysmhla
neúka tu ls%hdld¯ uQ, Or®u wjfndaO lr.ekSu ;=,ska fmd≥fõ
ishΩu ldìhqfr®gr ms<sn|j meye†<s wjfndaOhla myiqfjka
,nd.; yels fjhs'
fudagr® r: i|yd wdrïNfha fhdod f.k we;af;a b;du;a
ir, jQ ldìhqfr®grhls' tfy;a tys .eíjqkq fodaI iy wvq mdvq
/ila úh' fuu fodaI ksj/† ls¯ug j˙ka jr fh≥kq úl,am
ms<shï iy kùlrK tl;=ùfuka by; igyfka olajd we;s
wdldrfha ixlSr®K ldìhqfr®gr ìysj ;sfnhs' fï wkqj fuu
ixlSr®K ldìhqfr®gr wOHhkh i|yd ;j;a myiq u.la wmg fmkS
hhs' tkï uq,skau wdrïNfha fhdod .;a ir, ldìhqfr®grhla
wOHhkh lr tys .eíjqkq fodaI fyd¢ka wjfndaO lr bkamiq tajdg
fhdok ,o ms<shï tlsfkl fidhd ne,Suhs' túg wmg myiqfjkau
ixlSr®K ldìhqfr®gr fj; ióm úh yelsh' fuu .%ka:h ilid
we;af;a ta wdldrhg ldìhqfr®gr ms<sn|j b;d ksj/† ±kqula
,nd.; yelsjk f,igh'
ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk
 fudagr® ldr®ñl oekqu -04 
 
 fudagr® r: ldìhqfr®®gr

fudagr® r: fmg%,a tka‚ka i|yd fhdod .;a uq,au ir, ■ isjq myfr® ;ks is,skavr tka‚u
ldìhqfr®grh wOHhkh i|ydo wmg myiq u.la fhdod .;
yelsh' tkï Ndú;fha we;s ldìhqfr®grhl lsis∫ wdNdIhla
fkd,nd wm úiskau fmg%,a tka‚ulg ldìhqfr®grhla ie<iqï
ls¯ug W;aidy .ekquhs' ta wkqj ir, ldìhqfr®grhla ie,iqï lr
tys wvqmdvq i|yd ms<shï fhdod .;a úg wmgo ldìhqfr®grhla msgdr
ksr®udKh lr.; yelsjkq we;' tjf.au th Ndú;fha we;s jE,ajh bka,Ü
ldìhqfr®grhlgo fnfyúka iudk jkq we;' fuh Tng wΩ;a jE,ajh
w;aoelSula jqj;a fuu ksr®udKd;aul wOHhkh ;=,ska w;s ixlSr®K
moaO;s mjd myiqfjka jgyd.; yelsh' ta wkqj fuu uq,a
msiagkh
m˙Éf√ofhka wms ir, ldìhqfr®grhla ksru ® dKh lr th
Ndú;fha we;s ldìhqfr®grhlg fldf;la ≥rg iómoehs fidhd
n,uq' tfy;a ta i|yd tka‚fï hdka;S%l ls%hdld˙;ajh oek isáh
hq;= w;r ta ms<sn|j uq,skau idudkH wjfndaOhla ,nd isáuq'
l%Ekala
fomyr (T o l|
S roke) iy isõ myr (4
s roke) hkqfjka tka‚kaa isjq myr tka‚ul ksr®udKh
m%Odk jYfhka fldgia
tka‚ul uQ,sl ls%hdld˙;ajh fmkajd °u i|yd fuu
follg fjkal, yels
igyfkka olajd we;af;a b;d ir, f,i ksujqkq isjq myr (4
kuq;a wo fudagr® r:
s roke) ;ks is,skavr tka‚ul yria lvls' fuys bkaOk oykfhka
i|yd iïmQ r ® K fhka u
we;s lrk mSvk n,fhka msiagkh my<g ;,a¨ flfrk w;r
mdfya Ndú;d jkafka isõ
tf,i tl t,af,a my<g we;sfjk n,h jD;a;dldr N%uK
myfr® tka‚ka mu◊' tjeks
p,khlg yerùu oÛr l| fyj;a l%Ekala Id*aÜ tl u.ska
isjq myr tka‚ula fuu
is≥fjhs' fï wkqj fuu ksr®udKh foi fyd¢ka neÆ úg wmg
igyfka olajd we;' fï
fmkShk fohla kï oÛr l| lerlSfï° msiagkh by< my< hk
wkq j fuys ° wmf.a
njhs' fï ksidu fuu tka‚ka Reciproca ing pis on Engines
wOHhkh i|yd
kñkao ye¢kafõ'
ldìhqfr®grhla ie,iqï
ls¯ug jvd;a iq≥iq jkafka tka‚ul is,skavrh ;=, fuu msiagkh my< isg by<g
isjq myr is,skavr 4 tka‚ula
fuu isjqmyr tka‚ula fyda by< isg my<g .uka lrk tla jdrhla myrla (S roke)
fhdod .ekquhs' ;jo nyq is,skavr tka‚ka iE° we;af;a fuu ;ks kñka ye|skafjhs' tys° wmg tka‚u lrljd .ekqug m%fhdackj;a
is,skavr tka‚kau tlg tl;=lr ta i|yd fmd≥ oÛr l|la fhdod jkafka bkaOk oykfhka msgfjk Yla;sfhka msiagkh by< isg
.ekSfuka neúka fuys° b;d ir,j wmf.a wOHhkh lr .ekqug my<g .uka .kakd tla jdrhla jk w;r n, myr (Po er
uq,skau f;dard.; hq;af;ao isjqmyfr®u ;ks is,skavr tka‚uls' ta s roke) hkqfjka tu myr ye¢kafjhs' fuu ksr®udKh wkqj tla
wkqj uq,skau wms tjka tka‚ula weiq˙ka isjq myr tka‚ul n, myrla ,efnkqfha ;j;a myr ;=klg miqj neúka fuu tka‚u
ls%hdld˙;ajh wjfndaO lrf.k bkamiq thg ldìhqfr®grhla isõ myfr® tka‚ula f,i ye¢kafjhs' fuu isõ myr pl%h jvd;a
ie,iqï ls¯ug W;aidy .ksuq' meye†<ss igyklska wjfndaO lr .ksuq'
ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk
 fudagr® r: oekqu-04     fudagr® r: ldìhqfr®®gr

■ isjq myr ls%hdld˙;ajh kej;;a by<g tafuks' bkamiq kej;;a pQIK myfrka ó<Û pl%h
fmr igyfkka ir, f,i jgyd.;a isõ myr tka‚ul fmr f,iu kej; kej;;a ls%hd ls¯fuka tka‚u tl †.gu
ls%hdld˙;ajh my; igyka fm< u.ska fjka fjka jYfhka f.k lerlùu is≥fjhs'
by; úia;r flreKq
myiqfjka jgyd .; yelsh' is,skavr ;=,g fmg%,a ñY%s; jd;h
lEï Id*aÜ is j q myr pl%fha° tla n,
we;=Ω ls¯ug bka,Ü jE,ajh fyj;a pQIK jE,ajh kñkao is,skavr
myrla ,nd .ekqug msiagkh
;=, ±jqkq jd;h bj;a ls¯ug msgdr jE,ajh kñka jE,ajhlao fuu
;=ka jrla by< iy my< hd
tka‚ug we;=,;ah' fïjd tka‚fï oÛr l| u.ska 2:1 wkqmd;fhka
jE,aõ hq;= w;r ta i|yd wjYH
lrljkq ,nk leñ oKav (camshaft) u.ska wjYH ms<sfj,g
n,h ,nd .kafkao n, myfrka
we¯u iy jeiSu is≥ fjhs'
,efnk Yla;sfhks' ta i|yd
oÛr l| iu. *a,hsù,hla
bka,Ü jE,ajh msgdr jE,ajh lrljkq ,nk w;r th u.ska
n, myfr®° ,nd .kakd
ghsñka
Yla;sfhka b;s˙ myr ;=k
fmg%,a fn,aÜ
jd; i|yd tka‚u jg tl yudrla
ñY%Kh ;j ≥rg;a lrljkq ,efnhs'
4 jk msgfq õ 01-02 igyfkka
oÛr l| fuu *a , hs ù ,h;a jE,a õ
ls%hdld˙;ajh i|yd ghsñka
tka‚ul jE,aõ ls%hdlrk whqre fÉka tlla u.ska ;j;a leñhla
pQIK myr iïmSvk n, myr msgdr myr lrljk wdldrh;a olajd ;sfnhs' th jvd;a myiqfjka jgyd
(D) .ekqug kùk r:hl fuu ls%hdld˙;ajh is≥jk wdldrh fuys
(A) (B) (C)
olajd we;' fuu igyk u.ska oÛr l| u.ska leñh 2:1
tka‚ul isjqmyr ls%hdj,sh wkqmd;hg lerlfjk wdldrh fukau wjYH;djh wkqj jE,aõ
fuu A igyfkka olajd we;s whqre tka‚ul uq,a myr wefrk jefyk wdldrho myiqfjka jgyd.; yelsh'
f,i pQIK (Intake stroke) myr ye¢kaúh yels w;r tys° is≥ isjq myr ;ks is,ks va r
jkafka my;g tk msiagkh u.ska újD;j we;s jQIK jE,ajh fmg%,a tka‚ul lsh % dld˙;ajh
yryd fmg%,a ñY%s; jd;h is,skavrh ;=,g weo .ekSuhs' fuys jgyd.;a miq nyq is,skavr
fojk myr iïmSvk (Compression stroke) kñka ye¢kafjk tka‚ul ksr®udKh jgyd
w;r tys° jE,aú folu jeiS by< tk msiagkh u.ska isr lr.;a .ekq u t;rï wmyiq
ñY%Kh iïmSvkh lrkq ,efnhs' tu iïmSvk myr wjidkfha fkdfjhs' fuu igyfka olajd
iamdr®la ma,.a tl u.ska we;s lrk mq<sÛ=fjka ñY%Kh oefjk w;r we;af;a is,skavr 4 tka‚ula
tys° msgfjk wêl ;dmfhka oykfha° we;s jQ jdhQka ish,a, jk w;r tys° lr we;af;a
m%idrKh lr msiagkh ;†ka my<g ;,a¨ lrhs' th y∫kajkq ;ks is,ks v
a r y;fr®u msig a ka
,nkafka n, myr (Power stroke) kñks' wjidkfha msgdr ;ks oÛr l|lg iïnkaO
(Exhaust stroke) myr u.ska oejqkq jd;h újD; jqkq msgdr nyq is,skavr tka‚ula ksr®udKh ls¯uhs' jE,aõ lsh
% dld˙;ajho
jE,aõ is≥r yryd ihs,kairhg f;rmd y˙kq ,efnhs' ta msiagkh jk whqre tf,i ;ks lEï Id*aÜ tllg

ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk

 fudagr® ldr®ñl oekqu -04     fudagr® r: ldìhqfr®®gr

f.k we;' fudagr® r: oekqu 03 .%ka:h iïmQr®Kfhkau fuu

tka‚ka ksr®udKh " ls%hdld˙;ajh iy fiajdjka úia;r ls¯ug fjka
l< neúka tka‚ul hdka;S%l ls%hdld˙;ajh ms<sn|j fuys° i|yka
l, iqΩ úia;rh tu .%ka:h m˙YS,kh fkdl, mdGlhskayg
ldìhqfr®gr ms<sn|j wOHhkhg m%udKj;a jkq we;'
02 jk m˙Éf√oh
■ fmg%,a jd; ñY%Kh ielish hq;= whqre
bka,Ü jE,ajh
ldìhqfr®grhla
jd;h
ksr®udKh ls¯u
oykh
jd;h
fmg%,a
ldìhqfr®gr ms<sn|j b;d fyd| ±kqula myiqfjka
msiagkh ,nd.; yels fyd|u udr®.h ;uka úiska ldìhqfr®grhla ie,iqï
ls¯ug W;aidy .ekSuhs' fuu m˙Éf√ofhka wms W;aidy .kafka
tf,i ir, ldìhqfr®grhla isjqmyr tka‚ulg ksr®udKh ls¯uhs'
ldìhqfr®grhlska uQ,sl f,i is≥úh hq;af;a øj jYfhka we;s fmg%,a
(A) (B) jdIam njg yerùu iy tu jdIamh tka‚ug weo .kakd jd;
oÛrl|
m%udKh iuÛ kshñ; wkqmd;hg ñY% ls¯uhs' fuys° uq,skau fmg%,a
fmg%,a jd; ñY%Kh ielish hq;= whqre
jdIam njg m;alr.; yels l%uhla fidhd n,uq'
by; i|yka l< wdldrhg tka‚ka ls%hdld˙;ajh i|yd
n, myrla ,nd .ekqug is,skavr ;=, fmg%,a hï m%udKhla oeúh
hq;=fõ' ta i|yd fuu A igyk whqre fmg%,a ñY%s; jd;h iEu pQIK
myrl°u is,skavrhg we;=Ω l, hq;=fõ' ;jo pQIK myr ødjk jd; ñY%Kh
wjidkfha° jE,aõ u.ska is,skavrh ;=, ñY%Kh msrjqkq wjldYh
uqød lr .kakd neúka ñY%Khg wh;a fmg%,a m%udKh iïmQrK® fhkau
ojd wjika ls¯ug wjYH Tlaiscka m%udKh fuf,i isrlr.;a
ñY%Kfha we;s jd;fha wvx.= úh hq;=h' fï i|yd idudkHfhka jd;
fldgia 14 lg fmg%,a tla fldgila muK jQ wkqmd;hla ;sìh hq;= ødjkh
kuq;a tka‚ul jeä n,hla ksmoúh hq;=jk whsâ,ska iy *q,a f,daâ ødjkhla jd;h iuÛ ñY% lr.; yels tla wdldrhla
wjia:dj, fukau tka‚u mk.kajk úgo fuu ñY%Khg jeä hï ødjkhla jd;h iuÛZ ñY% lr .ekqug we;s myiqu
fmg%,a m%udKhla wka;r®.; hq;=fõ' tu fõ. fol w;r jQ mdr®Ü udr®.h fuys olajd we;' fuys° lr we;af;a isyska k,hla ødjk
f,daâ wjia:dj, fuu ñY%%K wkqmd;h 16:1 la muK olajd wvq Ndckhla ;=,g .s,ajd tys by< fl<jrg ióm l, ;j;a k,hla
w.hlg f.k fyd| bkaOk wrms˙ueiaula ,nd.; yelsh' fuu yryd láka msU jd; Odrdjla .uka lrùuhs' tys° láka msôk
wjYH;djhkag .e,fmk f,i pQIK myfr®° tka‚ug fmg%,a jd; k,fha fl<j˙ka jd; Odrdj msgfjk ia:dkfha we;sfjk ˙la;h
ñY%Khla ,nd°ug ldìhqfr®grhla ksr®udKh lrkafka flfia±hs ksid ødjkhg .s,ajd we;s k,h †f.a by<g we° tk ødjkh
hkak ó<Û m˙Éf√ofha isg fidhd n,uq' jd;h yd ñY%j msgù hhs' fuhu wms idudkH „ú;fha° m%fhdackhg
.kakd wjia:djla ó<Ûg ksoiqkg .ksuq'
ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk
 fudagr® r: oekqu-04     fudagr® r: ldìhqfr®®gr

jd; Odrdj ;=,u th yudhdfï m%fõ.h ksid ˙la;hla we;s jQjd

fia tka‚ul bka,Ü ueksf*da,avhg we° tk jd; Odrdj ;=,
øj jd; ñY%Kh
jd; fmdïmh ˙la;hla ksr®udKh lr.kafka flfiao@ thg we;s tlu úl,am
ms<shu fjkapQ˙hhs'
pxpqj ■ fjkapQ˙ ls%hdld˙;ajh
fuu igyk u.ska
øjh fjkapQ˙hla (Venturi) hkq
l=ulaoehs jgyd.; yel'
tkï fjkapQ˙hla hkq jd;
iafm%a .ka tlla u.ska jd; øj ñY%Khla ilik whqre jd;h Odrdjla .,dhk k,hl l=vd
ldìhqfr®gr ls%hdj,sh i|yd fmg%,a øjh fmg%,a jdIamh l< fldgils' fuh yryd
njg m;alr .ekqug;a ta iuÛu fmg%,a jdIamh jd;h iuÛZ ñY% fjkap˙
Q h jd;h .,d hdfï° tu jd;
lr .ekqug;a we;s ;j;a udr®.hla i|yd ksoiqkla fuys olajd Odrdjg idfmaCI f,i fuu
we;' ;Ska; mska;drefõ° iy lDñkdYl jeks øj biskj, fhdod fjkapQ˙hla ;=, ˙la;hla we;sjk
whqre isyska l< fldgi ;=, jd;
.kakd iafm%a .ka tllska is≥jkafkao øjhla jd;h iuÛ b;d l=vd Odrdfõ fõ.h jeä ùfuka jeä ˙la;hla we;sfõ' f.a– mdGdxl
wxY= f,iska ñY% lr .ekquhs' fuys° ;Ska; ;ekam;aj we;af;a u.ska th olajd we;' iafm%a .ka tll jqjo tys pxpqj wi,
gexlsh my< iSudfõ jk w;r tys isg l=vd k,hla pxpqjla f,iska ˙la;hla we;s jQfha ta wi,ska .,dhk jd; Odrdfõ fõ.h jeäùu
by<g meñK ;sfnhs' fmdïmh u.ska iïmSvk jd;h ;†ka yud ksidh' ta wdldrhgu fuu isyska l, fldgi ;=, jd;fha fõ.h
hdfï° pxpqj fl,jr wjg ˙la;hla we;sj mSvkh wvqfjhs' tu jeäùu ksid ˙la;hla we;sfjhs' fuf,i we;sfjk ˙la;h weiq˙ka
˙la;h u.ska pxpq k,h †f.a øjh by<g weo .kakd w;r tu tu jd; Odrdjg fmg%,a tla ls¯ug yels ksr®udKhla my; igyk
øjh fyda ;Ska; pxpqj fl<j˙ka yudhk jd;h yd l+vd wxY= f,iska u.ska olajd ;sfí'
fuys olajd we;af;ao
ñY%j jd; øj ñY%Khla f,iska msgfjhs'
fjkapQ˙ ksr®udKhls' tfy;a
by; l%uh fhdod tka‚ulg wjYH fmg%,a jd; ñY%Kh fjkapQ˙h
jd; fuh ;=,ska ldìhqfr®grhla
ieliSug WmlrKhla ksr®udKh l< yels kuq;a fuys° tla
.egΩjla mek k.shs' tkï by; iafm%a .ka tfla is≥jQfha msg;g Odrdj ksru
® dKh ls¯u i|yd wjYH
lreKq /ilau wkdjrKh
;oska yudhk jd; Odrdjlg pxpqjla yryd øjh ñY% ls¯uhs'
lr.; yelsfjhs' uq,skau
tka‚ul tjka msg;g ú†k jd; Odrdjla we;sfjkafka msgdr k,fha øjh
wms fuh fjkapQ˙hla f,i
tkï ihs,kairfhah' tfy;a ldìhqfr®grh iúl, hq;af;a bka,Ü
ie,l=jfyd;a k,fha jeäu
ueksf*da,aâ lggh' fuu bka,Ü ueksf*da,avfha we;sfjkafka
C ˙la;hla we;sjkafka tys
msg;g ú†k jd; Odrdjla fkdj we;=,g weo .kakd jd; Odrdjls' A B
isyskal, tkï fjkapQ˙
iafm%a .ka tll is≥jk msg;g ú†k jd; Odrdjlg øjhla ñY% fjkapQ˙ ˙la;hla u.ska øjhla
weo.; yels whqre fldgfia ° nj fmka k q ï
lrùfï ls%hdj,sh tka‚ul we;=,g weo.kakd jd; Odrdjlska bgq flfrhs' ukao øj l| jeäu Wila by<g we° f.dia we;af;a
lr.kafka flfiao@ fjkapQ˙ fldgig iïnkaO fuu B k,fha neúks'
by; u;=jqkq .egΩjg ms<shu flfia fyda tka‚ug weo by; ksr®udKhu ldìhqfr®grhla njg m˙jr®;kh lr
.kakd jd; Odrdjg idfmaCI f,i ˙la;hla we;s lr tu.ska fmg%,a .ekqug we;s yelshdjo fuu ksoiqfkkau jgyd.; yelsfjhs' ta
weo .ekSug ie,eiaùuhs' ñY%Kh ilid .ekqug tu ˙la;h i|yd fuu fjkapQ˙ k,h tka‚fï bka,Ü ueksf*da,avhg iïnkaO
we;súh hq;af;ao tu jd; Odrdj ;=,uh' fuf,i iafm%a .ka tll úh hq;= w;r tka‚ug weo.kakd jd;h tu fjkapQ˙ k,h ;=,ska
ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk
 fudagr® ldr®ñl oekqu -04 
 
 fudagr® r: ldìhqfr®®gr
.,d hd hq;=h' túg B Ndckhg øjhla f,i mqrjd we;af;a fmg%,a
hhs is;=j fyd;a tka‚u mk.ekaùug l%Ekala ls¯fï° igyk whqre
jd;h tka‚ug weo .ekSfï° fjkapQ˙h wi, we;sjk ˙la;h u.ska
øjh fjkqjg fmg%,a" k,h †f.a by<g weo.kq ,efnhs' fuys°
k,fha wvla olajd fmg%,a by<g meñK we;af;a tu k,fha
úYalïNh jeä fyhsks' fï wdldrhgu B k,h isyskaj .; fyd;a
fmg%,a by<gu meñK fjkapQ˙h ;=,g ksoyiaj jd;h iuÛZ
ñY%ùu is≥fjhs' tu ñY%Kh is,skavr ;=,g .,dhdfuka tka‚uo
mk.ekafjhs' wms fuu woyi jvd;a ir,j jgyd.; yels f,ig
Ñ;%hg k.d .ksuq'
fmg%,a jd; ñY%Kh
jd;h
isyska k,h
fmg%,a
fjkapQ˙ l%uh yryd fmg%,a jd; ñY%Kh ielish yels whqre
fmr ksoiqkg .;a fjkapQ˙ k,hu ldìhqfr®grhla njg
m;a lr.ekqug .;a W;aidyhla fuys olajd we;' fuys° fjkapQ˙
k,h yryd jd; Odrdjla .uka lrùug i,iajd fjkapQ˙hg
my;ska ;ekam;a lr we;s l=vd fmg%,a Ndckhl isg isyska k,hla
fjkapQ˙hg iïnkaO lr we;' k,h isyska ksid fjkapQ˙fha we;sjk
l=vd ˙la;hl° jqjo igyk whqre th ;=,ska fmg%,a by<gu we°
ú;a jd;h iuÛZ ñY%ùu is≥fjhs'
by; ksr®udKh ;=,ska wmg ldìhqfr®grhl tla
wjYH;djhla bgq lr.; yelsh' tkï øj fmg%,a jdIam njg m;a
lr .ekqu iy th jd;h iuÛZ ñY% lr .ekquhs' ta wkqj fuu
k,h tka‚ul bka,Ü ueksf*da,avhg iúlr.;a úg tka‚u
mk.ekaùug yelsúh hq;=h'
ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk
jd;h
fmg%,a
fjkapQ˙ l%uh u.ska ldìhqfr®grhla ksr®udKh ls¯u
fuys olajd we;af;a fuhg fmr wm ie,iqïl< fjkapQ˙
k,h ldìhqfr®grhla f,iska tka‚ulg iú ls¯ug .;a W;aidyhls'
fï i|yd fhdod f.k we;af;a isõ myr ls%hdld˙;ajfhka hq;a ;ks
is,skavr tka‚uls' ldìhqfr®grh yer jE,aõ ghsñka iy b.aksIka
ghsñka hk wjYH;d ish,a, fuys wx.iïmQr®Kj bgq lr we;ehs
is;kak'
wm úiska ie<iqï lr.;a fuu tka‚ug fmg%,a jd;
ñY%Kh ,nd °ug tkï ldìhqfr®gr ls%hdld˙;ajh ,nd°ug fuys°
uq,skau lr we;af;a tka‚fï bka,Ü ueksf*da,avhg jd;h .,d hk
udr®.fha tla ;ekla isyska lr fjkapQ˙hla idod tka‚ug weo
.kakd jd; Odrdjg idfmaCI jQ ˙la;hla ilid .ekquhs' fojkqj
fjkapQ˙hg my<ska isák f,i fmg%,a n∫kla ;nd tys isg l=vd
k,hla fjkapQ˙fha ˙la; m%foaYh f;la by<g f.k we;' oeka
tka‚u ls%hdlrk úg fjkapQ˙h yryd tka‚ug jd;h weo .kakd
w;r tys° fjkapQ˙h ;=, we;sjk ˙la;h u.ska fmg%,a by<g weo
tu jd;hg ñY% lr wjYH ñY%Kh ieliSu is≥ fjhs' fuf,i wmg
tka‚u mk .ekaúh yel'
ldìhqfr®grhla hhs mejish yels b;d ir, ksr®udKhla
oeka wms ksr®udKh lr we;af;uq' fuys° tka‚u mk.ekajqko th
fï wdldrfhka fldfy;au Odjkh jk r:hlg fh†h fkdyel'
ksoiqkla f,i fuf,i újD; Ndckhl ;nk ,o fmg%,a
iaj,amhlska tka‚ula mk.kajd úkdählaj;a ;eìh fkdyels w;r
ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk
 fudagr® r: oekqu-04 
 
 fudagr® r: ldìhqfr®®gr

th wk;=reodhlo fõ' ksoiqkla f,iska tu fodaIhg muKla wm úiska fjkapQ˙hla

ms<shula f,i fuu ksr®udKh kùlrKh lr tys b;s˙ fodaI i|yd fmg%,a
jd;h weiq˙ka ksr®udKh l, ir,
ms<shï fhdok whqre fojkqj ie,iqï lr .ksuq' ldìhqfr®gr ksujqfï we;=,;a
■ ldìhqfr®gr ksru
® dKfha uQ,l
s ie,iqu jQ tla fodaIhla fuu igyfkka
bj;a lr we;' tkï fuu A
fmg%,a fmdïmfha isg igyfka fmg%,a tl;= lr
fjkap˙
Q h (A) .ekq u g l= v d fÉïnrhla
ksr®udKh lr we;s w;r
fmg%,a bms,a, fmdïmhlska thg fmg%,a fmdïm
jd;h
lrkq ,efí' fÉïnrfha fmg%,a
wm úiska ie,iqï l, fmg%,a jd;h uÜgu ks;ru tlu w.hlska
fmr ksr®udKhu uola kùlrKh mj;ajd .ekqug tys l=vd
lr fuys olajd we;' jeä bv *af,dagrhla tkï bms,a,la
m%udKhla jeh fkdjk f,ig fuys iúlr tu.ska fmg%,a msreKq
fjkap˙Q h iDcqj iúlr we;s w;r tka‚ug miq udr®.h jid oeóug i<iajd
fmg%,a ,nd°ug l=vd ixjD; fÉïnrhla we;' fÉïnrh by<ska l=vd
fhdod we;' thg fmdïmhlska fmg%,a (B)
is≥rla wjg jd;hg újD; lr
,nd°ug i,iajd ;sfnhs' neÆ ne,aug we;s w;r bka n,dfmdfrd;a;=
fuys fodaI /ila .eíj we;s w;r fuys ldìhqfr®grhg bms,s moaO;shla
fh°u jkafka fjkapQ˙fha ˙la;hg
uq,a jgfha° ms<shï fh°ug bka m%Odk fmg%,a weo .ekSu i|yd fuu fÉïnrhg wjYH jdhqf.da,Sh
fodaI lsysmhla muKla f;dard .ksuq' mSvkh ,nd°uhs' ó<Ûg fmg%,a fÉïnrfha isg l=vd k,hla
1'by; ksr®udKfha fmg%,a fÉïnrhg imhk fjkapQ˙h uOHhg f.k we;' fuu B igyk whqre fuu
fmg%,a Odrdj fÉïnrfha kshñ; m%udKhg fjkapQ˙h yryd tka‚ug jd;h .,d hdfï° fjkapQ˙h ;=,
msreKq jydu k;r úh hq;= w;r fÉïnrfha we;sfjk ˙la;h u.ska fmg%,a by<g weo tu jd; Odrdjg tl;=
fmg%,a wvqjk úg muKla th kej; újD; ù fmg%,a jd; ñY%Kh ielfia'
fjñka kshñ; uÜgu mj;ajd.; hq;=h' fuhg fmr msgqfjka wmf.a ldìhqfr®gr ksr®udKfha
2' tka‚ulg wjYH jkafka 14:1 wkqmd;h wdikakhg ilia jqkq wka;r®.; fodaI 3 la u;=lr.;a w;r bka tla fodaIhla thg bms,s
jd; fmg%,a ñY%Khls' tfy;a by; ksr®udKfha th md,khg l%uhla moaO;shla fh°u;a iuÛ bj;aúh' fuys° tka‚u mk.ekaúh yels
fkdue;' ta i|ydo ms<shula fh†h hq;=h' jqj;a fmg%,a ñY%%K wkqmd;h md,kh fkdfjhs' ta fuys fojk
fodaIhhs' fÉïnrh isg fjkapQ˙hg iïnkaOjk k,h fyda tys
3' fuu tka‚u mk.ekajqk úg th Wm¯u fõ.fhka fr®ia jkq we;' tla;ekla l=vd ls¯fuka fuu ñY%K wkqmd;h iSud l, yelsh' ta
tka‚ug imhk fmg%,a jd; ñY%Kh md,kh lrñka ˙h≥reg wjYH weiq˙ka wmg tu fojk fodaIhg ms<shula fh†h yel' fuys
whqre fõ.h fjkia lrñka th mj;ajdf.k hdug l%uhlao fh†h f;jk fodaIh f,i olajk ,oafoa tka‚ka fõ. md,khhs' fjkapQ˙h
hq;=h' yryd .,dhk jd; Odrdj md,kh ls¯ug Wml%uhla fh°fuka
thgo ms<shula fh†h yel' ó<ÛZ igyfkka fuu ms<shï folu
wms uq,skau by;ska olajd we;s fodaI ;=k i|yd ms<shï tljr fhdod fuu ir, ldìhqfr®grh u.ska tka‚ula tl †.gu
fhdod bka miq kej; tys b;s˙j we;s fodaI fj; fhduq fjuq' ls%hdlrùug yels f,i ksr®udKh lr ;sfí'
ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk
 fudagr® ldr®ñl oekqu -04 
 
 fudagr® r: ldìhqfr®®gr
jd;h
fmg%,a jd;h
fjkap˙
Q h
fmg%,a fcÜ
.Eia mev,h f;%dg,a jE,ajh
f;%dg,a jE,ajh u.ska tka‚ka fõ.h md,kh ls¯u
tka‚ka fõ.h iy ñY%K wkqmd;h md,kh i|yd by;
igyfkka tljru ms<shï fhdod we;' tka‚ka fõ.h md,kh
ls¯ug fuys lr we;af;a f;%dg,a jE,ajhla iúlr ˙h≥re mhg
th md,kh ls¯ug ie<eiaùuhs' tu.ska tka‚ug weo .kakd fmg%,a
jd; ñY%K m%udKh md,kh ls¯fuka tka‚ka fõ.ho md,kh fjhs'
fuys fmg%,a md,kh i|yd lr we;af;a kshñ; wkqmd;hg fmg%,a
,efnk f,i l=vd is≥rla k,fha uq, iú ls¯uhs' fcÜ tlla
hkqfjka th ye¢kafjhs' tu fcÜ is≥r ilid we;af;a 14:1
wkqmd;hg jd; fmg%,a ñY%Kh ielfik wdldrhgh'
by; ksr®udKh u.ska idr®:l f,i tka‚u ls%hdlrùug
yelsfõhhs wmg ±kg is;sh yel' tfy;a tys ;j ≥rg;a iqΩ iqΩ
wvqmdvqlï /ila b;s˙j ;sfnhs' ta w;=˙ka úYd,;u fodaIh jkafka
kshñ; ñY%K wkqmd;h ,efnk f,i fuys fcÜ is≥r wms idudkH
tka‚ka fõ.hg i˙,k f,i ieliqj fyd;a tka‚ka by< fõ.fha°
we;sfjk m%n, ˙la;h hgf;a ñY%Kh b;d ireù tka‚ka
ls%hdld˙;ajh wvd, ùu;a tka‚ka my< fõ.fha° ñY%Kh b;d
nd,ùfuka tka‚u k;r ùu;a is≥ùuhs' ta wkqj fuys by<
fõ.fha° ñY%Kh b;d ireùu;a my< fõ.fha° ñY%Kh b;d
≥r®j, ùu;a je<elaùug fjka fjkaj ms<shï fh†h hq;=fjhs' fï
i|yd ms<shï fh°ug fmr wms fuu fodaI we;sfjk wdldrh
wjfndaO lr.; hq;=h' fjkapQ˙ ls%hdld˙;ajh hgf;a we;sfjk fuu
fodaI wjfndaO lr .ekqug wmg kej;;a fjkapQ˙hl ˙la;h
we;sfjk wdldrh jvd;a .eUq˙ka wOHhkh l,hq;= fjhs'
ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk
■ fjkapQ˙hl ˙la;h we;sjk whqre
(A)
(B)
fjkapQ˙hl ˙la;h we;sfjk wdldrh
ldìhqfr®gr ksr®udK fyd¢ka wjfndaO lr.; yels
jkafka fjkapQ˙hl ˙la;hla we;sfjk nj fkdj th we;sjkafka
flfiao hkak wjfndaO lr.;aúgh' by; igyka fol weiq˙ka
fjkapq˙hl ˙la;h we;sjk wdldrh myiqfjka jgyd.; yelsh'
.,dhk jd; Odrdjl fõ.hg idfmaCIj tu jd; Odrdj ;=,
mSvkh wvqùu idudkH is≥ùuls' ta wkqj by; A k,fha jïmiska
we;=,ajk jd; Odrdj ol=Kq miska ta whq˙kau msgfjk neúka k,h
;=, iEu ;eklu jd; Odrdfõ we;af;a tlu fõ.hls' tkï ta iEu
;eklu we;af;a tlu mSvkhls' iúlr we;s jelshqï f.a– ;=fkau
mdGdxl iudk neúka th jgyd.; yelsh'
by; B igyfka olajd we;af;ao A k,hu kuq;a tys
uOHh isyska lr fjkapQ˙hla f,i ilid we;' ta wkqj tu
fldgfia° .,k jd; Odrdjg ndOdjlaa we;sfjhs' fuys° tu ndOdj
uevf.k jïmiska we;=,ajk jd; Odrdj ta whq˙kau tu fõ.fhkau
ol=Kq miska msgùug kï fuu fjkapQ˙ fldgfia° jd; Odrdfõ
.,k fõ.h wksjdr®hfhkau jeäúh hq;=h' tf,i .,k fõ.h
jeäjk úg tys mSvkho wju fjhs' f.a– mdGdxl u.ska th olajd
we;' fjkapQ˙hl wvq mSvkhla tkï ˙la;hla we;sjkafka fï
wdldrhgh'
ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk
 fudagr® r: oekqu-04 
 
 fudagr® r: ldìhqfr®®gr

fldgi ;=, wvq mSvkhla we;s jkafkao ke;' tfukau fuu

fjkapQ˙h yryd .,k jd; Odrdj jeäjk úg fuu ˙la;h jeä
ùuo l%udKql+,j fkdj b;d iS.% jeäùula f,iska is≥fjhs' ksoiqkla
f,i fï ;=,ska jd; Odrdj .,d hk úg fjkapQ˙fha we;sjQ
˙la;h kï tu jd; Odrdj fo.=K jQ úg fjkapQ˙ ˙la;h
fo.=Khla tkï 2 fkdj th 3 fyda 4 jkq we;'

C
A B
fjkapQ˙hl ˙la;h we;sfjk wdldrh i|yd ksoiqkla
fjkapQ˙ ˙la;h we;sfjk wdldrh ir, ksoiqkla u.skao
b;d fyd¢ka jgyd.; yelsh' ta i|yd fuu fjkapQ˙ fldgi
ñksiqka .uka lrk hï udr®.hl mgq jQ ia:dkhla f,i wr .ksuq'
fuys jd;h ±laùug olajd we;s tla fr®Ldjla ñksiqka 10
fofkl=hhs is;kak' túg igyk whqre jï miska ñksiqka ye;a;E
fofkl= ^fuys we;af;a fr®Ld 7 ls& we;=Ωjk w;r ol=Kq miskao
tu .Kku msg;g meñfKhs' tfy;a fuu ñksiqka udr®.h ;=,
tlu fõ.fhka weúo f.k ths kï C fldgfia we;s udr®. ndOlh
f;%dg,a jE,ajh u.ska tka‚ka fõ.h md,kh ls¯u
ksid ol=Kq miska ñksiqka 70 la tljr msg;g tkafka ke;' tfia
±ka wms y∫kd.;a fuu fjkapQ˙ uQ, Or®uh hgf;a wm
taug kï C tkï mgq fldgfia° muKla fï ñksiqka weúo f.k
ksr®udKh l, by; ldìhqfr®grfha we;s jQ fodaIh wjfndaO lr
fkdj †jf.k wd hq;=h' tjf.au tu iSudj miq jQ miq kej;;a
.ekqug W;aidy .ksuq' tkï fuu igyk whqre k,h ;=,ska .,d
†ùu k;r lr fmr m˙† weúo wd hq;=h' ±ka wms kej;;a fuh
hkafka l=vd jd; Odrdjla kï thg fjkapQ˙h ;=,skao ndOdjlska
fjkapQ˙hla f,ig .;a úg fï wdldrhgu jd;h tlu m%udKhla
f;drj .,dhd yels ksid tys° .,k fõ.fha jeäùula we;s
we;=Ωù tu m%udKhu tljr msgùug kï fuu fjkapQ˙ fldgi
fkdfjhs' ta wkqj mSvk wvqùula tkï ˙la;hlao we;s fkdfjhs'
;=,° tu jd;fha .uka fõ.h jeä úh hq;=h' fuf,i jd; Odrdfõ
wmf.a ldìhqfr®gr ksr®udKfha° wvq tka‚ka fõ.fha° tka‚u k;r
fõ.h jeä jQ úg tkï th m%fõ.hlg ,la jQ úg ta ;=, we;s
jQfha fuf,i fjkapQ˙ ˙la;h ≥r®j, ùu ksid fmg%,a weo .ekSug
mSvkho wvqùu is≥úh hq;=h' tkï ˙la;h we;súh hq;=h'
wmyiq jQ neúks'
by; ksoiqk ;=,skau fjkapQ˙ ˙la;hl yeis¯u ms<sn|j fjkapQ˙ k,hla yryd .,k jd; Odrdj jeäjk úg thg
ldìhqfr®gr l%uh wOHhkhg jeo.;a jQ hula ;j≥rg;a jgyd.; fjkapQ˙fhka we;slrk ndOdjo b;d jeäfjhs' th uev.ekqug tys
yels fjhs' tkï by; ksoiqfkau ñksiqka 70 laa fjkqjg jï miska .,k fõ.ho iS.%fhka jeäù fjkapQ˙h ;=, mSvkho b;d wvqfjhs'
we;=ΩjQfha ñksiqka oifofkl= hhs is;kak' túg ta oifokd ol=Kq fuf,i we;sjk fnfyúka jeä jQ ˙la;h ksid fmg%,a jeä jYfhka
fl<j˙ka tljr msg;g taug kï C ^fjkapQ˙h& iSudfõ° †úh weo .ekqfuka wmf.a ldìhqfr®gr ksr®udKfha tka‚ka jeä
hq;=o@ ke;' thg fya;=j Tjqka weúo wd fõ.fhkau wmyiqjlska fõ.fha° ñY%Kh b;d irej tka‚u k;rùu mjd is≥jqk's ±ka fuu
f;drj ±ka tu mgq fldgi ;=,skao hd yels neúks' ta wkqj jd;h fodaI fol fyd¢ka wjfndaO lr.;a ksid tajdg ms<shï fh°ug
jqjo fuu fjkapQ˙h yryd .,d hkafka wvq Odrdjla kï th W;aidy .ksuq' fuys° tka‚ka by< fõ.fha° ñY%Kh jvd;a ireùu
fjkapQ˙h ;=,° m%fõ.hlg ,la fkdjk w;r ta fya;=fjka fjkapQ˙ je<elaùug uq,skau ms<shï fhdouq'
ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk
 fudagr® ldr®ñl oekqu -04     fudagr® r: ldìhqfr®®gr

■ by< tka‚ka fõ.fha° ñY%Kh jvd;a tys° we;sjk wêl ˙la;h hgf;a fmg%,a md,kh wmyiqùu jeks
ireùu je<elaùu fodaI we;sfjhs' fï wkqj tka‚ka wvq fõ.h i|yd fjkapQ˙ l%uh
fuys A igyfkka
fldfy;au fhdod .; fkdyels w;r tys° fjkapQ˙h iïmQrK ® fhkau
olajd we;af;a tka‚ka by<
thdr® í,Svrh jd;h wu;l lr fjk;a udr®.hla fidhd.; hq;=fjhs'
fõ.fha° ñY%Kh b;d ireùu
fjkapQ˙ l%uh u.ska uOH iy by< fõ. j,g wjYH
je<elaaùug fh†h yels tla
fmg%,a ,nd≥kako tys° we;a;jYfhkau is≥jQfha wm úiska
ms<shuls' ta i|yd lr we;af;a
fjkapQ˙hla fhdod lD;Su f,i we;sl, ˙la;hla fhdod fmg%,a weo
fmg%,a fmg%,a fÉïnrfha isg fjkap˙
Q h
(A) .ekSuls' fjkapQ˙ l%ufhka fkdyels jqj;a fjk;a wdldrhlg fyda
olajd we;s udr®.h w;r u.g
fuf,i ˙la;hla we;s lr .ekSug yels kï wmg ta yryd whsâ,
thdr® fcÜ
;j;a wu;r fcÜ tlla tkï
fõ.hg wjYH fmg%,a ñY%Kh ilialr †h yelsh' fuu wvq
í,Svrhla jd;h weo .ekSug
fõ.fha° tkï whsâ, fõ.fha° fjkapQ˙fha m%udKj;a ˙la;hla
yels f,i fh°uhs' ±ka fjkap˙Q
we;s fkdjqko tys° bka,Ü ueksf*da,avfha tkï f;%dg,a jE,ajhg
˙la;h u.ska fmg%,a weo
my<ska b;d wvq mSvkhla tkï m%n, ˙la;hla we;sj we;s nj wms
.ekSfï° fmg%,a j,g wu;rj
oksuq' thg fya;=j tka‚u ls%hdls¯fï°u f;%dg,a jE,ajh jid
hï jd; m%udKhlao fuh
bka,Ü ueksf*da,avhg we;=Ωjk jd;h iSudlr ;sîuhs' wmg tu
fïka fcÜ yryd weo .efkhs' tfukau
˙la;h fmg%,a ñY%Kh ieliSug Ndú;d l, yelsh' ta weiq˙ka ilia
fuys fjkapQ˙ ˙la;h jeäjk
l, yels whsâ, fõ. m˙m:hla my; igykg we;=,;a lr we;'
(B) úg fmg%,a j,g jvd jd;h
th fldf;la ≥rg idr®:l±hs fidhd n,uq'
weo .ekSu is≥fjhs' fï wkqj
˙la;h jeäùfuka ñY%Kh ire whsâ, m˙m:h
fïka fcÜ m˙m:hg thdr® whsâ, thdr® fcÜ
fcÜ tlla iúa ls¯u ùu je<efla'
fuys B igyfkka olajd we;af;a wmf.a ldìhqfr®gr
ksr®udKfha by< fõ.fha° ñY%Kh b;d ireùu je<elaùug fmr
igyfka i|yka thdr® í,Svr® l%uh fhdod we;s whqrehs' ta i|yd
fmg%,a fïka fcÜ tlg miq thdr® fcÜ tlla fhdod we;' fuf,i
thdr® fcÜ tlla fh°fuka tka‚ka by< fõ.fha° ñY%Kh b;d
ireùu j<lsk w;ru jd;h yd ñY%ùfuka fmg%,a ñY%Kho l=vd
wxY= j,g ì£ oykh myiq lrjhs' fmg%,a
whsâ, fcÜ
■ wvq fõ.fha° ñY%Kh jvd;a nd, ùu i|yd ñlair® fldkafg%d,
a a
ms<shï fh°u
fjkapQ˙hla ;=, .,dhk jd; Odrdj jeäjk úg tys whsâ, fõ.h i|yd m˙m:hla ksr®udKh l<yels
whqre
we;sjk ˙la;ho iS.%fhka by< hkjdfiau ta yryd .,k jd; f;%dg,a jE,ajh jeiQ miq whsâ, fõ.hg wjYH fmg%,a
Odrdj wvqjk úg we;sjk ˙la;ho iS.%fhka wvq ù hk whqre wms ,nd°ug fuu whsâ, m˙m:h ksr®udKh lr we;af;a tys° bka,Ü
ksoiqka u.ska wjfndaO lr .;suq' fï wkqj tka‚ka wvq fõ.fha° ueksf*da,avfha we;sfjk m%n, ˙la;h Wmldrhg .ekSfuks' tkï
.,dhk wvq jd; Odrdj hgf;a fjkapQ˙ l%uh u.ska ˙la;hla we;s fuys° m%Odk fÉïnrfha isg fcÜ tlg fmr fyda miqj fjku fcÜ
ls¯ug kï fjkapQ˙h b;d l=vd l, hq;= w;r tys° tka‚ka jeä tlla iys; fmg%,a ud._hla f.k th f;%dg,a jE,ajh jeiqkq miq
fõ.fha° tka‚ug wjYH jd; m%udKh ,nd °ug fkdyels ùu iy thg my<ska bka,Ü ueksf*da,aâ ˙la;hg újD; jk f,i ilid
ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk
 fudagr® r: oekqu-04 
 
 fudagr® r: ldìhqfr®®gr
;sfnhs' túg f;%dg,a jE,ajh jeiSu;a iu.u tkï whsâ,
fõ.fha° we;sjk ˙la;h u.ska ta yryd fmg%,a weo .ekSu is≥fjhs'
fuys°o fmg%,a weo .ekSu jeäùu je<elaùug;a th b;d ishqï
wxY= f,i jd;h yd ñY% ls¯ug;a fjku thdr® fcÜ tlla iúlr
;sfnhs' thg wu;rj ñY%K wkqmd;h iSreudre ls¯ug wu;r
ial=remamq weKhla iúlr we;s w;r th ñlair® fldkafg%da,a weKh
f,i igyfka olajd ;sfnhs'
by; olajd we;s whsâ, m˙m:hgo thdr® fcÜ tlla
wksjdr®hfhkau iúúh hq;=h' thg fya;=j r:h ´jr®rka jkúg
tkï m,a,ul Odjkh ls¯u jeks wjia:djl frdao u.ska tka‚u
fõ.fhka lrljk úg bka,Ü ueksf*da,aâ ˙la;h whsâ, fõ.fha°
;snQ ˙la;hg jvd b;d ;†ka by< hk neúka ta hgf;a úYd,
fmg%,a m%udKhla kslrefka tka‚ug we° hd yels neúks' thg
ms<shula f,i igyk whqre whsâ, thdr® fcÜ tlla fh°h yels
w;r tu.ska is≥ jkafka fuhg fmr wm wOHhkh l, wdldrhg
˙la;h jeäjk úg fmg%,a j,g jvd jd;h weo .ekSfuka ñY%Kh
nd, ls¯uhs'
■ whsâ, iy m%Odk m˙m: fÉka– ´jr® ùu
jd;h whsâ,a m˙m:h
fïka fcÜ
(A) m˙m:h
(B)
f;%dg,a jE,ajh A. whsâ, fõ.h
B. jeä fõ.h
whsâ, $fïka fcÜ m˙m: fÉka– ´jr® ùu
ldìhqfr®grhl m%Odk fcÜ m˙m:h iy whsâ, fcÜ
m˙m:h ksr®udKh l, miq lsis úfgl;a fuu m˙m: fol tljr
ls%hd;aul fkdúh hq;=h' ukao tfia jqjfyd;a ñY%Kh b;d irej
tka‚ka ls%hdld˙;ajh wlS%h lrjk neúks' tfy;a tu ;;ajh lsis
úfgl;a we;s fkdjk w;r fuu moaO;s udreùu ke;akï fÉka–
´jr® ùu iajhxlS%h f,iu is≥fjhs' th jgyd °ug fuys olajd
we;af;a fmr igyfkkau fldgils' fuys A igyfkka fjkalr
ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk
olajd we;af;a tka‚fï whsâ, wjia:dj jk w;r tys° tka‚ug
weo .kakd wvq jd; Odrdj u.ska fjkapQ˙ ˙la;h wju ùfuka fïka
fcÜ m˙m:h yryd fmg%,a weo .ekSula is≥fkdfõ' tfy;a fuh
whsâ, wjia:dj neúka tys° ueksf*da,aâ ˙la;h jeä ksid
ueksf*da,avhg újD; whsâ, m˙m:fhka fmg%,a weo .ekSu is≥fõ'
by; wdldrhg whsâ, fõ.fha mj;sk tka‚ul f;%dg,a fodr jeä
fõ.h i|yd újD; ls¯u;a iuÛ whsâ, m˙m:h wlS%h ù fïka
fcÜ m˙m:h ls%hd;aul úh hq;=h' th iajhxlS%h f,i is≥jk whqre
ó<Ûg fidhd n,uq'
by; B igyk whqre f;%dg,a fodr újD; jQ úg
ueksf*da,aâ ˙la;h wvqjk w;r tys° uq,skau whsâ, m˙m:h
k;rfõ' ta iu.u fjkapQ˙h yryd .,k jd; Odrdj jeä fyhska
fjkapQ˙ ˙la;h jeäù fïka fcÜ m˙m:fhka fmg%,a weo .ekqu
is≥fõ' fï wdldrhg f;%dg,a fodr újD; lrk úg whsâ,
m˙m:fhka fïka fcÜ m˙m:hg;a" f;%dg,a fodr jik úg fïka
fcÜ m˙m:fhka whsâ, m˙m:hg;a udreùu iajhxlS%h f,i is≥fõ'
flfia kuq≥ fuys° tla fodaIhla we;súh yelsh' tkï whsâ,
fõ.fha isg tljr welai,fr®grh ;olrk úg fuu fÉka– ´jr®
ùu mudù tka‚ka ls%hdld˙;ajh ≥j_, ùu fyda fndfydaúg tka‚u
k;r ùug we;s yelshdjhs' ta i|ydo ms<shula fuu ldìhqfr®gr
moaO;shg tl;= lruq'
■ CI◊l ;ajrKh i|yd fmg%,a ,nd°u
wm woyila f,i ksr®udKh l, ldìhqfr®grhg fï jk
úg whsâ, fõ. iy jeä fõ.h i|yd fndfyda ≥rg idr®:l jQ
m˙m: folla tlaj we;' thska tka‚fï whsâ, wjia:dfõ°
ueksf*da,avfha we;s ;o ˙la;h u.ska tka‚ug fmg%,a weo .ekSu
is≥jkafka whsâ, fõ. m˙m:fhks' fuys° fïka fcÜ m˙m:h
iïmQr®Kfhkau wlS%hj we;af;a weo.kakd jd; m%udKh wvq ksid
fjkapQ˙ ˙la;h we;s fkdjk neúks' fï w;r fuu whsâ, fõ.
wjia:dfõ° bka,Ü ueksf*da,aâ l=yr m˙udjo iïmQr®Kfhkau
˙la; gexlshla njg m;aj ;sfnhs' ta wkqj fuu ˙la;h msrùug
welai,fr®grh ;o lrk úg újD; jQ f;%dg,a jE,ajh yryd
uq,skau úYd, jd; Odrdjla tljr we;=Ω fjhs' fuf,i úYd, jd;
m%udKhla tljr we;=Ωùu;a iu. thg i˙,k fmg%,a m%udKho
iemhsh hq;=h' tfy;a is≥ jkafka wkslls' tkï fuf,i jd;h
we;=Ωùu;a iu. ueksf*da,aâ ˙la;h wfydais ùfuka whsâ, fõ.
ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk
 fudagr® ldr®ñl oekqu -04 
 
 fudagr® r: ldìhqfr®®gr

fmg%,a iemhquo iïmQr®Kfhkau k;rùuhs' ta wkqj fuys° we;=ΩjQ fmg%,a mSvkh ls¯fï° kej; fmg%,a wdmiq fÉïnrhg .,dhdu
úYd, jd; Odrdjg fmg%,a tlaùu is≥úh hq;af;a fjkapQ˙ ˙la;h je<elaùugh' by<ska jka fõ jE,ajhla fhdod we;af;a th fkdue;s
u.ska fïka fcÜ tl yrydh' tfy;a f;%dg,a fodr tljr mE.Su;a kï fmdïmfha pQIK myfr®° by<ska jd;h we° ˙la;h we;sùu
iuÛ CI◊lj we;=,ajk fuu jeä jd; Odrdj u.ska fuu fjkapQ¯ is≥ fkdjk neúks'
˙la;h we;s ls¯ug;a tu ˙la;h u.ska fïka fcÜ tl yryd fmg%,a Ndú;fha we;s ldìhqfr®grhla wdNdIhg fkdf.k
weo .ekqug;a hï ld,hla .;jk w;r fuu ld,h ;=, tka‚ug wmf.au woyia u; oeka wms ldìhqfr®grhla ksmojd we;af;uq'
.,d.sh úYd, jd; Odrdjg whsâ, fõ. m˙m:fhka fyda fïka fcÜ fudagr® r: ksIamdolhska úiska ldìhqfr®grh ksr®udKh ls¯fï°o
m˙m:fhka fmg%,a fkd,eîu ksid ñY%Kh iïmQr®Kfhkau nd, ù fuu wvqmdvq fï f,iu Tjqkgo we;sjkakg we;' tys° tajdg Tjqka
tka‚u k;rùu mjd is≥úh yelsh' fuhgo hï ms<shula fh†h úiska fhdok ,o ms<shï iy kùlrK fudkjdo hkak wjfndaO
hq;= w;r my; ±lafjkafka ta i|yd fhdod .; yels ksr®udKhls' lr .ekqug Ndú;fha we;s ldìhqfr®grhl ksr®udKh Tjqkaf.a
igyka lsysmhla ;=,ska fidhd n,uq'
fuys olaj
a d we;af;a fudagr®
jkafõ jE,ajh -1 *af,dagrh r:j, fhfok ldìhqfr®grhl
o, igykla jk w;r fjkapQ˙
fjkap˙
Q h lsh
% dld˙;ajh hgf;a fmg%,a jd;
ñY%Kh ilid.; yels f,i
mïma th ksr®udKh lr we;' ñY%K
wkqmd;h ilid .ekqug fuyso
óg˙ka fcÜ tlla yryd fmg%,a
jkafõ jE,ajh - 2 ,nd° we;' fÉïnrfha fmg%,a
óg˙ka fcÜ uÜgu ksh;j ;nd .ekqug
*a f ,da g rhla tkï bms , s
moaO;shla fuyso fhdod we;'
fïka fcÜ m˙m:h
CI◊l ;ajrK moaO;shla ksr®udKh l<yels whqre
welai,fr®grh tljr mE.Sfï° ñY%Kh nd, ù tka‚u fjkapQ˙ ls%hdld˙;ajh
k;rùu je<elaùug fh†h yelss ms<shula fuys oelafõ' ta i|yd hgf;a fmg%,a jd; ñY%Kh
welai,fr®grh ;olrk wjia:dfõ° muKla w;sfr®l fmdïmhla thdr® fcÜ ilik úg tka‚ka wvq fõ.fha°
fhdod fudfyd;lg iqΩ fmg%,a m%udKhla fjkapQ˙h wi,g ú°ug ñY%Kh b;d nd, jk nj;a
fuys i<iajd we;' ta wkqj welai,fr®grh tljr mE.Sfï° tka‚ka by< fõ.fha° ñY%Kh
tka‚ug .,dhk úYd, jd; m%udKhg wjYH fmg%,a m%udKho wjYHjdg jvd b;d ire jk
läkñka ,nd°u fuu.ska is≥fjhs' fï i|yd jkafõ jE,aõ folla nj;a wms wOHhkh lf,uq'
fh†h hq;= w;r msiagkh miq mig .uka ls¯fï° th u.ska fmr igyfka ta i|yd ms<shï
we;sfjk ˙la;h ksid by< jkafõ jE,ajh jeiS my< jE,ajh fhdod fkd;snqkq w;r fuu
újD;j fmg%,a weo .ekqu is≥fjhs' welai,fr®grh tljr óg˙ka fcÜ igyfkka tys by< fõ.fha°
mE.Sfï° fuf,i mqrjd .;a fmg%,a mSvkh ù my< jkafõ jE,ajh ñY%Kh b;d ireùu je<elaùug
jeiS hk w;r by< jE,ajh újD;j tu fmg%,a fjkapQ˙hg ú°u fïka fcÜ m˙m:h i|yd thdr® muKla ms<shï fhdod we;' ta
fcÜ tlla fh°u i|yd lr we;af;a wmf.a
is≥fõ' fuhg my<ska jkafõ jE,ajhla fhdod we;af;a weo.;a
ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk
 fudagr® r: oekqu-04 
 
 fudagr® r: ldìhqfr®®gr
ksr®udKfha° l< wdldrhgu fïka fcÜ m˙m:hg thdr® fcÜ tlla
fhdod ñY%Kh iuÛ jd; nqnqΩo tlaùug ie<eiaùuhs' ta wkqj
tka‚ka by< fõ.fha° b;d jeäjk fjkapQ˙ ˙la;h hgf;a ñY%Kh
jvd;a ireùu j<lajd we;'
fudagr® r: i|yd
thdr® fcÜ
Ndú;djk fjkapQ˙ iys;
*af,dagrh iEu ldíhqfr®grhlu mdfya
fïka fcÜ m˙m:hla Ndú;d
jk nj;a tys° tka‚ka
by< fõ.fha° md,khlska
f;drj is≥jk ñY%Kh
ireùu je<elaùug fïka
fmg%,a fcÜ tl iuÛ thdr® fcÜ
óg˙ka fcÜ tllao fhdod .kakd nj;a
fmkajd °ug fuu igyka
thdr® fcÜ fol u.ska ;j;a
ldìhqfr®gr jr®. foll
óg˙ka fcÜ ie,iqu olajd we;' fuu
fmg%,a
igyka foflau fïka fcÜ
m˙m:h ksru ® dKhj we;af;a
tlu wdldrhg nj;a tu
ie,iqu wm ksr®udKh l,
fïka fcÜ m˙m:hgo
iïmQrK® fhkau iudk nj;a
fuys° fmkS hkq we;'
fjkapQ˙h iys; fïka fcÜ m˙m:
■ ldìhqfr®grhg whsâ, fõ. m˙m:hla tlals¯u
wmf.a ldìhqfr®gr ksr®udKfha° tka‚ka wvq fõ.h
i|yd fïka fcÜ m˙m:fhka fmg%,a ,nd°u wmyiq jQfha tys°
fjkapQ˙h yryd .,k jd;h wvqù ˙la;ho wju jQ neúks' ta i|yd
bka,Ü ueksf*da,aâ ˙la;h Wmldrhg f.k fjku whsâ,ska fõ.
m˙m:hla ksr®udKh ls¯ug is≥jqks' fï w;r Ndú;fha we;s
ldìhqfr®gr i|ydo fujeks whsâ, fõ. m˙m:hla wksjdr®hfhkau
iúl, hq;= fjhs' ukao fuys°o tka‚ka wvq fõ.fha° fjkapQ˙
˙la;h ≥r®j, ùu;a tys° fïka fcÜ m˙m:fhka fmg%,a weo
.ekSu;a wmyiqjk neúks' ksIamdolhska úiska fï i|yd fhdok
,o whsâ, fõ. m˙m:h ms<sn|j ó<Ûg fidhd n,uq'
ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk
*af,dagr®
thdr® fcÜ
mefia–
whsâ, fcÜ
ñlair® ialDD fïka fcÜ
ldìhqfr®grhl whsâ, fõ. m˙m:h ksr®udKhj we;s whqre
fuys olajd we;af;a tka‚ka whsâ, fõ.h i|yd fmg%,a
,nd°ug Ndú;fha we;s ldìhqfr®gr j, fhdod we;s fmg%,a
m˙m:hhs' fuys°o f;%dg,a jE,ajhg my<ska we;s bka,Ü
ueksf*da,aâ ˙la;h m%fhdackhg f.k we;s w;r tu.ska tka‚fï
whsâ, fõ.hg wjYH fmg%,a ,nd°ug fjku whsâ, fõ.
m˙m:hla ksr®udKh lr we;' wms wmf.a ksr®udKhgo whsâ,
fõ.h i|yd wjYH fmg%,a ,nd°ug ie,eiajQfha fï wdldrhgu
fhdod .;a whsâ, fõ. m˙m:hlska nj fuys° fmkS hkq we;'
wmf.a ksr®udKhg jvd fuys hï hï fjkialï lr we;s w;r
ta ms<sn|jo miqj úia;r flfrkq we;'
■ CI◊l ;ajrK moaO;sh
ldìhqfr®grhl whsâ, fõ.fha isg jeä fõ.h i|yd
tljr welai,fr®grh md.k úg jeä jd; Odrdjla tljr tka‚ug
we;=,ajk whqre iy tys° whsâ, m˙m:h jeiShdu;a iuÛ fïka
fcÜ m˙m:h újD;ùug is≥jk mudj ksid ñY%Kh ≥r®j, ù
tka‚u k;r ùu mjd is≥úh yels nj wms oksuq' wmf.a ldìhqfr®gr
ksr®udKfha° fï i|yd ms<shï fhdokq ,enqfõ tu wjia:djg
muKla fmg%,a iaj,amhla fjkapQ˙hg fmdïm ls¯ug CI◊l
;ajrK moaO;shla tl;= ls¯fuks' Ndú;fha we;s ldìhqfr®grj,
ta i|yd lr we;s ksr®udKh ó<Ûg wjfndaO lr .ksuq'
ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk
 fudagr® ldr®ñl oekqu -04 
 
 fudagr® r: ldìhqfr®®gr

kùk ldìhqfr®gr fj;

ksr®udKd;aul f,iskau
ta wkqj ñka b†˙hgo
a jegfykq we;'
folu tl iudk nj
® dK
ks r ® u dKh fuh yd
wmf.a ldìhq f r® g r
ldìhqfr®gr igykls'
fmd;lska Wmqgd.;a ir,
we;a f ;a ks i dka w;a
fuys ola j d
fmg%,a iemhqu

ii|k úg fuu ksru

fhduq fjuq'
vh*%ï mïma

fyd|sku
fnda,a jE,aõ-2

fmg%,a
fnda,a jE,aõ-1

kSâ,a jE,aõ
welai,fr®gr ,Sjrh

welai,fr®gr mïma
ldìhqfr®grhl whsâ, fõ. m˙m:h ksr®udKhj we;s whqre
fuys olajd we;af;a fudagr® r: ldìhqfr®grhl CI◊l
;ajrK (S dden accelera ion) moaO;shhs' fï i|yd vh*%ï

kSâ,a jE,aõ
fmdïmhla fhdod f.k we;s w;r welai,fr®grh ;o lrk iEu
wjia:djlu tys vh*%ï tl tkï m%dÖrh welai,fr®grhg

fïka fcÜ
*af,dagrh
iïnkaO ,Sjrhla yryd yelsf,k w;r welai,fr®grh ksoyia
lrk úg fmdïmh ;=, we;s ≥kak u.ska yelsΩkq m%dÖrho kej;

whsâ,ska fõ. m˙m:h

ksoyia flfr®'
fï wdldrhg m%dÖrh b†˙hg hdfï° th ;=, mqrjd.;a
fmg%,a mSvkh ù igyfka olajd we;s whqre fjkapQ˙h wi,g ú†kq
,efnhs' fuys°o fnda,a jE,aõ folla jkafõ jE,aõ f,i ls%hdlrk
w;r wxl 1 fnda, jE,ajh u.ska fmdïmh ≥kak u.ska ksoyia
ùfï° th ;=,g fmg%,a .,d taug bv i,ihs' tys° wxl fol fnda,
jE,ajh jeiS mj;shs' wxl 2 fnda, jE,ajh fhdod we;af;a fuf,i
fmdïmh u.ska fmg%,a weo .ekSfï° ta yryd jd;h weo .ekSu
je<elaùughs' tfia jqjfyd;a fmg%,a weo.eksu is≥ fkdfjhs'
fmdïmh mSvkh ùfï° wxl 1 fnda, jE,ajh u.ska tu fmg%,a kej;
fÉïnrhg .uka ls¯u j<lajd th mSvkhg ,la lrkq ,nhs' túg
tu mSvkh u.ska wxl 2 fnda, jE,ajh újD; lr fmg%,a ú°u
is≥fjhs' wm ksr®udKh l, welai,fr®gr fmdïmhgo fuf,i

ñlair® áhqí

f;%dg,a jE,aõ
jkafõ jE,aõ folla fhdod fuu ls%hdld˙;ajh ,nd°ug is≥jQ whqre

fpdala mshk
Tng u;l we;' fuu welai,fr®gr fmdïmh wdldr lsysmhlgu
ksr®udKh jk w;r ta ms<sn|j b†˙fha° úia;r flfrkq we;'

ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk

 fudagr® r: oekqu-04     fudagr® r: ldìhqfr®®gr

fuu m˙Éf√oh uq,a fldgi ;=,ska Ndú;fha we;s

ldìhqfr®gr ms<sn|j lsis wjOdkhla fhduq fkdlr wms wfmau
oekqñka fudagr® r: tka‚ulg ldìhqfr®grhla ksr®udKh ls¯ug
W;aidy .;suq' fuu ksr®udKfhaoS wmsg ;dCI◊l .egΩ /ila
u;=jq w;r th idr®:l lr .ekqug wu;r moaO;s iy kùlrK
lsysmhlau thg tlal, hq;= úh' fuf,i wfmau oekqñka
oaú;aj fjkapQ˙ ner,a iys; ldìhqfr®grhl ksr®udKh

ldìhqfr®grhla ie,iqï l, miq Ndú;fha we;s ldìhqfr®gr ie,iqï

lr we;s wdldrh ms<sn|jo uola fidhd ne¨fjuq' tys° wmg fmkS
.sfha Tjqkaf.a ksr®udKh yd wmf.a ksr®udKh tlu wdldrhg ksuù
we;s njhs'
by; W;aidyfha m%;sM,h l=ulao hkak oeka Tng jegyS
hd hq;=h' tkï Ndú;fha we;s ldìhqfr®grhla f.k tys
ls%hdld˙;ajh wOHhkh lrkjdg jvd fuu l%uh ;=,ska wms b;d
idr®:l f,i uq,sl ldìhqfr®grh y∫kd.;a njhs' ksoiqkla f,i
thdr® fcÜ tl .; fyd;a iïu; l%uh wkqj wm ±kqj;a jkafka
ldìhqfr®grhl fïka fcÜ m˙m:h ksj/†j ls%hd ls¯ug thdr®
fcÜ tlla fhdod we;s nj mu◊' tfy;a wm úiska wkq.ukh l,
ksr®udKd;aul wOHhkh hgf;a ldìhqfr®grhlg fuu thdr® fcÜ
tlla wjYH jkafka l=uk fodaIhla u. yerùugo" th fldf;la
≥rg idr®:lo hk lreKq /ila wkdjrKh fjhs'
fuu m˙Éf√oh ;=,ska wms idudkH ldìhqfr®grhla
wOHhkh l,;a wo th fuhg jvd fnfyúka kùlrKh ù ;sfnhs'
fuhg fmr msgqfõ tjeks ldìhqfr®gr ie,iqula olajd we;' fuu
kùlrK ieullau fhdod we;af;a tys wka;r®.; ieÛjqkq fodaI
j,g ms<shï f,isks' tfiakï ldìhqfr®gr l%u ksj/†j wOHhkh
l< yelafla uq,skau tu fodaI y∫kdf.k bkamiq ta i|yd fhdod
we;s kùlrK wOHhkhg .ekSfuks' ta i|yd wm fuys° ,nd.;a
meye†,s uq,sl oekqu b;d wjYHfjhs' ta wkqj ñka b†˙hg fuu
uQ,sl oekqu fhdod .ksñka Ndú;fha we;s ldìhqfr®gr j,
ls%hdld˙;ajhka wOHhkhg fhduq fjuq' fuys° uq,skau fudagr®
r:hl fmg%,a iemhqï moaO;sh wOHhkh lr isáuq'

ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk