Batch Leaching of NaCl-Sand Mixture with Water as Solvent

V.D.C. Aguilar, A.C.G Cabotaje, S.Y Naval, G.R Olvido

Chemical Engineering Department, Adamson University

Abstract: The different modes of extraction; single stage, cross current and
countercurrent were done in this experiment using the beaker scale extraction
operation. This experiment uses mainly of the sand, NaCl and water mixture
together with the series of laboratory beakers. The extractions were carried out at
different values of solvents for each case. The solutions are withdrawn off after
extraction process for the determination of density using westphal balance. The
density-concentration plot aids in the calculation of the amount of solute in the final
extract and raffinat for different cases.
The efficiencies were computed using the formula for extraction
efficiency. The obtained efficiencies showed that a large amount of solute was
removed from the solution. The cross current operation also showed a decreasing
pattern for the values of the efficiencies.

Introduction solid, the porous structure may break down

Leaching is concerned with the extraction of
a soluble constituent from a solid by means
of a solvent. The process may be used either
for the production of a concentrated solution
of a valuable solid material, or in order to
remove an insoluble solid, such as a pigment,
from a soluble material with which it is
contaminated. The method used for the
extraction is determined by the proportion of
soluble constituent present, its distribution
throughout the solid, the nature of the solid
and the particle size. If the solute is uniformly
dispersed in the solid, the material near the
surface will be dissolved first, leaving a
porous structure in the solid residue. The
solvent will then have to penetrate this outer
layer before it can reach further solute, and
the process will become progressively more
difficult and the extraction rate will fall. If the
solute forms a very high proportion of the
almost immediately to give a fine deposit of
insoluble residue, and access of solvent to the
solute will not be impeded. Generally, the
process can be considered in three parts: first
the change of phase of the solute as it
dissolves in the solvent, secondly its
diffusion through the solvent in the pores of
the solid to the outside of the particle, and
thirdly the transfer of the solute from the
solution in contact with the particles to the
main bulk of the solution. Any one of these
three processes may be responsible for
limiting the extraction rate, though the first
process usually occurs so rapidly that it has a
negligible effect on the overall rate.
Factors influencing the rate of extraction
The selection of the equipment for an
extraction process is influenced by the factors
which are responsible for limiting the
extraction rate. Thus, if the diffusion of the

1
solute through the porous structure of the
residual solids is the controlling factor, the
material should be of small size so that the
distance the solute has to travel is small. On
the other hand, if diffusion of the solute from
the surface of the particles to the bulk of the
solution is the controlling factor, a high
degree of agitation of the fluid is required.
There are four important factors to be
considered:
Particle size. Particle size influences the
extraction rate in a number of ways. The
smaller the size, the greater is the interfacial
area between the solid and liquid, and
therefore the higher is the rate of transfer of
material and the smaller is the distance the
solute must diffuse within the solid as already
indicated. On the other hand, the surface may
not be so effectively used with a very fine
material if circulation of the liquid is
impeded, and separation of the particles from
the liquid and drainage of the solid residue
are made more difficult. It is generally
desirable that the range of particle size should
be small so that each particle requires
approximately the same time for extraction
and, in particular, the production of a large
amount of fine material should be avoided as
this may wedge in the interstices of the larger
particles and impede the flow of the solvent.
Solvent. The liquid chosen should be a good
selective solvent and its viscosity should be
sufficiently low for it to circulate freely.
Generally, a relatively pure solvent will be
used initially, although as the extraction
proceeds the concentration of solute will
increase and the rate of extraction will
progressively decrease, first because the
concentration gradient will be reduced, and
2
secondly because the solution will generally
become more viscous.
Temperature. In most cases, the solubility of
the material which is being extracted will
increase with temperature to give a higher
rate of extraction. Further, the diffusion
coefficient will be expected to increase with
rise in temperature and this will also improve
the rate of extraction. In some cases, the
upper limit of temperature is determined by
secondary considerations, such as, for
example, the necessity to avoid enzyme
action during the extraction of sugar.
Agitation of the fluid. Agitation of the
solvent is important because this increases
the eddy diffusion and therefore the transfer
of material from the surface of the particles
to the bulk of the solution, as discussed in the
following section. Further, agitation of
suspensions of fine particles prevents
sedimentation and more effective use is made
of the interfacial surface.
Processes Involved in Leaching
Three distinct processes are usually involved
in leaching operations:
(a) Dissolving the soluble constituent.
(b) Separating the solution, so formed, from
the insoluble solid residue.
(c) Washing the solid residue in order to free
it of unwanted soluble matter or to obtain as
much of the soluble material as possible as
the product.
Leaching has in the past been carried out
mainly as a batch process although many
continuous plants have also been developed.
The type of equipment employed depends on
the nature of the solid —whether it is granular
or cellular and whether it is coarse or fine.
The normal distinction between coarse and
fine solids is that the former have sufficiently
large settling velocities for them to be readily
separable from the liquid, whereas the latter
can be maintained in suspension with the aid
of only a small amount of agitation.
The objectives of the experiment are to
compare single-stage, crosscurrent and
countercurrent beaker-scale extraction
operation and to calculate single-stage,
crosscurrent and countercurrent extraction
efficiencies.
Materials
7 pcs – 100mL beakers
NaCl
Water
Clean Dry Sand
12 pcs – 1L beakers
Westphal Balance
Experimental Procedure
(A) Construction of Density-
Concentration Plot for NaCl
solution
1. Using seven (7) 100 mL beakers,
weigh corresponding amout of NaCl
to make 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 25%
(by weight) salt dissolved in water.
2. Add clean dry sand equivalent to the
amount of water added.
3. Stir properly and measure the liquor
density of each using Westphal
Balance
4. Plot density (y-axis) against the
weight percent NaCl (x-axis).
3
(B) Preparation of the Fresh Feed
1. Weight 12 dry 1L beakers and label
as follows: I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII,
VIII, IX, X, XI, XII.
2. Place into each beaker the sand-salt
mixture pack. The pack contains 150g
sand; the amount salt is unknown.
3. Pour 150 mL of water into each
beaker and mix thoroughly.
4. Measure the liquor density of beaker
XII. This is the fresh feed liquor
density.
5. Determine the weight percent
composition of the fresh feed.
(C) Single-Stage Extraction Operation
1. Pour another 150 mL of water to
beaker I, 300mL to beaker II, and
600mL to beaker III.
2. Stir well and allow settling.
3. Decant the supernatant liquid from
each beaker with a volume equal to
that added in step C-1 into separate
containers.
4. Determine the densities of the liquors
in each beaker.
5. Convert densities to weight percent
salt using the density-concentration
plot.
6. Calculate the single-stage salt
extraction efficiencies.
(D) Multistage Crosscurrent Extraction
Operation
1. Prepare 600mL of water for each of
beakers IV, V, and VI. Add into
beaker IV the water into two 300mL
portions, in three 200mL portions to
 beaker V, and in four 150mL portions 7. Add Decant IX into beaker X, mix
to beaker VI (e.g. Pour 300mL of well, and then decant 600mL of
water into beaker IV, stir well and solution. Label this solution Decant
allow to settle; then, draw off 300mL XI again.
of the clear liquor into a separate 8. Add 600mL of water into Beaker X,
container. Add the next portion of mix well, and then decant 600mL of
water. Mix well, and then draw off solution. The measuring mixture is
300mL into another container.) the raffinate.
2. Determine the density and percent
weight of NaCl of the clear liquors. 9. Measure the density of the raffinate
solution and determine the wt%
composition.
(E) Steady-state Multistage
10. Add Decant X into beaker XI, mix
Countercurrent Extraction
well, and then decant 600mL of
Operation
solution. This solution is called the
1. Add 600mL of water into beaker VII, extract.
mix well, and then decant 600mL of 11. Measure the density of the extract and
solution. Label this solution Decant determine the weight percent
VII. composition.
2. Add 600 mL of water into beaker VII, 12. Calculate the salt extraction
mix well, and then decant 600mL of efficiency using two different
solution. Label this solution Decant formulas.
VIII.
3. Add Decant VII into beaker VIII, mix Results and Discussion
well, and then decant 600mL of
Density Weight % NaCl
solution. Label this solution Decant
VII again. 0.10 mg/L 0%
4. Add 600mL of water into beaker VIII,
mix well, and then decant 600mL of 0.25 mg/L 4%
solution. Label this solution Decant-
XI. 0.35 mg/L 8%
5. Add Decant VIII into beaker IX, mix 0.39 mg/L 12%
well, and then decant 600mL of
solution. Label this solution Decant 0.3925 mg/L 16%
VIII again.
6. Add 600mL of water into beaker IX, 0.435 mg/L 20%
mix well, and then decant 600mL of 0.65 mg/L 25%
solution. Label this solution Decant
X.

4
 A. Construction of Density-
Concentration Plot for NaCl
Solution

Weight % Composition vs. Density

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4
DENSITY

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30%
WEIGHT % COMPOSITION

hook holding the plummet, and the screw on

The graph showed that the weight %
composition and the density of the liquid
have a directly proportional relationship. The
density of the liquid is obtained by using the
westphal balance. Westphal Balance is used
to measure the specific gravity (or density) of
liquids.
The arm is first balanced with the
plummet totally immersed in water at 15.5
degrees C. The plummet has a built-in
thermometer and has a known volume (equal
to 5 grams of water at 15.5 degrees C) and
mass (15 gm). A 5 gm mass is placed on the
the foot is adjusted until the index pointer on
the end of the beam lines up with the point on
the frame. The plummet is then completely
immersed in the unknown liquid, and the
system is rebalanced, using a series of riders
on the nine equally paced notches on the
beam, thus giving the value of the added mass
for each decimal place. This gives the
buoyant force of the liquid relative to water,
and hence the specific gravity, which may be
obtained to four decimal places.

5
 B. Preparation of the Fresh Feed C. Single-Stage Extraction Operation

𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝑒𝑒𝑑
(8)(5𝑔) + 5(50𝑚𝑔) + 6(500𝑚𝑔) V2 V1
=
150 Beaker I
𝑔 L1 L2
= 0.2833
𝑚𝐿

L1: 150g sand, 17.12 g NaCl, 150 g H2O

Based on Density-Concentration plot,
concentration of NaCl in feed is 0.054 V1: 150 mL H2O

(8)(5𝑔) + 2(6)(500𝑚𝑔)
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑉2 =
150 𝑚𝐿
𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 𝑖𝑛 𝐹𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 0.054 𝑔
= 0.3067
𝑥 𝑔 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 𝑚𝐿
=
150 𝑔 𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 + 150 𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 + 𝑔 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙
𝑥 = 17.12 𝑔 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙
Baed on Density-Concentration plot,
concentration of NaCl in V2 is 0.062

The fresh feed is the contents of beaker XII.

The density of the fresh feed was measured 𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 𝑖𝑛 𝑉2 = 0.062
using the westphal balance. Since the density 𝑥
=
of the fresh feed is given, the concentration 150 + 𝑥
of NaCl in the feed can be read from the 𝑥 = 9.91 𝑔
Density-Concentration plot in letter A. Using 9.91 𝑔
this weight fraction, the amount of NaCl in 𝐸𝑥𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 𝑥 100
17.12 𝑔
the feed can be obtained, which is the
= 57.89%
unknown. Therefore, the amount of NaCl in
the fresh feed is 17.12 grams. This amount
will be also used for the calculations of
different extraction operations.
V2 V1
Beaker II
L1 L2

L1: 150 g sand, 17.12 g NaCl, 150 g H2O

V1: 300 mL H2O

6
 (8)(5𝑔) + (7)(5𝑔) 𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 𝑖𝑛 𝑉2 = 0.02
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑉2 = 𝑥
300𝑚𝐿 =
𝑔 600 + 𝑥
= 0.25
𝑚𝐿 𝑥 = 12.24 𝑔

12.24
𝐸𝑥𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 𝑥 100
17.12
Based on Density-Concentration plot,
= 71.50%
concentration of NaCl in V2 is 0.04

𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 𝑖𝑛 𝑉2 = 0.04 In beaker I, II and III single stage extraction

𝑥
= operation, the feed consists of sand, NaCl,
300 + 𝑥
𝑥 = 12.5 𝑔 and the solvent which is water. This feed was
contacted with 150 mL, 300mL and 600mL
12.5 𝑔 of water respectively for each beaker to
𝐸𝑥𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 𝑥 100
17.12𝑔 extract the salt from the solution. After
= 73.01% extraction, 150mL, 300mL, and 600mL of
the solution were removed from each beaker
respectively, and their liquor density were
measured using the westphal balance. The
V2 V1 liquor densities for each beaker were
150 g sand
measured as 0.3067 g/mL, 0.25g/mL, and
17.12g NaCl Beaker III
L1 L2 0.22 g/mL. The densities are decreasing from
150 g H2O
beaker I to beaker III due to the variation of
the amount of solvent added. These densities
were used to obtain the weight percent of
L1: 150 g sand, 17.12 g NaCl, 150 g H2O
NaCl using the density-concentration plot
V1: 600 mL H2O provided earlier. The obtained concentrations
were equated to the formula for getting the
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑉2 amount of NaCl in the extract. The amount of
2(9)(5𝑔) + 2(4)(5𝑔) + 2(500𝑚𝑔) NaCl in the extract were used for the
=
600 𝑚𝐿 calculation of extraction efficiencies. The
𝑔
= 0.22 extraction efficiencies were determined by
𝑚𝐿
using the formula,

𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
Based on Density-Concentration plot, 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡
concentration of NaCl in V2 is 0.02 = 𝑥 100%
𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑

7
 The extraction efficiencies obtained were
57.89%, 73.015% and 71.50% for beaker I, II
and III respectively. 𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 (𝑦)𝑖𝑛 𝐸2 = 0.018
𝑦
=
300 + 𝑦
𝑦 = 5.50 𝑔
D. Multistage Crosscurrent Extraction
Operation 𝐸𝑥𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
9.28 + 5.50
Beaker IV = 𝑥 100
17.12
300 g H2O 300 g H2O = 86.33%

150 g sand
17.12g NaCl
150 g H2O
E1 Beaker V
x g NaCl E2
y g NaCl
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐸1
(8)(5𝑔) + (5)(5𝑔) + (3)(500𝑚𝑔) + (7)(500𝑚𝑔) 200 g H2O 200 g H2O 200 g H2O
=
300 𝑚𝐿
𝑔
= 0.2393 150 g sand
𝑚𝐿
17.12g NaCl
150 g H2O
E1 E2 E3
Based on Density-Concentration plot, x g NaCl y g NaCl z g NaCl
concentration of NaCl in E1 is 0.03

(8)(5𝑔) + (2)(500𝑚𝑔)
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐸1 =
𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 (𝑥) 𝑖𝑛 𝐸1 = 0.03 200 𝑚𝐿
𝑔
𝑥 = 0.205
= 𝑚𝐿
300 + 𝑥
𝑥 = 9.28𝑔 Based on Density-Concentration plot,
concentration of NaCl in E1 is 0.018
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐸2
(7)(5𝑔) + (5)(5𝑔) + (2)(500𝑚𝑔) + (7)(500𝑚𝑔)
=
300 𝑚𝐿
𝑔 𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 (𝑥)𝑖𝑛 𝐸2
= 0.215
𝑚𝐿 𝑥
0.018 =
200 + 𝑥
𝑥 = 3.67𝑔
Based on Density-Concentration plot,
concentration of NaCl in E2 is 0.018

8
 (8)(5𝑔) + (1)(500𝑚𝑔) Beaker VI
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐸2 =
200 𝑚𝐿
𝑔
= 0.2025 150mL 150 mL 150 mL 150mL
𝑚𝐿
150 g sand
17.12g NaCl
150 g H2O
Based on Density-Concentration plot,
concentration of NaCl in E2 is 0.045
E1 E2 E3 E4
w x y z
(9)(5𝑔) + (1)(5𝑔)
𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 (𝑦)𝑖𝑛 𝐸2 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐸1 =
𝑦 150 𝑚𝐿
0.045 = 𝑔
200 + 𝑦 = 0.333
𝑚𝐿
𝑦 = 9.42

(7)(5𝑔) + (7)(500𝑚𝑔)
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐸3 = Based on Density-Concentration plot,
200𝑚𝐿
𝑔 concentration of NaCl (w) in E2 is 0.071
= 0.1925
𝑚𝐿

𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 (𝑤)𝑖𝑛 𝐸1

Based on Density-Concentration plot, 𝑤
concentration of NaCl in E3 is 0.008 0.071 =
150 + 2
𝑤 = 11.46 𝑔

(5)(5𝑔) + (1)(5𝑔)
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐸2 =
150 𝑚𝐿
𝑔
𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 (𝑧)𝑖𝑛 𝐸3 0.20
𝑧 𝑚𝐿
0.008 =
200 + 𝑧
𝑧 = 1.61 𝑔
Based in Density-Concentration plot,
𝐸𝑥𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 concentration of NaCl in E2 is 0.008
3.67 + 9.42 + 1.61
= 𝑥 100
17.12
= 85.89%
𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 (𝑥)𝑖𝑛 𝐸2
𝑥
0.008 =
150 + 𝑥
𝑥 = 1.21𝑔

(5)(5𝑔) + 9(500)
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐸3 =
150 𝑚𝐿

9
 𝑔 from the solution. The densities were then
= 0.1967
𝑚𝐿 measured using the westphal balance. The
corresponding amount of NaCl in the extract
Based on Density-Concentration plot, were calculated using the readings from the
concentration of NaCl in E3 is 0.004 density-concentration plot. As you can see in
the data, the values of efficiencies were
86.33%, 85.88% and 80.61%. These values
showed a decreasing pattern, and it means
𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 (𝑦)𝑖𝑛 𝐸3
𝑦 that the solute extracted for the first two
0.004 = stages has a higher value than that in the last
150 + 𝑦
stage. This is simply because, as extraction
𝑦 = 0.60 𝑔
proceeds, the solute being extracted
(5)(5𝑔) + (8)(500𝑚𝑔) decreases. The computation also showed that
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐸4 = extraction of the solute is highest at the 2nd
150 𝑚𝐿
= 0.1933 stage. This must be due to human and
instrumental error, because usually, the first
extract has the greatest value.
Based on Density-Concentration plot,
concentration of NaCl in E4 is 0.0035
E. Steady-state Multistage Counter-
current Extraction Operation
𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 (𝑥)𝑖𝑛 𝐸4
𝑧
0.0035 = Extract (E) 600 g H2O
150 + 𝑧 y g NaCl
𝑧 = 0.53 𝑔
150 g sand Raffinate (R)
𝐸𝑥𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 17.12g NaCl
11.46 + 1.21 + 0.60 + 0.53 x g NaCl
150 g H2O
= 𝑥 100
17.12
= 80.61%
Raffinate:

𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑎𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒
In crosscurrent extraction operation, the feed
(6)(5𝑔) + (9)(500𝑚𝑔)
containing the solute is contacted with the =
solvent for each extraction stage. The extracts 150 𝑚𝐿
𝑔
are collected separately at each stage. In this = 0.23
𝑚𝐿
case, in each stage, the feed was contacted
with 150 mL of water.

With the aid of beaker IV, V and VI, the Based on Density-Concentration plot,
extracts from each stage were withdrawn concentration of NaCl in R is 0.024

10
 counter-currently. The extract phase contains
the solute we desire to remove. In this case,
𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 (𝑥)𝑖𝑛 𝑅𝑎𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 series of decantation were performed to
𝑥
= 0.029 = finally get the extract and raffinate solutions.
150 + 𝑥
The raffinate solution contains less of the
𝑥 = 4.489
solute. The raffinate and extract solution’s
𝐸𝑥𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛 density were measured using the westphal
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 𝑖𝑛 𝑅𝑎𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 balance. The density-concentration plot in
(17.12 − 4.48) the letter A was read to get the corresponding
= 𝑥 100
17.12 concentration of NaCl in both extract and
= 73.83% raffinate phases. The amount of NaCl in
extract and raffinate was then calculated
using the concentration obtained.
Extract:
Using the formula for extraction efficiency,
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑥𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡 the extraction efficiency based on the extract
(2)(9)(5𝑔) + (2)(4)(5𝑔) + (1)(500𝑚𝑔) and raffinate was calculated. The extraction
= efficiencies are 73.83% and 67.87% for the
600 𝑚𝐿
𝑔 raffinate and extract respectively. These
= 0.2175
𝑚𝐿 values of efficiencies showed that the solute
was quite efficiently removed from the
solution. This experiment may be prone to
Based on Density-Concentration plot, human and instrumental errors but still, we
concentration of NaCl in E is 0.019 got good results by what the efficiencies
showed.

𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 (𝑦)𝑖𝑛 𝐸𝑥𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡

𝑦 Conclusion
0.019 =
600 + 𝑦
𝑦 = 11.62 𝑔 This experiment was successfully done with
the aid of laboratory beakers. In the industrial
𝐸𝑥𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛 processes, three modes of extraction are
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 𝑖𝑛 𝐸𝑥𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡 employed, namely: Single-stage, cross
11.62𝑔 current and countercurrent. The single-stage
= 𝑥 100
17.12𝑔 from the word itself consists of a first stage
= 67.87% that mixes the phases together. Cross current
extraction is done by contacting the feed with
the solvent in each stage. The extracts are
In the steady state multistage counter-current withdrawn off from each stage.
operation,the feed is contacted with the Countercurrent extraction comprises of
solvent passing through series of stages several stages wherein the final extract is

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withdrawn off at the final stage. In this
experiment we employed the use of beaker
scale extraction operation. Series of beakers
are used to separate the desired solute from
the solution. One must utilize the use of
beakers because they are used to transfer the
solution, decant and withdraw the extract.

The values of efficiencies computed were

satisfactory. This only showed that even
though this experiment is prone to human and
instrumental error, the extraction was quite
efficient. The efficiencies showed decreasing
pattern in cross current extraction.

References

 Coulson and Richardson’s Chemical

Engineering, Fifth Edition –
Particulate Teachnology and
Separation Processes
 https://www.vanderbilt.edu/leaching/
leaching-process/
 Separation Process Principles with
Mass Transfer Analysis – Philip
Wankat

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