Special Eurobarometer 467

Special Eurobarometer 467
Report
Future of Europe
Fieldwork
September - October 2017
Publication
December 2017
Survey requested by the European Commission,
Directorate-General for Communication and co-ordinated by the Directorate-
General for Communication
This document does not represent the point of view of the European Commission.
The interpretations and opinions contained in it are solely those of the authors.
Special Eurobarometer 467 – Wave EB88.1 – TNS opinion & social

Report
Future of Europe
Survey conducted by TNS political & social at the request of the European Commission,
Directorate-General for Communication
Survey co-ordinated by the European Commission, Directorate-General for Communication

(DG COMM “Media monitoring and analysis” Unit)
Project number 2017.7760
Project title Special Eurobarometer 467
“Future of Europe”
Report
Linguistic version EN
Catalogue number NA-07-17-173-EN-N
ISBN 978-92-79-77130-9
doi:10.2775/145126
© European Union, 2017
http://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 2
KEY FINDINGS 4
I. THE EUROPEAN UNION IN 2017 6
1 Europeans’ view of the EU 6
2 The EU’s main assets 10
3 The EU’s main challenges 18
4 The EU’s values 28
5 The EU and the world 42
a. Is the EU a place of stability in a troubled world? 42
b. Europeans and globalisation 46
c. The European economy vis-à-vis other large world economies 51
II. LIFE IN THE EUROPEAN UNION 59
1 Are Europeans happy? 59
a. Satisfaction with their family life 60
b. Satisfaction with their current occupation 63
c. Satisfaction with life in their country 67
d. Satisfaction with life in the European Union 71
2 How Europeans see other countries 76
3 Free-market economy and social protection 87
4 How citizens’ interests are taken into account in their country 89
5 The rise of anti-establishment parties 95
6 Does everyone have a chance to succeed in life? 101
7 How should change take place? 107
III. THE FUTURE OF EUROPE 109

1 Prospects for young Europeans 109
2 The EU vis-à-vis major global challenges: where should the emphasis lie? 121
3 What would be most helpful for the future of Europe? 127
4 Europeans’ expectations on social welfare systems 134
5 More or less EU decision-making? 140
6 The EU in 2030: citizens’ preferences for their society 151
a. Solidarity / Individualism 151
b. Work / Leisure 154
c. Order / Individual freedom 159
CONCLUSION 163
ANNEXES
Technical specifications
Questionnaire
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INTRODUCTION
This report presents the results of a Special Eurobarometer survey which was carried out between 23
September and 2 October 2017. Interviews took place in the 28 Member States of the European
Union. This is the seventh report in the “Future of Europe” series, and follows from previous surveys
in 20061, 20092 , 20113, 20124, 20145 and 20166. It presents a snapshot of the way Europeans
perceived the EU and its future direction.
This survey was conducted after that the European Commission released a White paper on the “Future
of Europe”7, setting out challenges and opportunities for Europe in the coming decade.
The first chapter of this report considers citizen’s views of the EU’s present circumstances, including
their opinions about the EU’s main assets, its values and its place in the world. Citizens’ views of the
main challenges facing the EU are also considered.
The second chapter focusses on life in the EU, and in particular, views about the economy, social
protection and citizen’s opportunities to succeed in life. Citizens’ levels of satisfaction with various
facets of their life will be considered, as will the views Europeans have about other countries, and the
rise of anti-establishment parties.
In the final chapter, the focus shifts to Europe’s future. A range of topics are covered, including the
emphasis for policy making, the prospects for young people in the Europe of the future, expectations
of social welfare systems, and the factors that would be most helpful for Europe’s future. Preferences
for European society in 2030 are also canvassed.

1
Special Eurobarometer 251:
http://ec.europa.eu/COMMFrontOffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/Survey/getSurveyDetail/instruments/SPECIAL/surveyKy/586/p/4
2
Standard Eurobarometer 71 Spring 2009 – Future of Europe report:
http://ec.europa.eu/COMMFrontOffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/Survey/getSurveyDetail/instruments/STANDARD/surveyKy/829
3
http://ec.europa.eu/COMMFrontOffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/Survey/getSurveyDetail/instruments/SPECIAL/surveyKy/1059/p/2
4
http://ec.europa.eu/COMMFrontOffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/Survey/getSurveyDetail/search/future/surveyKy/1070
5
http://ec.europa.eu/COMMFrontOffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/Survey/getSurveyDetail/instruments/SPECIAL/surveyKy/2038
6
http://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/Survey/getSurveyDetail/instruments/SPECIAL/surveyKy/2131
7
https://ec.europa.eu/commission/white-paper-future-europe-reflections-and-scenarios-eu27_en
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The methodology used is that of the Standard Eurobarometer surveys carried out by the Directorate-
General for Communication (“Media monitoring and analysis” Unit)8. It is the same for all countries
and territories covered in the survey. A technical note concerning the interviews conducted by the
member institutes of the TNS Opinion & Social network is annexed to this report. It also specifies the
confidence intervals9.
Note: In this report, countries are referred to by their official abbreviation. The abbreviations used in
this report correspond to:
Belgium BE Lithuania LT
Bulgaria BG Luxembourg LU
Czech Republic CZ Hungary HU
Denmark DK Malta MT
Germany DE The Netherlands NL
Estonia EE Austria AT
Ireland IE Poland PL
Greece EL Portugal PT
Spain ES Romania RO
France FR Slovenia SI
Croatia HR Slovakia SK
Italy IT Finland FI
Republic of Cyprus CY * Sweden SE
Latvia LV United Kingdom UK
European Union – weighted average for the 28 Member States EU28
* Cyprus as a whole is one of the 28 European Union Member States. However, the ‘acquis communautaire’ has
been suspended in the part of the country which is not controlled by the government of the Republic of Cyprus.
For practical reasons, only the interviews carried out in the part of the country controlled by the government of
the Republic of Cyprus are included in the ‘CY’ category and in the EU28 average.
We wish to thank the people throughout the European Union

who have given their time to take part in this survey.
Without their active participation, this study would not have been possible.

8
http://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion
9
The results tables are annexed. It should be noted that the total of the percentages indicated in the tables in this report may exceed
100% when the respondent was able to choose several answers to the same question.
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KEY FINDINGS
The European Union in today’s world

§ A large majority of respondents (75%) have a positive view of the European Union.
§ The EU's respect for democracy, human rights and the rule of law (31%), the economic,
industrial and trading power of the EU (30%), the good relationship between the EU's Member
States (25%) and the standard of living of EU citizens (22%) are considered to be the EU’s
main assets.
§ Respondents consider the main challenges facing the EU to be unemployment (39%), social
inequalities (36%), migration issues (34%) and terrorism and security issues (32%).
• Respondents are less likely to mention unemployment than they were in 2016 (-6 percentage
points).
§ More than four in ten say the EU best embodies peace or freedom of opinion (both 45%), while
43% say this about social equality and solidarity and 41% about tolerance and openness to
others.
§ Just over seven in ten (71%) respondents agree the European Union is a place of stability in a
troubled world.
§ Almost half (49%) agree globalisation threatens their country’s identity, and almost one in five
totally agrees (18%).
§ Respondents are most likely to think the European economy is performing better than the
Indian (40%) and Russian (38%) economies, but they are less optimistic vis-à-vis the American
(26%), Chinese (25%) and Japanese (23%) economies.
Life in the European Union

§ More than nine in ten respondents (91%) agree they are happy with their family life and 64%
are happy with their current occupation. Large majorities also agree they are happy living in
their country (89%) or in the EU (78%).
§ The majority of respondents have a positive view of France (74%), Germany (72%) or the
United Kingdom (64%). In contrast, 45% have a positive view of the United States, 32% have
a positive view of China, and 28% have a positive view of Russia.
• The proportion who have a positive view of the United States has declined by 16 percentage
points since 2016.
§ A large majority of respondents agree the free-market economy should go with a high level of
social protection (83%), with more than one third totally agreeing (38%).
§ Opinion is divided amongst respondents about whether the interests of people like them are
well taken into account by their country’s political system: 46% agree and 48% disagree.
However, respondents are more likely to agree than they were in 2016 (+5 percentage points).
§ Almost two thirds of respondents agree the rise of political parties protesting against the
traditional political elites in various European countries is a matter of concern (64%), with 24%
totally agreeing with this statement.
§ Just over half of all respondents agree that in their country everyone has a chance to succeed
in life (51%), an increase of five percentage points since 2016.

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§ More than six in ten respondents (62%) agree that important changes in society have to be
achieved little by little, even if this approach takes longer. Almost three in ten respondents
(29%) think that important changes can only be made in society by acting quickly, even if this
means sometimes being radical.
The future of Europe

§ A majority of respondents think the life of today’s children in the EU will be more difficult than
the life of those from their own generation (54%).
§ Two thirds of respondents agree the European Union project offers a future perspective for
Europe’s youth (66%), an increase of six percentage points since 2016.
§ To face major global challenges, 45% think social equality and solidarity should be emphasised,
35% say protecting the environment, 30% mention progress and innovation and 23% say free
trade/market economy should be emphasised.
§ The majority think comparable living standards would be most helpful for the future of Europe
(52%). More than one third mention comparable education standards (35%), while 24%
mention well-defined external borders of the EU.
§ More than six in ten respondents (64%) are in favour of the harmonisation of social welfare
systems within the European Union, with 19% saying they are strongly in favour.
§ The majority support more European level decision-making in a range of areas, and in particular
fighting terrorism (82%), promoting democracy and peace (77%), protecting the environment
(76%), dealing with migration issues from outside the EU (73%) or promoting equal treatment
of men and women (71%).
§ Respondents prefer a Europe in 2030 where more importance is placed on solidarity (62%)
than individualism (13%), while 18% prefer that both have equal importance.
§ Respondents prefer a Europe in 2030 where more importance is placed on work (47%) than
leisure (20%). More than one quarter (27%) prefer both have equal importance.
§ Opinion is divided as to whether Europe in 2030 should have more importance placed on order
(35%) or individual freedom (34%). One quarter of respondents (25%) prefer both have equal
importance.
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I. THE EUROPEAN UNION IN 2017
This chapter considers the opinions of and perceptions about the EU as it currently is, including its
assets, values and challenges. Views about the EU in relation to the rest of the world are also
discussed.
1 Europeans’ view of the EU
- Three quarters of Europeans have a positive view of the European Union -

A large majority of respondents (75%) have a positive view of the European Union, with 19% saying
their view is very positive10. One in five (20%) have a negative view, with 5% saying it is very negative.
The majority of respondents in each country has a positive view of the European Union, ranging from
91% in Lithuania, 89% in Denmark and 87% in the Netherlands to 58% in Greece (compared to a
minority of 44% vs. 54% in 2016) and the Czech Republic and 59% in the United Kingdom.

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QC5.1 As regards each of the following countries or group of countries, do you have a positive or a negative view about it? The European
Union.
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The socio-demographic analysis illustrates the following:

§ Respondents aged 15-39 are the most likely to have a positive view of the EU (79%),
particularly compared to those aged 55 and over (70%);
§ The longer a respondent remained in education, the more likely he or she is to have a positive
view of the EU: 83% who continued their studies until the age of 20 or later have a positive
view, compared to 61% who finished their studies at the age of 15 or before;
§ Managers and students (both 85%) are the most likely to have a positive view, particularly
compared to house persons (67%);
§ Respondents who experience the least financial difficulties are the most likely to have a positive
view, particularly compared to those who have difficulties paying bills most of the time (78%
vs. 60%);
§ Respondents who place themselves in the upper middle (86%) or upper class (85%) are the
most likely to have a positive view, particularly compared to those who consider belonging to
the working class (65%).
§ Perhaps not surprisingly, respondents who are happy living in the EU are more likely to hold a
positive view, compared to those who are not happy (86% vs. 33%).
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The following tables show the average results by socio-demographic criteria in the European Union
as a whole (EU28), in the six largest EU countries and in the countries that receive or have received
European aid to help them cope with the economic and financial crisis.
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2 The EU’s main assets
- The EU’s economic, industrial and trading power, and its respect for democracy, human
rights and the rule of law are still seen as its main assets -
Respondents were asked what they thought were the main assets of the EU. They were able to give
two answers11.
The chart below shows the overall results for all answers (first and second mentioned assets).
At least three in ten respondents mention the EU's respect for democracy, human rights and
the rule of law (31%) or the economic, industrial and trading power of the EU (30%). One
quarter say the good relationship between the EU's Member States (25%) is one of the main
assets of the EU, while 22% mention the standard of living of EU citizens.
Almost one in five (17%) say the EU's ability to promote peace and democracy outside its
borders is a main asset, while 12% mention the EU's capacity for research and innovation or
the quality of infrastructure in the EU. Just over one in ten (11%) mention the skills and
talents of EU citizens or the EU's commitment to environmental responsibility.
The results have generally remained stable, with only slight changes since 2016: respondents are
slightly less likely to mention the economic, industrial and trading power of the EU (-3 percentage
points), or the EU's respect for democracy, human rights and the rule of law (-2).
Respondents living in Member States outside the euro area are more likely to mention the standard
of living of EU citizens as a main asset, compared to those in the euro area (28% vs. 19%).

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QC1T In your opinion, what are the main assets of the EU? Firstly? And secondly?
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Focusing on the first asset mentioned, the analysis shows little differences in terms of the ranking of
assets compared to the overall results.
Almost one in five respondents say the EU's respect for democracy, human rights and the rule
of law (18%) or the economic, industrial and trading power of the EU (17%) are the main
asset of the EU. Over one in ten mention the good relationship between the EU's Member States
(13%) or the standard of living of EU citizens (12%). Less than one in ten mention the EU's
ability to promote peace and democracy outside its borders (8%). Other assets are mentioned
by one in twenty.
The chart illustrates few changes since the last survey in 2016. The largest is a two percentage point
decline in the proportion whose first mentioned asset is the economic, industrial and trading power
of the EU.
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Across the EU as a whole, there are eight Member States where respondents are most likely to say
the EU's respect for democracy, human rights and the rule of law is the main asset.
In seven Member States, respondents are most likely to mention the economic, industrial and trading
power of the EU, while respondents in a further seven are most likely to mention the standard of
living of EU citizens.
In four countries, the good relationship between the EU’s Member States is the most mentioned asset.
In Malta, respondents are equally likely to mention the EU's respect for democracy, human rights and
the rule of law and the standard of living of EU citizens, while in Bulgaria respondents are equally
likely to mention the good relationship between the EU’s Member States and the standard of living of
EU citizens.
At least half of all respondents in Sweden (55%), as well as 47% in Denmark and Germany say the
EU's respect for democracy, human rights and the rule of law is one of its main assets. At the other
end of the scale, 16% of respondents in Slovakia, 20% in Poland and 23% in Ireland say this is one
of the EU’s main assets.
Since 2016, respondents in Finland are now significantly less likely to say the EU's respect for
democracy, human rights and the rule of law is a main asset (39%, -11 percentage points).
Across the EU, respondents in the Netherlands (46%), Spain (39%), Estonia and Croatia (both 37%)
are the most likely to say the economic, industrial and trading power of the EU is one of its main
assets, while those in Cyprus, Malta (both 18%) and Greece (19%) are the least likely to mention this.
This is one of the three most mentioned assets in all but four EU Member States.
Respondents in Estonia, Bulgaria and Latvia (all 36%) are the most likely to say the good relationship
between the EU's Member States is one of its main assets. Respondents in the United Kingdom (18%),
Malta and Spain (both 19%) are the least likely to mention this.
Across the EU, respondents in Latvia (46%), Lithuania and Croatia (both 43%) are the most likely to
say the standard of living of EU citizens is one of its main assets. Respondents in Sweden (8%), Italy
(13%) and Greece (15%) are the least likely to mention this.
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Respondents in Germany (27%), Cyprus (24%), Lithuania and Sweden (both 22%) are the most likely
to say the EU's ability to promote peace and democracy outside its borders is one of its main assets.
This compares to 10% of respondents in Poland and 11% in Portugal and Estonia that say the same.
Germany, Cyprus and Greece are the only countries where this is one of the three most mentioned
assets of the EU (in third position in the three countries).
The EU's capacity for research and innovation is most likely to be considered a main asset by
respondents in Greece, Austria and Italy (all 17%) and least likely to be mentioned by respondents in
the Netherlands, Latvia (both 6%) and Denmark (8%).
Respondents in Poland (24%), Ireland (20%), Austria and Romania (both 18%) are the most likely to
say the quality of infrastructure in the EU is one of its main assets. Those in Sweden are the least
likely to mention this (5%).
The EU’s commitment to environmental responsibility is most likely to be mentioned as a main asset
by respondents in Sweden (25%), Denmark (21%) and Malta (20%), and least likely to be mentioned
by those in Lithuania and Estonia (both 5%). Malta and Sweden are the only countries where this is
one of the three most mentioned assets of the EU.
Respondents in Ireland (21%), Hungary (19%) and the United Kingdom (18%) are the most likely to
consider the skills and talents of EU citizens as one of its main assets. Those in the Netherlands (4%)
are the least likely to do so.

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3 The EU’s main challenges
- Respondents consider unemployment the main challenge faced by the EU -

Respondents were asked to identify up to three main challenges currently faced by the EU12. As it was
the case in 2016, unemployment is most likely to be regarded as the main challenge (39%),
although respondents are now less likely to mention it (-6 percentage points).
More than one third consider social inequalities (36%) and migration issues (34%) to be the main
challenges for the EU, while just over three in ten (32%) mention terrorism and security issues.
Just over one in five say the public debt of EU Member States is one of the EU’s main challenges
(22%), while 19% mention insufficient economic growth and 18% mention environmental
issues or the ageing of the EU’s population.
At least one in ten respondents say instability in the regions bordering the EU (12%), or
competition from emerging countries (10%) are the main challenges currently faced by the EU.
As well as a decline in the mentions of unemployment, respondents are also less likely to mention
the public debt of EU Member States than they were in 2016 (-4 percentage points). However, they
are more likely to mention environmental issues (+5).

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QC2 Which of the following do you think are the main challenges for the EU? (MAX. 3 ANSWERS)
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There are several notable differences between euro and non-euro area countries. Respondents in the
euro area are much more likely to say unemployment is one of the EU’s main challenges, compared
to those outside the euro area (44% vs. 28%). Those within the euro area are also more likely to say
social inequalities (39% vs. 29%) or the public debt of EU Member States (24% vs. 18%) are main
challenges for the EU. Insufficient economic growth is one of the six most mentioned challenges by
respondents in the euro area, but not those outside this area.
Respondents outside the euro area are more likely to mention migration issues (37% vs. 32%) or
terrorism and security issues (35% vs. 30%). The ageing of the EU’s population also ranks in the top
six for respondents outside the euro area.
Respondents in the euro area (-6 percentage points) and the non-euro area (-8) are less likely to
mention unemployment than they were in 2016. Those in the euro area are also less likely to mention
the public debt of EU Member States (-5).
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In 12 Member States, respondents are most likely to say unemployment is one of the main challenges
for the EU. In four countries, respondents are most likely to mention social inequalities. In six countries,
respondents are most likely to say migration issues are one of the main challenges for the EU, while
terrorism and security issues is the most mentioned challenge in three countries. In Austria
unemployment and migration issues are equally mentioned, while in Belgium unemployment and
social inequalities are ranked equal first. In Denmark, respondents are equally likely to mention social
inequalities and terrorism and security issues.
Respondents in Cyprus (66%), Greece (64%) and Spain (62%) are most likely to say unemployment
is one of the main challenges for the EU, compared to 19% in the Netherlands, 20% in the Czech
Republic and 21% in Denmark.
In 25 EU Member States, respondents are now less likely to consider unemployment as one of the
EU’s main challenges than they were in 2016, with a decrease of at least ten points in 12 countries,
and the largest declines observed amongst those in Poland (29%, -17 percentage points), Finland
(36%, -16), Slovakia (34%, -15). Respondents in Belgium and Romania, on the other hand, are now
more likely to mention this. There is no change in Malta.
Social inequalities are most widely considered a challenge by respondents in Portugal (54%), Germany
(50%), Latvia and Lithuania (both 47%), and least likely to be mentioned by those in Malta (16%),
Italy (22%) and the United Kingdom (24%).
In 14 countries, respondents are less likely to mention social inequalities, especially in Spain (40%,
-11 percentage points), while those in eight countries are now more likely to do so. There is no change
in six countries.
Migration issues are the most mentioned challenge by more than half of all respondents in Malta
(60%), the Czech Republic (54%) Estonia and Hungary (both 52%). Respondents in Portugal (13%),
Spain (14%) and Croatia (16%) are the least likely to consider migration issues as one of the main
challenges for the EU.
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Migration issues are now more likely to be mentioned by respondents in seven countries, especially
in Denmark (39%, +11 percentage points) and the Netherlands (38%, +10), but are less likely to be
mentioned by those in 20 countries. No change in Romania.
Respondents in Malta (48%), Finland (45%) and the Netherlands (43%) are the most likely to think
terrorism and security issues are one of the main challenges faced by the EU. Respondents in Romania
(18%), Slovakia, Greece and Austria (all 20%) are the least likely to mention this.
In 14 countries, respondents are now more likely to mention terrorism and security issues than they
were in 2016, while those in 13 countries are now less likely to do so, especially in Luxembourg (24%,
-11 percentage points). No change in the Czech Republic.
The public debt of EU Member States is most likely to be considered one of the EU’s main challenges
by respondents in Austria (37%), Germany (34%) and Greece (31%). This is least likely to be
mentioned by respondents in Lithuania (6%), Estonia (8%) and Latvia (9%).
In 23 EU Member States, respondents are now less likely to mention the public debt of EU Member
States, with the largest decline observed amongst those in Malta (12%, -11 percentage points). Slight
increases in Romania, Estonia and the UK, no change in Slovenia and Bulgaria.
Respondents in Greece (38%), Latvia (31%) and Spain (30%) are the most likely to think insufficient
economic growth is one of the EU’s main challenges. In contrast, 7% in Denmark, Sweden and the
Netherlands also consider this one of the EU’s main challenges.
In 19 countries, respondents are now less likely to mention insufficient economic growth, most notably
those in Finland (13%, -12 percentage points). They are slightly more likely to do so in four countries
and an unchanged part in five countries.
Environmental issues are most likely to be considered one of the EU’s main challenges by respondents
in Sweden (44%), the Netherlands (42%) and Denmark (30%), and this is one of the three most
mentioned challenges in each of these countries. In contrast, environmental issues are least likely to
be mentioned by those in Lithuania (6%), Greece (7%) and Portugal (8%).
In 25 countries, respondents are now more likely to mention environmental issues, and this is
particularly the case amongst those in the Netherlands (42%, +16), while they are less likely to do so
in Malta and the Czech Republic. No change in Croatia.
More than four in ten respondents in Estonia think the ageing of the EU’s population is one of its main
challenges (42%), 38% in Slovenia and 29% in Bulgaria think the same way. Estonia and Slovenia
are also the only country where this is one of the three most mentioned challenges for the EU (the
second most mentioned one in the two countries). Just 9% of respondents in Italy, 10% in Croatia
and 12% in Cyprus say the ageing of the EU’s population is one of the EU’s main challenges.
More than one in five respondents in the Netherlands, Denmark (both 28%), Sweden and Finland
(both 21%) say instability in the regions bordering the EU is one of the EU’s main challenges. Only
5% of respondents in Cyprus, 6% in Spain and 7% in Portugal think the same way.
16% of respondents in Austria, France, Italy and Greece say competition from emerging countries is
one of the EU’s main challenges. This compares to 3% in Latvia and 4% in Germany.
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The socio-demographic analysis shows no notable differences based on gender, age or

occupation, but does highlight the following:
§ The longer respondents remained in education, the more likely they are to mention social
inequalities, the public debt of EU Member States, environmental issues, instability in the
regions bordering the EU or competition from emerging countries, and the less likely they are
to mention unemployment. For example: 22% who completed education aged 20 and over
mention environmental issues, compared to 13% of those who completed education prior to
age 16. Respondents who completed their education aged 15 and before are the most likely to
mention unemployment (47%);
§ The more financial difficulties respondents experience, the more likely they are to mention
unemployment or insufficient economic growth, and the less likely they are to mention
environmental issues. For instance, 51% of those who have trouble paying their bills most of
the time mention unemployment, compared to 35% with the least financial difficulties;
§ Respondents who consider themselves working class are the most likely to mention
unemployment, particularly compared to those who classify themselves as upper class (45%
vs. 21%). Those in the upper class, on the other hand, are the most likely to mention migration
issues (47% vs. 31%-35% of other classes).
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4 The EU’s values
- Respondents are most likely to think the EU best embodies peace, and freedom of
opinion -
Respondents were asked if a range of values were best embodied by the EU, by other countries or by
both13. More than four in ten say the EU best embodies peace and freedom of opinion (both 45%),
while 43% say this about social equality and solidarity and 41% about tolerance and openness
to others. For each of these values, more than one third say they are best embodied by the EU and
other countries.
Almost four in ten (37%) say the EU best embodies respect for nature and the environment,
while 42% say both the EU and other countries in the world embody this value. Just over one third
(35%) say the EU best embodies respect for history and its lessons, while 44% say this about
both the EU and other countries.
For all of the above values a small proportion – around one in ten – say the value is best embodied
by other countries.
When it comes to progress and innovation just over one quarter (28%) say this is best embodied
by the EU, while 48% say the EU and other countries. More than one in ten (16%) think this value is
best embodied by other countries in the world.
Compared to 2016, respondents are less likely to say the EU alone best embodies each value, and
more likely to say it is best embodied by the EU and other countries. With the exception of progress
and innovation (-10 percentage points) there have only been small decreases (between -2 and -4
percentage points) in the proportions that think each value is best embodied by other countries. The
longer term trend shows that respondents are now less likely to think the EU best embodies each
value, compared to 2007. The declines are largest for peace and respect for nature and the
environment (both -12).

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QC4 For each of these values, please tell me if they are best embodied by the EU, by other countries (or groups of countries) in the world
or by both? Respect for nature and the environment; Social equality and solidarity; Peace; Progress and innovation; Freedom of opinion;
Tolerance and openness to others; Respect for history and its lessons.
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Respondents living in the euro area are more likely to think the EU best embodies each of the seven
values: peace (50% vs. 37% of those outside the euro area), freedom of opinion (50% vs. 36%), social
equality and solidarity (47% vs. 36%), tolerance and openness to others (45% vs. 34%), respect for
nature and the environment (40% vs. 32%), respect for history and its lessons (39% vs. 28%) and
progress and innovation (29% vs. 24%).

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There are 14 EU Member States where at least half the respondents think the EU best embodies
peace, with respondents in Finland (65%), Luxembourg (64%) and Slovenia (61%) the most likely to
think this way. This compares to 22% in the United Kingdom, 30% in Malta and 32% in Bulgaria.
Overall, there are 19 countries where respondents are most likely to say they EU best embodies
peace, and 9 countries where they are most likely to say this value is best embodied by both the EU
and other countries.
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Cyprus is the only country where respondents are now more likely to say the EU best embodies peace
than they were in 2016 (53%, +3 percentage points). In all other countries respondents are now less
likely to say this, with the largest declines observed amongst those in the United Kingdom (22%,
-23), Sweden (52%, -19) and Spain (51%, -16).
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In 17 countries, respondents are most likely to say the EU best embodies freedom of opinion, while
in 11 countries they are most likely to say this value is best embodied by the EU and other countries.
In ten Member States, more than half the respondents say the EU best embodies freedom of opinion,
with those in Finland (68%), Luxembourg (65%) and Denmark (62%) the most likely to think this way.
In contrast, 25% in Bulgaria, 26% in the United Kingdom and 30% in Malta say the same.
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Once again, Cyprus is the only country where respondents are now more likely to think the EU best
embodies freedom of opinion (54%, +6 percentage points). In 26 countries respondents are now less
likely to think this way than they were in 2016, most notably in the Netherlands (54%, -25), the
United Kingdom (26%, -22) and Sweden (59%, -19). This proportion remains unchanged in Italy.
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In 18 countries, respondents are most likely to say the EU best embodies social equalit y and
solidarit y, while in ten countries respondents are most likely to say this value is best embodied by
both the EU and other countries.
In ten Member States, at least half the respondents think the EU best embodies social equality and
solidarity. Respondents in Finland (69%), Luxembourg (64%) and Denmark (62%) are the most likely
to think this way, particularly compared to those in the United Kingdom (25%), Bulgaria (26%) and
Malta (29%).
Malta (58%) and the United Kingdom (54%) are the only countries where more than half say social
equality and solidarity is best embodied by both the EU and other countries. One in five in Croatia
(20%) say this value is best embodied by other countries.
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In all but two countries, respondents are now less likely to say the EU best embodies social equality
and solidarity, and this is particularly the case amongst respondents in the United Kingdom (25%,
-25 percentage points), the Netherlands (52%, -23) and Sweden (58%, -19). Cyprus (50%, +3) and
Greece (43%, +1) are the only countries where respondents are more likely to say social equality and
solidarity is best embodied by the EU.
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In 14 countries, respondents are most likely to say the EU best embodies tolerance and openness to
others. At least half of all respondents in Luxembourg, Finland (both 60%), Slovenia (57%), Germany
and Cyprus (both 50%) say the EU best embodies tolerance and openness to others. This compares
to 24% of respondents in the United Kingdom, 29% in Bulgaria and 31% in Malta. In 14 countries
including these three ones, the majority say the EU and other countries best embody this value.
At least one in five in Croatia (21%) and Romania (20%) say this value is best embodied by other
countries.
With the exception of Cyprus (50%, +2 percentage points) and Italy (37%, +1) respondents in all other
countries are less likely to say the EU best embodies tolerance and openness to others than they were
in 2016. This is particularly the case for respondents in the United Kingdom (24%, -27), the
Netherlands (45%, -15), Finland (60%, -14), Spain (48%, -14) and Sweden (47%, -14).
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In 14 countries, majorities of respondents are most likely to say the EU best embodies respect for
nature and the environment, while they say this is best embodied by the EU and other countries in 13
countries. In Latvia opinion is divided (both 40%).
Finland, Slovenia (both 57%) and Luxembourg (53%) are the only countries where at least half the
respondents think the EU best embodies respect for nature and the environment. At the other end of
the scale, 21% in the United Kingdom, 23% in Bulgaria and 26% in Malta say the same.
In eight countries, at least half of all respondents think respect for nature and the environment is best
embodied by both the EU and other countries: Malta and Bulgaria (both 59%), the United Kingdom
(57%), Lithuania (52%), Hungary (51%), Ireland, Greece and Italy (all 50%).
Respondents in the Netherlands (38%, -23 percentage points), Denmark (47%, -22) and Sweden
(47%, -20) are now much less likely to say the EU best embodies respect for nature and the
environment, and in 26 countries the proportion saying this has declined since 2016. This proportion
has slightly increased in Romania only, and it has remained unchanged in Italy.
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There are only seven countries where respondents are most likely to say the EU best embodies respect
for history and its lessons, while in 19 they are most likely to say the EU and other countries best
embody this value. Opinion is equally divided in Slovenia (both 41%) and Poland (both 40%).
Respondents in Cyprus (50%), Luxembourg (45%) and Finland, Spain and Belgium (all 43%) are the
most likely say the EU best embodies respect for history and its lessons. At the other end of the scale,
18% in the United Kingdom, 23% in Bulgaria and 25% in Malta think the same way.
In six countries, at least half of all respondents think that both the EU and other countries best
embody this value: the United Kingdom (63%), Bulgaria (57%), Malta (56%), Lithuania (53%),
Portugal (52%) and Hungary (50%).
One in five respondents in Croatia (20%) thinks other countries best embody respect for history and
its lessons.
Respondents in Cyprus (60%, +6 percentage points), Greece (39%, +1) and Bulgaria (23%, +1) are
now more likely to say the EU best embodies respect for history and its lessons than they were in
2016. On the other hand, respondents in the 25 other Member States are now less likely to do so,
especially those in Denmark (29%, -19), the United Kingdom (18%, -18) and Portugal (34%, -14).
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Opinions about progress and innovation are mixed. Only a minority of respondents in any Member
State think the EU alone best embodies this value. It is not the most mentioned response in any
country, although in Spain and Poland equal proportions say the EU or both the EU and other countries
best embody this value (all 38%). Respondents in Slovenia (41%), Cyprus (39%), Spain and Poland
(both 38%) are the most likely to say the EU best embodies progress and innovation, compared to
13% in the United Kingdom, 19% in Italy and 20% in Malta.
In 26 Member States, respondents are most likely to say progress and innovation is best embodied
by both the EU and other countries, with those in the United Kingdom (62%), Bulgaria (60%) and
Malta (59%) the most likely to think this way.
In five countries, more than one in five respondents say progress and innovation is best embodied by
other countries: Croatia and France (both 23%), Belgium, Luxembourg and Italy (all 21%).
Compared to 2016, respondents in Belgium (36%, +11 percentage points), Cyprus (39%, +5) and
Slovenia (41%, +3) are now more likely to say the EU best embodies progress and innovation. In 24
countries, respondents are less likely to do so, especially those in the United Kingdom (13%, -14) and
Germany (33%, -9). This proportion remains unchanged in Italy.
In summary, respondents in Finland, Denmark, Luxembourg, Germany and Slovenia generally feel
the EU best embodies all of these values, while those in the United Kingdom, Malta, Bulgaria, Hungary
and Italy are generally amongst the least likely to do so. Since 2016, respondents in Cyprus have
become more likely to say the EU best embodies each of these values, while those in almost all other
countries are now less likely to say so – and this is particularly the case for respondents in the United
Kingdom.
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The socio-demographic analysis shows the following:

§ Men are more likely to say the EU best embodies social equality and solidarity (46% vs. 41%
of women) or respect for nature and the environment (40% vs. 35%);
§ Those aged 25-39 and 55 and over are the most likely to say the EU best embodies progress
and innovation, particularly compared to 15-24 year olds (29% vs. 24%);
§ The longer respondents remained in education, the more likely they are to say they EU best
embodies each of these values, with the exception of progress and innovation, where there is
no difference. For example, 51% of those who completed education aged 20 and after say the
EU best embodies freedom of opinion, compared to 39% of those who completed education
aged 15 or before;
§ The fewer financial difficulties respondents experience, the more likely they are to say the EU
best embodies each of these values;
§ Respondents who place themselves in the upper class are much more likely to say the EU best
embodies peace, freedom of opinion, social equality and solidarity, and tolerance and openness
to others. For instance, 66% say the EU best embodies peace, compared to 42% of the working
class.
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5 The EU and the world
a. Is the EU a place of stability in a troubled world?
- More than seven in ten Europeans agree the EU is a place of stability in a troubled
world -
Just over seven in ten (71%) respondents agree the European Union is a place of stability in a
troubled world14. More than one in five (21%) totally agree with this statement. Almost one quarter
disagree (23%) and 6% say they do not know.
Since 2016, the proportion who agrees has increased by five percentage points, while the proportion
who disagrees has decreased by six points.

14
QC8.1 To what extent do you agree or disagree with each of the following statements? The European Union is a place of stability in a
troubled world.
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At least six in ten respondents in each EU Member State agrees the EU is a place of stability in a
troubled world. Proportions range from 85% of respondents in Luxembourg and 83% in Denmark and
Sweden to 60% in the United Kingdom, 61% in the Czech Republic and 62% in Estonia.
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In 19 countries, respondents are now more likely to agree the EU is a place of stability in a troubled
world than they were in 2016. The largest increases are observed in the Netherlands (67%, +14
percentage points), Hungary (71%, +10) and Greece (74%, +9). Opinion has remained stable in six
countries, and in the remaining three countries respondents are now slightly less likely to agree.
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The socio-demographic analysis shows there are no differences based on gender or age, but does
illustrate the following:
§ The longer respondents remained in education, the more likely they are to agree: 77% of those
who continued their studies until the age of 20 or later agree, compared to 64% of those who
finished their studies at the age of 15 or before;
§ Managers are the most likely to agree, particularly compared to house persons (78% vs. 63%);
§ Image of the EU is also a factor. Those with a positive image of the EU are much more likely
to agree (87%) compared to those with a neutral (66%) or negative image (43%).
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b. Europeans and globalisation
- Almost half the respondents agree globalisation threatens their country’s identity -
Respondents are most likely to agree globalisation threatens their country’s identity (49%) –
in fact, almost one in five totally agrees (18%)15. More than four in ten disagrees (41%), with just
over one in ten saying they totally disagree globalisation threatens their country’s identity (12%).
The proportion who agrees has declined by four percentage points since 2016, while the proportion
who disagree globalisation threatens their country’s identity has increased by three points.

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QC8.3 To what extent do you agree or disagree with each of the following statements? Globalisation threatens (OUR COUNTRY)'s identity.
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In 18 countries, a majority of respondents agree globalisation threatens their country’s identity, while
a majority disagree in nine countries; respondents in Spain are divided (41% for both answers).
In 17 Member States, more than half of all respondents agree globalisation threatens their country’s
identity. Respondents in Cyprus (67%), Greece (66%) and Estonia (63%) are the most likely to think
this way. At the other end of the scale, 32% of respondents in Denmark and Sweden and 36% in
Germany agree with this statement.
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In 21 EU Member States, respondents are now less likely to agree globalisation threatens their
country’s identity, with the largest decreases observed amongst those in Germany (36%, -11
percentage points) and Portugal (37%, -11). In contrast, respondents in five countries are now more
likely to agree. The agreement level remains stable in Croatia and Bulgaria.
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The socio-demographic analysis illustrates that:

§ Respondents aged 40 and over are the most likely to agree, particularly compared to those
aged 15-24 (51% vs. 41%);
§ Those who completed education aged 16-19 years are the most likely to agree, particularly
compared to those who stayed in education for longer (54% vs. 44%);
§ Other white-collar workers are the most likely to agree, especially compared to managers (55%
vs. 41%);
§ Image of the EU is also a factor. Those with a negative image of the EU are much more likely
to agree globalisation threatens their country’s identity, compared to those with a positive view
(63% vs. 41%).
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The following table shows the average results by socio-demographic criteria in the European Union
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c. The European economy vis-à-vis other large world economies
- Respondents are most likely to think the European economy is performing better than
the Indian and Russian economies, but they are less optimistic vis-à-vis the American,
Chinese and Japanese economies -
Respondents were asked to compare the performance of the European economy with other global
economies16. They are most likely to think the European economy is performing better than the Indian
(40%) and Russian (38%) economies. Just over one in five think the European economy is performing
worse (22% and 23% respectively), while around one in ten think it is performing as well as either of
these economies (11% and 14% respectively).
The picture is different when it comes to the American, Chinese or Japanese economies. Just over
one quarter of respondents (26%) think the European economy is currently performing better than
the American economy, but 33% think its performance is worse. Almost one quarter (23%) think the
performance of these two economies is the same.
One quarter of respondents think the European economy is performing better than the Chinese
economy (25%), while 39% think the performance is worse and 14% say it is the same. In the case
of the Japanese economy, 23% think the performance of the European economy is better, 34% think
it is worse and 19% think it is the same.
It is worth noting that the proportion of respondents who say they don’t know is high in each case
(between 18% and 27%).
The trend results show respondents are less likely to think the European economy is performing better
than the Indian (-6 percentage points since 2012) or Russian (-9 since 200917) economies. However,
they have become more optimistic when comparing the European economy to the American (+5 since
2012), Chinese (+4) or Japanese (+3) economies. However, the proportions who say they don’t know
have increased for each comparison (between +4 and +8).

16
QC16 Would you say that the European economy is currently performing better, performing worse or performing as well as the …
economy? American; Japanese; Chinese; Indian; Russian.
17
Please note in 2009 Croatia was not included so the comparison is with EU27.
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In six countries, at least half of all respondents say the European economy is performing better than
the Indian economy: Greece (60%), the Netherlands (58%), Finland (54%), Lithuania, Germany (both
51%) and the Czech Republic (50%). This compared to 23% in Malta and 24% in the United Kingdom.
Respondent in Italy, Belgium (both 30%), Croatia (29%) and Slovenia (28%) are the most likely to say
the European economy is performing worse than the Indian economy, while those in Hungary (22%)
and Austria and Romania (both 21%) are the most likely to say the performance is the same.
More than one in ten in each country says they don’t know, with much higher proportions recorded in
Malta (59%), the United Kingdom (44%) and Portugal (42%).
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Respondents in the Netherlands (68%), Finland (60%) and Germany (56%) are the most likely to say
the European economy is performing better than the Russian economy. This compares to 20% in
Malta and 21% in Greece and Italy.
Respondent in Greece (45%), Romania and Italy (both 37%) are the most likely to say the European
economy is performing worse than the Russian economy, while those in Slovakia (25%), Bulgaria
(24%), Greece and Croatia (both 22%) are the most likely to say the performance is the same.
At least one in ten in each country says they don’t know, with much higher proportions recorded in
Malta (58%), the United Kingdom (48%) and Portugal (39%).
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The Netherlands is the only country where more than half of all respondents think the European
economy is performing better than the American economy (55%), followed by 48% in Sweden and
42% in Denmark. This compares to 12% in Greece and 15% in both France and Cyprus.
More than one in ten respondents in each country think the European economy is performing worse
than the American economy, with the highest proportions observed amongst those in Greece (50%),
France (47%) and Italy (43%). Respondents in the Czech Republic (31%), Greece and Bulgaria (both
30%) are the most likely to say the performance is the same.
Almost half of all respondents in Malta (47%) say they do not know.
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Slovenia (34%), Germany and Hungary (both 33%) are the only countries where at least one third
thinks the European economy is performing better than the Chinese economy. At the other end of the
scale 15% in Portugal, 16% in Greece and 18% in France and Cyprus say the same.
In 24 countries, respondent are the most likely to think the European economy is performing worse
than the Chinese economy, with those in Greece (62%), Luxembourg (50%) France and Belgium (both
49%) the most likely to think this way. Respondents in Slovakia and Germany (both 22%), the Czech
Republic (21%), Austria and Croatia (both 20%) are the most likely to say the performance is the
same.
The majority of respondents in Malta say they do now know (51%).
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Germany (32%), the Netherlands, Hungary and Austria (all 31%) are the only countries where at least
three in ten respondents think the European economy is performing better than the Japanese
economy. In contrast, 14% in Latvia and 15% in Estonia, Cyprus and Portugal say the same.
In 22 countries, respondent are the most likely to think the performance of the European economy is
worse than that of the Japanese economy, with those in Greece (48%), Lithuania, Slovenia (both
47%), Cyprus and Croatia (both 45%) the most likely to think this way. Respondents in Germany
(30%) and Austria (29%) are the most likely to say the performance is the same.
At least one in ten in each country says they don’t know, with much higher proportions recorded in
Malta (53%) and the United Kingdom (44%).
Compared to 2012, respondents in 23 countries are now less likely to say the European economy is
performing better than the Indian economy, with the largest declines observed amongst those in
Cyprus (45%, -24 percentage points), Slovakia (34%, -23), Austria (42%, -20) and Croatia (35%, -20).
In contrast, respondents in five Member States are now more likely to say the European economy’s
performance is better by comparison, especially those in Portugal (42%, +14).
Compared to 2009, respondents in 21 countries are now less likely to say the European economy is
performing better than the Russian economy, with the largest declines amongst those in Cyprus (24%,
-34 percentage points), Greece (21%, -33) and Spain (36%, -24). Going against the trend, respondents
in four Member States are now more positive about the performance of the European economy
compared to the Russian one, with the highest increase in Ireland (36%, +11).
In 23 countries, respondents are now more likely to say the European economy is performing better
than the American economy than they were in 2012, and this is particularly the case for respondents
in the Netherlands (55%, +22 percentage points) and Ireland (33%, +17). In the five other Member
States, respondents are slightly less likely to do so.
Compared to 2012, respondents in 18 Member States are now more likely to say the European
economy is performing better than the Chinese economy, with the highest increases in the
Netherlands (31%, +12 percentage points), Spain (32%, +10) and Bulgaria (26%, +10). Respondents
in ten countries are less likely to do so, especially those in Latvia (19%, -11).

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In 17 Member States, respondents are now more likely to say the European economy is performing
better than the Japanese economy, compared to 2012, with the deepest increases in Romania (25%,
+12 percentage points), Bulgaria (24%, +12), Croatia (29%, +11) and Italy (23%, +11). Opinion is
unchanged in four countries and there is a slight decrease in seven Member States.
* This item was not asked in Croatia in 2009
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II. LIFE IN THE EUROPEAN UNION
This second chapter of the report focusses on life in the EU. Levels of satisfaction with various facets
of their life will be considered, as will the views respondents have about other countries, and the rise
of anti-establishment parties in Europe. Respondents opinions about the economy, social protection,
and citizen’s opportunities to succeed in life will also be discussed.
1 Are Europeans happy?
- The majority of respondents are happy with their family life, occupation,
life in the country they live in and life in the EU -
Respondents were asked whether they were happy with their family life, their current occupation,
living in the country they live in and living in the EU18. More than nine in ten (91%) agree they are
happy with their family life and 64% are happy with their current occupation. Large
majorities also agree they are happy living in their country (89%) or happy living in the EU
(78%).
The trend results show relatively small changes. Compared to 200619, respondents are now more
likely to agree they are happy with their current occupation (+4 percentage points), and slightly more
likely to agree they are happy with their family life (+1). Compared to 2012, respondents are slightly
more likely to agree they are happy living in their country (+3) or happy living in the EU (+2).
Respondents living in the euro area are more likely to agree they are happy living in the EU
compared to those who live outside the euro area (81% vs. 72%).
Each of these four statements will be considered in turn in the following sections.

18
QC15 Please tell me to what extent you agree or disagree with each of the following statements. You are happy with your family life;
You are happy with your current occupation; You are happy living in (OUR COUNTRY); You are happy living in the EU.
19
Results from 2006 cover EU25 (excl. Croatia, Romania and Bulgaria).
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a. Satisfaction with their family life
More than seven in ten respondents in each EU Member State agree they are happy with their
family life. Proportions range from 99% in Denmark and 97% in Ireland and Malta to 74% in
Bulgaria, 79% in Lithuania and 81% in Slovakia.
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In most countries, results have remained relatively stable since 2006, but there are some exceptions.
For example, respondents in Austria (93%, +9 percentage points) and Latvia (87%, +9) are now more
likely to agree they are happy with their family life, while those in Greece (86%, -6) are now less likely
to do so.
*This question was not asked in Bulgaria, Croatia and Romania in 2006
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§ The longer respondents remained in education, the more likely they are to agree they are happy
with their family life: 94% who completed education aged 20 and after agree, compared to
87% who completed education aged 15 or before;
§ Managers (96%) and other white-collar workers (95%) are the most likely to agree, particularly
compared to the unemployed (83%);
§ The fewer financial difficulties the respondents experience, the more likely they are to agree:
95% who experience the least difficulties paying bills do so, compared to 77% who experience
the most.
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b. Satisfaction with their current occupation
In all but four countries, at least half of all respondents agree they are happy with their current
occupation, with respondents in Ireland (84%), Denmark (81%) and Austria (79%) the most likely to
say this. The exceptions are respondents in Greece (37%) and Bulgaria, France and Cyprus (all 49%).
However, in these four Member States of the EU, respondents feeling happy with their current
occupation also form a majority.
Respondents in Greece (26%), Romania (24%) and Italy (23%) are the most likely to disagree.
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Compared to 2006, respondents in Poland (64%, +24 percentage points), Hungary (66%, +22) and
Malta (54%, +15) are now much more likely to agree they are happy with their current occupation.
Overall, respondents in 19 EU Member States are now more likely to agree. In contrast, respondents
in five countries are now less likely to agree they are happy with their current occupation, with the
highest decreases in Spain (72%, -13), in Italy (54%, -10) and in Greece (37%, -7). No change in
Cyprus.
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§ Men are more likely to agree they are happy with their current occupation (68% vs. 60% of
women);
§ Respondents aged 25-54 are the most likely to agree (75%);
§ The longer respondents remained in education, the more likely they are to agree: 75% who
completed education aged 20 and after agree, compared to 47% who completed education
aged 15 or before;
§ The fewer financial difficulties respondents experience, the more likely they are to agree: 70%
who experience the least difficulties do so, compared to 38% who experience the most;
§ Respondents who position themselves in the middle (70%), upper middle (76%) or upper
classes (73%) are more likely to agree (compared to 56% in both the working class and the
lower middle class).
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c. Satisfaction with life in their country
More than six in ten respondents in each EU Member State agree they are happy living in their
country. Proportions range from 99% in Denmark, 98% in Ireland and 97% in both the Netherlands
and Sweden to 62% in Hungary, 66% in Bulgaria and 67% in Romania.
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Compared to 2012, respondents in 19 Member States of the EU are now much more likely to agree
they are happy living in their country, and notably in Portugal (94%, +28 percentage points), Hungary
(62%, +26), Estonia (92%, +14) and Ireland (98%, +12). In only five countries respondents are now
less likely to agree, the largest decline in agreement being observed amongst respondents in Croatia
(82%, -7). Opinion is unchanged in France, Germany, Belgium and Luxembourg.
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The socio-demographic analysis highlights the following:

§ Respondents aged 55 and over are the most likely to say they are happy living in their country,
particularly compared to those aged 15-24 (91% vs. 86%);
§ Managers are the most likely to agree, particularly compared to the unemployed (93% vs.
82%);
who experience the least difficulties do so, compared to 76% who experience the most.
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d. Satisfaction with life in the European Union
More than half of the respondents in each EU Member State say they are happy living in the
European Union. Respondents in Luxembourg (97%), Ireland (94%) and the Netherlands and
Denmark (both 92%) are the most likely to agree, while those in Hungary (57%), the Czech Republic
(58%) and Romania and Greece (both 62%) are the least likely to do so.
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In 20 countries, respondents are now more likely to agree they are happy living in the EU than they
were in 2012, with the largest increases observed amongst respondents in Portugal (83%, +31
percentage points), Hungary (57%, +26) and Cyprus (75%, +21). In contrast, respondents in five EU
Member States are now less likely to agree, most notably in Slovakia (78%, -7). Opinion is stable in
Sweden and Bulgaria.
*This question was not asked in Croatia in 2012
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§ Respondents aged 15-24 are the most likely to agree they are happy living in the EU,
particularly compared to those aged 55 and over (82% vs. 75%);
completed education aged 20 and after agree, compared to 66% who completed education
aged 15 or before;
who experience the least difficulties do so, compared to 58% who experience the most;
§ The higher respondents place themselves on the class scale, the more likely they are to agree:
94% who classify themselves as upper class do so, compared to 71% who say they are working
class;
§ Respondents who have a positive image of the EU are much more likely to agree they are
happy living in the EU (94%), compared to those with a neutral (77%) or negative image (39%).
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2 How Europeans see other countries
- The majority of respondents have negative views about China and Russia, and views of
the USA have become less positive since 2016 -
Respondents were asked their views about the EU and a range of other countries20. Respondents are
most likely to have a positive view of the European Union (75%), France (74%) and Germany
(72%). More than six in ten also hold a positive view about the United Kingdom (64%).
In contrast, 45% say they have a positive view of the United States, 32% say they have a positive
view of China, and 28% have a positive view of Russia.
The largest change since 2016 is a 16-percentage point decline in the proportion of respondents who
have a positive view of the United States. Respondents are also less likely to have positive views
about China (-5 percentage points) and Russia (-4) than they were in 2016. In contrast, opinion about
the EU (+6), France (+5), Germany (+2) and the United Kingdom (+1) has improved.
Respondents living outside the euro area are more likely than their euro area counterparts to hold
a positive view of the United Kingdom (77% vs. 58%), the United States (57% vs. 38%), or China
(40% vs. 28%).

20
QC5 As regards each of the following countries or group of countries, do you have a positive or a negative view about it? The European
Union; Germany; France; United Kingdom; the USA; Russia; China.
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At least six in ten respondents in each EU Member State have a positive view of France, with
proportions ranging from 87% of respondents in Sweden, 85% in Lithuania and 84% in Denmark to
63% in the United Kingdom, 64% in Hungary and 66% in Italy.
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The majority of respondents in 26 Member States hold a positive view of Germany, with those in the
Netherlands (95%), Sweden (94%) and Denmark (93%) the most likely to do so. This compares to
24% of respondents in Greece, 43% in Cyprus and 57% in Portugal.
In two Member States, majorities of respondents have a negative view of Germany: Greece (75%)
and Cyprus (50%).
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Majorities of respondents in the 28 Member States have a positive view of the United Kingdom, with
those in the United Kingdom, the Czech Republic (both 80%) and Lithuania (79%) the most likely to
do so. This compares to 47% of those in Luxembourg, 49% in Germany and 51% in Greece.
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In 12 Member States, majorities of respondents have a positive view of the United States of America.
This positive feeling is the highest in Poland (79%), Lithuania (76%) and Romania (75%). In contrast,
22% in Germany, 29% in Luxembourg and 33% in France have a positive view of the United States.
In 15 countries, majorities of respondents have a negative view. Opinion is divided in Denmark (48%
positive and 48% negative).
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In seven countries, a majority of respondents have a positive view about China. There are four Member
States where more than half of all respondents share this positive view: Cyprus (58%), Romania
(56%), Croatia (54%) and Latvia (51%). This compares to 21% in France, 24% in Luxembourg and
25% in the Czech Republic, amongst the 21 Member States where the negative view about China is
predominant.
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Opinions about Russia are diverse. In seven Member States, a majority of respondents have a positive
view of Russia: Bulgaria (70%), Cyprus (69%), Greece (59%), Slovakia (50%), Croatia (50%), Slovenia
(49% vs. 46% who have a negative view) and Romania (47% vs. 45%). At the other end of the scale,
11% in the Netherlands and Denmark and 15% in Sweden have a positive view of Russia. These three
countries belong to the group of 20 Member States where the majority has a negative view of Russia.
Opinion is divided in Latvia (46%vs. 46%).
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The country level trends since 2016 generally follow those at EU level. In most countries, respondents
are now more likely to have a positive view of France and Germany, but are less likely to have a
positive view of the United States or China. The trends for the United Kingdom and Russia, on the
other hand, are mixed.
In 20 countries respondents are more likely to have a positive view of France than they were in 2016,
with the largest increases observed amongst those in Luxembourg (79%, +22 percentage points),
France (77%, +10) and Austria (75%, +10). In contrast, respondents in six countries are now less
likely to have a positive view of France, most notably in Slovakia (67%, -14). Opinion is unchanged in
Latvia and Lithuania.
Respondents in 19 countries are now more likely to have a positive view of Germany, and this is
particularly the case amongst respondents in Austria (76%, +15 percentage points), Portugal (57%,
+9) and Spain (72%, +9). However, the reverse is true in seven countries, especially in Slovakia (58%,
-13). No change in the Netherlands and Lithuania.
When it comes to the United Kingdom, there is more variation – in 14 countries respondents are now
more likely to be positive, while in 12 they are less likely to be so. The largest changes are a seven-
percentage point increase in the proportion of respondents in Poland (at 77%) with a positive view,
and a 15-point decrease in Slovakia (at 63%). No change in Latvia and Lithuania.
In 25 countries, respondents are now less likely to have a positive view of the United States, and in
many cases the declines are substantial: Malta (38%, -34 percentage points), Portugal (41%, -31)
and the Netherlands (34%, -29). Hungary (63%, +8) and Bulgaria (55%, +4) are the only countries
where opinion is now more positive, while there has been no change amongst those in Romania.
Respondents in 20 countries are now less likely to have a positive view of China, with the largest
declines observed amongst those in Malta (30%, -14 percentage points), Slovakia (36%, -13), France
(21%, -10), Ireland (39%, -10) and the Czech Republic (25%, -10).
Respondents in 15 Member States are now less likely to have a positive view of Russia than they
were in 2016, with the most important decreases in Malta (23%, -14 percentage points), Italy (35%,
-12) and Slovakia (50%, -11). Those in ten countries are now more likely to be positive, especially in
Finland (24%, +6). No change in Poland, Luxembourg and Denmark.
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The socio-demographic analysis highlights the following:

§ The older the respondents, the less likely they are to have a positive view about any of the
mentioned countries, although the trend is most pronounced for the United Kingdom, the United
States, and China. For example, 53% of those aged 15-24 hold a positive view of the United
States, compared to 39% of those aged 55 and over;
§ The longer respondents remained in education, the more likely they are to have a positive view
of each country – with the exception of Russia, where there is no notable difference. For
example, 67% of those who continued their studies until the age of 20 or later have a positive
view of the United Kingdom, compared to 51% of those who finished their studies at the age
of 15 or younger;
§ Managers are the most likely to have a positive view of Germany (83%) or France (81%), while
students are the most likely to have a positive view of the United Kingdom (74%) or the United
States (50%);
§ The fewer financial difficulties a respondent experiences, the more likely he or she is to have a
positive view of Germany, France or the United Kingdom. Those with the least financial
difficulties are, however, the least likely to have a positive view of Russia (25% vs. 34% of
those who have difficulties paying bills most of the time or from time to time);
§ Respondents who classify themselves as upper class are much more likely to have a positive
view of the United Kingdom (78%) or the USA (70%);
§ Finally, respondents who have a positive image of the EU are more likely to also have a positive
view of Germany (87% vs. 45% for those who have a negative image of the EU), France (87%
vs. 47%), the United Kingdom (68% vs. 58%), the USA (49% vs. 36%), China (37% vs. 25%),
and Russia (29% vs. 27%).
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3 Free-market economy and social protection
- Most think a high level of social protection should go with a free-market economy -
A large majority of respondents agree the free-market economy should go with a high level of
social protection (83%, +1 percentage point since 2016)21. In fact, more than one third “totally
agree” (38%, +1). Fewer than one in ten disagree (8%, -2).

21
QC8.2 To what extent do you agree or disagree with each of the following statements? Free-market economy should go with a high level
of social protection.
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A large majority of respondents in each EU Member State agree the free-market economy should go
with a high level of social protection. Proportions range from 94% in Greece and 93% in both Cyprus
and Germany to 74% in both Finland and the United Kingdom and 76% in Italy.
At least half of all respondents in Greece and Germany (both 56%), Cyprus (55%), Bulgaria (54%)
and Hungary (50%) “totally agree”.
Compared to 2016, there have generally been small or no changes in opinion at a country level,
although there are some exceptions. Respondents in 14 Member States of the EU are now more likely
to agree, especially in Cyprus (93%, +7 percentage points), Poland (90%, +6) and Romania (85%, +6).
They are less likely to do so in six countries, most notably in Malta (81%, -7). No variation in eight EU
Member States.
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4 How citizens’ interests are taken into account in their country
- Opinion is divided about whether the interests of people like them are well taken into
account by their country’s political system -
More than four in ten respondents agree the interests of people likely them are well taken into
account by the political system in their country (46%, +5 percentage points since 2016), with
11% (+2) in total agreement22. However, respondents are slightly more likely to disagree (48%, -6),
with 19% (-4) saying they totally disagree.

22
QB8.5 To what extent do you agree or disagree with each of the following statements? The interests of people like you are well taken
into account by the political system in (OUR COUNTRY).
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There are 13 Member States where a majority of respondents agree the interests of people like them
are well taken into account by the political system in their country. Respondents in Denmark (73%),
Sweden (70%) and Luxembourg (64%) are the most likely to agree. At the other end of the scale 28%
of respondents in Lithuania and 30% in both Latvia and Spain think the same way. These three
countries belong to the 15 Member States where a majority disagree.
Denmark (27%), Sweden and Ireland (both 20%) are the only countries where at least one in five
respondents totally agree.
Sorted by Total ‘Agree’
Sorted by Total ‘Disagree’
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Compared to 2016, respondents in 23 Member States are now more likely to agree the interests of
people like them are well taken into account by the political system in their country, with the highest
increases in Poland (57%, +13 percentage points), Romania (50%, +13) and Cyprus (37%, +11). In
contrast those in five countries are now less likely to do so, most notably in Finland (54%, -7) and
the United Kingdom (39%, -6).
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The socio-demographic analysis illustrates no differences based on age or gender, but does show
the following:
completed their education aged 20 or after agree, compared to 37% of those who completed
aged 15 or before;
33%);
who experience the least difficulties do so, compared to 29% of those who experience the most
difficulties;
§ The higher respondents place themselves on the social scale, the more likely they are to agree:
73% of the upper class do so, compared to 36% of the working class;
§ Respondents living in large towns are more likely to agree than those in smaller areas (52%
vs. 44% of those living in rural villages or small and midsize towns).
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5 The rise of anti-establishment parties
- Respondents are increasingly likely to agree that the rise of anti-establishment parties
is cause for concern -
Almost two thirds of respondents agree the rise of political parties protesting against the
traditional political elites in various European countries is a matter of concern (64%, +5
percentage points since 2016), with 24% (+3) totally agreeing with this statement23. Overall, one
quarter disagree with this statement (25%, -5), with 7% (-2) saying they totally disagree.

23
QC8.6 To what extent do you agree or disagree with each of the following statements? The rise of political parties protesting against the
traditional political elites in various European countries is a matter of concern.
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In each of the 28 Member States, the majority of respondents agree that the rise of political parties
protesting against traditional political elites in various European countries is a matter of concern.
Respondents in Sweden (78%), Germany (77%) and Ireland (75%) are the most likely to agree. In
contrast, 47% of respondents in Bulgaria (vs. 32% “disagree”) and Estonia (vs. 35%) and 52% in
Latvia also agree. At least one in five respondents do not know in Malta (25%), Lithuania (23%),
Bulgaria (21%) and Portugal (20%).
More than a third of respondents disagree with that statement in the Czech Republic (38%), Austria
(36%) and Estonia (35%).
Sorted by Total ‘Agree’
Sorted by Total ‘Disagree’
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In 20 Member States, respondents are now much more likely to agree than they were in 2016, and
agreement has increased notably in Poland (72%, +17 percentage points), Romania (66%, +9) and
Spain (56%, +9). In contrast, respondents in seven countries are now less likely to agree, especially
in Estonia (47%, -12). Opinion remains stable in the Netherlands.
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§ Respondents aged 25 and over are the most likely to agree this is a matter for concern. For
instance, 66% of 40-54 year olds do so, compared to 56% of 15-24 year olds;
§ Respondents who completed their education aged 16 or older (65%-67%) are more likely to
agree than those who completed their education at 15 or before (58%);
58%);
§ Respondents who experience the least financial difficulties are the most likely to agree (66%);
§ Respondents who place themselves higher up the social scale are more likely to agree: for
example, 71% in the upper class do so, compared to 59% of those who identify as working
class;
§ In addition, respondents who have a positive image of the EU (72%) are more likely to agree
than those with a neutral (61%) or negative (50%) image. Finally, respondents who are happy
living in their country (66% vs. 53%) or in the EU (69% vs. 50%) are more likely to agree that
this is a matter for concern, compared to those who are not happy.
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6 Does everyone have a chance to succeed in life?
- A slight majority thinks everyone in their country has a chance to succeed in life -
Just over half of all respondents agree that in their country everyone has a chance to succeed
in life (51%), with 16% saying they “totally agree”24. More than four in ten (46%) disagree with this
statement, and 18% “totally disagree”.
Compared to 2016, agreement has increased by five percentage points, while the proportion who
disagrees has decreased by five points.
Respondents living outside the euro area are more likely to agree that in their country everyone
has a chance to succeed in life, compared to those living within the euro area (58% vs. 48%).

24
QC8.7 To what extent do you agree or disagree with each of the following statements? In (OUR COUNTRY), everyone has a chance to
succeed in life.
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Opinion about whether everyone in their country has a chance to succeed in life varies widely across
the EU. In 18 EU Member States, majorities of respondents agree, most likely in Malta (73%), Ireland
(71%), Austria and Luxembourg (both 69%). In ten countries, majorities disagree, most notably in
Portugal and Spain (both 68%) and Bulgaria (66%).
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In 19 EU Member States, proportions of respondents who agree everyone in their country has a chance
to succeed in life have increased, with the highest increases in Poland (65%, +23 percentage points),
Romania (48%, +13), Cyprus (51%, +12) and Austria (69%, +10). The reverse is true for the majority
of respondents in six countries, especially those in Sweden (67%, -6). No change in Belgium, Germany
and Portugal.
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The socio-demographic analysis shows that:

§ Men are slightly more likely to agree than women (54% vs. 49%);
§ Respondents who completed their education aged 16 or after (51%-54%) are more likely to
agree than those who completed their education at 15 or before (43%);
42%);
who experience the least difficulties do so, compared to 31% of those who experience the most
difficulties;
§ Respondents who place themselves higher up the social scale are more likely to agree. For
example, 74% in the upper class do so, compared to 45% of those who identify as working
class or lower middle class;
§ Respondents who are happy living in their country are more likely to agree, compared to those
who are not happy (54% vs. 27%).
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7 How should change take place?
- A majority of respondents think important changes in society should be achieved little

by little, rather than by acting quickly -
More than six in ten respondents (62%) agree that important changes in society have to be
achieved little by little, even if this approach takes longer. This is a slight (+2 percentage
points) increase since 2012. Almost three in ten respondents (29%, -3) think that important
changes can only be made in society by acting quickly, even if this means sometimes being
radical.
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There is a diverse range of opinions across the EU, although respondents in all but three countries
are most likely to say important changes have to be achieved little by little. Those in Ireland, Sweden
(both 80%), Denmark and Finland (both 77%) are the most likely to think this way, compared to 36%
(vs. 46% for ”acting quickly”) in Bulgaria, 45% (vs. 48%) in the Czech Republic and 47% (vs. 48%) in
Cyprus. In these three countries respondents are most likely to say important changes in society can
only be achieved by acting quickly.
Compared to 2012, respondents in Ireland (80%, +20 percentage points), Portugal (63%, +17) and
Finland (77%, +11) are now much more likely to think important changes have to be achieved little
by little, and overall the proportions holding this view have increased in 20 EU Member States. They
have slightly decreased in four countries and remained stable in four.
In 23 countries, respondents are now less likely to think important changes can only be obtained by
acting quickly, with the largest decreases seen amongst those in Ireland (15%, -15 percentage points),
Estonia (18%, -12), Portugal (27%, -12) and Luxembourg (24%, -10). Proportions holding this view
have only slightly increased in Croatia and Belgium and remained unchanged in France, Romania and
the Czech Republic.
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III. THE FUTURE OF EUROPE
The final chapter of this report focuses on Europe’s future. A range of topics are covered, including
where the emphasis for policy making should be, the prospects for young people in the Europe of the
future, expectations of social welfare systems, and the factors that would be most helpful for
Europe’s future. Preferences for European society in 2030 are also considered.
1 Prospects for young Europeans
- Two-thirds of respondents agree the EU project offers a future perspective

for Europe’s youth -
A large majority of respondents agree the European Union project offers a future perspective
for Europe’s youth (66%), with 21% saying they “totally agree”25. Just over one in five disagree
(22%), with 6% saying they “totally disagree”.
Respondents are more likely to agree the European Union project offers a future perspective for
Europe’s youth than they were in 2016 (+6 percentage points), and even less likely to disagree (-9).

25
QC8.4 To what extent do you agree or disagree with each of the following statements? The European Union project offers a future
perspective for Europe’s youth.
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More than half the respondents in each country agree the European Union project offers a future
perspective for Europe’s youth. Respondents in Malta (86%), Lithuania (83%) and Poland, Latvia and
Estonia (80%) are the most likely to agree, compared to 52% in Spain, 53% in the United Kingdom
and 57% in Portugal.
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In 20 EU Member States, respondents are now more likely to agree than they were in 2016, and this
is particularly the case for respondents in Cyprus (74%, +16 percentage points), Poland (80%, +12),
Greece (59%, +12), Italy (66%, +10), France (61%, +10) and Spain (52%, +10). In contrast,
respondents in five countries are now less likely to agree, most notably those in Finland (68%, -8).
This proportion of agreement remains unchanged in Estonia, Latvia and the Czech Republic.
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The socio-demographic analysis shows:

§ Respondents aged 55 and over (64%) are slightly less likely to agree than younger respondents
(67%-69% of the 15-54 year olds);
completed education aged 20 or after agree, compared to 54% of those who completed their
education aged 15 or before;
§ Managers are the most likely to agree, particularly compared to house persons (75% vs. 57%);
§ The greater the financial difficulties respondents experience, the less likely they are to agree:
68% who experience the least financial difficulties do so, compared to 53% of those who
experience the most difficulties;
§ In addition, respondents with a positive image of the EU are more likely to agree (82%),
compared to those who have a neutral (61%) or negative image (37%).
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- A majority think that the life of the young generation will be more difficult than the
life of their own generation -
A slight majority of respondents think the
life of today’s children in the EU will be
more difficult than the life of those
from their own generation (54%)26. This
represents a slight decline since 2016 (-2
percentage points). Almost one in five think
life will be easier for the young
generation (19%), a slight decrease since
2016 (-1). The proportion who thinks life
will be about the same has increased by
two percentage points to 22%.
The longer-term trend shows the proportion of respondents who think life for today’s children in the
EU will be more difficult than their own generation remains well below the levels seen between 2006
and 2009. In addition, it is the first time that this proportion has decreased since 2015.
Although the proportion of respondents who think life for today’s children will be easier has declined
since the highs of 2014 and 2015, at 19% it is currently still slightly higher than it was in the period
2006-2009.

26
QC9 Generally speaking, do you think that the life of those in the EU who are children today will be easier, more difficult or about the
same as the life of those from your own generation?
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In only four EU Member States, a majority of respondents believe that the life of children in the EU
today will be easier than their own: Portugal and Poland (both 45%), Lithuania (40%) and Latvia
(39%). Conversely, respondents in France (6%), Luxembourg (7%) and Belgium (9%) are the least
likely to do so.
In the 22 other EU Member States, majorities consider life will be more difficult for today’s children
in the EU. Respondents in France (73%), Luxembourg and Belgium (both 72%) are the most likely to
say so, while those in Poland (22%), Latvia (31%) and Lithuania (32%) are the least likely to share
this opinion.
In two countries, majorities think life for today’s children will be the same as their own generation:
Denmark (40%) and Croatia (36%). Respondents in the Netherlands (35%) are also likely to think that
way. Those in Malta (12%), Portugal (13%) and Greece (16%) are the least likely to think life will be
the same.
At an overall EU level, there have only been minor changes in opinion since 2016, but in some
countries there have been larger changes. In 16 Member States of the EU, respondents are now less
likely to say life for children in the EU today will be easier, most notably in Romania (19%, -8
percentage points), Luxembourg (7%, -7), Ireland (35%, -6) and Malta (29%, -6). In seven countries,
they are now more likely to think this way than they were in 2016, with the highest increases in
Poland (45%, +7) and Greece (16%, +7). There is no change in France, the United Kingdom, Belgium,
Finland and Latvia.
In 16 countries, respondents are now less likely to say life will be more difficult, most notably in
Poland (22%, -11 percentage points), Greece (66%, -9), the Netherlands (52%, -8) and Spain (55%,
-8). They are more likely to think so in 11 EU Member States, especially those in Romania (52%, +9),
Malta (52%, +7) and Lithuania (32%, +7). No change is observed in Finland.
In 16 EU Member States, respondents are now more likely to think life for today’s children will be the
same, most notably in Slovenia (29%, +9 percentage points), the Netherlands (35%, +9) and
Luxembourg (17%, +7). Decreases are seen in seven countries and this proportion remains unchanged
in the five other countries.
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The socio-demographic analysis illustrates that in most cases the differences are between those
who think life will be more difficult and those who think it will be about the same:
§ The older the respondents, the more likely they are to think life will be more difficult, and the
less likely they are to think it will be about the same. For example, 30% of 15-24 year olds
think life will be about the same, compared to 19% of those aged 55 and over;
§ The longer respondents remained in education, the less likely they are to think life will be more
difficult, and the less likely they are to think it will be about the same: 59% of those who
completed education aged 15 or before think life will be more difficult, compared to 51% of
those who completed education aged 20 or after;
§ The unemployed are the most likely to think life will be more difficult (62%), while students are
the most likely to think it will be about the same (36%);
§ The more difficulties respondents experience paying their bills, the more likely they are to say
life will be more difficult, and the less likely they are to say it will be the same or easier;
§ Respondents with a positive image of the EU are more likely to think life will be easier, (26%
vs. 10% of those who have a negative image), and less likely to think it will be more difficult
(45% vs. 70%).
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2 The EU vis-à-vis major global challenges: where should the

emphasis lie?
- Social equality and solidarity should be emphasised to face major global challenges -
Respondents were asked to identify up to two areas they thought should be emphasised by society
in order to face major global challenges27. More than two in five (45%) mention social equality and
solidarity.
Just over one third (35%) say protecting the environment should be emphasised, while 30%
mention progress and innovation and 23% say it should be free trade/market economy. Almost
one in five mention cultural diversity and openness to others (19%).
Respondents are least likely to say traditions should be emphasised by society in order to face major
global challenges (13%).
Compared to the last survey in 2016, respondents are now more likely to mention protecting the
environment (+4 percentage points) and progress and innovation (+2), but they are less likely to
mention cultural diversity and openness to others (-4) or free trade/market economy (-3), and also
slightly less likely to cite social equality and solidarity (-1) and traditions (-1).

27
QC3 From the following items, which two should our society emphasise in order to face major global challenges? (MAX. 2 ANSWERS)
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The longer-term trends show the proportion who mention free trade/market economy continues to
decline, and is now at its lowest point, while the proportion mentioning social equality and solidarity
has returned to the levels of 2009-2011.
In 20 Member States, respondents are most likely to say social equality and solidarity should be
emphasised in order to face global challenges. In three countries protecting the environment is the
most mentioned item: Malta, Denmark and Romania. In three other countries progress and innovation
is the most mentioned: Hungary, Italy and Poland. In the Netherlands and the Czech Republic social
equality and solidarity and protecting the environment are equally mentioned.
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In ten countries, more than half of all respondents think social equality and solidarity should be
emphasised in order to face major global challenges. Respondents in Portugal (65%), Germany (57%),
Spain and France (both 55%) are the most likely to say, while those in Italy (27%), Romania (30%),
Poland and Hungary (both 33%) are the least likely to do so.
Respondents in Malta (55%), Denmark (53%) and the Netherlands (51%) are the most likely to say
protecting the environment should be emphasised. This compares to 18% in Lithuania, 21% in Croatia
and 24% in both Poland and Bulgaria.
Progress and innovation is most likely to be mentioned by respondents in Greece (43%), Spain (41%)
and Hungary (40%), and least likely to be mentioned by those in Denmark (18%), the United Kingdom
(20%) and Slovakia (21%).
Respondents in Bulgaria (36%), Lithuania and Latvia (both 35%) are the most likely to say free
trade/market economy should be emphasised in order to face major global challenges. Those in
Portugal (11%), Spain (12%) and Cyprus (13%) are the least like to mention this.
Just over one third of respondents in Sweden (34%) as well as 29% in the United Kingdom and 27%
in the Netherlands say cultural diversity and openness to others should be emphasised. In contrast,
11% in both Slovakia and Lithuania and 12% in Latvia say the same.
At least one quarter of respondents in the Czech Republic (28%), Austria (27%) and Cyprus (25%) say
traditions should be emphasised in order to face major global challenges. Just 5% in Denmark and
6% in both Spain and Germany think the same way.
In 19 countries, there has been a decline since 2016 in the proportion who say social equality and
solidarity should be emphasised in order to meet global challenges, with the largest decreases
observed amongst respondents in Cyprus (49%, -11 percentage points), Bulgaria (39%, -8), Spain
(55%, -7) and Italy (27%, -7). Increases are observed in seven Member States, with the largest one
in the United Kingdom (37%, +4). No change in France and the Netherlands.
On the other hand, respondents in 22 countries are now more likely to mention protecting the
environment, compared to 2016. This is particularly evident amongst respondents in the Netherlands
(51%, +14 percentage points), Luxembourg (49%, +11), Malta (55%, +10) and Cyprus (42%, +10).
Only respondents in the Czech Republic (35%, -4) and Romania (32%, -3) are now less likely to
mention this. No change in four countries.
Compared to 2016, respondents in 16 Member States are now more likely to say progress and
innovation should be emphasised, most notably in Poland (34%, +9 percentage points). In contrast,
respondents in eight countries are now less likely to mention this, especially in the Netherlands (27%,
-5) and Denmark (18%, -5). No change in four countries.
In 19 Member States, respondents are now less likely to mention free trade/market economy than
they were in 2016. The largest decreases are seen amongst those in Malta (14%, -17 percentage
points), Spain (12%, -8), Estonia (20%, -8) and Ireland (26%, -8). In contrast, respondents in six
countries are now more likely to say this should be emphasised, most notably in the Czech Republic
(28%, +5). No change in three countries.
In 21 Member States, respondents are less likely than they were in 2014 to say cultural diversity and
openness to others should be emphasised in order to meet global challenges. The largest decreases
are observed amongst those in Luxembourg (14%, -12 percentage points), Belgium (15%, -9),
Germany (17%, -9) and Finland (19%, -9). Slight increases in four countries, most notably in the Czech
Republic (15%, +4); no change in three Member States.
In 17 Member States, respondents are now less likely to say traditions should be emphasized,
especially those in Hungary (18%, -9 percentage points). Respondents in eight countries are now more
likely to mention this, most notably in Estonia (21%, +7). No change in three countries.
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The socio-demographic analysis shows that:

§ Men are more likely to say progress and innovation (33% vs. 27% of women) and free
trade/market economy (26% vs. 21%) should be emphasised. Women, on the other hand, are
more likely to want to emphasise cultural diversity and openness to others (21% vs. 16%);
§ The longer respondents remained in education, the more likely they are to say protecting the
environment, progress and innovation, free trade/market economy, or cultural diversity and
openness to others should be emphasised, and the less likely they are to say traditions should
be emphasised. For example, 23% who completed education aged 20 or after mention cultural
diversity and openness to others, compared to 12% who completed education aged 15 or
before;
§ Managers are the most likely to mention cultural diversity and openness to others, particularly
compared to retired persons (25% vs. 14%);
§ In addition, respondents with a positive image of the EU are more likely to mention social
equality and solidarity (48% vs. 42% with a negative image), protecting the environment (38%
vs. 30%), or cultural diversity and openness to others (23% vs. 14%). Those with a negative
image, on the other hand, are more likely to mention traditions (18% vs. 11% with a positive
image).
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3 What would be most helpful for the future of Europe?
- Comparable living standards considered the most helpful for the future of Europe -
More than half the respondents say comparable living standards would be most helpful for the
future of Europe (52%), while more than a third says comparable education standards would be
most helpful (35%).28
Less than one quarter say well-defined external borders of the EU (24%), an economic
government for the EU (18%), a common army (13%) or the introduction of the Euro in all
EU countries (12%) would be most helpful for the future of Europe.
There have been small shifts in opinion since 2016. The largest is a three-percentage point decline in
the proportion mentioning an economic government for the EU – in fact the proportion who mentions
this has been declining since 2011.

28
QC6 Which two of the following would you consider to be most helpful if anything, for the future of Europe? (MAX. 2 ANSWERS)
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Comparable living standards are the most mentioned item in 24 Member States of the EU, while in
only two EU Member States respondents are most likely to mention comparable education standards:
Malta and Germany. In Denmark and Sweden these two items are mentioned equally.
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In 20 Member States, at least half of all respondents say comparable living standards would be the
most helpful for the future of Europe. At least seven in ten respondents in Lithuania (74%) and
Portugal (70%) say this, as do 69% of those in both Poland and Bulgaria. Respondents in Italy (38%),
Denmark and Finland (both 41%) are the least likely to mention comparable living standards,
although these results still represent more than one third of the respondents in each country.
There are three Member States where at least half say comparable education standards would be
the most helpful: Malta (59%), Sweden (58%) and Germany (50%). Respondents in Hungary (16%),
the Czech Republic and Slovakia (both 17%) are the least likely to mention this option.
Respondents in Austria (42%), the Czech Republic (39%) and Hungary (35%) are the most likely to
mention well defined external borders of the EU. Respondents in Spain (11%), Lithuania (12%) and
Portugal (15%) are the least likely to mention this.
At least one quarter of respondents in France, the Netherlands (both 26%) and Malta (25%) mention
an economic government for the EU, compared to 8% in Sweden and 10% in Slovakia and the Czech
Republic.
A common army is most likely to be mentioned by respondents in the Netherlands (31%), France
(23%) and Belgium (18%), and least likely to be mentioned by those in Portugal (4%), the United
Kingdom, Spain and Malta (all 6%).
Respondents in Romania (24%), Hungary and Ireland (both 23%) are the most likely to say the
introduction of the euro in all EU countries would be the most helpful for the future of Europe.
Respondents in the United Kingdom (4%), Sweden (6%) and Spain (7%) are the least likely to say this.
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Across the EU as a whole, there have only been small changes since 2016, and this is also generally
true at a country level as well. There are, however, some exceptions.
In 16 Member States of the EU, respondents are now less likely to mention comparable living
standards, compared to 2016, most notably in Slovakia (56%, -9 percentage points) and Denmark
(41%, -7). They are more likely to say so in eight countries, and no change is observed in four
countries.
In 14 Member States of the EU, comparable education standards are less likely to be mentioned,
especially by respondents in Spain (48%, -13 percentage points), Slovenia (26%, -7) and Denmark
(41%, -7). They are more likely to be mentioned by those in 12 countries, most notably in Cyprus
(45%, +9). No change in Belgium and Austria.
Changes in the proportion that think well defined external borders of the EU would be the most helpful
for the future of Europe are generally smaller, with the largest being a seven-percentage point
decrease in Belgium (at 30%) and a six-point decline amongst respondents in the United Kingdom (at
25%) and Portugal (at 15%). It has decreased in 15 countries, increased in six and remained stable
in seven.
In 21 Member States, respondents are now less likely to mention an economic government for the
EU, with the largest decreases observed in Luxembourg (17%, -11 percentage points), Italy (19%,
-8) and Finland (14%, -7). They are slightly more likely to do so in four Member States; no change in
three countries.
The proportion of respondents mentioning a common army has only changed slightly in most EU
Member States, with decreases in 16 countries, increases in ten and no change in two. The largest
differences are a ten-percentage point increase amongst respondents in the Netherlands (at 31%)
and a seven-point decrease amongst those in the Czech Republic (at 12%).
Finally, in 16 Member States, respondents are now less likely to mention introducing the euro in all
EU countries, most notably in Croatia (12%, -10 percentage points) and Malta (10%, -9). There are
slight increases in seven countries and no change in five.
The socio-demographic analysis highlights relatively few differences in opinion:

§ The younger the respondents, the more likely they are to think comparable education standards
would be most helpful for the future of Europe: 41% of those aged 15-24 mention this,
compared to 31% of those aged 55 and over;
§ The longer respondents remained in education, the more likely they are to mention comparable
living standards, comparable education standards, or an economic government for the EU. For
example, 55% of respondents who completed their education aged 20 or after mention
comparable living standards, compared to 42% of those who completed their education aged
15 or before;
§ Students (46%) and managers (44%) are the most likely to mention comparable education
standards, particularly compared to house persons (29%);
§ Respondents who experience the least financial difficulties are the most likely to mention
comparable education standards (39% vs. 29%);
§ In addition, respondents who have a positive image of the EU are more likely to mention
comparable living standards (55% vs. 45% with a negative image), comparable education
standards (40% vs. 26%), or an economic government for the EU (22% vs. 13%). They are,
however, less likely to mention well defined external borders of the EU (22% vs. 31%).
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4 Europeans’ expectations on social welfare systems
- Almost two thirds are in favour of harmonising social welfare systems within the EU -
More than six in ten respondents (64%) are in favour of the harmonisation of social welfare
systems within the European Union, with 19% saying they are “strongly in favour” of this idea29.
Just over one quarter (26%) are opposed, 9% “strongly opposed”.
Changes in opinion since 2006 are small, with a two-point increase in the proportion who are in
favour, and a two-point decline in the proportion that are opposed30.

29
QC11 Today, each European Union Member State is responsible for its own social welfare system. To what extent would you be in favour
or opposed to the harmonisation of social welfare systems within the European Union?
30
Results from 2006 cover only EU25 countries and do not include Bulgaria, Croatia and Romania.
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Opinion varies quite widely across EU Member States, although in all countries majorities of
respondents are in favour of the harmonisation of social welfare systems within the EU. More than
eight in ten respondents in Croatia (88%), Hungary (86%), Cyprus and Bulgaria (both 83%) and Latvia
(81%) are in favour of harmonising social welfare systems, compared to 47% in the United Kingdom,
48% in Denmark and 53% in Germany.
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Across the EU as a whole, there has only been a slight change in the proportion that is in favour of
harmonising social welfare systems across the EU since 2006. However, at a country level there have
been larger changes. In 14 Member States of the EU, respondents are now more likely to be in favour
of harmonisation, most notably in Luxembourg (70%, +19 percentage points), Spain (76%, +14) and
Slovenia (80%, +12). In 11 countries, respondents are less likely to be so, with the highest decreases
in Poland (74%, -12) and the Czech Republic (61%, -11).
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§ Respondents aged 15-39 are the most likely to be in favour of harmonised social welfare
systems (67% vs. 61% of those aged 55 and over);
§ Respondents who completed their education aged 16 or after are the most likely to be in favour
(64%-65% vs. 57% of those who finished aged 15 or before);
§ Students are the most likely to be in favour, particularly compared to house persons (70% vs.
61%);
§ Those living in large towns are the most likely to be in favour (68% vs. 61% of those living in
rural villages);
§ In addition, respondents with a positive image of the EU (75%) are much more likely to be in
favour than those with a neutral (63%) or negative (41%) view.
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5 More or less EU decision-making?
- The majority supports more European level decision-making in a range of areas -

Respondents were asked if more or less decision-making should take place at a European level across
a range of areas31. In each case, at least six in ten respondents think there should be more European
level decision-making. Just over eight in ten think there should be more European level decision-
making on fighting terrorism (82%) while more than three quarters say this about promoting
democracy and peace (77%) or protecting the environment (76%). More than seven in ten think
there should be more European level decision-making when it comes to dealing with migration
issues from outside the EU (73%) or promoting equal treatment of men and women (71%).
Almost seven in ten think there should be more EU level decision-making regarding securing energy
supply (68%), while 65% say this about stimulating investment and job creation, and 60% say
this about dealing with health and social security issues.
There have generally only been small changes in opinion since 2016. Respondents are now more
likely to think there should be more European level decision-making when it comes to fighting
terrorism (+2 percentage points), dealing with migration issues from outside the EU (+2). On the other
hand, they are less likely to be in favour of more European level decision-making when it comes to
dealing with health and social security issues (-4), promoting democracy and peace (-3), stimulating
investment and job creation (-3), promoting equal treatment of men and women (-2), protecting the
environment (-1) or securing energy supply (-1).
Respondents living in the euro area are more likely than their non-euro area counterparts to think
there should be more European level decision-making in each of these areas, and this is particularly
the case for dealing with migration issues from outside the EU (77% vs. 66%) and promoting equal
treatment of men and women (74% vs. 64%).

31
QC7 For each of the following areas, please tell me if you believe that more decision-making should take place at a European level or
on the contrary that less decision-making should take place at a European level; Fighting terrorism; Dealing with health and social security
issues; Promoting equal treatment of men and women; Promoting democracy and peace; Securing energy supply; Dealing with migration
issues from outside the EU; Protecting the environment; Stimulating investment and job creation.
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More than seven in ten respondents in each Member State think there should be more European level
decision-making about fighting terrorism, ranging from 92% in the Netherlands and 90% in Cyprus
and Germany to 72% in Slovakia, 73% in the United Kingdom and 74% in both Romania and Italy.
In 13 Member States, respondents are now more likely to say there should be more European level
decision-making about fighting terrorism than they were in 2016, with the highest increases in the
United Kingdom (73%, +7 percentage points) and Germany (90%, +6). In ten countries, respondents
are now less likely to say this, most notably in Portugal (83%, -7). This proportion has remained stable
in five countries.
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More than two thirds of respondents in each Member State think there should be more European level
decision-making about promoting democracy and peace. Proportions range from 87% in both Spain
and Germany and 86% in both Sweden and Cyprus to 68% in both Croatia and Slovakia and 69% in
the United Kingdom.
In 20 countries, respondents are now less likely to think there should be more European level decision-
making when it comes to promoting democracy and peace, with the largest declines observed
amongst those in Finland (79%, -9 percentage points) and Malta (82%, -7). Small increases are seen
in four countries; no change in four other countries.
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At least six in ten respondents in each Member State think there should be more European level
decision-making about protecting the environment. Respondents in Cyprus (89%), Spain (88%) and
the Netherlands (87%) are the most likely to think this way, compared to 60% in Estonia, 61% in
Latvia and 62% in Austria.
In 15 Member States, respondents are now less likely to think there should be more European level
decision-making when it comes to protecting the environment, with the most important decrease in
Lithuania (67%, -7 percentage points) and Finland (72%, -6). Slight increases in nine countries and
no change in four.
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More than half the respondents in all Member States think there should be more European level
decision-making dealing with migration issues from outside the EU. More than eight in ten
respondents in Spain (85%), Cyprus (84%), and the Netherlands, Malta and Germany (all 81%) think
this way, as do 58% in Austria, 60% in the United Kingdom and 61% in Slovakia.
The trends for dealing with migration issues from outside the EU are more mixed: in 13 Member
States, respondents are now more likely to think there should be more European level decision-making
in this area, most notably in the Netherlands (81%, +8 percentage points) and Latvia (70%, +8). The
opposite is true in eight countries, with the strongest decreases in Malta (81%, -10) and Croatia (64%,
-8). No change in seven Member States.
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In all Member States, majorities of respondents think there should be more European level decision-
making promoting equal treatment of men and women. Respondents in Spain (84%), Cyprus (82%)
and Belgium (80%) are the most likely to think this way, while those in Estonia (44%), Latvia (48%)
and Slovakia (57%) are the least likely to do so.
making when it comes to promoting equal treatment of men and women, with the largest declines
observed in Latvia (48%, -7 percentage points) and Croatia (59%, -7). Slight increases are seen in
four countries and there is no variation in four other Member States.
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The majority of respondents in each EU Member State think there should be more European level
decision-making about securing energy supply, ranging from 79% in Cyprus, Spain and Belgium to
51% in Austria, 58% in the United Kingdom and 59% in both Croatia and Estonia.
In 20 Member States, respondents are now less likely to think there should be more European level
decision-making in securing energy supply, with the largest decreases in Croatia (59%, -13
percentage points) and Lithuania (73%, -9). Respondents are more likely to think so in five countries,
most notably in Bulgaria (65%, +8). There is no variation in three Member States.
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In all countries, respondents are most likely to think there should be more European decision-making
about stimulating investment and job creation, although proportions range from 82% in both Portugal
and Cyprus and 81% in Spain to 48% in Denmark and 51% in both Austria and Sweden.
making when it comes to stimulating investment and job creation than they were in 2016, and this
is particularly the case in Portugal (82%, -10 percentage points) and Estonia (53%, -10). They are
slightly more likely to think so in four Member States. No change in four other countries.
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There is more diversity in opinion about whether there should be more European level decision-
making dealing with health and social security issues. A majority think there should be in 25 Member
States, with the highest proportions in Cyprus (83%), Belgium and Portugal (both 76%). In two
countries, a majority think there should be less European level decision-making in this area: Finland
(59% vs. 33% for more European level decision-making) and Sweden (52% vs. 38%). Opinion is
divided in Denmark (42% vs. 42%).
In 25 countries respondents are less likely to be in favour of more European level decision-making in
dealing with health and social security issues, with the largest declines observed amongst those in
Portugal (76%, -14 percentage points), Luxembourg (66%, -13), Malta (69%, -11), Spain (73%, -11)
and Estonia (53%, -11). Respondents are slightly more likely to think so in Bulgaria and Greece. There
is no variation in Belgium.
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The socio-demographic analysis illustrates no notable differences based on gender or occupation.

It does show:
§ Those aged 15-24 are the most likely to think there should be more decision-making at a
European level when it comes to promoting equal treatment of men and women (74% vs. 68%
of those aged 55 and over) or dealing with health and social security issues (66% vs. 58% of
those aged 55 and over);
§ The longer respondents remained in education, the more likely they are to think there should
be more European level decision-making in each of these areas. For instance, 84% of those
who completed their education aged 20 or after think there should be more European level
decision-making about fighting terrorism, compared to 77% of those who completed education
aged 15 or before;
§ Respondents who experience the least financial difficulties are the most likely to think there
should be more European level decision-making in each of these areas;
§ Finally, respondents with a positive image of the EU are more likely to think there should be
more European level decision-making in each of these areas, compared to those with a
negative image. For example, 74% of respondents with a positive image think there should be
more European level decision-making for stimulating investment and job creation, compared
to 45% of those with a negative image.
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6 The EU in 2030: citizens’ preferences for their society
a. Solidarity / Individualism
- Respondents prefer Europe in 2030 to place more importance on solidarity than

individualism -
Respondents were asked whether they would prefer a European society in 2030 where more
importance is given to solidarity or to individualism32. More than six in ten (62%, +1 percentage point
since 2012) prefer more importance be given to solidarity, while 13% (no change) prefer
individualism. Almost one in five (18%, +1) spontaneously prefer a society where both have
equal importance.
Respondents in the euro area are more likely to prefer solidarity compared to those living outside
the euro area (65% vs. 57%), and they are also more likely to spontaneously prefer equal importance
is given to both (21% vs. 11%). Respondents living outside the euro area are, however, more likely
to prefer individualism (22% vs. 8%).

32
QC12 Let's now talk about your hopes for the future. In 2030, in the European Union, would you prefer a society where more importance
is given to solidarity, or to individualism?
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In all EU Member States but Germany, respondents are most likely to prefer a society in 2030 where
more importance is placed on solidarity. Those living in Cyprus (92%), France (86%) and Spain and
Greece (both 85%) are the most likely to say this, compared to 40% in Germany, 43% in Bulgaria
and 47% in Estonia.
Respondents in the United Kingdom and Ireland (both 29%) are the most likely to prefer more
importance is given to individualism, while respondents are the most likely to prefer both have equal
importance in Germany (46%, in first position before solidarity) and Bulgaria (36%).
Compared to 2012, respondents in 16 EU Member States are now more likely to prefer a society with
more importance placed on solidarity, with the highest increases in Austria (50%, +25 percentage
points), Portugal (81%, +23), Hungary (56%, +18), Latvia (65%, +16) and Bulgaria (43%, 15). In 11
countries, respondents are now less likely to say this, most notably in Estonia (47%, -19). No change
in Belgium.
In 14 countries, respondents are now more likely to prefer the importance is placed on individualism,
especially in Romania (20%, +11 percentage points), the Czech Republic (24%, +11) and Croatia
(18%, +9). They are less likely to do so in 12 countries, most notably in Italy (10%, -8). No variation
in Spain and Latvia.
In 16 EU Member States, respondents are now less likely to prefer a society in 2030 where both
solidarity and individualism have equal importance, with the strongest decreases in Austria (23%,
-26 percentage points), Latvia (12%, -16), Slovenia (9%, -12) and Bulgaria (36%, -12). In nine
Member States of the EU, respondents are now more likely to say this, most notably in Estonia (29%,
+16) and Luxembourg (16%, +10). No change in Spain, Sweden and Cyprus.
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b. Work / Leisure
- Respondents are most likely to prefer Europe in 2030 to place more importance on
work than leisure -
Respondents were then asked whether they would prefer a society where more importance is given
to work or leisure33. Almost half (47%) prefer more importance be given to work, while 20%
prefer leisure. More than one quarter (27%) spontaneously prefer a society where both have
equal importance.
Compared to 2009, respondents are much more likely to prefer a society where more importance is
placed on work (+18 percentage points), and they are less likely to prefer one where more importance
is placed on leisure (-13), or where both work and leisure have equal importance (-5).

33
QC13 And in 2030, in the European Union, would you prefer a society where more importance is given to work, or to leisure?
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In 23 countries, respondents are most likely to prefer a society where more importance is given to
work, but proportions vary widely. Those in Lithuania (66%), Spain and France (both 65%) are the
most likely to have this opinion, compared to 17% in Germany, 27% in Estonia and 29% in Belgium.
Belgium is the only country where a majority of respondents prefer more importance is placed on
leisure (34%). Respondents in the Czech Republic (40%), Slovenia and Denmark (both 35%) are the
most likely to prefer more importance is placed on leisure.
Respondents in Germany (63%), Bulgaria (43%) and Estonia (40%) are most likely to spontaneously
prefer work and leisure be given equal importance: respondents in these three countries place this
item in first position.
In Austria, respondents are divided between work and an equal importance to both work and leisure
(31% vs. 31%, and 28% for leisure).
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At an overall EU level, respondents are now much more likely to prefer more importance is placed on
work, compared to 2009, and in 24 countries, the pattern is the same. In some cases, the differences
are large. For example, respondents in Cyprus (62%, +36 percentage points), Greece (52%, +33),
Finland (61%, +31) and Sweden (59%, +30) are now much more likely to prefer a Europe in 2030
where more importance is placed on work. In contrast, respondents in three Member States are now
slightly less likely to have this preference, most notably in Estonia (27%, -7). No variation in Belgium.
Given these results, it is not surprising that in 25 countries respondents are less likely to prefer a
society where leisure has more importance, with the largest declines observed amongst those in
Finland (27%, -29 percentage points), Greece (17%, -27) and Sweden (27%, -26). Respondents in
Ireland are the only ones to be more likely to think so (33%, +5). No change in Belgium and Romania.
In 21 Member States, respondents are now less likely to prefer a society where both work and leisure
have equal importance, with the highest decreases in Ireland (15%, -27 percentage points), Romania
(14%, -20), Slovenia (19%, -18) and Hungary (29%, -18). In five countries, respondents are more
likely to have this preference than they were in 2009, most notably in Estonia (40%, +21) and
Germany (63%, +15).
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§ The older the respondents, the more likely they are to prefer more importance is placed on
work, and the less likely they are to prefer leisure. For example, 13% of those aged 55 and over
prefer more importance is placed on leisure, compared to 31% of 15-24 year olds;
§ Respondents who completed their education aged 15 or before are the most likely to prefer
more importance is placed on work (56% vs. 46%), and the least likely to prefer more
importance is placed on leisure (11% vs. 20%-24% of those who completed their education at
16 or after);
§ House persons (56%) and retired persons (53%) are the most likely to prefer more importance
is placed on work, while students (30%) are the most likely to prefer more importance is placed
on leisure.
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c. Order / Individual freedom
- Preference for order vs. individual freedom is divided -

Respondents were asked whether they would prefer a society where more importance is given to
order or to individual freedom34. Opinion is divided. Just over one third prefer order to be given
more importance (35%), while almost as many (34%) prefer individual freedom to be more
important. One quarter (25%) spontaneously prefer a society where both have equal
importance.
Compared to 2009, respondents are more likely to prefer a society where more importance is placed
on order (+6 percentage points), and they are slightly less likely to prefer one where more importance
is placed on individual freedom (-1), or where both order and individual freedom have equal
importance (-3).

34
QC14 And in 2030, in the European Union, would you prefer a society where more importance is given to order, or to individual freedom?
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At a country level, opinion is also divided. In 17 Member States, respondents prefer more importance
is given to order, with those in Lithuania (59%), Malta (56%) and Latvia (53%) being the most likely
to prefer more importance on order, while those in Germany (19%), Greece (23%) and Ireland (26%)
are the least likely to express this preference.
In nine countries majorities of respondents are most likely to prefer more importance placed on
individual freedom, with at least half of all respondents in Ireland (53%), the United Kingdom (52%)
and France (50%) holding this view.
Majorities of respondents in Germany (53%) and Bulgaria (40%) are spontaneously most likely to
prefer a society in 2030 where equal importance is placed on order and individual freedom.
Compared to September 2009, respondents in 21 countries are now more likely to say they prefer
more importance to be placed on order, with the largest increases seen amongst those in Portugal
(41%, +23 percentage points), Lithuania (59%, +19) and Slovenia (46%, +18). In contrast,
respondents in five Member States are now less likely to have this preference, most notably in
Luxembourg (30%, -10) and Estonia (37%, -9). No change in the Netherlands and Belgium.
In 14 Member States, respondents are now less likely to prefer more importance is placed on
individual freedom, compared to 2009. The highest decreases are seen in Denmark (46%, -12
percentage points), Finland (39%, -11) and Sweden (36%, -10). On the other hand, respondents in
ten countries are now more likely to prefer this, most notably in Ireland (53%, +23) and Romania
(34%, +16). No variation in four countries.
A society where equal importance is given to both order and individual freedom is now less likely to
be preferred by respondents in 17 Member States, and amongst them Ireland (14%, -22 percentage
points), Austria (27%, -18), Romania (13%, -17) and Hungary (30%, -17). Such a society is less likely
to be preferred by respondents in eight countries, with the highest increases in Estonia (33%, +18)
and Malta (24%, +10). There is no variation in Poland, Belgium and the Netherlands.
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§ The older the respondents, the more likely they are to prefer the importance is placed on order,
and the less likely they are to prefer the importance is placed on individual freedom. For
example, 42% of those aged 55 and over prefer more importance to be placed on order,
compared to 25% of 15-24 year olds;
§ The longer respondents remained in education, the more likely they are to prefer more
importance is placed on order, and the less likely they are to prefer more importance is placed
on individual freedom. For instance, 40% of those who completed education aged 20 or after
prefer more importance is placed on individual freedom, compared to 23% of those who
completed education aged 15 or before;
§ House persons (44%) and retired persons (43%) are the most likely to prefer more importance
is placed on order, while students (49%) are the most likely to prefer more importance is placed
on individual freedom.
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CONCLUSION
The importance of solidarity emerges as a key theme throughout these results: the majority of the
respondents describe this as a key asset and think the EU embodies this value. Solidarity is also
considered to be key to facing global challenges, and the majority prefers a future Europe where
solidarity is given more importance than individualism.
A large majority of respondents have a positive view of the European Union, and agree it embodies
peace, social equality and solidarity, and tolerance and openness to others. The majority of
respondents also consider the EU to be a place of stability in a troubled world, and are happy living
in the EU. However, only a minority think the European economy is performing better than other major
world economies.
Unemployment, social inequalities, migration issues and terrorism and security issues continue to be
perceived as the main challenges facing the EU, although respondents are less likely to mention
unemployment than they were in 2016. These challenges are also reflected in the things respondents
think would be most helpful for the future of Europe: comparable living and education standards and
well-defined external borders of the EU.
Most respondents continue to support more European-level decision-making in a range of key policy
areas, including fighting terrorism, promoting democracy and peace, protecting the environment, and
dealing with migration issues and promoting the equal treatment of men and women.
A large majority of respondents think the free-market economy should go with a high level of social
protection. More than six in ten are in favour of harmonising the social welfare systems within the
European Union.
Although the majority are happy living in their country, opinion is divided as to whether the views of
people like them are taken into account in their country’s political system. The majority are concerned
about the rise of anti-establishment parties, and almost half consider globalisation as a threat to
their country’s identity.
The majority of respondents have positive views of the three largest EU Member States: Germany,
the United Kingdom and France. However, views of the United States have become more negative
since 2016, while the majority continue to have negative views of China and Russia.
Turning to the future of the young generation, a majority think that the life of the young Europeans
will be more difficult than that of their generation. However, the proportion who consider that the
European Union project offers a future perspective for Europe’s youth has increased since 2016 and
is now two thirds of respondents.
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September - October 2017 Technical

specifications
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
Between the 23rd of September and the 2nd of October 2017, TNS opinion & social, a consortium
created between TNS political & social, TNS UK and Kantar Belgium, and represented by the Kantar
Belgium S.A. coordination centre, carried out the wave 88.1 of the EUROBAROMETER survey, at the
request of the European Commission, Directorate-General for Communication, “Media monitoring
and analysis” Unit.
The wave 88.1 includes the SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 467 and covers the population of the
respective nationalities of the European Union Member States, resident in each of the 28 Member
States and aged 15 years and over.

N° DATES POPULATION PROPORTION
COUNTRIES INSTITUTES
INTERVIEWS FIELDWORK 15+ EU28
BE Belgium TNS Dimarso 1,000 23/09/2017 02/10/2017 9,693,779 2.25%
BG Bulgaria TNS BBSS 1,036 23/09/2017 02/10/2017 6,537,535 1.52%
CZ Czech Rep. TNS Aisa 1,007 23/09/2017 02/10/2017 9,238,431 2.14%
DK Denmark TNS Gallup DK 1,002 23/09/2017 02/10/2017 4,838,729 1.12%
DE Germany TNS Infratest 1,535 23/09/2017 02/10/2017 70,160,634 16.26%
EE Estonia TNS Emor 1,007 23/09/2017 02/10/2017 1,160,064 0.27%
IE Ireland Behaviour & Attitudes 1,002 23/09/2017 02/10/2017 3,592,162 0.83%
EL Greece TNS ICAP 1,008 23/09/2017 02/10/2017 9,937,810 2.30%
ES Spain TNS Spain 1,009 23/09/2017 02/10/2017 39,445,245 9.14%
FR France TNS Sofres 1,016 23/09/2017 02/10/2017 54,097,255 12.54%
HR Croatia HENDAL 1,020 23/09/2017 02/10/2017 3,796,476 0.88%
IT Italy TNS Italia 1,027 23/09/2017 02/10/2017 52,334,536 12.13%
CY Rep. Of Cyprus CYMAR 501 23/09/2017 02/10/2017 741,308 0.17%
LV Latvia TNS Latvia 1,002 23/09/2017 02/10/2017 1,707,082 0.40%
LT Lithuania TNS LT 1,003 23/09/2017 02/10/2017 2,513,384 0.58%
LU Luxembourg TNS ILReS 504 23/09/2017 02/10/2017 457,127 0.11%
HU Hungary TNS Hoffmann 1,050 23/09/2017 02/10/2017 8,781,161 2.04%
MT Malta MISCO 497 23/09/2017 02/10/2017 364,171 0.08%
NL Netherlands TNS NIPO 1,013 23/09/2017 02/10/2017 13,979,215 3.24%
AT Austria ipr Umfrageforschung 1,026 23/09/2017 02/10/2017 7,554,711 1.75%
PL Poland TNS Polska 1,009 23/09/2017 02/10/2017 33,444,171 7.75%
PT Portugal TNS Portugal 1,062 23/09/2017 02/10/2017 8,480,126 1.97%
RO Romania TNS CSOP 1,031 23/09/2017 02/10/2017 16,852,701 3.91%
SI Slovenia Mediana 1,025 23/09/2017 02/10/2017 1,760,032 0.41%
SK Slovakia TNS Slovakia 1,084 23/09/2017 02/10/2017 4,586,024 1.06%
FI Finland TNS Gallup Oy 1,010 23/09/2017 02/10/2017 4,747,810 1.10%
SE Sweden TNS Sifo 1,027 23/09/2017 02/10/2017 7,998,763 1.85%
UK United Kingdom TNS UK 1,368 23/09/2017 02/10/2017 52,651,777 12.20%
TOTAL EU28 27,881 23/09/2017 02/10/2017 431,452,219 100%*

* It should be noted that the total percentage shown in this table may exceed 100% due to rounding

TS1
Future of Europe
September - October 2017 Technical

specifications
The basic sample design applied in all states is a multi-stage, random (probability) one. In each
country, a number of sampling points was drawn with probability proportional to population size (for
a total coverage of the country) and to population density.
In order to do so, the sampling points were drawn systematically from each of the "administrative
regional units", after stratification by individual unit and type of area. They thus represent the whole
territory of the countries surveyed according to the EUROSTAT NUTS II1 (or equivalent) and
according to the distribution of the resident population of the respective nationalities in terms of
metropolitan, urban and rural areas.
In each of the selected sampling points, a starting address was drawn, at random. Further
addresses (every Nth address) were selected by standard "random route" procedures, from the
initial address. In each household, the respondent was drawn, at random (following the "closest
birthday rule"). All interviews were conducted face-to-face in people's homes and in the appropriate
national language. As far as the data capture is concerned, CAPI (Computer Assisted Personal
Interview) was used in those countries where this technique was available.
For each country a comparison between the sample and the universe was carried out. The Universe
description was derived from Eurostat population data or from national statistics offices. For all
countries surveyed, a national weighting procedure, using marginal and intercellular weighting, was
carried out based on this Universe description. In all countries, gender, age, region and size of
locality were introduced in the iteration procedure. For international weighting (i.e. EU averages),
TNS opinion & social applies the official population figures as provided by EUROSTAT or national
statistic offices. The total population figures for input in this post-weighting procedure are listed
here.
Readers are reminded that survey results are estimations, the accuracy of which, everything being
equal, rests upon the sample size and upon the observed percentage. With samples of about 1,000
interviews, the real percentages vary within the following confidence limits:
Statistical Margins due to the sampling process

(at the 95% level of confidence)
various sample sizes are in rows various observed results are in columns
5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50%

95% 90% 85% 80% 75% 70% 65% 60% 55% 50%
N=50 6.0 8.3 9.9 11.1 12.0 12.7 13.2 13.6 13.8 13.9 N=50
N=500 1.9 2.6 3.1 3.5 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.4 N=500
N=1000 1.4 1.9 2.2 2.5 2.7 2.8 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.1 N=1000
N=1500 1.1 1.5 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.5 N=1500
N=2000 1.0 1.3 1.6 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.2 N=2000
N=3000 0.8 1.1 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.8 N=3000
N=4000 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 N=4000
N=5000 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 N=5000
N=6000 0.6 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3 N=6000
N=7000 0.5 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 N=7000
N=7500 0.5 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 N=7500
N=8000 0.5 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 N=8000
N=9000 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 N=9000
N=10000 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 N=10000
N=11000 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 N=11000
N=12000 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 N=12000
N=13000 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 N=13000
N=14000 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 N=14000
N=15000 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 N=15000
5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50%
95% 90% 85% 80% 75% 70% 65% 60% 55% 50%

1
Figures updated in August 2015
TS2
Future of Europe

Questionnaire
QUESTIONNAIRE
ASK ALL

QC1a In your opinion, what are the main assets of the EU?
Firstly?
QC1b And secondly?
(SHOW SCREEN – READ OUT – ONE ANSWER PER COLUMN)
QC1a QC1b
FIRSTLY SECONDLY
The standard of living of EU citizens 1 1

The economic, industrial and trading power of the EU 2 2
The EU's respect for democracy, human rights and the 3 3

rule of law
The skills and talents of EU citizens 4 4
The quality of infrastructure in the EU 5 5

The EU's capacity for research and innovation 6 6
The good relationship between the EU's Member States 7 7
The EU's ability to promote peace and democracy 8 8

outside its borders
The EU's commitment to environmental responsibility 9 9
Other (SPONTANEOUS) 10 10
None (SPONTANEOUS) 11 11
DK 12 12
EB86.1 QC1a QC1b
Q1
Future of Europe

Questionnaire
QC2 Which of the following do you think are the main challenges for the EU?
(SHOW SCREEN – READ OUT – MAX. 3 ANSWERS)
The ageing of the EU's population 1,
Social inequalities 2,
Competition from emerging countries 3,
Insufficient economic growth 4,
The public debt of EU Member States 5,
Unemployment 6,
Instability in the regions bordering the EU 7,
Environmental issues 8,
Migration issues 9,
Terrorism and security issues 10,
Other (SPONTANEOUS) 11,
None (SPONTANEOUS) 12,
DK 13,
EB86.1 QC2
QC3 From the following items, which two should our society emphasise in order
to face major global challenges?
Protecting the environment 1,
Social equality and solidarity 2,
Free trade\ market economy 3,
Cultural diversity and openness to others 4,
Progress and innovation 5,
Traditions 6,
DK 9,
EB86.1 QC3
Q2
Future of Europe

Questionnaire
QC4 For each of these values, please tell me if they are best embodied by the
EU, by other countries (or groups of countries) in the world or by both?
(SHOW SCREEN – READ OUT – ONE ANSWER PER LINE)
The European
countries in
the world
Union
Other
Both
DK
1 Respect for nature and the 1 2 3 4
environment

2 Social equality and solidarity 1 2 3 4
3 Peace 1 2 3 4
4 Progress and innovation 1 2 3 4
5 Freedom of opinion 1 2 3 4
6 Tolerance and openness to 1 2 3 4
others

7 Respect for history and its 1 2 3 4
lessons

EB86.1 QC7

QC5 As regards each of the following countries or group of countries, do you

have a positive or a negative view about it?
negative view
Very negative
positive view
Very positive
Somewhat
Somewhat
view
view
DK
1 The European Union 1 2 3 4 5

2 Germany 1 2 3 4 5
3 France 1 2 3 4 5
4 United Kingdom 1 2 3 4 5
5 The USA 1 2 3 4 5
6 Russia 1 2 3 4 5
EB86.1 QC8
Q3
Future of Europe

Questionnaire
QC6 Which two of the following would you consider to be most helpful if
anything, for the future of Europe?
Comparable education standards 1,
Well defined external borders of the EU 2,
The introduction of the Euro in all EU countries 3,
Comparable living standards 4,
A common army 5,
An economic government for the EU 6,
DK 9,
EB86.1 QC9
QC7 For each of the following areas, please tell me if you believe that more
decision-making should take place at a European level or on the contrary
that less decision-making should take place at a European level.
More decision-making at
Less decision-making at
No change is needed
a European level
a European level
(SPONTANEOUS)
1 Fighting terrorism 1 2 3 DK
4
2 Dealing with health and social 1 2 3 4
security issues
3 Promoting equal treatment of men 1 2 3 4
and women
4 Promoting democracy and peace 1 2 3 4
5 Securing energy supply 1 2 3 4
6 Dealing with migration issues from 1 2 3 4

outside the EU
7 Protecting the environment 1 2 3 4

8 Stimulating investment and job 1 2 3 4
creation
EB86.1 QC10

Q4
Future of Europe

Questionnaire
QC8 To what extent do you agree or disagree with each of the following
statements?
Tend to disagree
Totally disagree
Tend to agree
Totally agree
DK
1 The European Union is a place 1 2 3 4 5
of stability in a troubled world
2 Free-market economy should 1 2 3 4 5

go with a high level of social
protection
3 Globalisation threatens (OUR 1 2 3 4 5

COUNTRY)'s identity
4 The European Union project 1 2 3 4 5

offers a future perspective for
Europe's youth
5 The interests of people like 1 2 3 4 5

you are well taken into
account by the political
system in (OUR COUNTRY)
6 The rise of political parties 1 2 3 4 5

protesting against the
traditional political elites in
various European countries is
a matter of concern
7 In (OUR COUNTRY), everyone 1 2 3 4 5

has a chance to succeed in
life
EB86.1 QC11
Q5
Future of Europe

Questionnaire
QC9 Generally speaking, do you think that the life of those in the EU who are
children today will be easier, more difficult or about the same as the life
of those from your own generation?
(ONE ANSWER ONLY)
Easier 1
More difficult 2
About the same 3
DK 4
EB87.3 QD10

QC10 Which of the following statements best describes your opinion on how to
change our society?
(READ OUT – ONE ANSWER ONLY)
Important changes in our society have to be achieved little by little, even 1
if this approach takes longer
One can only obtain important changes in our society by acting quickly, 2
even if this means sometimes being radical
We do not need to change our society (SPONTANEOUS) 3

DK 4
EB78.2 QA17
QC11 Today, each European Union Member State is responsible for its
own social welfare system. To what extent would you be in
favour or opposed to the harmonisation of social welfare
systems within the European Union?
(READ OUT – ONE ANSWER ONLY)
Strongly in favour 1
Somewhat in favour 2
Somewhat opposed 3
Strongly opposed 4
DK 5
EB65.1 QA15

QC12 Let's now talk about your hopes for the future. In 2030, in the European
Union, would you prefer a society where more importance is given to
solidarity, or to individualism? (M)
(ONE ANSWER ONLY)
Solidarity 1
Individualism 2
A society where both will have equal importance (SPONTANEOUS) 3
No change, the same as today's society (SPONTANEOUS) 4
DK 5
EB78.2 QA19

Q6
Future of Europe

Questionnaire
QC13 And in 2030, in the European Union, would you prefer a society where more
importance is given to work, or to leisure? (M)
(ONE ANSWER ONLY)
Work 1
Leisure 2
DK 5
EB71.3 QF11

QC14 And in 2030, in the European Union, would you prefer a society where more
importance is given to order, or to individual freedom?
(ONE ANSWER ONLY)
Order 1
Individual freedom 2
DK 5
EB71.3 QF12

QC15 Please tell me to what extent you agree or disagree with each of the
following statements.
Not applicable (SPONTANEOUS)

Tend to disagree
Totally disagree
Tend to agree
Totally agree
DK
1 You are happy with your family life 1 2 3 4 5 6
2 You are happy with your current occupation 1 2 3 4 5 6
3 You are happy living in (OUR COUNTRY) 1 2 3 4 5 6
4 You are happy living in the EU 1 2 3 4 5 6

EB65.1 QA3 (STATEMENTS 1,2) EB78.2 QA1 (STATEMENTS 3,4)

Q7
Future of Europe

Questionnaire
QC16 Would you say that the European economy is currently performing better,
performing worse or performing as well as the … economy?
(READ OUT – ONE ANSWER PER LINE)
Performing as
Performing
Performing
well as
better
worse
DK
1 American 1 2 3 4
2 Japanese 1 2 3 4
3 Chinese 1 2 3 4
4 Indian 1 2 3 4
5 Russian 1 2 3 4
EB78.2 QA6 (STATEMENTS 1-4) EB72.4 (STATEMENT 5)

Q8

Special Eurobarometer 467

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Special Eurobarometer 467

Special Eurobarometer 467 – Wave EB88.1 – TNS opinion & social

September - October 2017

Survey co-ordinated by the European Commission, Directorate-General for Communication

September - October 2017

III. THE FUTURE OF EUROPE 109

September - October 2017

September - October 2017

We wish to thank the people throughout the European Union

September - October 2017

The European Union in today’s world

Life in the European Union

September - October 2017

The future of Europe

September - October 2017

I. THE EUROPEAN UNION IN 2017

1 Europeans’ view of the EU

- Three quarters of Europeans have a positive view of the European Union -

September - October 2017

The socio-demographic analysis illustrates the following:

September - October 2017

September - October 2017

September - October 2017

2 The EU’s main assets

September - October 2017

September - October 2017

September - October 2017

September - October 2017

September - October 2017

September - October 2017

September - October 2017

September - October 2017

3 The EU’s main challenges

- Respondents consider unemployment the main challenge faced by the EU -

September - October 2017

September - October 2017

September - October 2017

September - October 2017

September - October 2017

September - October 2017

The socio-demographic analysis shows no notable differences based on gender, age or

September - October 2017

September - October 2017

September - October 2017

September - October 2017

4 The EU’s values

September - October 2017

September - October 2017

September - October 2017

September - October 2017

September - October 2017

September - October 2017

September - October 2017

September - October 2017

September - October 2017

September - October 2017

September - October 2017

September - October 2017

The socio-demographic analysis shows the following:

September - October 2017

September - October 2017

5 The EU and the world

a. Is the EU a place of stability in a troubled world?