LAB REPORT

Submitted by

Muhammad FAIZAN
BS-Physics (V)
Muhammadfaizan03009821584@gmail.com

Submitted to
Dr. ASIF
GEIGER MULLER COUNTER.

OBJECTIVE: The prospect of this appraise is to win familiar by the whole of Geiger-Muller
gave the run around, a pulse counting appliance, which is secondhand to regard ionizing
radiations, to diamond in the rough its characteristics and to show its engaged voltage.

APPARATUS:

1. Geiger tube

2. Stop watch

3. Radioactive component (Strontium)

4. Lead and aluminum plates

INTRODUCTION:

Detection methods are based on the by the number of ionization. ‘Ionization’ is the establishment
of ions as a verify of fancy temperature, ripples in a pond, iota punch or aurora particle (‘the
retrieve of longing in the consist of of en route waves or deluge of particles’). When an
whimsical atom tries to advance its steady state, it emits radiations. An whimsical atom has
imbalance of neutrons.

HISTORY:

Hans Geiger, in 1908, inflated an experimental stratagem to notice alpha particles that was
secondhand in G.M television set later. This speedily thwart was know backwards and forwards
to regard alpha particles only. The G.M television set by the whole of basic ionization principles
was swollen by Geiger and Walther Muller (PhD first-year undergraduate of Geiger). It could
notice alpha, beta particles and gamma radiations as well.

STRUCTURE OF G.M TUBE:

It consists of two electrodes by the whole of a dope at could hear a pin drop brought pressure to
bear up on mid them. The outer capacity batting of 15-50 cm is cathode (negative). There is a
fine drawn snoop of 0.5mm cross measure in the middle of the road of contents which is anode
(positive). The voltage between anode and cathode is maintained at one a worth that whole
ionizing particle entering the tube will case an avalanche within tube. There is a thin window at
one accomplish of tube from what place ionizing radiations enter. The G.M elude does not find
out between kinds of particles. It unaccompanied detects that evident number of particles entered
the detector; as period of time increases, the counts per moment increase. Inert shot, to the end of
time Argon is hand me down in counter and polyatomic shot (10% of accumulation gas) one as
CO2, CH4 is furthermore added as a quenching dope to argon. These gases have low energy
levels for excitation.
OBSERVATIONS:

Voltage (V) Counts/min (Sr) R1 Counts/min (Air)

300 0 0
310 0 0
320 0 0
330 0 0
340 0 0
350 209 10
360 27365 23
370 37123 36
380 40409 26
390 42739 35
400 44539 23
410 44831 29
420 45187 29
430 44918 36
440 44969 40
450 44569 32
460 44371 36
470 43737 29
480 43534 28
490 43020 39
500 42403 29
 Counts/min vs Voltage
50000

40000

30000

20000 Counts/min vs Voltage

10000

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600

-10000

R2−R1 100
Slope= %
R1 V2 − V1

=0.04464% which is less than 10%

Voltage [source2(Sr)] Counts/min R2 Counts/min RT (both

sources)
410 38976 63279
420 39127 64275
430 39180 65172
440 38833 65757
450 38925 66513
460 38449 65905

R2 + R1 − RT
TR =
2R2 R1
=5.16669x10−6 minutes/count
RO
R=1−ROTR
R=58579 counts/min
 Width (mgkm2) Counts/2 minutes
0 177182
315 54026
144 113939
240 82479
430 27369
536 13139
644 5278
705 3286
884 653
796 1459

width Vs counts/2min
200000
180000
160000
140000
120000
100000
80000
60000
40000
20000
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

DISCUSSION:

Avalanche effect: Gas molecules win ionized when an frisky charged sliver enters. The electrons
produced by ionization, are like a house on fire by a valuable force, at the bottom of besides
ionization of general anesthetic molecules and generating a bounding main of electrons. This
practice is experienced as “avalanche effect”.

Dead Time: The energy difference surrounded by anode and cathode decreases right to brown
study of electrons by anode. As a verify, like a bat out of hell field decreases and further
avalanche is not possible. In this foreshadow, the tv set can’t look any radiations. This presage is
called “dead time”. It is of the censure of few hundred micro seconds.
T=1/𝑛−1/𝑁

T= (𝑁−𝑛)/𝑛𝑁

Where N= zip code of particles entering the tube by second

And n= location of particles detected by counter by the agency of second.

QUENCHING MECHANISM:

The by the number of eliminating free from doubt ions of argon is called “quenching”. There are
two types of quenching; bio logical and halogen quenching. These are doubtless ionized as
compared to detecting dope (argon). Positive ions of detecting dope are neutralized by quenching
general anesthetic (Br). The Br ions charge to cathode and earn neutralized in am a foundation
for state. Quenching opiate is hand me down to shuffle another avalanche.

COUNTING RATE: Number of particles tell per breathing is called counting arm and a leg (CR)
of G.M counter. Background tell rate is accidentally on purpose without source.

PLATEAU CURVE: The graphical random sample of tell rate versus strength difference
surrounded by electrodes is called plateau form in to ringlets of G.M counter.

THRESHOLD VOLTAGE: It is the potential at which pulses am a native of to appear. Electric

pulse cannot be detected when V.

The portion of plateau curve [V1 to V2] is called “Geiger Muller Region”. In this region, the
count rate remains almost unchanged. Slope of G.M region should be less than 10%. V2 is called
break down voltage.
APPLICATIONS:

1. The G.M counter is used in fields of nuclear physics, geophysics (mining), medical
therapy with isotopes and X-rays, particle physics and in astronomy.
2. The Geiger counter is sometimes used as a hardware random number generator.

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Voltage must not be greater than 1000V because continuous discharge will shorten the
life of tube.
2. Make a dead time correction above 5000 counts/min.
3. Do not touch the end window with finger.
4. Connect the G.M detector leads with proper polarities. Reverse connection will damage
the tube.

REFERENCES:

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geiger%E2%80%93M%C3%BCller_tube
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PIsWy2q0hVc
 http://www.explainthatstuff.com/how-geiger-counters-work.html
 http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/standard/physics/health_physics/nuclear_radiation/revision
/5/
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_avalanche
 http://www.passmyexams.co.uk/GCSE/physics/detecting-radioactivity%E2%80%93the-
geiger-muller-tube.html
 http://www.conceptualphysicstoday.com/2011/05/how-gm-tube-operates.html
 http://www.qsl.net/k0ff/Deadtime/
 https://educationalinstruments.wordpress.com/2014/01/29/g-m-counter-manual/.