IMPULSE &

MOMENTUM
Principles of Impulse & Momentum
Principles of work and energy relates force, mass, velocity and acceleration.
However, when force is considered in time, that method no longer works. An
analysis approach to relate force. mass, velocty and time is required that is
why the method of Impulse and Momentum is being studied.

Recall Newton 2nd Law, rewrite in different way,

dv d
 F  ma  m  mv
dt dt
 Fdt  d mv
Integrating equation t2 v2

 Fdt   d mv 
t1 v1
t2

  Fdt  mv
t1
2  mv1

t2

mv1    Fdt  mv 2
t1
Meaning of Principle of Impulse
& Momentum
When particle is being given a force suddenly for a short period of time, the
particle will movw with different velocity. Mathematically it can be expressed
that the impulse to a moving object with initial momentum will transform to a
new momentum.
mv1  Im p12  mv2

The final momentum of the particle can be obtained by addin vectorially its
initial momentum and the impulse of the force during the time interval. Figure
5.1 states the meaning
Calculating Impulse
In general x-y plane, the force consists of x and y components. The impulse
can therefore be expressed in x-y components;
t2

Im p12 x    Fx dt  mvx 2  mvx 1

t1
t2

Im p12 y    Fy dt  mv y 2  mv y 1

t1

2 dimensional vector impulse;

mv x 2  mvx 1 

Im p12
 mv 
y 2  mv 
y 1

Magnitude of impulse

Im p12  mvx 2  mvx 1 2  mv y 2  mv y 1 2

In some engineering cases, forces are not always in function that can be
easily integrated, but represented by numerical data in time history. Area
under curve of F vs t can be used to calculate impulse. Figure 5.2, 5.3 shows
the area calculation in x and y components
Conservation of Momentum
If the resultant of force on a particle is zero or there is external force applied to
a particle,
mv1  Im p12  mv2

Then momentum is conserved mv1  mv2

Impact
Impact refers to collisions of 2 bodies and is characterized by relatively large
contact forces which act over a short interval of time. Figure 5.4 shows 2
particles in impact. After the impact, each particles define its own way of
direction and velocity.
In any collision of 2 bodies, there is always contact surfaces when the bodies
touch each other. The line perpendicular of the contact surfaces is called the
line of impact or called n-axis. The contact surfaces will be located in a plane of
contact represented by the t-axis. Figure 5.5 shows n and t axis;
Type Of Impact
2 types of impact in general

1) Direct impact - occur when the velocities of two colliding bodies are
parallel to the line of impact, n axis.

2) Oblique Impact - Occur when the motion of one or both of the body is at
an angle with the n-axis.

In terms of the mass center of the colliding bodies, there are 2 occurence
possibilitis, i.e

1) Central impact - Occur if both mass centers are on the n-axis.

2) Eccentric impact - Occur when if either mass center is off the n-axis.
If considering both the motion and location of mass centers , there are 4
types of impact

1) Direct central impact

2) Direct eccentric impact

3) oblique central impact

4) oblique eccentric impact

Since for particles, the mass center always considered at the middle of the
body, so when 2 particles collide, the mass centers will be always on the
line of impact.Types of impact for particles, is

1) Direct central impact

2) Oblique central impact

Figure 5.6 and 5.7 shows types of impact
Coefficient of Restitutions
2 stages when 2 particles collide.

First stage - Period of deformation just after impact. The 2 particles will
deform and will have the same velocity u.

2nd Stage - Period of restitution will follow. In this stage the particles either
will have regained their original shape or will stay permanently deformed.

Both, if the velocities before impact are v A and vB , after the impact the
, ,
particles will move with new velocities v A and vB as in Figure 5.8
The momentum is conserved for system of both masses, in n axis

m Av A  mB vB  m Av ,A  mB vB,
Restitution relationship holds only in the n-direction following the coefficient
of restitution;
vB,  v,A
en 
vA  vB
Special Case of Direct Central Impact
If en  1 , then it is called perfectly elastic impact. Equation of restitution can
be written as,

v A  vB  vB,  v ,A
vB  vB,
v A  v ,A

If en  0 , this is called perfectly plastic impact. then equation of restitution

becomes;
vB,  v ,A
m Av A  mB vB  m A  mB u

In perfectly plastic impact, both mass A and B become one and move together
with the same velocity u.
General Impact On Particles
As a general analysis, the oblique central impact will be considered as all
purpose analysis for impact on particles.

For this type of impact, if mA , mB , v A , v , are known variables, the rest are
B
not known, hence 4 equations are required;
If the impact is depicted in Figure 5.9

(1) Coeficient of restitution n-axis,

v B,  v ,A
en 
v A  vB

vB, sin  B,  (v ,A sin  A, )

en 
v A sin  A  vB sin  B

(2) t-momentum for mA is conserved

m Av A cos  A  m Av ,A cos  A,

(3) t-momentum for mB is conserved

mB vB cos B  mB vB, cos B,

(4) n-momentum for the system is conserved

m Av A sin  A  mB vB sin  B  mB vB, sin  B,  m Av ,A sin  A,

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