PCC

Development and Market Research

And

WORLD RELIEF/GLOBAL RELIEF ALLIANCE

Technical and Financial Proposal for the Studies of:

WEST DARFUR PROGRAM

TRANSITION TO RECOVERY: FOOD SECURITY AND LIVELIHOODS PROJECT IN KRENIK AND KULBUS
LOCALITIES

Studies:

1. ASSESSMENT OF KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE, AND PRACTICES ON KEY FOOD SECURITY AND

LIVELIHOODS ASPECTS IN KRENIK AND KULBUS LOCALITIES OF WEST DARFUR

2. ANALYSIS OF MAJOR CROPS AND LIVESTOCK COMMODITY VALUE CHAIN OPTIONS IN KRENIK
AND KULBUS LOCALITIES OF WEST DARFUR

3. LAND TENURE SYSTEMS, ACCESS AND ITS IMPLICATION ON THE HOUSHOLD FOOD SECURITY
AND LIVELIHOODS IN KRENIK AND KULBUS LOCALITIES OF WEST DARFUR

4. GENDER ANALYSIS IN KRENIK AND KULBUS LOCALITIES OF WEST DARFUR

May 19th/2013

SectionI
 Brief Introduction to PCC for Market and Development Research

The Entity:

Promotion Consultancy Center (PCC) is an independent market and development research institution registered
under the Ministry of Justice and in accordance with the company’s act of 1925. PCC is run by highly qualified
professionals. We offer turn-key approach to marketing and development research. PCC has offered research and
training services in many sectors such as agriculture, environment, finance, industry, institutional development,
health and many others.

Proficiency:

 Proposal designing
 Questionnaire designing
 Preparation of discussion guides for FGDs and IDIs
 Data Collection
 Data cleaning, data tabulation, data analysis and charting
 Report writing

Research Methodologies:

 Face to Face (F2F)

 In Depth Interviewing (IDI)
 Focus Group Discussion (FGD)
 Door to Door (D2D)
 Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA)

Field Capabilities:

PCC is working in North Sudan with representations and research experiences in South Sudan and East Africa all
with exclusive field resources. PCC operations are managed through Khartoum office. The office is comprised of
principal research executive, part time analysts, translators, data entry operators, interviewers and field supervisors.

PCC Research Ethics:

 We conduct research on legal, honest, truthful and objective approach and in accordance with appropriate
scientific principles.
 We ensure that researches and activities are designed, carried out, reported and documented accurately,
transparently and objectively.
 We do not act in any way that bring discredit on the research profession or lead to a loss of public
confidence in it.
 We do not make false statements about our skills, experience or activities.
 We take respondents’ cooperation as voluntary and must be based on adequate information about the
general purpose and nature of the research.
 We do not abuse the trust of respondents or exploit their lack of experience or knowledge.
 We respect rights of respondents as private individuals and make sure that they are not harmed or
adversely affected as direct result of cooperating in a research project.

Section II
 Backgrounds and Comments on the Terms of Reference

2.1: Backgrounds:

World Relief (WR) is an International Non-Governmental Organization (INGO) registered in Sudan, and has been
operating in Krenik Locality located in the Eastern part of West Darfur since 2004. The overarching goal of the
organization’s program in West Darfur is ‘to transform communities affected by conflict and disaster into a vibrant,
self-sufficient, and development-oriented society’.

In 2013, WR is launching a three year Food Security and Livelihoods project entitled “Transition to Recovery:
Food Security and Livelihoods in Krenik and Kulbus Localities”. The overall objective of the project is to
increase food and livelihoods security for 15, 0000 households in Krenik and Kulbus Localities of West Darfur. The
project aim is to contribute to the reduction of food and livelihoods insecurity, achieve a speedy and sustainable
recovery, and to provide the conflict affected communities with medium-to-long term benefits. The project seeks to
address vulnerabilities of different groups in the communities with appropriate interventions in the context of post
conflict recovery and transition to long term development. This being the framework, the project works to ensure the
following: increased and sustained agricultural and animal production; strengthened local institutions and
communities to plan, manage, monitor, and advocate for systems related to food and livelihoods security; viable,
diverse and sustained livelihoods options to reduce competition and conflict over dwindling resources; and
mainstreaming sound environment management.

As to the implementation modality, the project has two phases. One is the preparatory phase and the other is the
implementation phase. The preparatory phase, which will be undertaken during the first year of the project, involves
four studies among other activities. These studies include (1) Knowledge, Attitude and Practices [KAP] survey on
food security and livelihoods issues; (2) A broad brush analysis of major crop and livestock commodity value
chains; (3) Land tenure systems, access and its implication on the food insecurity and livelihood options; and (4)
Analysis of gender and socioeconomic differentiation. The purpose of this ToR is therefore to call on qualified,
experienced, and competent consultants for expression of interest (EOI) to conduct these four studies in Krenik
and Kulbus Localities of West Darfur. Please include everything requested in the Action Packet explained in
Section 10.

2.2: Comments on the terms of Reference:

Except for minor annotations, the terms of reference is clear, concise and well-thought out to cover all the aspects
required achieving the intended goal for the four studies.

The consultant has observed the following:

1. Repetitions of some objectives.

2. Payment method not specified.
3. Breakdown of population per villages not specified for sampling framework.
4. Security situation and precautions required is overlooked.

Section III
 Understanding of the Assignments and Methodologies

3.1 Study 1:

3.1.1: Focus of This Study:

This study will focus on determining the knowledge, attitude, and practices on the following mentioned thematic
areas:

a. Socio-economic realities:

 Major livelihoods groups in the study areas

 Major economic activities in the localities
 Recent trends and trajectories in livelihoods strategies of the different groups
 Common coping mechanisms
 Status of livelihoods diversification
 Institutional, natural, social, economic, and physical factors affecting the livelihoods and food security of the
farmers and pastoralists
 Recommended actions and activities for food security and livelihoods programming based on this assessment

b. Agriculture:

 Access to and utilization of improved seeds

 Land preparation and crop cultivation
 Use of fertilizers, green manure, and compositing
 Storage practices and post-harvest handling of agricultural products
 Irrigation (Small & large scale irrigation)
 Seed multiplication and seed preservation
 The types and names of varieties/cultivars of all common crops grown in the area
 Integrated pest/disease management (IPM/IDM) and organic pesticides
 Pesticide and herbicide use
 Inter cropping and agro-forestry/alley cropping
 Homestead Gardening
 Agricultural extension services
 Agricultural cooperatives
 Agricultural marketing and market information

c. Livestock and poultry rearing:

 Livestock husbandry
 Animal products (meat, milk, cheese, skin, hides) handling practice
 Livestock diseases and parasites
 Poultry farming and product handling
 Livestock services use
 The types of livestock breeds available
 Livestock and livestock products marketing
 Skins/hides marketing and processing

Environmental situation and issues:

  Tree planting as a means to reduce environmental crisis
 Impact of local brick making on environment
 Soil erosion and soil conservation techniques
 Climate change: A farmer/pastoralist perspective
 Desertification
 Impact of climate change on the livelihoods of pastoralists and farmers

Alternative livelihoods/income generating options:

 Means of income generation other than agriculture and the level of practice of the same
 Practice on Carpentry, masonry, tailoring, weaving, leather making, welding, daily laboring, and other
income generating activities in the localities
 Women’s access to income
 Income generating options for youth

3.2. Study II: Analysis of major crop and livestock commodity value chain options:

3.2.1The Focus of this study:

 Description of major crop (Millet, Sorghum, and Ground nuts) and livestock value chains
 Mapping Value Chains and market channels
 SWOT analysis for selected commodities
 Determine the profit margin and distribution of profit to each actor along the value chain
 Assess input and output markets and their characteristics
 Identify production related issues from input choice through post-harvest handling.
 Investigate into factors affecting pastoralists along the value chain
 Determine market information and market infrastructure related issues affecting the value chains of the
selected commodities
 Main market actors along the value chains (product conception through final disposal)
 Missing links in the value chains with implications to food security and livelihoods programming
 Factors affecting grain markets and suggested solutions
 The linkage between rural and urban markets for selected commodities; and cross state/region marketing
 Basic and analytic data on agronomic/husbandry activities, production, consumption, transportation, storage,
post-harvest handling, and marketing of selected commodities
 Grain yields and production trend
 Description of agricultural marketing in the localities in general
 Challenges to marketing and household coping mechanisms
 Implications of grain prices on different beneficiary groups (IDPs, Returnees, host communities, and
pastoralists/nomads)
 Market prices and functions
 The impact of conflict on grain and livestock trade
 Overview of livestock rearing & livestock marketing with an emphasis on three economically important
livestock types
 Significance of livestock production in West Darfur
 Livestock export
 Access to credit for farmers and pastoralists.
 Recommended actions for identified gaps
3.2.2 Understanding of the Assignment of Study 11:

The significance of value chain analysis is to enhance understanding to better design improvements todifferent chain
actor’s conditions and welfare. The overall understanding of this study is an attempt to contribute towards profiling
crops and livestock producers, traders and consumers, performances and, namely, identifying ways that can be
explored to incorporate Darfur farmers and livestock keepers into formal markets and enabling them to contribute to
their own well-being and the economy.

We further understand the purpose of the study as an investigation of the production and marketing
environment in which thesubsistence farmers and livestock keepers are operating, in order to identify
mechanisms and interventionsthat will assist them to enter the mainstream economy and formal markets.

The market chain analysis for crops and livestock is a mechanism that follows a product from the
production stage down to consumption. The discussions and analysis will identify and thoroughlydescribe
all points in the chain (producers, traders, transporters, processors, consumers).Prevailing models of
market chains will be investigated to find out whether there is one model of market chain or a hybrid.

The functions performed at each point of the chain-- who does what- will be researched to the very
details.

Factors and issues that affect the functions of each point of the market chain will be scrutinized. Special
attention will be given to the effect of the security situation in Darfur, policies and climate changes.

The prices at each point, in and out, at will be scrutinized and the profit share at each stage of the chain
will be determined and explained.

Market supply and demand (rising, constant, declining, approximate total supply and demand inthe
channel) will be reviewed.

Constraints and opportunities for the crops and livestock market chain will be surveyed.

The role of nomads in the livestock market chain will be looked at. How crop production vs. livestock
production affected pastoral livelihoods. How government farming policies, which held pastureland for
new farms and harmed pastoral livelihoods, and contributed to conflicts between sedentary farmers and
migratory livestock keepers.

Other issues will be analyzed: these include:

 - The effect of interventions of wealthy traders and brokers (Monopoly) in the market chain.
- Weekly markets.
- Transportation/Storage Constraints.
- Storage problems and risks (spoilage).
- Complications of government legal or regulatory procedures.
- Lack of finance (difficult to get credit).
- Lack of market information (prices out of production areas, accessibility to export etc.);

And recommendations to overcome detected gaps and constraints will be drawn.

3.2.3: Methodology for Study II:

This study relies on both quantitative and qualitative data.

1. Quantitative Method:

1.1 Structured Face to Face Interviews (Questionnaires) (F2F):

This method will be used to collect indicators such as:

-Prices
- Profit margins at each point of the market chain.
- Estimates of numbers of crops and livestock traders.
- Estimates of crop productions.
- Estimates of livestock.
- Roles of actors.
- Cost of production of crops and livestock rearing.
- Cost of trading.
- Other statistical indicators.

2. Qualitative Methods:

Qualitative data methods will be used to cover issues such as trade routes, trader profiles, functions and market
activities, impact of the conflict on trade, tribes involved in the market chain etc.

2.1 Literature Review:

To insure that recommendations and research results are inline with National and Regional macro policies,
secondary documentation on crops and livestock markets in Sudan and in the study area will be reviewed. Reviewing
existing literature will also ensures that this study provides an addition on previous work and existing knowledge.

A: Secondary data will be collected at the national level from the following government institution:

- Ministry of Agriculture.
- Ministry of Animal Resources.
- Ministry of Trade.
- Department of Range Land.
- Champers of Commerce.
- Customs Department.
- Livestock and crops exporters Trade Unions.
- UN Agencies and N
B: Secondary documentation will be collected and reviewed from Giniena:

- Ministry of Agriculture.
- Range Land Department.
- Livestock Department.
- Other related government Authorities.
- Applicable Trade Unions.
- UN and NGOS

2. In Depth Interviews (IDIs):

An in Depth Interviews will be conducted with Key informant of existing knowledge and experience of the crop and
livestock trade in the Study area. Key informant interviews will be conducted with different types of crops and
livestock traders in each market visited. Selected candidates should be representative of the range of traders
currently engaged in crops and livestock trade.

Interviews will also be carried out with community leaders and government officials who are related to crops and
livestock markets. Other stakeholders and resource people will be consulted depending on their relevance to the
study.

3. Focus Group Discussions:

Focus group discussions will be organized in all villages. This will be used to extract qualitative information from the
farmers and the livestock keepers such as:

- Overall, how has the crops livestock trade been affected by, and how has it responded to, the constantly shifting
dynamics of conflict in Darfur since 2003?
- How has it adapted, and to what extent (if at all) has the crops and livestock trade recovered?
- Specifically, how has the volume and value of crops and livestock trade in the area been affected by the conflict?
- Who are the main producers of crops and livestock currently traded in the area, and how does this compare with the
pre-conflict years?
- How has the market chain for crops and livestock been affected by the conflict, from producers to consumers?

Challenges toData Collection and Remedies:

As we expect insecurity and restricted access to a number of information may be numbered, the study team will use
local team members, supervisors and enumerators from the local localities. The presence of the local team will also
help in inhibiting suspicion of interviewees.

2.1. Study III: A study on land tenure systems, access and its implication on the food security and
livelihoods options: The objective of this study is to inform the project implementers on the basic questions of
rights and privileges and therefore help design strategies for ensuring ownership and access to resources.

2.1.1. The Focus of this study:

 Overview of the current land tenure system in the study areas
 The feeling/perception of farmers and pastoralists to the current land tenure system
 The impact of the tenure on farmers, pastoralists and Nomads
 The impact of the current tenure system and property rights on IDPs and returnees
 Environmental degradation-land tenure-and-food security nexus
  Investigate the linkage between livelihoods, rural-urban migration, and access to land
 To map out the linkages between conflict-land tenure and food security
 Women’s access to land
 Conflict and land tenure as related to livelihoods of pastoralists and farmers
 Linkage of land tenure to livelihoods & food security (correlation between land tenure and selected food
security indicators)
 Rural Urban Migration and its relationship with land tenure
 Trends and trajectories in livelihoods strategies change based on the changes in land tenure system
 Implications of the land tenure systems on implementation of food security programs in the localities
 The role of traditional leaders in terms of settling land tenure related problems
 Recommended actions.

Study III: Land tenure systems, access and its implications on the household food security and
livelihoods in Krenik and Kulbus Localities:

Land tenure and access constitute a complex issue throughout Darfur. The issue has been widely
recognized as one of the root causes of the current conflict in Darfur, starting 2003. The conflict has in
turn produced further complexities owing to the massive population upheavals and dislocations the
introduced new forms of contestations to the already existing land tenure regimes and arrangements.
As provided by the TOR the study will be conducted in the two localities of Krenik and Kulbus in West
Darfur State. The specific objectives of the study spelled-out by the TOR are:
To describe the existing land tenure and access to resources in the study areas
To determine the impact of the current land tenure system on food security situation on pastoral and
farming communities
Implications of the current land tenure system on food security and livelihood programming
To assess the relationship between land tenure, gender and food security
Determine the ease of adjusting or changing the land tenure system.
The ultimate objective of the study, however, is to help design strategies for ensuring ownership and
access to resources.

Methodological considerations:
Considering the ultimate objective stated above the study falls concretely within the current debate on
land issue in Darfur and the measures and procedures to resolve it as explicitly stipulated in the Abuja
Darfur Peace Agreement (2006) and the Doha Document for Peace in Darfur DDPD (2011) that followed.
Regarding the second specific objective of the study (impact of current land tenure on food security
situation on pastoral and farming communities) the TOR is not clear about who constitutes and the
targeted pastoral communities in these areas. One of the realities produced by the conflict is that
pastoral groups from outside the area are currently staying permanently, especially in Krenik Locality, on
agricultural lands abandoned by the displaced farmers. This creates a serious methodological problem
that needs to be resolved by World Relief.
Taking into account the fact that the study should be placed within the wider context of conflict and
population instability, the relationship between land tenure, displacement and food security presents
another methodological difficulty that needs to be addressed by World Relief.
The newly released document “2013-2019 Developing Darfur: A Recovery and Reconciliation Strategy”
shall provide the overall framework for the study and its outputs

Data collection
The study, by its very nature, entails a high demand for data, both qualitative and qualitative, at
different levels of governance, from the village, to locality, and the State. Because of that the Consultant
will opt to an eclectic approach that involves the following tools:

Consultation of secondary data, principally DDPD and the Darfur Regional Authority “2013-2019
Developing Darfur: A Recovery and Reconciliation Strategy” together with available documents such as
UNHCR report on land tenure in West Darfur (2002), UNEP’s environmental governance report (2012)
Darfur Land Commission Framework (2009) UN Habitat’s report on land issues in Darfur, Shata’s book
“Darfur: land and Hawakeer 2011) and University of Tuft’s publication “Livelihood, power and choice:
the vulnerability of Northern Rezeigat, 2009).

Focused group consultations with stakeholders, men and women, in the studied villages
Consultation with key resource persons and stakeholders at village and locality levels, including tribal
leaders, village sheiks and opinion leaders, representatives of local level organizations including women
and youth organizations, village development committees.

Group discussions at village level

Use of check list at the household level
Consultation of key resource persons at State level including members of the legislature, paramount
tribal chiefs, government officials from relevant institutions (departments of agriculture, livestock, land
dispossession committee, surveying ...etc.) and staff of Darfur Land Commission.

Study IV: A Gender Analysis Study:The Focus of this study:

 The division of labor in the communities and how it affects food security, nutrition security, and livelihoods security
of boys, girls, women, and men
 Level of access to and control over resources by men and women
 Gender differences and inequalities: and the contribution of the differences to food and livelihoods in/security
 The effect of the prevailing gender difference on access to education, health care, etc.
 How will the different roles and status of women and men within the community affect food security?
 Women’s role in household decision making and its implication on food security
 Women’s access to and control over household resources
 Women’s role and level of participation in leadership and local governance
 Activities with higher participation by women and the reason behind this
 Traditional/institutional barriers to equitable resources distribution among households
 An overview of Gender Based Violence (GBV)
 Recommended actions for food security and livelihoods programs/projects to promote equitable distribution of
household resources and reduced gender disparity