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Howley
Chapter
Exercise Metabolism
Chapter 4
Objectives
1
Chapter 4
Objectives
Chapter 4
Outline
2
Chapter 4 Energy Requirements at Rest
Rest-to-Exercise Transitions
3
Chapter 4 Rest-to-Exercise Transitions
Figure 4.1
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Chapter 4 Rest-to-Exercise Transitions
Figure 4.2
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In Summary
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Chapter 4 Recovery From Exercise: Metabolic Responses
Oxygen Debt
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Chapter 4 Recovery From Exercise: Metabolic Responses
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Chapter 4 Recovery From Exercise: Metabolic Responses
A Closer Look 4.1
Removal of Lactic Acid Following
Exercise
• Classical theory
– Majority of lactic acid converted to glucose in liver
• Recent evidence
– 70% of lactic acid is oxidized
Used as a substrate by heart and skeletal muscle
– 20% converted to glucose
– 10% converted to amino acids
• Lactic acid is removed more rapidly with light
exercise in recovery
– Optimal intensity is ~30–40% VO2 max
Figure 4.4
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Chapter 4 Recovery From Exercise: Metabolic Responses
Figure 4.5
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Chapter 4 Metabolic Responses to Exercise: Influence of Duration and Intensity
In Summary
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Chapter 4 Metabolic Responses to Exercise: Influence of Duration and Intensity
Figure 4.6
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Chapter 4 Metabolic Responses to Exercise: Influence of Duration and Intensity
Figure 4.7
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Lactate Threshold
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Chapter 4 Metabolic Responses to Exercise: Influence of Duration and Intensity
Figure 4.8
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Chapter 4 Metabolic Responses to Exercise: Influence of Duration and Intensity
Figure 4.9
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Figure 4.10
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Chapter 4 Metabolic Responses to Exercise: Influence of Duration and Intensity
• Prediction of performance
– Combined with VO2 max
• Planning training programs
– Marker of training intensity
In Summary
Oxygen uptake increases in a linear fashion during
incremental exercise until VO2 max is reached.
The point at which blood lactic acid rises systematically
during graded exercise is termed the lactate threshold or
anaerobic threshold.
Controversy exists over the mechanism to explain the
sudden rise in blood lactic acid concentrations during
incremental exercise. It is possible that any one or a
combination of the following factors might provide an
explanation for the lactate threshold: (1) low muscle
oxygen, (2) accelerated glycolysis, (3) recruitment of fast
fibers, and (4) a reduced rate of lactate removal.
The lactate threshold has practical uses such as in
performance prediction and as a marker of training
intensity.
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15
Chapter 4 Estimation of Fuel Utilization During Exercise
VCO2 16 CO2
R= = = 0.70
VO 23 O2
2
• R for carbohydrate (glucose)
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O
VCO2 6 CO2
R= = = 1.00
VO 6 O2
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2
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Chapter 4 Estimation of Fuel Utilization During Exercise
In Summary
17
Chapter 4 Factors Governing Fuel Selection
Figure 4.11
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Chapter 4 Factors Governing Fuel Selection
Figure 4.12
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Chapter 4 Factors Governing Fuel Selection
A Closer Look 4.3
Is Low-Intensity Exercise Best for
Burning Fat?
• At low exercise intensities (~20% VO2 max)
– High percentage of energy expenditure (~60%)
derived from fat
– However, total energy expended is low
Total fat oxidation is also low
• At higher exercise intensities (~50% VO2 max)
– Lower percentage of energy (~40%) from fat
– Total energy expended is higher
Total fat oxidation is also higher
Figure 4.14
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Chapter 4 Factors Governing Fuel Selection
Figure 4.13
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Chapter 4 Factors Governing Fuel Selection
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Chapter 4 Factors Governing Fuel Selection
• Intramuscular triglycerides
– Primary source of fat during higher intensity exercise
• Plasma FFA
– From adipose tissue lipolysis
Triglycerides glycerol + FFA
– FFA converted to acetyl-CoA and enters Krebs cycle
– Primary source of fat during low-intensity exercise
– Becomes more important as muscle triglyceride
levels decline in long-duration exercise
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Chapter 4 Factors Governing Fuel Selection
Figure 4.15
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Figure 4.16
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Chapter 4 Factors Governing Fuel Selection
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Chapter 4 Factors Governing Fuel Selection
A Closer Look 4.4
The Cori Cycle: Lactate as a Fuel
Source
• Lactic acid produced by skeletal muscle is
transported to the liver
• Liver converts lactate to glucose
– Gluconeogenesis
• Glucose is transported back to muscle and used as
a fuel
Figure 4.17
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Chapter 4 Factors Governing Fuel Selection
In Summary
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Chapter 4
Study Questions
Chapter 4
Study Questions
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Chapter 4
Study Questions
10. How does the modern theory of EPOC differ from the
classical oxygen debt theory proposed by A.V. Hill?
11. Discuss the influence of exercise intensity on muscle fuel
selection.
12. How does the duration of exercise influence muscle fuel
selection?
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