raa0%7 ‘Tech Bit #2: The Problem with Open-Delta Potertial Transformers | Ban Standish, PE, CxA, MEng | Pulse Linkedn 11.5kV — 120V LINE POTENTIAL XFMR (LI AA Tech Brief #2: The Problem with Open- Delta Potential Transformers Publicado e177 defetreroce 2017 Ben Standish, PE, CxA, MEng Sezvir cutting through the smoke and minorsoftechtypetoddnertin. (Opensdelta potential transformers (PTS) are used frequently in medium-voltage switchgear projects. When given the choice a protection engineer will be better off specifying and applying grcunded-wye PTs when possible. However, there are cases \here existing conditions, economics, or reasons beyend the engineer's control will warrant the use of open-delta PTs. ‘The main protlem with this PT arrangement is that primary-side line-fo-ground voltages are net properly emulated atthe PT secondary. Thus, if accurate single-phase voltage to ground is needed for under/over voltage protection (ANSI 27/59) or for power quality monitoring. youll be out of luck. “This article discusses the practical issues surrounding applicaticn of opensdelta PTs = including a proven solution using the negative-sequence voltage element (ANSI 47) to restrain undervoltage tripping such that unbalanced vs. balanced undervoltages are accurately detected Autility company may impose single-phase undervoltage (ANSI 27) protection ona distributed energy resource as part of the interconnection requirements. Open-delta PTs do not support single-phase undervoltage relaying. ‘The opermdelta PT is commenly used in medium-voltage (MV) generator paralleling ‘switchgear amengotherapplications. Compared toa grounded-wye arrangement the hip: lirkedin com pulsatech-brit-2-prablem-apen-della-poteial-ber-standish-pe-cxa?irk=v-feedipi=urnieaAlinedApagericAd fagsrip®_de.. 116raa0%7 ‘Tech Bit #2: The Problem with Open-Delta Potertial Transformers | Ban Standish, PE, CxA, MEng | Pulse Linkedn eMIDIE >-PHESE VOILA 101 KERTH SY UA, PLOLELLIL, ERC A CULT functions. PTs with 1SkV-rated primaries can easily cast +$1,500 a piece. Coupled with the cost of installation and wiring. aswitchgear manufacturer could easily realize savings of $20,000 to $30,000 or more on a large paralleling lineup, So its easy to see why manufacturers might prefer oper-delta PTs in a competitive bid environment, “The characteristic phasor diagram for an open-delta arrangement can be seen in the screenshot below: “This phasor diagram represents ‘generater PT voltage inputs at a generater protection relay. Disregard the voltage magnitude differences as this screenshot is frcma fault event file, Normally the opermdelta phase voltages ‘ould be balanced, therefore \Veb| |Vab] \Vac|. ‘The normal operrdelta phase relationship isa 60 Deg. angle between Vab (reference voltage at zero Deg) and Veb (at -300 Deg, or +60 Deg). The voltage Von is ator near zero because standard practice is to ground the B-phase on the PT secondary side. “This phasor arrangement may seem counterintuitive because only two phasors are present despite the fact that three phase voltages are being previtled. n fect, the phasor ‘Vac isn't displayed in the screenshot. ‘This is because Vac has to be internally calculated by the pretective relay or power meter from phasors Vab and Veb—> Vac = Vab - Veb. ‘The Problem with Single-Phase Voltages: ‘The calculations below illustrate what aset af opermdeltaPT's "see" when a 90% singke- phase undervoltage occurs on B-Phase of the PT primary. This problem was made aprarent tothe author during technical review of an intereonnection application fora -2SMIW steam turbine cogeneration plant. The calculations below were submitted in supportof the required undervoltage prctection changes. hipeulawwlirkedin.comipulsateck-brit-2-prabam-open-della-potetial-bor-standish-pe-cxa?irk=\-foedipiurn3AlNSApageriaAd fagsrip® dela... 25raa0%7 ‘Tech Bit #2: The Problem with Open-Delta Potential Transformers | Ban Standish, PE, CxA, MEng | Pulse Linkedin round velage magnitudes for potetal raneformers connected open dela primary, open data grounded Secondary aml) "165 end) 2226600 Vag p= mal) sag) =145 wien) 9174002 Yaag y= a) aaag{¥,.) "173 engle(Ygq)=~300042— Vanag ae ™ 6% ae) Tere 60% ogo on has b cause ta loving Ineo ataes ff illineosne votape aoe 95008 “ye 950% =e Where represents the full Hineo-line, per-anit voltage magnitude 000% If the undervoltage relay is set to trip at 90% voltage on any phase, clearly it will not trip when two ofthree lines are at 95% voltage. ‘The quaniry here is that moving the Undervoltage setpoint up to 95% will make the relay susceptible to nuisance tripping ‘The last thing a utility or grid-tied generator owner wants to see are trip events caused by oversensitive inter-tie protection settings. ‘These nuisance trips exacerbate power quality issues for the utility's other customers, and could cost the owner dearly if their generator trips during peak loading under a ratchet demand. Beyond this, trips under load cause undue stress and wear on the generator's mechanical and electrical systems. Connecting distrituted energy resource (DER)to the utility requires a degree of flexibility in the protection settings. Cn one hand the utility may want the DER to “ride through’ a frequency or Voltage excursion such that it supports the grid ty contrituting machine inertia (frequency support)or reactive volt/VAR support to help minimize the event, ‘This is highly dependent on many factors related to the local electric grid infrastrudure and relay pretection scheme at the interconnection point, relative strength ‘or weakness of the utility's available fault current, and the overall size (power output) of hip: lirkedin.com pulsatech-brif-2-prablem-apen-della-potenial-ber-standish-pe-cxa?irk=v-feedipi=urnieaAlinedApagericAd fagsrip® dea... 36raa0%7 ‘Tech Bit #2: The Problem with Open-Delta Potertial Transformers | Ban Standish, PE, CxA, MEng | Pulse Linkedn _ Nun AMHR ENCE ULL HHL EUTIIRC UR RYU, OF Ue HEELS for DER response toabnermal voltages and frequencies found in IEEE Std 1547, will show that trip delay times can increase significantly fer smaller frequency excursions. For voltage excursions less than 10% (90% < actual < 110%) there is typically no trip requirement at all Forthe example af 90% single-phase valtage above, the utility wanted the cogen plant totrip afer a one second delay. Above this voltage level there was no trip requirement, (On the other hand, the utility wants rapid DER tripping during significant local grid faults, regional outages, or other Direct Tansfer Trip (DTT) scenarios that require all DER ina region to be isclated from the grid for safety reasons. To comply with these sometimes conflicting requirements, the inter-tie prctection scheme must strike the required balance between ridethrough capability and rapid fault isolation. ‘The Open-Delta Work Around - Negative Sequence Voltage & the Unbalance Factor Itsno secret that untalanced faults on three-phase systems give rise to negative sequence currents and voltages in proportion to the magnitude of imbalance between phases. Exploiting this relationship provides a basis for discriminating between unkalanced underveltage and balanced three-phase undervaltage events when cpene delta PTs are utilized “The big discovery for the author was finding a practical mathematical methed to caleulate the voltage "unbalance factor" (UF) using only RMS (real) linesto-tine veltages - withcut the need cf single-phase veltage phasors in the complex (imaginary) plane, ‘The UF is simply the ratio of negative sequence to positive sequence voltage for set of given line voltages. An intensive search of the IEEE Digital Library ‘uncovered the Following paper: Jozef A. L Ghijselen and Alex P.M. Van den Bossche, "Exact Voltage Unbalance Assessment Without Phase Measurements," IEEE Trans. On Pawer Systems, Vol. 20, n0.1, pp. 519-520, February 2005. “The formulas in this paper were used to calculate the untalance factor for the case presented above (single-phase underveltage of 90%, ar two line-line voltages at 95%). Below are the calculations that were sutmitted to the utility protection engineer. Unbalance Factor UR) ‘The unbalance factor (UF) i the rato of negative sequence to postive sequence voltage. The UF is used to termine the pickup Setting forthe negalve sequence voltage element inthe SR750 relay. Te calculations below are taken from an IEEE paper by Ghiselen and Van den Bossche which uses phase voltage ‘magnitudes to determine the postive and negative sequence voltage quaies, and the UF hip: lirkedin.com pulsatech-brif-2-prablem-apen-della-poteial-ben-standish-pe-cxa?irk=v-foedipi=urnieaAlndtpagericAd fagsrip® dei. 16raa0%7 ‘Tech Bit #2: The Problem with Open-Delta Potertial Transformers | Ban Standish, PE, CxA, MEng | Pulse Linkedn voy Asgtty = 281 pa2st Asad = [PTP=Vnag atl (= Vaug a) Vag. od Acard, = 121 UF=003 Using the UF value calculated above. the ANSI 47 negative-sequence voltage element ‘was programmed to pickup inside the multi-function protective relay for unbalancod undervoltage events. Thicugh relay programming the 47 element previded a block signal to the 27 element allowing the relay to discriminate between unbalanced and balanced undervoltages. ‘Therefore. a single-phase undervoltage af 90% would also see the 47 clement pickup on negative sequence voltage and allow the 27 element o trip at 95% voltage. For three-phase "balanced!" undervoltage events the 47 element would block the 2742 element from tripping at 95%, and instead the 27-1 element would trip at 90% valtage after the required time delay This sclution was successfully applied toa cogeneration project involving the ccnnection of new steam turbine generators into existing 1960's era Westinghouse 1SkV air cireuit-breaker switchgear. This particular switchgear includes multiple sets of open delta PTs, and serves a large college campus including a nationally recegnized research and teaching hospital. The switchgear, although dated. is very well maintained, and includes a fully commissioned, autemated mainstie-tie-main transfer scheme that was in place and operaticnal prier to the cogen project. Replacement of the existing open-delta PTS with groundedwye PTS was risky and highly undesirable in this case. Using the protection scheme presented above the utility approved the cogen plant interconnection, and the cast of replacing the existing open-delta PTs was mitigated. YO ® hip: lirkedin com pulsatech-trif-2-prablem-apen-della-pteial-ben-standih-pe-cxa?irk=v-foedipi=urnieaAlinedApagericAd fags dei... 56raa0%7 ‘Tech Bit #2: The Problem with Open-Delta Potertial Transformers | Ban Standish, PE, CxA, MEng | Pulse Linkedn Ben Standish, PE, Cx, MEre, Cuthg trough thesmekeard minors cftechhypete deliver tind rlitle cost. Seg ep see 3 comentarios Més reciente ~ Deja tus comentarios aqu. Jason Gardner PE ish ad ctl gine at Jacobs \Whnen you have a main tie main withan auto transferscheme and resistance grounded, we don't Lsually nant wyewye because a secondary ground fultwill cause a UVandthusa trarsfer. Usually notdesired Withopen deltaitsno issue. Recomendar Responder Ben Standish, PE, CxA, Meng. “a ED sine rough the smoke ane mirersoftechhypeto verte, able, cst fective ‘Tharks Curt. think the industry s ready fr new, cost saving senscroptiors. ‘Theold rall-out PT drawers with their clunky groundingsystems and space hogging layouts need tobe attingofthe past. Recomendar Responder Hay 1 comentario més. Mostrar mis Historias principales de la seleccion de los editores WHEN BREATH COMES AIR ws Snap IPO and asymmetry of information _| hope my daughter learns that. This BookLeft Mein Tears EnriqueDansentinkedtn “balance” isn’t achievable for all ofus, _ciicatesen irkesin and thatis ok PorryHaviowen ikehn Estas buscando mas titulares recientes en LinkedIn? 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