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GEOLOGIA ESTRUCTURAL
AVANZADA
CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
1. Introducción
INDICE
2. Nociones fundamentales de mecánica de materiales geológicos.
• Continuum mechanics y esfuerzos.
3. Estados de esfuerzos en la corteza.
4. Reología
• Elasticidad (66), plasticidad (70), Est. experimentales (116), viscosidad.
5. Introducción a la deformación.
• Cinemática.
6. Ejemplos de deformación en la corteza
• Deformación frágil o quebradiza: fallas y diaclasas.
• Deformación dúctil: pliegues y foliaciones.
• Estructura general de zonas de acortamiento en la corteza.
• Estructura general de zonas de extensión en la corteza
• Técnicas y herramientas de cartografía estructural.
– Cartografía geológica, intersección de planos, proyecciones estereográficas.
• Taller con software libre.
7. Bibliografía
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CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
I. INTRODUCCION
CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOLUCION
Analítica
Numérica
Analógica
Inversión
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CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
Overtumed anidine
Maas trichtian-Ecoene
S - Foliation Telecingo Bals as and Oapan Fm
Camparian - Eocene
3.er orden:
CONCEPTUAL
TEORICO
CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
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CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
25 cm
d
f
CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
lower crust
detachment
and foreland transport opposite vergence advancing wall
of of the narrow basin
The inverted basin Simulated materials
Brittle upper crust
Lower ductile
crust
Weak ductile lower crust
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ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
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CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
Importancia de la cuantificación.
Medir cantidades físicas y expresarlas en números.
El continuum, una idealización matemática con cantidades de
campo que se pueden medir en una roca.
Cantidades físicas fundamentales: longitud (L), masa (M),
tiempo (T) y temperatura.
Unidades de medición: el sistema SI.
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CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
EL CONTINUUM
Material continuo.
CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
rock mass
density
continuum mass
density
lattice
defect pore
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ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
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CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
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CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
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CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
Prefijos del SI
CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
Cantidad Unidad
Nombre Simbolo
Símbol Definición
o
Tiempo minuto min 1 min = 60 s
Ton
Masa t 1 t=1000 kg
métrica
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CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
unit weight
1m = 26,670 N/m3
stress on base
Newton y Pascal, en
1000m
= 26,670 N/m2
contexto geológico.
998
999
CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
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CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
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ANALISIS DIMENSIONAL
ρ
ρ ρ
CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
100 m
O
W
Y
Offset, O, is
exaggerated.
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CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
1-v 2 2
Δu:= 2Δ σ a - x
G
u {=} L
Coordenada: x {=} L
CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
fault #1
0.2 C1
x(m) x/a a. Graficar datos de
0.0
0 100 200 300 400 -1.0 0.0 +1.0 campo o
(b) Δu(m) (d)
laboratorio.
ΔuG/2Δσa(1 - v)
0.4 m
+1.0
0.2 m
x(m) x/a
-192m 0.0 +192m -1.0 0.0 +1.0
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CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
fault #1
de graficado para
0.2 C1
simplificar la ecuación.
x(m) x/a
0.0
0 100 200 300 400 -1.0 0.0 +1.0
0.2 m
x(m) x/a
-192m 0.0 +192m -1.0 0.0 +1.0
CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
fault #1
0.2 C1
x(m) x/a
0.0
0 100 200 300 400 -1.0 0.0 +1.0
0.2 m
x(m) x/a
-192m 0.0 +192m -1.0 0.0 +1.0
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CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
fault #1
0.2 C1
x(m) x/a
0.0
0 100 200 300 400 -1.0 0.0 +1.0
0.2 m
x(m) x/a
-192m 0.0 +192m -1.0 0.0 +1.0
CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
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CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
¿Qué son?
CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
a) Fuerza.
b) Momento de una fuerza, torque.
c) Tracción.
d) Tensor de esfuerzos.
a) b) y σyy
y F σyx
f σyz
σxy
a σzy
σzx σxx
z r x σxz
x
m σzz
z d) y
point T
volumen
c) t(n)
n x
t(n) n
area
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CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
i =3
dv
z δv P
z δx
y
y
x
x
δf3
δf 2 δf
1
z2 y2 x2 δfn
pb dx dy dz
b := lim
n ∞ PnδVn
z1 y1 x1
11 Años Capacitando a la Comunidad Minera Global 35
CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
bx = 0
by = 0
bz = -g*
g* = 9.80665 m/s2
z2 y2 x2
pbZ dx dy dz = -pgδxδyδz = - V
z1 y1 x1
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CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
x δ δf
δA
δfn
P P
t (n) = - lim
δA n
n ∞
n
P
δn
lim
δA n = 0 Rock mass
n ∞
S
CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
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CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
n(2)
t[n(2)]
t[n(2)] = -t[n(1)]
11 Años Capacitando a la Comunidad Minera Global 39
CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
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CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
1000
σv = 0.027z
2000
3000
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CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
4
Horizontal in situ stress
σh1 1.2
Horizontal
tunnel
0.6 1.0
0.8
Induced principal stresses 1.2 1.0
Miximum principal stress σ3 / σ v
σh1equal to 3σv
11 Años Capacitando a la Comunidad Minera Global 43
CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
La presión de
magma es
suficiente para
fracturar la roca
encajonante.
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CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
EL TENSOR DE ESFUERZOS
CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
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CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
EQUILIBRIO DE FUERZAS
Las fuerzas en los tres ejes
coordinados se balancean en un
estado homogéneo de esfuerzos.
La condición de equilibrio de fuerzas
no restringe los componentes de
esfuerzo.
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CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
EQUILIBRIO DE MOMENTOS
CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
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CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
EL ESTADO DE ESFUERZOS
Tensor de segundo orden.
Se define completamente por los σij = σji
nueve componentes, de los cuales i=1,2,3
solo seis son independientes. j=1,2,3
CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
FORMULA DE CAUCHY
=0
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CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
nx = cosαx
ny = cosαy
nz = cosαz
CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
(nx)2 +(ny)2+(nz)2
δ A = δ A .|nx|
δ A = δ A .|ny|
δ A = δ A .|nz|
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CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
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ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
ELIPSOIDE DE LAME
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CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
COMPONENTE NORMAL DE T
t*n = txnx +tyny +tznz
tn = σx (nx) 2 + σyy(ny)2 + σzz(nz)2 + 2σxynxny + 2σyznynz = 2σzxnztn = σxx(nx)2 + σyy(ny)2 + σzz(nz)2 + 2σxynxny +2σyznynz + 2σzxnznx
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CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
COMPONENTE DE CIZALLA DE T
n x (t x n) = [1-(nx)2]tx-nxnztz-nxnztz]ex+[-nxnytx+[1-(ny)2]ty-nynztz]ey+[-nznxtx-nznyty+[1-(nz)2]tz]ez
CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOLUCION 2D
tn = tx cosαx + ty sen αx
ts = -tx sen αx + ty cos αx
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CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
tx(n) =σnn nx
ty(n) = σnn ny
tz(n) = σnnnz
CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
σ xx – σ nn σyx σzx
σxy σ yy – σ nn σzy
σxz σyz σ zz – σ nn
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CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
u + δu
δx
δu
u
x + δx
x Deformed
CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
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CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
100
CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
Stress
dx
E (módulo de Young). Mide la “firmeza” del material en
experimentos.
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CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
σ ij = c ijkl e kl
Donde
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CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
c ijkl = c klij
Lo cual reduce el problema a 21 constantes; este es el caso
conocido como anisotropía general, pero notar que sigue
siendo elástico lineal.
11 Años Capacitando a la Comunidad Minera Global 72
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CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
Ejemplos:
, G ;
CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
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CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
- dp δ ij = λdθ δ ij + 2μdeij
Entonces:
CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
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CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
Strain
CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
MODELOS REOLOGICOS
3
2 L
A
P
E E
1
0.2% ε =I/L
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CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
COMPORTAMIENTO QUEBRADIZO
Un material es
quebradizo si tiende a
la ruptura cuando se le
aplica un esfuerzo.
CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
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CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3
E1 E1 E1 E1
CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
1
? 1
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CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
S
50
Ley de fractura MPa
de Coulomb C
N
tan
en compresión. n
n n
-20
MPa
¿Cuál es el
ángulo
observado entre -50
MPa
la superficie de S
fractura y σ1 (θ)?
σc: esfuerzo de corte crítico requerido para
~30 que el material falle.
grados σ0: fuerza de cohesión.
tan θ: coeficiente de fricción interna.
σN: esfuerzo normal.
11 Años Capacitando a la Comunidad Minera Global 83
CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
a) b) c) d) e)
3
1
2= 3 1= 2
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CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
stiffer
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CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
Normal Horizontal
Inversa Mixta
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CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
1
normal faults 1 1
3
3
2
strike-slip faults
2 2
principal stress axes
1 3
3
2
3
return to menu 1
CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
Fallas normales
Conjugadas.
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CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
B 140
Yield Strength
120 Rupture
Yield Strength
Differential Stress (in MPa)
100 Elastic
Limit
80
Resistencia de fluencia 60
40
C 140
elásticamente.
Differential Stress (in MPa)
120
100
80 Fricitional Sliding
Along Fault
60
40
20
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CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
MODELOS DE FALLAMIENTO
slider block spring
table
top
pull
block yet increases ...
to move
and
increases ...
CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
MODELOS DE FALLAMIENTO
fault is formed
stress
strain
fault is formed
stress
strain
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CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
Strength
Rupture
Strength
de los enlaces químicos en la retícula
cristalina, ¡sin llegar a fallar!
200
CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
No Strain
until this
stress level
is reached
Como el
chicle.
Figure 3.53 Protrayal of ideally plastic
deformation. Stress (σ) is raised, but no strain
(Є) accrues until a critical threshold is exceeded.
From that point on, under ideal conditions,
deformation continues as long as the stress
level is maintained.
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CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
weaking becomes
stress
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CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
140
130
300
80
Differential Stress, MPa
70
60
200 40
20
100
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Strain, percent
CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
400
Differential Stress (in MPa)
300 Pf = 50 MPa
Pf = 100 MPa
200
Pf = 150 MPa
100
Pf = 200 MPa
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Strain (in %)
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CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
= 4.0 x 10 -2 /sec
240
AUMENTA AL 200
= 3.3 x 10 -4/sec
DEFORMACION.
100
= 3.3 x 10 -7/sec
80
= 3.3 x 10 -8 /sec
60
20
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Strain (%)
CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
Strongest Quartzite
Granite
Quartz-cemented
0
sandstone
Basalt
Meters
5
Limestone
Calcite-cemented
10
sandstone a.
0
Schist 1
Marble 2
Sahle/mudstone 3
4
Anhydrite 5
Weakest Salt b.
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CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
Más fuertes.
Rocas ultramáficas y máficas.
Granitos. El papel de la litología en la resistencia
Esquistos. y ductilidad (para un régimen dúctil;
corteza profunda o inferior).
Dolomitas.
Calizas.
Cuarcitas.
Más débiles.
CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
2000
25ºC
1500
Differential Stress (in MPa)
LA TEMPERATURA 300ºC
1000
DISMINUYE LA
500ºC
RESISTENCIA. 500
700ºC
800ºC
0 10 15
5
Strain (in%)
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CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
COMPORTAMIENTO
VISCOSO (FLUIDO).
CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
Yield Stress
Stress ( )
=
d
Strain Rate ( )
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CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
Air 10 -5
Water 10 -3
Olive oil 10 -1
Honey 4
Glycerin 83
Lava 10 -10 4
Asphalt 105
Pitch 109
Ice 1012
Rock salt 10 17
Sandstone slab 10 18
Asthenosphere (upper mantle) 10 20
Lower mantle 10 21
CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
TRANSICION FRAGIL-DUCTIL
Figure 5.7-14: Strength envelopes as a funcion of depth and material
H V
(MPa)
DR
10 Y
=0
BY
-H
=0
Y D
20 Quartz
.42
Y
=
DR
0.
=0
=0
Depth(km)
42
.7
= 0.7
30
D
HY
=1
BY-
40
Olivine
50
Extension Compression
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CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
u
FR FR
3 km/s
* * A
10 ?
DEPTH
QP QR
20
DEPTH
CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
IMPLICACIONES
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CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
VETAS EN ECHELON
CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
s3
s1
s3
s1
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CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
1s 3
s1
3
3 s3 1
s1
CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
1s 3
s1
2
2 1
n n
3
3 1
s3
s1
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CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
ESFUERZO Y DEFORMACION
2. Ley de Byerlee.
CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
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CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
B + s
Uniaxial
3 3
1 2
1 N + N
3 1
B 3 2 3
Axial Extension
(Tensile)
(Comprenssive)
1 1
s
C + s
Axial Stress
33
C
Tensile
1 3
3 3 N + N
1 2= 3
2= 3
2=
Figure 3.28 Types of defomation
exoeriences (A) Axial compression (B) axial 3
extension (C) tensile.
CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
1= 2= 3
(Low)
N + N
1= 2= 3
(High)
B + s
Uniaxial
1 2
N + N
3 1
2 3
(Tensile)
(Comprenssive)
C + s Axial Stress
1 3
N + N
1 2= 3
2= 3
2= 3
D + Triaxial Stress
s
N 3 1
+ N
2
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CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
RELAX
n + n
REST EASY
DAN
GER
- ROC
KW
ILL
FAI Fai
L lure
E nve
s lo pe
CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001 MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
2
=6
0º
n n
-20 10 20 30 3 º 100 3 3
MPa MPa MPa MPa Values - 60 MPa
=
2
2
-50
MPa 1
Co
ulo
s mb
Fa
ilu
re
En
ve
lop
e
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