Vous êtes sur la page 1sur 98
CHINESE BIOGAS DIGESTER A Potential Model for Small-Scale, Rural Applications (A Manual for Construction and Operation) Prepared by: Charles Il, Nakagawa U.S. Peace Corps Volunteer with Q. L. Honquilada PRRM A Joint Project of The Philippine Rural Reconstruction Movement (PRRi) The U.S. Peace Corps/Philippines The German Freedom From Hunger/Agro-Action December 1981 Reprinted By: PEACE CORPS Information Collection and Exchange July 1985 This manual is a result of a two-year project entitled "The Development and Promotion of Biogas Project Under Philippine Condi= tions", jointly undertaken by the Philippine Rural Reconstruction Movement’ (PRRM), the US Peace Corps/Philippines, and the Geman Freedom From Hunger/Agro~Actions In general, the project aims to contribute to the widespread dissemination and actual utilization of biogas technology particularly in the rural village! Singling out the Chinese design as tho most appropriate type at the moment for small-scale, backyard livestock-raising families is dictated by the following reasons: (a) it is less costly, volune-fore volume, compared with other existing designs; (b) it is more durable and entails loss maintenance for it has fewer metal components and moving parts; and (c) it is capable of delivering a higher gas pres= sure, thus making it possible to utilize the gas for lighting purposes, The pieces of inyormation in this manual provide the basic knowledge and guides for the construction and operation of a small- seale, family-size Chinese biogas unit as adapted to Philippine rural conditions. These are not original idear of the writers but gathered and leamed from a lot of people and reading materials, as well as from actual experiences in building a number of biogas units, Encouragingly, these units have already been operational. We owe tho following special thanks and acknowledgements: the Chengdu Biogas Research Institute Team - - composed of Dr. Xu Yi Hong (team leader, and biologist), Dr. Cao Guo Qiang (architect), and Drs Lo Xing Yun (translator) - = who were at one tine with the Central Luzon State University, for painstakingly sharing the basic information, principles and other "secrets" of the Chinese biogas model with one of this manual's writers, Charles Nakagawa; Nestor de Guzman, & local. ingenious mason who had made significant useful modifications in the construction of a Chinese biogas digester and which are now incorporated in this manual; and Esther dela Cruz for ably and patiently typing the manuseript. By and large, this manual 4s only an initdal attemot. Suggestions and comments for ute improvement and refinement will be greatly appree olated. The benefits a family can derive from having a biogas unit cane not be over-emphasized. Tho unit will not only provide an efficient @deposal and treatnont system for manure and other organic wastes but a Sate also valuable fuel for cooking and even Lighting, as well, high quality organic fertilizers. On a larger scale, this means, anong other thirgs, environmental sanitation, energy self-reliance and savings on the part of the peoples 1% ds hoped that this manual will, in certain little ways, be helpful to the villagers and development agency personnel in putting the biogas technology into practice. C. He Ne Q@ LH siii- Preface 140 INTRODUCTION Le, Why Biogas Production 1.2 The Chinese Biogas Model: Sone Practical Advantages 2.0 BASIC STRUCTURAL FEATURES AND CONSIDERATIONS 2e1. Components 252 Design Formulas 263 Sizing Biogas Units 320 CONSTRUCTION 3e1 General Overviow of the Conet~ntion Process 302 Phase I 3.2e1 Planning/Preparation 3 30203 Excavation 3-204 Flooring Construction 362.5 Wall Construction 3.26 Ring Beam 3.2.7 Dome Beams (Arch ~ ‘the Dor Site Consideration 3e2.8 Dome Quadrants 3 3 5 it RBSBEFGEHEBEFE RB : BEST COPY AVAILABLE -iv- 362.9 Outlet Chamber/Pit 3e2410 Mixing Pit/Inlet 3.211 Plastering 3.2412 Flooring Finishing 342.13 Manhole Sleeve 3.3. Phase IT 3.301 Paraffin/Wax Application 3.342 Stirror/Mixor Assembly 333 Removable Manhole Cover 3.304 Gas Piping System Components 3.3.5 Installation of Gas Piping 34306 Back£i11ing 3.347 Testing for Water Leakage 3.348 Tost ing for Gas Leakage oO OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE Agi. Initial Loading de2 Mixing Slurry for Rogular Loading 43 Regular Loading of Input Materials And Removal of Effluent from Outlet Chamber deh, Stirring/Agitation 4e5 Condensate Removal 46 Servicing Scum Problem 4eT Poriodic Cleaning of the Digester 448 Repairing Masonry Work Within the Digester 4.9 Entering the Digester BESS EReEES Bare 40 40 6 42 43 4el0 Gas Utilization dell Biofertdlizer (or Effluent) Utilization 4e12 Troubleshooting: Common Operational Problems And Their Remedies Appendices: A= Tho Biogas Process: A Brief Introduction B = Dosign/Plan of 4 Chinese Biogas Unit C = Economic Analysis/Feasibility Study for a Famfly-Size Chinese Biogas Unit D = Eetimted Bill of Materials for Different Digester Volumes E = Digester Volume and Quantity of Daily Slurry Charge F = Botimted Daily Quantity of Manure and Urine Available with Respect to Number and Weight of Pigs Raised G = Betdmatod Gas Production Rate H = Masonry As Applied to Biogas Construction I © Basio Manual Tools for Biogas Construction J = Useful Formlas and Conversions K = "Details for Construction of a Biogas Lamp (Hanging Model)" % = Background Notes And Account of Biogas Production in the People's Fepublic of China M @ Glossary References ack 47 53 56 57 59 63 65 67 69 79 81 83 85 89 m1 ‘1.6 INTRODUETION 1s] Why Biogas Produstion? Biogas production has resolved growing attontion as a project parti- eularly in the rural areas and among smll farmrs, Tochnically, it is a process of converting animal manure and many other organic wastes into fusl and other beneficial uses. More specifically, biogas production has the following benofite: 1) Direot Benefits to the Famer: a) Methane gas, It 4s a clean fuel for cooking and lighting, Tat the-fotechold level), and even running diesel ongines. In short, savings in fuel expenses. b) Fertilizer, what remains of the manure after gas has beon extracted. is high quality organic fertilizor and soil condi- tdoner. Some studies show that it increased crop yield by 10-20% compared to "undigested ordinarily prepared composte e) Spitatton and Health. Biogas production provides efficient @isposal of manure - - controlling smell, water pollution, and access cf flies and other disease-carrying pests to the manure, Furthermore, since biogas burns without smoke, drritation to eyes and lungs are prevented. 2) General Bensfits to the C (After biogas production will jecome wider : a) Savings in the total economy. It will help consorve foreign ‘exel rough reduced demand for kerosene, gas and com meroial fertilizers. b) Gleaner onvironnent, This will follow as individuel families ‘and enterprises practice an efficient waste disposal system. 0) Inyreased bility for animal raising, With jas production, animal raising in the homelote can now be undertaken without the usual undesirable smell and other sanitatdon problems, 4) Redueed deforestation. In the Tongrun, biogas would reduce lenand for ‘as a primary source of fuel in the rural. arease CLEANER ENVIRONMENT Merannnnnnviy, METHANE Sree ee orm oot Meany SOIL CONDITIONER. GRGANIC WASTES DAANURE & WATER a Figrel: BIOGAS DIGESTER. - CHINESE DESION- 11 1.2 The Chinese Biogas Model: Some Practical Advantages Thare are many different biogas models but the Chinese model stands out asa highly promising in the rural areas. It originated from the People's Republic of China where about 7 million units are reported to have been existing. Some of its basic features are: 1) Circular in shape, with a fixod-dome top and saucer-shaped bottom. Being circular, it has the smallest lateral surface area with the pressure and load stresses even distributed, thus compict and solid. Additionally, it is economical in construction materials (up to 20% less than a quadrangle or square structure having the same volumo) « 2) No moving parts and metal components, except the structural rein- forcements. An all concrete structure, hence, it is durable, almost a life-long investment. It is easier to mintain for it has no mechanical moving parts. No welding job is necessary. 3) Completely constructed underground. The digester is therefore insulated from extreme temperature changes. It saves land space for the area above the structure which can be utilized for other purposes like a pig pen. Input materials flow casily into the digester by gravity, thus simplifying operation, 4) Capable of generating higher gas pressure (on the average 10 times higher than floating cover type) is due to an unique gas storage mechanism which does not need a floating tank as other designs do. It uses the displacement principle where slurry moves up and down the specially designed outlet compartment as gas volume changes inside the digester. (Sco Figure 1 for diagram of the system.) 2.0 BASIC STRUCTURAL FEATURES &! CONSIDERATIONS 1. Components, The Chinese biogas model has & basic components: 1) Mixing Pit or Inlet. This is where manure end water are measured ‘and mixed before feeding them into the digester. It is equippod with (a) sluico gate usually mate of wood to control or allow for the proper mixture of water ani manure before the release of the mixture into the digester, and (b) cover - - which can be made of recycled corrugated G.I, shoete 2) Inlet Pipe, This serves as conveyor of the manure-water mixture or slurry from the mixing pit to the digester. It is a straight slanting pipe, using prefabricated concrete culvert 8 inches minimm inside diameter.

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi