Submitted By: Muhammad2011-ME-64Hamza Nadeem

Section B-2
Definitions

Readabilityeadabilityrefersofanto Instrumentthesusceptibility of a measuring device to having its

indications converted to a meaningful number. A micrometre instrument can be made more readable by

using Vernier’s. Very finely spaced lines may make a scale more readable when a microscope is used, but

for the unaided eye, the readability is poor.

TheLeasmallesttCountvalue that can be measured by the measuring instrument is called its least count.

Measured values are good only up to this value.

TheSensensitivityitivity is the relationship indicating how much output you get per unit input. The
sensitivity of measurement is a measure of the change in instrument’s output that occurs when the
quantity being measured changes by a given amount. Thus, sensitivity is the ratio:
=

TransducersHysteresis can give different outputs from the same value of quantity being measured

according to whether that the value has been reached by a continuously increasing change or a

continuously decreasing change. This effect is called hysteresis.

Accuracyccuracyis the extent to which the value indicated by a measurement system might be wrong. A

temperature measuring instrument might, for example, be specified as having an accuracy of +2C.This

would mean that the reading given by the instrument can be expected to lie within + or -2C of the true

value.

ThePrecisiontermsrepeatability and reproducibility of a transducer are used to describe its ability to give

the same output for repeated applications of the same input value. Repeatability is used for expressing the

precision of an instrument and thus are the alternate terms for the precision of an instrument.

TheRangerangeorofSpanatransducer defines the limits between which the input can vary. The span is

the maximum value of the input minus the minimum value. For example, a load cell for the measurement

of forces might have a range of 10 to 50 KN and a span of 40 KN

TheStabilitystability of a system is its ability to give the same output when used to measure a constant

input over a period of time.

Errorrroris the difference between the result of the measurement and the true value of the quantity

being measured.

Error = measured value – true value

AnOperationaloperational Amplifieramplifieris a DC-coupled high-gain electronic voltage amplifier

with a differential input and, usually, a single -ended output. In this configuration, an op-amp produces an

output potential (relative to circuit ground) that is typically hundreds of thousands of times larger than

the potential difference between its input terminals.

Precision Amplifier
A differential amplifier is a type of electronic amplifier that amplifies the difference between two input

voltages but suppresses any voltage common to the two inputs. It is an analog circuit with two inputs and

and one output in which the output is ideally proportional to the difference between the two voltages

Where is the gain of the amplifier

Instrumentation & Control Lab Layout

InstrumentationTrainer

Test

Table Module

Level Test

ModuleTest
Module

Test

Module

Computer
Test Module

Trainer TestTransducerModular

System

ServosystemsTrainer

ModuleTest

AND/ORModuletest
ControlSystem

Table
Lab Session #01

Introduction to PLC and PLC ladder logic diagram

APLCprogrammableTiner logic controller, PLC, or programmable controller is a digital computer used for
automation of typically industrial electromechanical processes, such as control of machinery on factory
assembly lines, amusement rides, or light fixtures. PLCs are used in many machines, in many industries.
Ladder logic is a programming language that represents a program by a graphical diagram based on the

circuit diagrams of relay logic hardware. Ladder logic is used to develop software for programmable logic

controllers (PLCs) used in industrial control applications. The name is based on the observation that

programs in this language resemble ladders, with two vertical rails and a series of horizontal rungs

between them. While ladder diagrams were once the only available notation for recording programmable

controller programs.

The software used in the PLC trainer available in the lab is In the interface of
PLC frame there are 4 modules available details of which arePanasonicgivenbelow:FPWIN PRO 5.
Several 12v sources that we may activate through switches.
Module 0:8 lever type switches

•
•
8 button type switches
It also contains 6 variable sources ranging from 0-10 Volts.
15 digital inputs (I/Ps) and 14 digital outputs (O/Ps)
Module 1: 8 Analogue inputs (I/Ps)
Module 2: 4 analogous outputs (O/Ps)

Module 3:
LadderadderlogicLogicisa DiagramprogrammingAndlanguageSteps forthat
plottingrepresentsLLDaprogram by a graphical diagram based on the circuit diagrams of relay logic
hardware. Ladder logic is used to develop software for programmable logic controllers (PLCs) used in
industrial control applications. The name is based on the observation that programs in this language
resemble ladders, with two vertical rails and a series of horizontal rungs between them. While ladder
diagrams were once the only available notation for recording programmable controller programs.
The plotting of ladder logic diagram for any particular problem takes place normally in the following

three steps:

AssigningStep1: all inputs and outputs with their respective symbols and giving them particular names,
for all the inputs the name is given as X0, X1, X2,.…,X14 and for all outputs the names are given as Y0, Y1,
Y2,….,Y13.

Normally open input

Normally closed input

Output

AfterStep assigning2: the symbols horizontal rungs are drawn to join these inputs and outputs with the

two parallel lines called the sources. One of them is called Hot while the other one is called neutral or

cold. These vertical sources are also called power rails. An example PLC is shown in the figure below:

TheStpfinal3: step involves the checking of error and then downloading the program or going into

online mode to run it on PLC trainer.

Lab Session #02

Assignment #01: To make use of a single push button to start/stop the motor
(load coil)

AsTheorywecan see the problem demands the use of a single push button which actually gives the

instantaneous supply of voltage. The problem can be much simplified by the use of a lever type swoth as
it will provide a continuous supply and just changing the position of the switch will turn motor on or off.
But when using the push button we have to convert its instantaneous supply into continuous supply and
for this purpose we will make use of latching command.

TheLatchingpurpose of the latching command is that it converts the instantaneous supply of voltage

into continuous supply. For this purpose it makes use of an latched input also called internal utility relay.

For this latched input we do not have to provide an extra input for the PLC trainer as it will be happening

inside the PLC trainer.

The simplified ladder logic diagram with a push button is shown in the above figure. To latch this LLD

we have to make use of following figure:

While it must be noted that the internal utility relay or latched input must have the same name as of the
output of the ladder logic diagram.
Keeping in view the latching command the ladder logic diagram for the following problem is stated as

follows:
Ladder Logic Diagram
Lab Session #03

Problem Statement: Controlling paging information in a restaurant by using a PLC

1) Inlogicarestaurant. there are two tables A and B, when customer at table A pushes a button light
on operator side gets on while other light stays off.
2) When customer at table B pushes a button a light corresponding to table B gets on.
3) As light at A & B are on the light on the operator side will turn on automatically.
4) Finally when serving is done to table A & B then operator will push another button to turn off all

three lights at the same time.

ladder

Ladder Logic Diagram

Lab Session #04

Problem Statement: To make use of a single push button to start/stop the motor
(load coil) using rising and falling edge input signals

Theory

Risi g and Falling Edge I/P signal

ItA signaliscallededgean edgeisatransitionbecausetheinasquaredigitalwavesignalwhicheitherrepresentsfromlow toa signalhigh(0hasto edges1)or fromatthosehighpoints.tolow (1 to 0).

A rising edge is the transition from low to high. It is also named positive edge. When a circuit is rising

edge-triggered, it becomes active when its clock signal goes from low to high, and ignores the high-to-low

transition. A falling edge is the high to low transition. It is also known as the negative edge. When a circuit

is falling edge-triggered, it becomes active when the clock signal goes from high to low, and ignores the

low-to-high transition.

In the PLC trainer the options of rising and falling edge can be selected by double clicking on the input
symbol. The following dialogue box will appear which from where desired option can be selected.
It must be noted that symbol P is for positive or rising edge and contrary to it symbol N is for negative or

falling edge of the input signal.

Ladder Logic Diagram

P
Lab Session #05

Controlling liquid level in a tank using PLC ladder logic

Sensor (X1)

Tank

Sensor (X2)

Valve

Ladder Logic Diagram

Lab Session #06

Memory Function

Assignment #02:

X0

PLC HLS1 HLS2

Tank 1 (X2) Tank 2 (X4)

LLS1 LLS2
(X1) (X3)

Drain Drain
Y1 Valve 1 Valve2
Y0 (Y3) Y2 (Y4)
Inputs: TANK1 TANK2

Outputs: Y0, Y1, Y2, Y3, Y4

LADDER LOGIC DIAGRAM

X0

Y0

Y0

X0 Y1

S
X1

X4

X2 Y1

X3

X2 Y2

X3

X0 Y2

R
X1

X4
 Y3
X3
S

X2

X0 Y3

R
X1

X4

Y4
X4
S

X1

Y4
X0
R
X2

X3
Lab session 7

Lab Performance:

PLC HLS 1 HLS 2

(X3) (X4)

LLS 1 LLS 2
(X1) (X2)
X0
Drain Drain
Y1 Valve 1 Valve 2
Y0 (Y3) Y2 (Y4)

Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4 * Case 5 Case 6 *

Y0
Y1
Y2
Y3
Y4
LADDER LOGIC DIAGRAM

X0

Y0

Y0

X0 Y1

S
X2

X4

X1 Y1

X3

X1 Y2

X3

X0 Y2

R
X2

X4

Y3
X3
S
X0 Y3

R
X1

X2

X4

Y4
X4
S
X0 Y4
R
X1

X2

X3
Lab Session #08

TheFunctionFunctionBlocksBlock are a graphical language for programmable logic controller design,

that can describe the function between input variables and output variables. A function is described as a
set of elementary blocks. Input and output variables are connected to blocks by connection lines.
The function blocks can be counters or timers depending upon the application.

Countersounterscan be classified into two types:

Count Up
• Count Down

TheCountpurposeUp of the count up is to add one value in the current value for every rising edge of the

input. The count up function block is shown in the figure:

Every1.CU time(ClockwhenGenerator)arisingedge is detected at CU, it will add 1 in the current value.

Every2.R(Reset)timewhen a rising edge is detected at R, CU = 0, the current value will reset the CU to zero.

It3.isPVthe(Predesired-setnumberValue)of objects which we want to count.

When4.Q(signalCV=PV,_output)thenitmeans Q is set and the counting has been completed.

It5.willCV show(currentcurrentvadditionlue) results as we are providing input through the clock generator.

VAR 0
VAR 1
VAR 2
VAR 3
VAR 4
VAR 5

TheCountpurposeDownof the count down function block is to subtract one value from the current

value for every rising edge of the input. The count down function block is shown in the figure and like

count up function block it has also 6 variables which are also being discussed:

Every1.CDtime(ClockwhenGenerator)arisingedge is detected at CD, it will subtract 1 from the current value.

Every2.L(Reset)timewhen a rising edge is detected at L, CD = PV, the current value will reset the CD to

pre-set value.

It3.isPVthe(Predesired-setnumberValue)of objects which we want to count.

When4.Q(signalCV=O,thenoutput)itmeans Q is set and the counting has been completed.

It5.willCV show(currentcurrentvalue)subtraction results as we are providing input through the clock generator.

VAR 0
VAR 1
VAR 2
VAR 3
VAR 4
VAR 5
Lab Session #09

Timers are used for performing function for a specific interval of time and then stopping the function or
imers

initiating it after the pre-set or predefined time has been achieved. They can be of two types.
• TON (Timer on delay)
TOF ( Timer of de lay)

ThisONtype(Timeroftimeronsimplydelay)"delays turning on". In other words, after the sensor

(input) turns on we wait x-seconds before activating an output. This is the most common timer. It is often

called TON (timer on-delay). The time on delay function block is shown in the figure:

TON (time on delay) consists of 5 variables which have been discussed below:

It1.willIN (Timerbeginthe on)timer and the timer will start to count until it reaches the pre-set value of time.

It2.isPTthe(Predesired-setnumbertim) of time for which we want to delay before performing our

function. It is given as T # -s.

When3.Q(signalET=PT,_output)thenitmeans Q is set and output has been obtained.

It4.willET show(currenttheelapsedvalue)time as we provide input from IN.

 VAR 0
VAR 1
VAR 2
VAR 3
VAR 4

ThisOFtyoe(Timeroftheofftimerdelay)isthe opposite of the on-delay timer. This timer simply “delays

turning off”. After our sensor (input) sees a target we turn on an output. When the sensor no longer sees

the target we hold the output on for x-seconds before turning it off. It is call TOF (timer off delay)

TOF (time off delay) consists of 5 variables which have been discussed below:

It1.willIN (Timerbeginthe on)timer and the timer will start to count down until it reaches to zero.

It2.isPTthe(Predesired-setnumbertim) of time for which we want to delay before seizing our

function. It is given as T # - s.

When3.Q(signalET=PT,_output)thenitmeans Q is set and output has been obtained.

It4.willET show(currenttheelapsedvalue)time as we provide input from IN.

VAR 0
VAR 1
VAR 2
VAR 3
VAR 4