Economics of Power Generation

Economics of Power Generation
Introduction to Economics of Power Generation:

The function of a power station is to deliver power at the lowest possible cost per kilo watt hour.
This total cost is made up of fixed charges consisting of interest on the capital, taxes, insurance,
depreciation and salary of managerial staff, the operating expenses such as cost of fuels, water,
oil, labor, repairs and maintenance etc.
The cost of power generation can be minimized by :
1. Choosing equipment that is available for operation during the largest possible % of time in a
year.
2. Reducing the amount of investment in the plant.
3. Operation through fewer men.
4. Having uniform design
5. Selecting the station as to reduce cost of fuel, labor, etc.
All the electrical energy generated in a power station must be consumed immediately as it cannot
be stored. So the electrical energy generated in a power station must be regulated according to
the demand. The demand of electrical energy or load will also vary with the time and a power
station must be capable of meeting the maximum load at any time. Certain definitions related to
power station practice are given below:
Load curve :
Load curve is plot of load in kilowatts versus time usually for a day or a year.
Load duration curve :

Load duration curve is the plot of load in kilowatts versus time duration for which it occurs.
Maximum demand :
Maximum demand is the greatest of all demands which have occurred during a given period of
time.
Average load :
Average load is is the average load on the power station in a given period (day/month or year)
Base load :
Base load is the minimum load over a given period of time.
Connected load :
Connected load of a system is the sum of the continuous ratings of the load consuming apparatus
connected to the system.
Peak load :
Peak load is the maximum load consumed or produced by a unit or group of units in a stated
period of time. It may be the maximum instantaneous load or the maximum average load over a
designated interval of time.
Demand factor :
Demand factor is the ratio of maximum demand to the connected load of a consumer.
Diversity factor :
Diversity factor is the ratio of sum of individual maximum demands to the combined maximum
demand on power stations
Load factor :
Load factor is the ratio of average load during a specified period to the maximum load occurring
during the period.
Load factor = Average Load / Maximum demand
Station load factor :
Station load factor is the ratio of net power generated to the net maximum demand on a power
station.
Plant factor :
Plant factor is the ratio of the average load on the plant for the period of time considered, to the
aggregate rating of the generating equipment installed in the plant.
Capacity factor :
Capacity factor is the ratio of the average load on the machine for a period of time considered, to
the rating of the machine.
Demand factor :
Demand factor is the ratio of maximum demand of system or part of system, to the total
connected load of the system, or part of system, under consideration.
Utilization factor :
Utilization factor is the ratio of maximum demand of a system or part of the system, to the rated
capacity of the system, or part of the system, under consideration.
Firm power :
Firm power is the power intended always to be available even under emergency conditions.
Prime power :
Prime power is the maximum potential power constantly available for transformation into
electrical power.
Cold reserve :
Cold reserve is the reserve generating capacity that is available for service but not in operation.
Hot reserve :
Hot reverse is the reserve generating capacity that is in operation but not in service.
Spinning reserve :
Spinning reserve is the reserve generating capacity that is connected to the bus and ready to take
load.
Run of river station :
Run of river station is a hydro-electric station that utilizes the stream flow without water storage.
Base Load supply :

In inter connected systems with many generating stations of various types, the choice of station
to supply the varying load is of considerable economic significance. Entire load of the system
may be divided into two parts e.g., base load and peak load. Base load is the load which is
supplied for most of the time which remains more or less constant. Peak load is the intermittent
requirement at particular hours of the day and so on.
The main consideration for base load provision are :
(i) high efficiency
(ii) high availability of the system.
Even a higher capital cost is sometime favored if it can ensure resultant gain in efficiency, as the
cost is spread over a large total energy value.
Nuclear power plants are invariably used as base load plants. Thermal power plants and
hydroelectric power plants can also be used as base load plants.
As far as peak load plants are concerned, these plants should have :
(i) ability to start and take full load with a short time
(ii) low capacity cost in view of the small annual output with the efficiency only a secondary
condition.
Obsolete steam plant, through less efficient can't be used to met with peak load demand. Gas
turbines, diesel engine plant and pumped storage stations are also suitable for peak load
operation.
Peak Load :
Load on a power plant seldom remain constant. The load varies from season to season and also
in a day from hour to hour. In summer, due to fans and air conditioners the plants have generally
high load as compared to winter months. During day time also lights are switched on in the
evening , the load on the plant will increase. During the days of festivals like national festivals,
national days etc., there is excessive demand of electrical power. A power generating plant has to
meet with all such variable demand sand at the same time maintain over all economy of
operation. The period during which the demands on a power station is highest is known as peak
load. Peak load on a plant may exist for small duration but still the plant has to devise ways and
means for meeting with such demands.
Some of the methods are given below to meet with peak load demand:
1. Peak Load Plants :
Such plants arc operated only during peak load periods. These plants must be capable of quickly
starting from cold conditions. Diesel engine plants, gas turbine plants, pumped storage plants and
sometimes steam power plants and hydroelectric plants are used as peak load plants. Efficiency
of such plants is of secondary importance as these plants operate for limited period only.
2. Use of accumulators :
Although electrical energy cannot be stored, however steam can be stored in steam accumulators,
which can be used to generate additional power during peak load period.
3. Purchasing power :
When a power plant cannot generate sufficient power to meet with the demand, it may purchase
power from neighboring plants if facilities exist.
4. Load Shedding :
When there is no alternative available the supply to some consumers is cut off temporarily.
Which is known as load shedding. Sometimes load shedding is done by switching off feeders by
rotation or by reducing system voltage or by reducing frequency.
SELECTION OF TYPE OF GENERATION

It is done on the basis of
1. Capacity of power plant
2. Probable load factor
3. Space
4. Cost of fuel and transpiration facilities
5. Availability of water
6. Interest and depreciation
7. Reliability
Cost of Electrical Energy :
Capital cost of a power plant is due to
1. Cost of land and buildings
2. Cost of generating equipment and accessories
3. Cost of transmission and distribution network
4. Cost of designing and planning the power station
In general following plants are preferred for base load operations :
1. Nuclear power plant
2. Hydro electric plant
3. Steam power plant

Following points are preferred for peak load operations :
1. Diesel engine power plant.
2. Gas turbine power plant
3. Pumped storage plant.
Cost of generation :
The cost of generating electricity in a power plant can be conveniently split into two parts: fixed
costs and variable costs.
(A) Fixed Cost :
Fixed costs are to be borne by the plants irrespective of the load. These costs consist
(i) Interest on capital :
Capital cost of a plant includes the cost of land, buildings, of equipment including installation,
designing, engineering etc. Since the capital cost of a plant is fixed therefore interest on the
amount is considered as fixed cost.
(ii) Taxes :
A power generating and distributing company has to pay taxes to the Government This amount is
more or less fixed.
(iii) Cost of Transmission and Distribution :

Power transmission and. distribution network involves huge capital expenditure. This involves
cost of transmission lines, transformers, substations and associated equipment. Interest on the
capital involved is considered as a fixed cost.
(iv) Depreciation:
It is decrease in value caused by the wear due to constant use of an equipment Under the income
tax laws there is provision for setting aside a fixed proportion of the capital employed, towards
the depreciation fund.
(v) Insurance :
The plant and also life of some of workers working in dangerous areas, has to be insured against
various risks involved. For this purpose a fixed sum is payable as premium for the insurance
cover.
(vi) Salary for Managerial Staff :
Irrespective of whether the plant works or not certain managerial staff has to be retained by the
organization. The salary liability of such staff is a part of the fixed cost.
B) Variable Cost :
These costs vary in some proportion of the power generated in a plant. These costs consist of
(i) Cost of fuel :
Cost of fuel is directly related with the amount of power generated. For generating more power,
more fuel is required. Cost of fuel may be 10% to 25% of the total cost of production. In case of
hydroelectric plants the cost of fuel is zero.
(ii) Maintenance and Repair Charges:

In order to keep the plant in running condition, certain repairs are always needed. Stock of some
consumable and non- consumable items has got to be maintained. All chargers for such staff are
considered as operating costs.
(iii) Wages:
Salaries including allowances bonus, benefits etc. for the workers are considered as operating
costs.
Total cost of production is thus sum of the fixed charges and the operating charges. As the plant
load factor improves, the cost per kWh decreases. The sum of the charges for various factors will
give an optimum load factor where such charges will be least.
Tariff :
A tariff is the rate of charge per kilowatt hour of energy supplied to a consumer. The cost of
generation of electrical energy may be conveniently split into two parts e.g. fixed charges plus
the operating charges. So a tariff should be adjusted in such a way that the total receipts balance
the total expenditure involved in generating the energy. There are several solutions to this
problem, some of which are given below :
1. Uniform Rate Tariff :
In this case there is a fixed rate per unit amount of energy consumed. The consumption of energy
is measured by the energy meter installed at the premises of the consumer. This type of tariff
accounts for all the costs involved in the generation of power. This is the simplest tariff easily
understood by consumers. However, this type of tariff does not distinguish between small power
domestic consumer and bulk power industrial consumers.
2. Two Part Tariff :
In this the total charges are split into two parts - fixed charges based on maximum demand (in
kW) plus the charges based on energy consumption (in kWh). This method suffers from the
drawback that an additional provision is to be incorporated for the measurement of maximum
demand. Under such tariff, the consumers having 'peaked' demand for short duration are
discouraged.
3. Block Rate Tariff :
In this the fixed charges are merged into the unit charges for one or two blocks of consumption,
all units in excess being charged at low or high unit rate. Lower rates for higher blocks are fixed
in order to encourage the consumers for more and more consumptions. This is done in case the
plant has got larger spare capacity. Wherever the plant capacity is inadequate, higher blocks are
charged at higher rate in order to discourage the consumers for higher than minimum
consumption.
4. Three Part Tariff :
It is an extension of the two part tariff in that it adds to the consumer some fixed charges
irrespective of the energy consumption or maximum demand. In this ever if the consumer has got
zero power consumption, he has to pay some charges merely because a connection has been
provided to him.
5. Power Factor Tariff :
In ac power supply size of the plant is determined by the kVA rating. In case the power factor of
a consumer installation is low, the energy consumption in terms of kW will be low. In order to
discharge such consumers, power factor tariff is introduced, which may be of the following
types.
(a) Maximum kVA demand Tariff :
In this instead of kW. the kVA consumption is measured and the charge are Based partly or fully
on this demand.
(b) Sliding Scale :
In this case the average power factor is fixed say at 0.8 lagging. Now if the power factor of a
consumer falls below by 0.01 or multiples there of, some additional charges are imposed. A
discount may be allowed in case the power factor is above 0.8.
The depreciation on the plant is charged by any of the following methods
1. Straight Line method
2. Sinking fund method
3. Diminishing value method.
Multiple Choice Questions of Economics of Power

Generation (1-15):
1. A load curve is a plot of
(A) Load versus generation capacity
(B) Load versus current
(C) Load versus time
(D) Load versus cost of power.
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2. For economy in generation power
(A) diversity factor should be high
(B) plant utilization factor
(C) load factor should be high
(D) load factor and diversity factor should be low.
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3. Which of the following category of consumers can provide highest load factor ?
(A) A domestic consumer
(B) A continuous process plant
(C) A steel melting unit using arc furnace
(D) A cold storage plant.
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4. The load of a consumer is generally measured in terms of
(A) Volts
(B) Amperes
(C) Ampere hour
(D) kW.
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5. The normal connected load of a domestic consumer is usually
(A) up to 10 kW
(B) 10 to 20 kW
(C) 25 to 50 kW
(D) 50 to 100 kW.
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6. Load factor during a period is
(A) Average Load / Installed Capacity
(B) Average Load / Maximum Load
(C) Maximum Load / Average Load
(D) Maximum Load / Installed Capacity.
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7. Which of the following installation provides peaked load ?
(A) Arc furnace
(B) Air conditioner
(C) Air compressor running continuously
(D) Cold storage plant.
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8. Demand factor is the
(A) Maximum Demand / Average Demand
(B) Maximum Demand / Connected Load
(C) Average Demand / Maximum Demand
(D) Connected Load / Maximum Demand.
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9. During summer months the increased load is due to
(A) increased water supply
(B) vacations in institutions
(C) increased business activity
(D) increased use of fans and air conditioners.
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10. In a system if the base load is the same as the maximum demand, the load factor will be
(A) 1
(B) Zero
(C) Infinity
(D) 1 percent.
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11. A system having connected load of 100 kW, peak load of 80 kW. base load of 20 kW and
average load of 40 kW, will have a load factor of
(A) 40%
(B) 50%
(C) 60%
(D) 80%.
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12. Load due to one tonne air conditioner is nearly
(A)100W
(B) 200 to 500 W
(C) 1 kW to 2 kW
(D) 5 kW to 10 kW.
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13. Load due to a ceiling fans is nearly
(A) 10W
(B) 40 to 50 W
(C) 100 to 200 W
(D) 250 W to 2000 W.
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14. Which domestic utility item has highest power rating ?
(A) Refrigerator
(B) Ceiling fan
(C) Tube light
(D) Electric iron.

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15. A stereo with two 10 watt loudspeakers will provide electrical load of
(A) more than 12 W
(B)12 W
(C) less than 6 W
(D) 6 W.
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1.C ----- 2.B ----- 3.B ----- 4.D ----- 5.A ----- 6.B ----- 7.A ----- 8.B ----- 9.D -----10.A ----- 11.B -
---- 12.C ----- 13.C ----- 14.D ----- 15.C
Questions 16 to 18 refer to the figure below.
16. The load of a system is shown in the figure above. The load factor of the system is
(A) 0.778
(B) 0.667
(C) 0.438
(D) 0.331.
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17. Load factor for the 0-6 hour period alone is
(A) 0.438
(B) 0.876
(C) 0.999
(D) 1.0.
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18. Load factor for the period 6-24 hours period is
(A) 0.438
(B) 0.5
(C) 0.876
(D) 1.0.
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19. Which plant can never have 100% load factor ?
(A) Nuclear power plant

(B) Hydro electric plant
(C) Peak load plant
(D) Base load plant.
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20. Which meter is installed at the premises of a consumer for recovery of charges of electrical
energy
(A) Voltmeter
(B) Ammeter
(C) kVA meter
(D) kWh meter.
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21. For certain industrial applications the energy requirement is 500 kWh. If the heat losses are
20 percent the total energy to be made available will be
(A) 5000 kWh
(B) 4000 kWh
(C) 6000 k Wh
(D) 6000 kWh.
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22. A consumer finds that after running 10 kVA equipment on full load for six hours his energy
consumption was 48 kW. It can be concluded that
(A) the load factor of the consumer for the day was unity
(B) the maximum demand of the consumer was 10 kW
(C) the equipment was drawing reactive power only
(D) power factor of the equipment was 0.8.
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23. Which equipment provides fluctuating load ?
(A) Lathe machine
(B) Exhaust fan
(C) Welding transformer
(D) All of the above.
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24. A power plant supplying energy to a city will usually experience peak demand
(A) from midnight to early morning
(B) 8 AM to 12 noon
(C) 2 PM to 6 PM
(D) 6 PM to 12 PM.
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25. The ratio, maximum demand of the installation / sum of individual maximum demands is
known as
(A) Demand factor
(B) Plant use factor
(C) Diversity factor
(D) Plant capacity factor.
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26. In a power plant a reserve generating capacity which is in operation but not in services
known as
(A) Hot reserve
(B) Cold reserve
(C) Spinning reserve
(D) Firm power.
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27. Five consumers having peak demands of A, B, C, D, and E have individual load factors of
0.5. It can be concluded that
(A) their combined load factor will be 0.5
(B) their peak demand during the day will be (A + B + C + D + E)
(C) their combined power consumption in a day will be 12 (A + B + C + D + E)
(D) their average demands are equal.

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28. In an interconnected system consisting of a nuclear power stations, steam station and diesel
generating station, which plant can be used as base load plant ?
(A) Steam station
(B) Diesel generation plant
(C) Nuclear power station
(D) Any of the above.
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29. Fuel transportation cost is least in
(A) Diesel generating plant
(B) Steam power stations
(C) Nuclear powers plants.
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30. Capital cost per MWh is highest in case of
(A) steam power plants
(B) diesel engine power plants
(C) nuclear power plants
(D) hydroelectric power plants.

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16.C ----- 17.D ----- 18.B ----- 19.C ----- 20.D ----- 21.D ----- 22.D ----- 23.C -----24.D -----25.C
----- 26.A ----- 27.C ----- 28.C ----- 29.C ----- 30.C
31. A steam power station will run with maximum efficiency when it is run
(A) at low steam pressures
(B) on pulverized coal
(C) at higher speeds
(D) near full load.
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32. Which of the following is likely to result in lower efficiency of a power station ?
(A) Varying loads
(B) Low voltage generation
(C) Low turbine speeds
(D) Non-automatic controls.
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Questions 33 to 36 refer to the following information.

The following factors are associated with power plant operation
I. High efficiency
II. High availability
III. Quick starting
IV. Low capital cost.
33. Which factor is least important for base load plants ?
(A) I
(B) II
(C) III
(D) IV.
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34. Which two factors are of significant requirement for base load plant ?
(A) I and II only
(B) III and IV only
(C) II and III only
(D) I and IV only.
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35. Which two factors are of importance for peak load plant ?
(A) I and III only
(B) II and III only
(C) I and IV only
(D) III and IV only.
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36. Which factors are favorable to a diesel power plant as compared to a steam power plant ?
(A) I and III only
(B) I, II and III only
(C) II, III and IV only
(D) I, II. Ill and IV.
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37. In a 440 V system, in order to obtain the minimum cost and maximum benefits, the capacitor
should be installed
(A) at the load
(B) near the transformer
(C) any where in the circuit
(D) near the earthling point.
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38. In case of medium sized induction motor, the power factor will be maximum at
(A) No load
(B) 50% load
(C) Full load
(D) Power factor remains constant at all loads.
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39. A coaxial line is filled with a dielectric of relative permitivity 9. If C denotes the velocity of
propagation in free space, the velocity of propagation in the line will be
(A) 3 C
(B) C
(C) C / 3
(D) C / 9.
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40. A direct voltage is applied to a peak diode voltmeter in which scale is calibrated to read rms
voltage of a sine wave. If the meter reading is 36 V rms, the value of the applied direct voltage is
(A) 25 V
(B) 36 V
(C) 51 V
(D) 72 V.
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41. A power station has annual load factor of 50% and capacity factor of 40%. If the maximum
demand is 15 MW, the reserve capacity of the plant is
(A) 1250 kw
(B) 2500 kw
(C) 3750 kw
(D) 4750 kw.
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42. Which of the following will not contribute to low power-factor ?
(A) Partially loaded induction motors
(B) Replacement of fluorescent lamps with incandescent lamps
(C) Use of rectifiers instead of synchronous motor-generator sets for dc power supply
(D) Increased installation of electronic equipments, air- conditioning units, etc.
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43. Which of the following may not be the effect of low plant operating power factor ?
(A) Over loaded transformers
(B) Reduced voltage level
(C) Improved illumination from lighting
(D) Over loaded cables.

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44. Identify the incorrect relation
(A) power factor = KW / kVA
(B) kW = kVA x power factor
(C) kVA x kW = power factor
(D) kVA = kW / power factor.
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45. The power factor of a system on a 460 V, 3 phase, 60 Hz, in which the ammeter indicates
100 amp and the watt meter reads 62 kW will be
(A) 0.95
(B) 0.78
(C) 0.65
(D) 0.55.
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31.D ----- 32.A ----- 33.C ----- 34.A ----- 35.D ----- 36.D ----- 37.A ----- 38.C -----39.C -----40.C
-----41.C ----- 42.B -----43.C -----44.C ----- 45.B
46. The simple subtraction of kilowatts from total kVA equals the kVAR when the power factor
is
(A) unity
(B) 0.707
(C) lagging
(D) zero.
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Questions 47 to 50 refer to the data given below:
The annual peak load on a 30 MW power station is 25 MW. The power station supplies loads
having maximum demands of 10 MW, 8.5 MW, 5 MW and 4.5 MW. The annual load factor is
45%.
47. The average load is
(A) 1025 kW
(B) 1125 kW
(C) 1425 kW
(D) 1625 kW.
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48. Total energy supplied in a year is
(A) 9,875,000 kWh
(B) 8345,000 kWh
(C) 7450,000 kWh

(D) 6395,000 kWh.
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49. Diversity factor is
(A) 3.80
(B)1.02
(C) 1.12
(D) 1.22.
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50. Demand factor is
(A) 0.75
(B) 0.83
(C) 0.89
(D) 0.45.
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51. In the figure shown below which curve represents the variation of cost of generation per kWh
with the load factor, for a thermal power plant ?
(A) curve A
(B) curve B
(C) curve C
(D) curve D.
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52. Connected load is
(A) The rating in kw of the installed electrical load of the consumer
(B) the maximum load that a consumer puts on at any time
(C) Part of the load which always remains on at the consumer ends
(D) Average load of the consumer during a specified period.
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53. Which of the following appliance will offer the maximum load ?
(A) Toaster
(B) Refrigerator
(C) Hot plate
(D) Electric iron.
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54. Which of the following industry will consume maximum power per tonne of product ?
(A) Zinc
(B) Aluminium
(C) Alloy steel
(D) Cement.
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Questions 55 to 61 refer to the figure given below:

Four different loads connected to a power Plant are shown in the figure.
55. Which load has the least value of average load?
(A) Load A
(B) Load B
(C) Load C
(D) Load D.
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56. Which load has the highest value of average load ?
(A) Load A
(B) Load B
(C) Load C
(D) Load D.
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57. Which load has the least load factor ?
(A) Load A
(B) Load B
(C) Load C
(D) Load D.
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58. Which load has the highest load factor ?
(A) Load A
(B) Load B
(C) Load C
(D) Load D.
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59. If all the loads are connected to single source of power, the maximum load on the station will
be
(A) 9k / 4
(B) 2k
(C) 3k
(D) 7 / 4k
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60. The maximum load on the station will occur at
(A) 0 hr
(B) 6 hr
(C) 9 hr
(D) 12 hr.
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61. In the above case load factor of the station will be
(A) 0.29
(B) 0.31
(C) 0.44
(D) 0.56.
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46.A ----- 47.B ----- 48.A ----- 49.C ----- 50.B ----- 51.D ----- 52.A ----- 53.C ----- 54.B -----55.C
-----56.D ----- 57.D ----- 58.B ----- 58.C ----- 60.B ----- 61.D
62. The highest point on a load curve represents

(A) Average demand
(B) Diversion field demand
(C) Peak demand
(D) None of the above.
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63. In the figure shown below which curve represents the variation of cost of power generation
per kWh in a plant, with load factor ?
(A) curve A
(B) curve B
(C) curve C
(D) curve D.
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64. For a thermal power plant, which is not the fixed cost ?
(A) Interest on capital
(B) Depreciation
(C) Insurance charges
(D) Cost of fuel.
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65. Depreciation cost of a plant is calculated by
(A) Straight line method
(B) Diminishing value method
(C) Sinking fund method
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66. Which method of depreciation charge estimation gives the heaviest charges during early
years of plant life ?
(B) Diminishing value method
(C) Sinking fund method
(D) All give same charges.
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Questions 67 to 69 refer to the following data:
67. Power generation equipment in a thermal power plant costs $15,75,000 and has a useful life
of 25 years. If the salvage value of the plant be $ 75,000 and the rate of annual compound
interest be 5% the amount of annual installment by straight line method will be
(A) $. 30,000
(B) $. 60,000
(C) $. 60,500
(D) $. 60,750.
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68. In the above case, which of the following could be the amount to be saved annually for
replacement of equipment after the end of 25 years, by sinking fund method ?
(A) $. 31,400
(B) $. 60,000
(C) $. 66,000
(D) $. 96,500.
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69. Which of the following could be the installment for diminishing value method ?
(A) $. 96,000
(B) $. 60,000
(C) $. 48,500
(D) $. 31400.
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70. A diesel power plant is best suited as
(A) base load plant
(B) stand-by plant
(C) peak load plant
(D) general purpose plant.
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71. A gas turbine power plant usually suits for
(A) peak load operation
(B) base load operation
(C) casual run
(D) none of the above.
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72. Which power plant cannot have single unit of 100 MW ?
(A) Steam power plant
(B) Nuclear power plant

(C) Hydro electric power plant
(D) Diesel power plant.
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73. Diesel engine power plants usually run on
(A) High speed diesel oil
(B) Kerosene
(C) Light diesel oil
(D) Inept.
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74. Which of the following can be used as fuel for closed cycle gas turbine plant ?
(A) Wood
(B) Furnace oil
(C) Any gas
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75. Capacity factor of a power station is
(A) Maximum demand / average demand

(B) Average demand on station / maximum demand on station
(C) maximum installed capacity of station / average demand of station
(D) average demand of station / maximum installed capacity of station.
Get Answer: (Show)
62.C ----- 63.A ----- 64.D ----- 65.D ----- 66.B ----- 67.B ----- 68.A ----- 69.A ----- 70.B ----- 71.A
----- 72.D ----- 73.C ----- 74.D ----- 75.D
76.Which of the following plant is expected to have the longest expected life ?
(A) Hydroelectric
(B) steam
(C) Diesel
(D) All have equal life.
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77. The life of underground cables is taken as
(A) 1 year
(B) 2 years
(C) 5 years
(D) 40 years.
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78. For a hydro-electric plant, the life of a RCC dam is taken as
(A) 5 years
(B) 10 years
(C) 40 years
(D) 100 years.
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79. A 500 kW plant costs $ 1000 per kW installed. Fixed charges are estimated at 14% and
operating cost is 13 cents per kWh. The plant averages 200 kW for 5000 hours of the year, 450
kW for 1200 hrs and 80 kW for the remaining period. The average cost of production of
electricity per kWh will be close to
(A) 5 cent
(B) 12 cent
(C) 17 cent
(D) 37 cent.
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80. Two tariffs are offered
(P) $. 200 plus 5 cents per unit
(Q) A flat rate of 30 cents per unit
From the above it can be concluded that
(A) Tariff P will give lower charges up to 800 kWh

(B) Tariff P will give lower charges for consumption of more than 800 units
(C) Tariff Q will give lower charges for consumption of more than 800 kWh
(D) Both will give identical charges beyond 1500 kWh.
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81. Two steam turbines each of 20,000 kW capacity drive a total load of 30,000 kW. The steam
rates in kilogram per hour are
TP1 = 2000 + 10 P1 - 0.0001 P12
TP2 = 2000 + 10 P2 - 0.0001 P12
The best division of the load will be
(A) TP1 =20,000 kW, TP3 = 10,000 kW
(B) TP1 =10,000 kW, TP3 = 20,000 kW
(C) TP1 =15,000 kW, TP3 = 15,000 kW
(D) TP1 =30,000 kW, TP3 = 0
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82. Anything having some heat value can be used as fuel in case of
(A) diesel engines
(B) petrol engine
(C) closed cycle gas turbines
(D) open cycle gas turbines.

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83. For a power plant the expenditure on which of the following item is expected to be negligible
?
(A) Wages
(B) Taxes
(C) Insurance
(D) Publicity.
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84. At break even point
(A) constant expanses - profits
(B) total sales - variable expenses
(C) variable expenses - profits - total sales
(D) total sales = total expenses.
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85. If the average interest rate is 12% and depreciation is to be accounted for be straight line
method at 10% which of the following equipment will be most economical ?
(A) Initial cost $. 7000 Annual disbursements $. 2500
(B) Initial cost $. 4000 Annual disbursement $. 6000
(C) Initial cost $. 6000 Annual disbursement $. 3880

(D) Initial cost $. 5000 Annual disbursement $. 3500.
Get Answer: (Show)
86. A 120 MW generator is usually
(A) air cooled
(B) hydrogen cooled
(C) oxygen cooled
(D) nitrogen cooled.
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87. Hydrogen is used for cooling of large size generators, because
(A) it has high thermal conductivity
(B) it is light
(C) it offers reduced fire risk
(D) of all above reasons.
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88. Maximum span in case of wooden poles is usually restricted to
(A) 50 meters
(B) 175 meters

(C) 1000 meters
(D) 2000 meters.
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89. The depreciation on the plant is charged by
(B) Sinking fund method
(C) Diminishing value method
(D) All of above.
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90. A nuclear power plant is invariably used as a
(A) base load plant
(B) peak load plant
(C) stand-by plant
(D) spinning reserve plant.
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76.A ----- 77.D ----- 78.D ----- 79.C ----- 80.B ----- 81.A ----- 82.C ----- 83.D ----- 84.D -----
85.A ----- 86.B ----- 87.D ----- 88.A ----- 89.D ----- 90.A
Generation (91-106):
91. The frequency of the wave shown in the figure below is
(A) 100 kHz
(B) 50 kHz
(C) 10 kHz
(D) 5 kHz.
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92. Air will not be the working substance in a
(A) Diesel engine
(B) Petrol engine
(C) Open cycle gas turbine
(D) Closed cycle gas turbine.

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93. Major share of power produced is through
(A) thermal power plants
(B) hydro electric power plants
(D) diesel power plants.
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94. Essential requirement of peak load plant
(A) it should be capable of standing quickly
(B) it should be run at high speed
(C) it should provide at high voltage
(D) it should be small in size.
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95.Which of the following plants is almost inevitably used as base load plant?
(A) Gas turbine plant
(B) Diesel engine plant
(C) Pumped storage plant
(D) Nuclear power plant.

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96. A thermal power station was designed to bum coal containing 12% ash. When the plant
actually started operating coal having 22% ash was made available. Which unit of the plant will
need major modifications ?
(A) Water treatment plant
(B) Pulverizing unit
(C) Ash handling unit
(D) Cooling towers.
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97. Efficiency is secondary consideration in case of
(A) peak load plants
(B) base load plants
(C) both peak load and base load plants.
(D) none of the above.
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98. Which of the following plants will take least time in starting from cold conditions to full load
operation ?
(A) Nuclear power plant
(B) Steam power plants

(C) Hydro-electric plant
(D) Gas turbine plant.
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99. During load shedding
(A) system voltage is reduced
(B) system frequency is reduced
(C) some loads are switched off
(D) system power factor is changed.
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100. For the same plant size, initial cost of which plant is the highest ?
(A) Steam power plant
(B) Diesel engine plant
(C) Nuclear power plant
(D) Gas turbine plant.
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101. A consumer takes a steady load of 200 kW at a power factor of 0.85 lagging for 8 hours per
day and 315 days per annum. The annual payment under the tariff of $80 per annum per kA plus
10 cents per kWh will be
(A) $ 5040
(B) $ 50,400
(C) $ 69,200
(D) $ 88,400.
Get Answer: (Show)
The estimated total annual operating cost and capital charges for two proposed power stations are
given by the following expressions
Annual cost of station A = $. ( 600,000 + 3.0 kW + 0.015 kW hr ) Annual cost of station B = $.

(750,000 + 5.0 kW + 0.014 kW hr)
Where kW represent the capacity of the station and kWh represents the total annual output. Load
duration curve of the plant is shown in the figure given below.
102. Which station may be selected for base load?
(A) station A
(B) station B
(C) Any of the above.
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103. Base load plant should be operated annually for
(A) 500 hrs
(B)1000hrs
(C) 2000 hrs
(D) 5000 hrs.
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104. The capacity of the base load plant should not be less than
(A) 3860 kW
(B) 4180 kW
(C) 5000 kW
(D) 5500 kW.

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105. Total kWh supplied by the plant is
(A) 10.l x 106
(B) 15 x 106
(C) 18 x 106
(D) 21.9 x 106.
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106. Total kWh to be supplied by base plant must be
(A) 19.76 x 106
(B) 15.34 x 106
(C) 14.1 x 106
(D) 10.3 x 106.
Get Answer: (Show)
91.B ----- 92.D ----- 93.A ----- 94.A ----- 95.D ----- 96.C ----- 97.A ----- 98.D ----- 99.C -----
100.C ----- 101.C ----- 102.B ----- 103.C ----- 104.A ----- 105.D ----- 106.A
Questions 107 to 110 refer to the figures given below :

The input-output curves for two units with supply in parallel a common load are shown in the
figure.
107. When a load of 10 MW is equally shared by the two generators, the combined input must be
(A) 250 x 105 kcal / hr
(B) 350 x 105 kcal / hr
(C) 500 x 105 kcal / hr
(D) 600 x 105 kcal / hr.
Get Answer: (Show)
108. If the two generators have individual ratings of 10 MW each, a system load of 16 MW
should be shared as
(A) 8 MW on each generator
(B) 10 MW on A and 6 MW on B
(C) 10 MW on B and 6 MW on A
(D) 9 M W on A and 7 MW on B.
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109. Load shedding is done
(A) To reduce heat demand
(B) To improve power factor
(C) To run the equipment efficiency
(D) To repair the machine.

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110. If both generators have 2 MW load each then which of the following statements is correct ?
(A) Generator A runs at higher speed as compared to generator B
(B) Generator B runs more efficiently as compared to generator A
(C) Input to generator A is less than 75% of the input to generator B
(D) Input to generator B is less than the input to generator A by about 23%.
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Questions 111 and 112 refer to the data given below :
A bulk supply was taken by a large industrial consumer at the rate of $ 80 |per kW plus 2.5 cents
per kWh.
111. The average charge per kWh when the load factor is 20%. will be
(A) 3 cents
(B) 5 cents
(C) 7 cents
(D) cannot be determined on the basis of the information provided.
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112. The average charges per kWh will be least when the plant load factor is
(A) 100%
(B) 75%
(C) 50%
(D) 20%.
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113. Which statement about the daily load curve is valid ?
(A) The area under the curve gives the average demand
(B) The ratio of the area under the curves to the total area of rectangle in which it is contained
gives the load factor for the day
(C) The peak of the curve gives the 'installed capacity of the plant
(D) The area of the curves divided by the number of hours gives load factor.
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Questions 114 and 115 refer to the given figure given below :
114. In the figure shown which curve represents diminishing value method for depreciation
(A) curve A
(B) curve B
(C) curve C
(D)curve D.
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115. Sinking fund method is represented by
(A) curve A
(B) curve B
(C) curve C
(D) curve D.
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116. An equipment purchased for $ 10,000 two years ago has a market value of $ 12500 at
present. It can be concluded that
(A) the value has depreciated according to straight line method
(B) the value has depreciated according to diminishing value method
(C) the value has depreciated according to sinking fund method
(D) the value has appreciated with the time.

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117. In a steam power plant which component needs maximum maintenance attention ?
(A) Condenser
(B) Boiler
(C) Turbine
(D) Water treatment plant.
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Four loads as shown in figure given below are connected to a power station. Abscisse is time
from 0 to 24 hrs in all cases, Ordinate represents the load in kW.
118. Which load has the lowest average demand ?
(A) Load A
(B) Load B
(C) Load C
(D) Load D.
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119. Which loads offer the identical average load ?
(A) A and B
(B) B and C
(C) C and D
(D )A, B and D.
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120. The peak load on the plant is
(A) 3000 kW
(B) 3500 kW
(C) 4000 kW
(D) 4250 kW.
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121. The load factor of the plant supplying power to these loads will be nearly
(A) 11%
(B) 15%
(C) 18%
(D) 21%.
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122. The diversity factor of the plant supplying these loads will be
(A) 0.5
(B) 1.0
(C) 1.5
(D) 0.2.
Get Answer: (Show)
107.D ----- 108.B ----- 109.A ----- 110.C ----- 111.C ----- 112.A ----- 113.D ----- 114.A -----
115.C ----- 116.D ----- 117.B ----- 118.C ----- 119.D ----- 120.D ----- 121.A ----- 122.B

The input-output curve of a 0.5 MW generating stations is defined by
I = 30 + 0.8 L + 0.5 L2
Where I is in millions of Cal per hour and L is in megawatts.
123. The input when the plant was running on no load was
(A) 0.5 kcal
(B) 31.3 kcal
(C) 30 x 106 kcal
(D) zero.
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124. Total input when the plant was generating 35 MW was
(A) 181 x 106 kcal/hr
(B) 250 x 106 kcal/hr
(C) 362.5 x 106 kcal/hr
(D) 582xl26 kcal/hr.
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125. When the load on the generator was 25 MW the heat rate in kcal / MW hr was nearly
(A) 16 x 106
(B) 20 x 106
(C) 30 x 106
(D) 31.3 x 106.
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Manufacturer A offers his equipment costing $. 150,000 + 45 x kW .The equipment is

guaranteed to give the following operating cost $. 18 + 0.007 kWh
Manufacturer B offers his equipment costing $. 1,12000 + 50 x kW The operating cost is

guaranteed as $. 16.50 + 0.0072 kWhr
kW indicates machine rating and kWhr indicates output.

126. Which machine is cheaper to own in 5000 kW range
(A) Machine supplied by manufacturer A
(B) Machine supplied by manufacturer B
(C) Both have identical initial cost
(D) Both have identical operating cost.
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127. At what kW rating the initial cost of the two machines will be identical ?
(A) 5500 kW
(B) 6000 kW
(C) 7600 kW
(D) 8500 kW.
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128. At what rating in kWhr the two sets will be equally economical to operate ?
(A) 5000 kWhr
(B) 7500 kWhr
(C) 75000 kWhr
(D) 50,000 kWhr.
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129. Power factor is given by
(A) k w h / kw
(B) active power / reactive power
(C) reactive power / active power
(D) k w / k w h.
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130. For the same cylinder dimensions and speed, which engine will produce least power ?
(A) Petrol engine
(B) Diesel engine
(C) Super charged engine
(D) All will produce same power.
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131. For under water movement Submarines are powered by ?
(A) diesel engines
(B) air motors
(C) batteries
(D) steam accumulators.

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132. Ships are generally powered by
(A) diesel engines
(B) hydraulic turbines
(D) steam accumulators.
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133. A turbojet aero plane has
(A) no blades
(B) two blades
(C) three blades
(D) four blades.
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134. An interconnected system has the following plants
I. Run off the river plant
II. Nuclear power plant
III. Steam power plant
IV. Hydro-electric plant with storage

V. Diesel engine plant.
Which two plants can be exclusively used for base load ?
(A) I and II
(B) II and III
(C) II and IV
(D) II and V.
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135. Which plant can be used exclusively for peak load ?
(A) I
(B) III
(C) IV
(D) V.
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136. Direct conversion of beat into electrical energy is possible through
(A) Magneto hydrodynamic generators
(B) Solar cells
(C) Fuel cells
(D) not possible.

Get Answer: (Show)
123.C ----- 124.C ----- 125.A ----- 126.B ----- 127.C ----- 128.C ----- 129.B ----- 130.A -----
131.C ----- 132.A ----- 133.A ----- 134.A ----- 135.D ----- 136.A

137. In a fuel cell electricity is produced by
(A) combustion of fuel in absence of oxygen
(B) oxidation of fuel
(C) thermionic action
(D) any of the above.
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138. A certain plant has fixed cost of $. 40,000 and a salvage value of $. 4000 at the end of a
useful life of 20 years The depreciated value of the plant at the end of 10 years will be least
(interest rate being 6% compounded annually) when calculated by
(C) Diminishing value method.
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139. In the above problem the value will be highest when calculated by

(C) Diminishing value method.
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140. Low power factor is usually not due to
(A) incandescent lamp
(B) induction motors
(C) arc lamps
(D) fluorescent tubes.
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141. Which type of plant has the least running cost per kWh of energy generated ?
(A) Hydro-electric plant
(B) Thermal power plant
(C) Nuclear power plant
(D) Diesel power plant.
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142. Base load plants have
(A) high capital cost, high operating cost and high load factor
(B) high capital cost, low operating cost and high load factor
(C) low capital cost, low operating cost and low load factor
(D) low capital cost, high operation cost and high load factor.
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143. Which alternator will have more number of poles
(A) coupled to hydraulic turbine
(B) coupled to steam turbine
(C) coupled to gas turbine
(D) all will have same number of poles.
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144. Which alternator usually runs at slow speed as compared to others
(A) coupled to gas turbine
(B) coupled to steam turbine
(C) coupled to hydraulic turbine
(D) coupled to diesel engine.
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145. In a thermal power station of moderate size, the electrical power is generated at a voltage of
(A) 115 V
(B) 230 V
(C) 440 V
(D) 11 kV.
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146. The resistance of the dry skin of human body, between the tip of the left hand finger and
right hand finger, is of the order of
(A) 100 ohms
(B) 1000 ohms
(C) 10,000 ohms
(D) 100,000 ohms.
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147. If the resistance of dry skin of human body is 100,000 ohms, the resistance of the wet body
will be
(A) 100,000 ohms
(B) 200,000 ohms
(C) 5000,000 ohms
(D) 5000 ohms.
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148. The effect of electric shock on human, body depends on
(A) Voltage
(B) Current
(C) Duration of contact
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149. A current of 10 milliamperes through human body
(A) will cause mild sensation
(B) will affect muscle control
(C) will affect breathing
(D) will cause death.
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150. Death is almost certain when the current through human body is
(A) 10 milliamperes
(B) 20 milliamperes
(C) 40 milliamperes
(D) 100milliamperes.
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151. For extinguishing electrical fires
(A) Water should be used
(B) Carbon dioxide fire extinguisher should be used
(C) Foam type fire extinguisher should be used
(D) Carbon tetrachloride fire extinguisher should be used.
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152. First aid for electric shock victim is
(A) bandage
(B) massage
(C) pouring water on body
(D) artificial respiration.
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137.B ----- 138.C ----- 139.B ----- 140.A ----- 141.A ----- 142.B ----- 143.A ----- 144.C -----
145.D ----- 146.D ----- 147.D ----- 148.D ----- 149.A ----- 150.D ----- 151.D ----- 152.D

153. HRC fuses provide best protection against
(A) short circuits
(B) lightening
(C) sparking
(D) fire.
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154. For the load curves shown in the following figure which load has the least value of load
factor ?
(A) Load A
(B) Load B
(C) Load C
(D) Load D.
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155. Sparking occurs when a load is switched off because the circuit has high
(A) inductance
(B) resistance
(C) capacitance
(D) magnetism.
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156. Zero sequence component always flows through
(A) phase wires
(B) neutral wire
(C) earth wire
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157. A mild steel bar over which a coil is wound and a high frequency current is passed, will get
heated up due to
(A) electromagnetic heating
(B) electrostatic heating
(C) dielectric heating
(D) induction heating.

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158. Domestic supply of 220 V 50 Hz signifies that peak value of voltage Waveform is
(A) 220 V
(B) 155 V
(C)185V
(D) 310 V.
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159. If two numbers X and Y with respective errors of 4% and 5% are multiplied, the relative
error in the result would be
(A) 20%
(B) 9 %
(C) 3.5%
(D) 1%.
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160. Which of the following is not a source of power ?
(A) Solar cell
(B) Photovoltaic cell
(C) Photoelectric cell
(D) Thermocouple.
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161. The safest value of current which the human body can sustain for more than 3 seconds is
(A) 1 A
(B) 0.5 A
(C) 100 mA
(D) 9mA.
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162. If a consumer is charge at $. x / kVA of maximum demand and the expenditure incurred on
power factor correction equipment is $ y / kVAR per annum, than most economical power factor
is given by cosφ
(A) 1 -y / x
(B) 1 - x / y
(C) √(1-( y / x )2)
(D) √(1-( x / y )2)
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163. Which lightening stroke is most dangerous ?
(A) Direct stroke on tower top
(B) Direct stroke on ground wire

(C) Direct stroke on line conductor
(D) Indirect stroke on conductor.
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164. Which of the following is the protective device against lightening over voltages ?
(A) Rod gaps
(B) Surge absorbers
(C) Horn gaps
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165. A disadvantage of synchronous condenser
(A) Continuous losses in Motor
(B) High maintenance cost
(C) Noisy
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166. Gas turbine plants can have
I. Multistage compression
II. Heat exchangers
III. Reheating.
For maximum efficiency which features should be incorporated in a gas turbine power plant ?
(A) I only
(B) I and II only
(C) II and III only
(D) I, II and III.
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167. A coaxial line is filled with a dielectric of relative permitivity. If C denotes the velocity of
propagation in free space, the velocity of propagation in the line will be
(A) 3 C
(B) C
(C) C / 3
(D) C / 9.
Get Answer: (Show)
153.A ----- 154.C ----- 155.A ----- 156.B ----- 157.D ----- 158.D ----- 159.B ----- 160.D -----
161.D ----- 162.C ----- 163.C ----- 164.D ----- 165.D ----- 166.D ----- 167.C

168. When a power plant is not able to meet the demand of consumers it will resort to
(A) penalizing high load consumers by increasing the charges for electricity
(B) power factor improvement at the generators
(C) efficient plant operation
(D) load shedding.
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169. Load shedding is possible through
(A) voltage reduction
(B) frequency reduction
(C) switching off the loads
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170. Which of the following power plants can generate power at unpredictable or uncontrollable
times ?
(A) Wind power plant
(B) Tidal power plant
(C) Solar power plant
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171. Direct conversion of heat into electrical power is possible through
(A) thermionic converter
(B) fuel cell
(C) batteries
(D) all of the above.
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172. In a fuel cell positive electrode is of
(A) oxygen
(B) ammonia
(C) hydrogen
(D) carbon monoxide.
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173. All of the following are sources of borrowing money EXCEPT
(A) Debentures
(B) Bonds
(C) Share
(D) Fixed deposits.
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174. Ideally depreciated value of the plant plus the accumulation in the depreciation fund should
be equal to
(A) salvage value
(B) obsolescence rate
(C) sinking fund
(D) original invested capital.
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175. In power plants insurance cover is provided for
(A) equipment only
(B) skilled workers only
(C) unskilled workers only
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176. Debenture : Interest::
(A) Capital: Depreciation
(B) Insurance: Mishap
(C) Sinking fund : Amortization
(D) Shares: Dividend.

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177. Maximum demand tariff is generally not applied to domestic consumers because
(A) they can not afford today
(B) they consume less power
(C) their load factor is low
(D) their maximum demand is low.
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178. How much must be deposited at the end of each year in a sinking fund for 15 years to
accumulate $. 1000 if interest is at 5 percent ?
(A) $. 46.34
(B) $. 54.55
(C) $. 59.50
(D) $. 60.00.
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179. If $. 50 were deposited at the end of each year for 12 years in a sinking fund earning 6%,the
total accumulation would be
(A) $. 1000
(B) $. 925.50
(C) $. 843.50
(D) $. 799.75.
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180. An advantage of static capacitor for power factor improvement is
(A) Low losses
(B) Little maintenance cost
(C) Case in installation
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181. All of the following are repayable after some time EXCEPT
(A) Bonds
(B) Shares
(C) Cash certificates
(D) Fixed deposits
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182. The usual value of
(A) diversity factor is less than one and demand factor is more than one
(B) diversity factor more than one and demand factor is less than is one
(C) diversity factor as well as demand factor is less than demand
(D) diversity factor as well as demand factor is more than one.
Get Answer: (Show)
168.D ----- 169.D ----- 170.D ----- 171.A ----- 172.A ----- 173.C ----- 174.D ----- 175.D -----
176.D ----- 177.D ----- 178.A ----- 179.C ----- 180.D ----- 181.B ----- 182.B

Generation (183-197)
183. The amount repaid to a person at the end of 15 years, who invests $. 12,000 at 4 percent
interest compounded annually, will be
(A) $. 12,400
(B) $. 16,120
(C) $. 21,612
(D) $. 26,121.
Get Answer: (Show)
184. What is the present worth of receiving $. 1000 twenty years from now if money can earn
5% interest compounded annually ?
(A) $. 376.93
(B) $. 445.50
(C) $. 500.00
(D) $. 617.27.
Get Answer: (Show)
Questions 185 to 187 refer to data given below:
$. 10,000 are invested for 20 years at 6 percent.
185. The amount accumulated, when the interest is compounded annually will be
(A) $. 27,020
(B) $. 30,270
(C) $. 32,070
(D) $. 35,600.
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186. The amount accumulated when the interest is compounded semi-annually will be
(A) $. 32,070
(B) $. 32,474
(C) $, 32,620
(D) $. 32,888.
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187. The amount accumulated when the interest is compounded monthly will be
(A) $. 32,070
(B) $. 32,620
(C) $. 32,898
(D) $. 33,100.
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188. As the load factor approaches unity, the shape of load duration curve will be nearly
(A) L shaped
(B) inverted T shaped
(C) triangular
(D) rectangular.
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189. When maximum and average loads are equal, the load factor will be
(A) zero
(B) 0.01
(C) 0.5
(D) 1.0
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190. Which of the following relation is incorrect ?
(A) Capacity factor = Utilization factor x Load factor
(B) Load factor x Maximum load = Average load
(C) Demand factor x Connected load = Maximum demand
(D) None of the above.
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191. Capacity factor and load factor become identical when
(A) peak load is equal to the capacity of the plant
(B) Average load is half the capacity of the plant
(C) Average load is same as peak load
(D) Group diversity factor is equal to peak diversity factor.
Get Answer: (Show)
192. A low utilization factor for a plant indicates that
(A) plant is under maintenance
(B) plant is used for base load only
(C) plant is used for stand by purpose only
(D) plant is used for peak load as well as base load.

Get Answer: (Show)
Power plants considered are
I. Diesel
II. Thermal
III. Hydro
IV. Nuclear.
193. Plants in ascending order of capital cost per MW are
(A) I, II, III, IV
(B) II, III, IV, I
(C) III, IV, I, II
(D) IV. Ill, I, II.
Get Answer: (Show)
194. Plants in descending order of their expected useful life are
(A) I, III, II, IV
(B) II, I, III, IV
(C) III, II, IV, I
(D) IV, I, II, III.

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195. Plants in ascending order of their operating cost per MWH generated are
(A) IV, I, II, III
(B) III, II, IV, I
(C) II, I, III, IV
(D) I, III, II, IV
Get Answer: (Show)
196. Sinking fund is
(A) Initial value - Salvage value
(B) Capital cost - Operating cost
(C) Periodical maintenance - Breakdown maintenance
(D) Capital cost / Useful life.
Get Answer: (Show)
197. Load curve helps in deciding
(A) sizes of the generation units
(B) total installed capacity of the plant
(C) operating schedule of generating units

Get Answer: (Show)
183.C ----- 184.A ----- 185.C ----- 186.C ----- 187.D ----- 188.D ----- 189.D ----- 190.D -----
191.A ----- 192.C ----- 193.A ----- 194.C ----- 195.B ----- 196.A ----- 197.D
Economics of Power Generation : Fill in the blanks with

appropriate words :
1. Among the operating costs of a plant __________ has the largest share.
Get Answer: (Show)
2. Cost of labor is considered as __________ cost and depreciation is taken as __________ cost.
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3. In a thermal power plant, among the variable costs fuels accounts for nearly __________ to
__________ percent.
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4. Of all the different types of conventional power plants, technological advancements are
maximum in __________ power plants.
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5. Electricity duty is a __________ on power supplied by a power plant.
Get Answer: (Show)
6. The ratio of average load to maximum load is known as __________ factor.
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7. In a power plant if system voltage is dropped by 10 percent, the load will drop by about
__________ percent.
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8. Most power generating units are conservatively rated. They can be easily overloaded by about
__________ to __________ percent for short durations.
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9. __________ factor is the ratio of maximum demand to connected load of consumer.
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10. The value of the plant at the end of its useful life is known as __________ value.
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11. Single peak in the load curve means __________ load factor.
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12. For plant operation __________ power factor is the optimum.
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13. Peak load stations operate at __________ load factor.
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14. Heat rate is __________ of efficiency.
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15. Greater the value of the diversity factor __________ will be the value of fixed charges per
unit generated.
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16. Capacitor banks are installed to __________ power factor.
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17. __________ Tariff method suffers from the disadvantage that an additional meter has to be
installed to register the peak load.
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18. Diversity facto has direct effect on the __________ charges of the unit's generated.
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19. High load factor can be expected in __________ load stations.
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20. Load curve is the relationship between load on power plant with the time in __________.
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21. Hopkinson demand rate tariff is __________ part tariff.

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22. In __________ Tariff, fixed charges are merged into the unit charges for one or 2 blocks of
consumption.
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23. A super thermal power station has units of __________ MW and above.
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24. As compared to steam power plant, diesel engine plants have __________ thermal efficiency.
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25. If the capacity of a generator is 120 MW the possibility of having __________ as prime
mover is ruled out.
Get Answer: (Show)
1.Fuel ----- 2. Variable, fixed ----- 3.(75, 85) ----- 4.nuclear -----5.tax------6.load ----- 7. (10) -----
8. (10,15) ----- 9. demand factor ----- 10. salvage 11.low ----- 12.unity ----- 13.low ----- 14.
inverse ----- 15.less ----- 16. improve ----- 17.Two part----- 18.fixed ----- 19.base -----
20.chronological order ----- 21.two ----- 22.blocked rate -----23.500 ----- 24.higher -----25. diesel
engine

Economics of Power Generation

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Economics of Power Generation

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Economics of Power Generation

Introduction to Economics of Power Generation:

The cost of power generation can be minimized by :

2. Reducing the amount of investment in the plant.

3. Operation through fewer men.

4. Having uniform design

5. Selecting the station as to reduce cost of fuel, labor, etc.

Load duration curve :

Base load is the minimum load over a given period of time.

Load factor = Average Load / Maximum demand

Station load factor :

Run of river station :

Base Load supply :

The main consideration for base load provision are :

(i) high efficiency

(ii) high availability of the system.

1. Peak Load Plants :

SELECTION OF TYPE OF GENERATION

1. Capacity of power plant

2. Probable load factor

4. Cost of fuel and transpiration facilities

6. Interest and depreciation

Cost of Electrical Energy :

Capital cost of a power plant is due to

1. Cost of land and buildings

2. Cost of generating equipment and accessories

3. Cost of transmission and distribution network

4. Cost of designing and planning the power station

In general following plants are preferred for base load operations :

1. Nuclear power plant

2. Hydro electric plant

3. Steam power plant

1. Diesel engine power plant.

2. Gas turbine power plant

3. Pumped storage plant.

(A) Fixed Cost :

(i) Interest on capital :

(iii) Cost of Transmission and Distribution :

(vi) Salary for Managerial Staff :

(i) Cost of fuel :

(ii) Maintenance and Repair Charges:

1. Uniform Rate Tariff :

2. Two Part Tariff :

4. Three Part Tariff :

5. Power Factor Tariff :

(a) Maximum kVA demand Tariff :

(b) Sliding Scale :

1. Straight Line method

2. Sinking fund method

3. Diminishing value method.

Multiple Choice Questions of Economics of Power

(A) Load versus generation capacity

(B) Load versus current

(C) Load versus time

(D) Load versus cost of power.

Get Answer: (Show)

2. For economy in generation power

(A) diversity factor should be high

(B) plant utilization factor

(C) load factor should be high

(D) load factor and diversity factor should be low.

Get Answer: (Show)

(B) A continuous process plant

(C) A steel melting unit using arc furnace