CONTENTS

PART 1 BACKGROUND AND BASIC

CONSIDERATIONS 1

Chapter 1 History and Organization of Codes 3

1.1 Use of Process Vessels and Equipment 4
1.2 History of Pressure Vessel Codes in the United
States 4
1.3 Organization of the ASME Boiler and Pressure
Vessel Code 6

1.4 Organization of the ANSI B31 Code for Pressure

Piping 7
1.5 Some Other Pressure Vessel Codes and Standards
in the United States 8
1.6 Worldwide Pressure Vessel Codes 9
References , 10
Bibliography 11

Chapter 2 Selection of Vessel, Specifications,

Reports, and Allowable Stresses 13
2.1 Selection of Vessel 14
2.2 Which Pressure Vessel Code Is Used 14
2.3 Design Specifications and Purchase Orders 15
2.4 Special Design Requirements 15
2.5 Design Reports and Calculations 16
2.6 Materials' Specifications 16
xii CONTENTS

2.7 Design Data for New Materials 17

2.8 Factors of Safety . 17
2.9 Allowable Tensile Stresses in the ASME Code 17
2.10 Allowable External Pressure Stress and Axial
Compressive Stress in the ASME Boiler and Pres-
sure Vessel Code 19
2.11 Allowable Stresses in the ASME Code for Pressure
Piping B31 22
2.12 Allowable Stress in Other Codes of the World 22
References 26

Chapter 3 Strength Theories, Design Criteria, and

Design Equations 29
3.1 Strength Theories 30
3.2 Design Criteria 31
3.3 Design Equations 33
3.4 Stress-Strain Relationships - 33
£5 Strain-Deflection Equations 35
3.6 Force-Stress Expressions 39
4 References 42
Bibliography 43

Chapter 4 Materials of Construction 45

4.1 Material Selection 46
4.1.1 Corrosion 46
4.1.2 Strength 49
4.1.3 Material Cost 52
4.2 Nonferrous Alloys 53
4.2.1 Aluminum Alloys 53
4.2.2 Copper and Copper Alloys 55
4.2.3 Nickel and High-Nickel Alloys 56
4.2.4 Titanium and Zirconium Alloys 56
4.3 Ferrous Alloys 60
4.4 Heat Treating of Steels 61
4.5 Brittle Fracture 63
4.5.1 ASME Presssure Vessel Criteria 68
 CONTENTS xiii

4.5.2 Theory of Brittle Fracture 70

4.5.3 Hydrostatic Testing 74
4.5.4 Factors Influencing Brittle Fracture 75
4.6 Hydrogen Embrittlement 76
4.7 Nonmetallic Vessels 77
References 78
Bibliography 79

PART 2 ANALYSIS OF COMPONENTS 81

Chapter 5 Stress in Cylindrical Shells 83

5.1 Stress Due to Internal Pressure 84
5.2 Discontinuity Analysis 92
5.2.1 Long Cylinders 96
5.2.2 Short Cylinders 107
5.3 Buckling of Cylindrical Shells 114
0
5.3.1 Uniform Pressure Applied to Sides Only 114
•
5.3.2 Uniform Pressure Applied to Sides and
* Ends 116
5.3.3 Pressure on Ends Only 118
5 . 4 , Thermal Stress 119
5.4.1 Uniform Change in Temperature 124
5.4.2 Gradient in Axial Direction 127
5.4.3 Gradient in Radial Direction 130
Nomenclature 137
References 138
Bibliography 139

Chapter 6 Analysis of Formed Heads and Transition

Sections 141
6.1 Hemispherical Heads 142
• 6.1.1 Various Loading Conditions 146
6.1.2 Discontinuity Analysis 152
6.1.3 Thermal Stress 158
6.1.4 Buckling Strength 159
xiv CONTENTS

6.2 Ellipsoidal Heads 163

6.3 To'rispherical Heads 167
6.4 Conical Heads 168
6.4.1 Unbalanced Forces at Cone-to-Cylinder
Junction 169
6.4.2 Discontinuity Analysis 172
6.4.3 Cones Under External Pressure 175
Nomenclature 178
References 180
Bibliography 181

Chapter 7 Stress in Flat Plates 183

7.1 Introduction 184
7.2 Circular Plates 184
7.3 Rectangular Plates 193
7.4 Circular Plates on Elastic Foundation 197
* Nomenclature 200
i
References 201
Bibliography 201

PART 3 DESIGN OF COMPONENTS 203

Chapter 8 Design of Cylindrical Shells 205

8.1 ASME Design Equations 206
8.2 Evaluation of Discontinuity Stresses 208
8.3 ASME Procedure for External Pressure Design 218
8.4 Design of Stiffening Rings 226
8.5 Allowable Gaps in Stiffening Rings 231
8.6 Out-of-Roundness of Cylindrical Shells under
External Pressure 235
8.7 Design for Axial Compression 238
Nomenclature 240
References 240
Bibliography 241
 CONTENTS xv

Chapter 9 Design of Formed Heads and Transition

-Sections 243
9.1 Introduction 244
9.2 ASME Equations for Hemispherical Head
Design 247
9.3 ASME Design Equations for Ellipsoidal and
Flanged and Dished Heads 249
9.3.1 Ellipsoidal and Torispherical Heads
under External Pressure 255
9.4 ASME Equations for Conical Head Design 256
9.4.1 ASME Simplification of Discontinuity
Analysis due to Internal Pressure 256
9.4.2 Conical Shells under External Pressure 261
9.4.3 ASME Simplification of Discontinuity
Analysis due to External Pressure 261
Nomenclature 265
References 266
# Bibliography 267
*
Chapter 10 Blind Flanges, Cover Plates, and Flanges 269
10.1 Introduction 270
10.2 Circular Flat Plates and Heads with Uniform
Loading ' 274
10.3 ASME Code Formula for Circular Flat Heads
and Covers 276
10.4 Comparison of Theory and ASME Code Formula
for Circular Flat Heads and Covers without -
Bolting 278
10.5 Bolted Flanged Connections 278
10.6 Contact Facings 279
10.7 Gaskets 281
10.7.1 Rubber O-Rings 281
10.7.2 Metallic O- and C-Rings 281
.» 10.7.3 Compressed Asbestos Gaskets 282
10.7.4 Flat Metal Gaskets 283
10.7.5 Spiral-Wound Gaskets 285
xvi CONTENTS

J 0.7.6 Jacketed Gaskets 285

10.7.7 Metal Ring Gaskets 285
10.7.8 High-Pressure Gaskets 285
10.7.9 Lens Ring Gaskets 286
10.7.10 Delta Gaskets 287
10.7.11 Double-Cone Gaskets 288
10.7.12 Gasket Design 290
10.8 Bolting Design 292
10.9 Blind Flanges 294
10.10 Bolted Flanged Connections with Ring-Type
Gaskets 298
10.11 Reverse Flanges 307
10.12 Full-Face Gasket Flange 310
10.13 Flange Calculation Sheets 317
10.14 Flat-Face Flange with Metal-to-Metal Contact
Outside of the Bolt Circle 317
10.15 Spherically Dished Covers 324
Nonfenclature 330
References 332
Bibliography 332

Chapter 11 Openings, Nozzles, and External

Loadings 335
11.1 General 336
11.2 Stresses and Loadings at Openings 338
11.3 Theory of Reinforced Openings 343
11.4 Reinforcement Limits 346
11.4.1 Reinforcement Rules for ASME,
Section I 349
11.4.2 Reinforcement Rules for ASME,
Section VIII, Division 1 359
11.4.3 Reinforcement Rules for ASME,
Section VIII, Division 2 368
11.4.4 Reinforcement Rules for ANSI/ASME
B31.1 379
11.4.5 Reinforcement Rules for ANSI/ASME
B31.3 383
 CONTENTS xvii

11.5 Ligament Efficiency of Openings in Shells 387

11.6 Fatigue Evaluation of Nozzles under Internal
Pressure 392
11.7 External Loadings 394
11.7.1 Local Stresses in the Shell or Head 394
11.7.2 Stresses in the Nozzle 407
Nomenclature 415
References 416
Bibliography 417

Chapter 12 Vessel Supports 421

12.1 Introduction 422
12.2 Skirt and Base Ring Design 423
12.2.1 Anchor Chair Design 434
12.3 Design of Support Legs 438
12.4 Lug-Supported Vessels 442
12.5 Ring Girders 443
12.6 Saddle Supports 449
Nomenclature 456
References 456
Bibliography 457

•
PART 4 THEORY AND DESIGN OF SPECIAL
EQUIPMENT 459

Chapter 13 Flat Bottom Tanks 461

13.1 Introduction 462
13.2 API 650 Tanks 462
13.2.1 Roof Design 462
13.2.2 Shell Design 470
13.2.3 Annular Plates 476
13.3 API 620 Tanks 482
T'3.3.1 Allowable Stress Criteria 487
13.3.2 Compression Rings 490
13.4 ANSI B96.1 Aluminum Tanks 496
13.4.1 Design Rules 496
 CONTENTS

13.5 AWWA Standard D100 498

•References 499
Bibliography 499

Chapter 14 Heat Transfer Equipment 501

14.1 Types of Heat Exchangers 502
14.2 TEMA Design of Tubesheets in U-Tube
Exchangers 505
14.3 Theoretical Analysis of Tubesheets in U-Tube
Exchangers 508
14.4 Background of the ASME Design Equations for
Tubesheets in U-Tube Exchangers 514
14.5 Theoretical Analysis of Fixed Tubesheets 519
14.6 TEMA Fixed Tubesheet Design 523
14.6.1 Local Equivalent Pressure 523
14.6.2 General Equivalent Pressure 527
14.6.3 Relationship Between Local and
# Equivalent Pressure 533
14.7 Expansion Joints 537
». Nomenclature 537
References 538
• Bibliography 539

Chapter 15 Vessels for High Pressure 541

15.1 Basic Equations 541
15.2 Prestressing of Solid Wall Vessels 543
15.3 Layered Vessels 547
15.4 Prestressing of Layered Vessels 558
Nomenclature 562
Bibliography 563

Chapter 16 Tall Vessels 565

16.1 Design Considerations 566
16.2 Earthquake Loading 567
16.3 Wind Loading 573
16.3.1 External Forces from Wind Loading 573
 CONTENTS xix

16.3.2 Dynamic Analysis from Wind Effects 577

16.4 Vessel'tinder Internal Pressure Only 581
16.5 Vessel Under Internal Pressure and External
Loading 585
16.6 Vessel Under External Pressure Only 588
16.7 Vessel Under External Pressure and External
Loading 591
References 593
Bibliography 593

Chapter 17 Vessels of Noncircular Cross Section 595

17.1 Types of Vessels 596
17.2 Rules in Codes 601
17.3 Openings in Vessels with Noncircular Cross
Section 601
17.4 Ligament Efficiency for Constant Diameter
Openings 601
17.5 Ligament Efficiency for Multidiameter Openings
Subject to Membrane Stress 603
17.6 Ligament Efficiency for Multidiameter Openings
Subject to Bending Stress 606
17.7 Design Methods and Allowable Stresses 610
17.8 Basic Equations • 612
17.9 Equations in the ASME Code, VIII-1 619
17.10 Design of Noncircular Vessels in Other Codes 626
17.10.1 Method in Swedish Pressure Vessel
Code 627
17.10.2 Design by Lloyd's Register of Shipping
Rules 630
References 633
Bibliography 633

APPENDICES 635

Appendix A Guide to Various Codes 636

Appendix B Sample of Heat Exchanger Specification Sheet 646
Appendix C Sample of an API Specification Sheet 648
xx CONTENTS

Appendix D Sample of a Pressure Vessel Design Data Sheet 652

Appendix E Sample of Various Materials for Process Equipment 668
Appendix F Required Data for Material Approval in the ASME
Section VIII Code 672
Appendix G Procedure for Providing Data for Code Charts for
External Pressure Design 675
Appendix H Corrosion Charts 678
Appendix I Various ASME Design Equations 683
Appendix J Joint Efficiency Factors 686
Appendix K Simplified Curves for External Loading on Cylindrical
Shells 689
Appendix L Conversion Tables 698

INDEX 707