NatRes Compilation

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CONSTITUTIONAL"&"LEGAL"FRAMEWORK"OF"NATURAL"RESOURCES" NATRES"&"ENVI"LAW" FAM5"G01"|"1"
The Constitution & Legal Framework on NatRes .............................. 1! Magna#Carta#for#Countryside#and#Barangay#Enterprises#(RA#6810)#..........................#9!
LAWS .................................................................................................................... 1! Countryside"and"Barangay"business"enterprises"(CBBE)"..........................................."9!
1.#RIGHT#TO#HEALTH#AND#RIGHT#TO#A#HEALTHFUL#AND#BALANCED#ECOLOGY#.........#1! I."Legislative"Branch"..................................................................................................."9!
2.#NATIONAL#TERRITORY#.........................................................................................#1! II."Judiciary"................................................................................................................."9!
3.#OWNERSHIP#OF#NATURAL#RESOURCES:#...............................................................#1! III."Quasi5Judicial"Bodies"............................................................................................"9!
REGALIAN(DOCTRINE#...............................................................................................#1! IV."Private"Sectors"or"NGOs"......................................................................................."9!
4.#LANDS#OF#THE#PUBLIC#DOMAIN#...........................................................................#1! Jurisprudence ..................................................................................................... 9!
5.#EXPLORATION,#DEVELOPMENT,#AND#USE#OF#NATURAL#RESOURCES#....................#2! Local#Government’s#duties#and#functions#................................................................#9!
6.# EXCLUSIVE# USE# FOR# FILIPINOS;# PREFERENTIAL# RIGHTS# OF# SUBSISTENCE# Tano"v."Socrates"........................................................................................................."9!
FISHERMEN#.............................................................................................................#2! Pilipino"Banana"Growers"&"Exporters"Association"v."City"of"Davao".........................."9!
7.#FOREST#LAND#BOUNDARY#DELINEATION#.............................................................#2! Court’s#exercise#of#its#judicial#powers#....................................................................#10!
8.#INDIGENOUS#PEOPLE’S#RIGHT#AND#ANCESTRAL#DOMAINS#..................................#2! Concerned"Citizens"v."MMDA".................................................................................."10!
RA"8371,"THE"INDIGENOUS"PEOPLE’S"RIGHTS"ACT"OF"1997"....................................."2! Boracay"Foundation"v"Province"of"Aklan"................................................................."10!
9.#LOCAL#GOVERNMENT#SHARE#IN#NATURAL#WEALTH#............................................#2! Republic"v."Marcopper"Mining"................................................................................"10!
10.#PEOPLE’S#PARTICIPATION#IN#THE#USE#OF#NATURAL#RESOURCES#AND#ACCESS#TO# LLDA"v"CA"................................................................................................................."10!
INFORMATION#........................................................................................................#2! LLDA"v"CA"[2nd"case]"................................................................................................."10!
11.# LIMITS# TO# STATE# POWER# OVER# NATURAL# RESOURCES:# BILL# OF# RIGHTS;# RIGHT#
TO#PROPERTY,#DUE#PROCESS#...................................................................................#3! Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) .........................................11!
JURISPRUDENCE .................................................................................................. 3! Philippine Environmental Policy (PD 1151) .................................................... 11!
1.#OPOSA#v.#FACTORAN#(1993)#................................................................................#3! Concept#and#rationale#of#the#EIA#System#...............................................................#11!
[Right"to"a"balanced"and"healthful"ecology]"............................................................."3! DAO"2003530"..........................................................................................................."11!
2.#RESIDENT#MARINE#MAMMALS#v.#SEC.#ANGELO#REYES#(2015)#..............................#3! Legal#Framework#...................................................................................................#11!
[Animals’"Standing"to"Sue]"........................................................................................"3! Environmental#Impact#Statement#System#(EISS)#....................................................#11!
3.#CARIÑO#v.#INSULAR#GOVERNMENT#(212#US#449)#(1909)#......................................#4! Environmentally#Critical#Area#(ECA)#.......................................................................#11!
[IP"rights,"native"title]"................................................................................................"4! Environmentally#Critical#Project#(ECP)#...................................................................#12!
CARIÑO#v.#INSULAR#GOVERNMENT#(41#PHIL#935)#(1909)#.........................................#4! Environmental#Impact#Statement#(EIS)#..................................................................#12!
[IP"rights,"native"title]"................................................................................................"4! Initial#Environmental#Examination#(IEE)#Report#.....................................................#12!
4.#CRUZ#v.#NCIP#(National#Commission#on#IPs)#(2000)#..............................................#4! PD 1152 (Philippine Environmental Code) .................................................... 12!
[IP"rights,"native"title]"................................................................................................"4! I.#Air#Quality#Management#....................................................................................#12!
II.#Water#Quality#Management#..............................................................................#12!
Institutional Framework for NatRes ..................................................... 5! III.#Land#Use#Management#.....................................................................................#12!
Executive Branch (Structural Organization based on EO 192 and EO 292) 5! IV.#Natural#Resources#and#Management#Conversion#.............................................#12!
1.#National#Government#..........................................................................................#5! V.#Waste#Management#..........................................................................................#12!
DENR#.......................................................................................................................#5! PD 1586 (Environmental Impact Statement System) ................................... 12!
2.#Local#Government#...............................................................................................#5! Environmental#Impact#Statement#System#(Sec.#2)#.................................................#12!
RELEVANT LAWS INVOLVING ENR FUNCTIONS OF THE LGUs and National Environmentally#NoncCritical#Projects#(Sec.#5)#.......................................................#12!
Government ....................................................................................................... 6! Presidential#Proclamation#of#Environmentally#Critical#Areas#and#Projects#(Sec.#4)#.#12!
Local#Government#Code#(LGC)#or#RA#7160#...............................................................#6! Penalty#for#Violation#(Sec.#9)#.................................................................................#13!
RA#8550#Fisheries#Code#...........................................................................................#6! DAO 96-37 ......................................................................................................... 13!
Reconstitution"of"the"Bureau"of"Fisheries"and"Aquatic"Resources"(BFAR)"................"7! Basic#Policy#...........................................................................................................#13!
Clean#Water#Act#......................................................................................................#7! Objectives#.............................................................................................................#13!
Clean#Air#Act#(RA#8749)#...........................................................................................#8! Definition#of#Terms:#..............................................................................................#13!
Solid# Waste# Management# under# the# Ecological# Solid# Waste# Management# Act# (RA# Coverage#of#EIS#System#.........................................................................................#14!
9003)#.......................................................................................................................#8! NoncCoverage#of#EIS#System#..................................................................................#15!
National#Integrated#Protected#Areas#System#Act#(NIPAS)#RA#7586#...........................#8! EIARC#Report#.........................................................................................................#15!
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TABLE"OF"CONTENTS" NATRES"&"ENVI"LAW" FAM5"G01"|""i"
AO 42 ................................................................................................................. 15! Jurisprudence ................................................................................................... 40!
Streamlining#the#ECC#Application#Processing#and#Approval#Procedures.#................#15! OPOSA#v.#FACTORAN,#Jr.#.......................................................................................#40!
Strengthening#the#Implementation#of#the#Philippine#EIS#System.#..........................#16! Province#of#Rizal#v.#Executive#Secretary#.................................................................#41!
Revised Guidelines for Coverage Screening and Standardized Sec#of#the#Dept#of#Envi#and#NatRes#vs.#Yap#............................................................#41!
Requirements under the Philippine EIS System ............................................. 16!
CASES................................................................................................................. 19! Biodiversity, Protected Areas & Wildlife ...........................................43!
Republic#v.#City#of#Davao#.......................................................................................#19! Legal framework for conservation and protection of biodiversity,
Boracay#Foundation#v.#Province#of#Aklan#...............................................................#19! protected areas and wildlife .......................................................................... 43!
Bangus#Fry#Fisherfolk#v.#Hon.#Lazanas#....................................................................#20! Domestic Laws .................................................................................................. 43!
Otadan#v.#Rio#Tuba#Nickel#Mining#..........................................................................#20! NIPAS#Act,#RA#NO.#7586#as#amended#by#RA#10629#................................................#43!
Paje#v.#Casino#........................................................................................................#20! REPUBLIC#ACT#NO.#9147,#Wildlife#Resources#Conservation#and#Protection#Act#......#45!
BiocProspecting#Framework,#E.O.#No.#247#.............................................................#48!
Forestry & Watershed Management ............................................... 22! National#Biosafety#Framework,#E.O.#No.#514#.........................................................#48!
Revised Forestry Code PD 705, as amended by EO 277, RA 7161 ............. 22! Jurisprudence ................................................................................................... 49!
Pertinent#Provisions:#.............................................................................................#22! International# Service# for# the# Acquisition# of# Agri Biotech# Applications,# Inc.# v.#
A."Timber"................................................................................................................."23! Greenpeace#Southeast#Asia#(Philippines),#et#al.#.....................................................#49!
B."WOOD5PROCESSING"..........................................................................................."24! A."Bio5prospecting"and"biosafety"(under"the"Wildlife"Act)"......................................"49!
C."REFORESTATION".................................................................................................."24! B."International"commitments"on"biodiversity"and"species"conservation".............."49!
D."FOREST"PROTECTION".........................................................................................."25! International Laws ............................................................................................ 49!
E."SPECIAL"USES"......................................................................................................."26! Convention#on#Biological#Diversity#........................................................................#49!
F."QUALIFICATIONS"................................................................................................."26! Cartagena#Protocol#...............................................................................................#50!
CRIMINAL"OFFENSES"AND"PENALTIES"....................................................................."27! The# Nagoya# Protocol# on# Access# to# Genetic# Resources# and# the# Fair# and# Equitable#
PD No. 1755 ....................................................................................................... 28! Sharing#of#Benefits#Arising#from#the#Utilization#to#the#CBD#....................................#50!
BP 83 .................................................................................................................. 28! Principles"................................................................................................................."50!
Local Government Code [RA 7160] .............................................................. 28! Convention# on# International# Trade# in# Endangered# Species# of# Wildlife# Fauna# and#
Water Code PD 1067 ....................................................................................... 29! Flora#(CITES)#..........................................................................................................#51!
DECLARATION#OF#OBJECTIVES#AND#PRINCIPLES#....................................................#29! Fundamental"Principles"..........................................................................................."51!
OWNERSHIP#OF#WATERS#.......................................................................................#29! Convention#on#Wetlands,#especially#as#Waterfowl#Habitat#(Ramsar#Convention)#..#51!
CONTROL#OF#WATERS#...........................................................................................#30! Objectives"................................................................................................................"51!
CONSERVATION# AND# PROTECTION# OF# WATERS# AND# WATERSHEDS# AND# RELATED# Definition"of"Terms".................................................................................................."51!
LAND#RESOURCES#..................................................................................................#30! International#Treaty#on#Plant#Genetic#Resources#for#Food#and#Agriculture#............#51!
ADMINISTRATION# OF# WATERS# AND# ENFORCEMENT# OF# THE# PROVISIONS# OF# THIS# Obligations"..............................................................................................................."51!
CODE#.....................................................................................................................#30! Farmers’"Rights"........................................................................................................"52!
PENAL#PROVISIONS#...............................................................................................#31!
Community-Based Forest Management EO. 263 ......................................... 31! Fisheries and Aquatic Resources ......................................................53!
PROMOTING SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT IN THE PHILIPPINES EO A.#State#of#Philippine#fisheries,#coastal#and#marine#resources#...............................#53!
318 ...................................................................................................................... 32! B.#Legal#framework#for#fisheries#and#aquatic#resources#.........................................#53!
Moratorium on Natural Forest Cutting & National Greening Program ...... 33! C.#Jurisdiction#and#fishing#in#municipal#waters,#commercial#waters,#high#seas#.......#53!
Logging#Moratorium#[EO.#23]#................................................................................#33! D.#Measures#against#illegal,#unreported#and#unregulated#fishing#(IUU)#.................#53!
National#Greening#Program#[EO.#26]#......................................................................#34! RA 8550, Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998, as amended by RA 10654 ..... 53!
Community-Based Forestry Management Program DAO No. 96-29 ......... 36! RA 7160, Local Government Code ................................................................ 54!
ART#II#KEY#PROGRAM#PARTICIPANTS#.....................................................................#38! PD No. 1067, Water Code of the Philippines ................................................. 55!
Art.#III#STAGES#OF#CBFMP#IMPLEMENTATION#........................................................#39!
EO 154 (2013), Preventing, deterring and eliminating IUU fishing ............... 55!
ARt.#IV#c#TENURIAL#INSTRUMETNS#.........................................................................#39!
RA 9379 (2007), Handline Fishing Law ............................................................ 55!
ART#V##MANAGEMENT#OF#CBFMP#..........................................................................#39!
RA 8435, Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act ................................ 56!
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TABLE"OF"CONTENTS" NATRES"&"ENVI"LAW" FAM5"G01"|""ii"
Jurisprudence ................................................................................................... 57! RA 9367: Biofuels act of 2006 .......................................................................... 65!
Tano#v.#Socrates,#G.R.#No.#110249,21#August#1997#................................................#57! RA 9513: Renewable Energy Act of 2008 ...................................................... 65!
People#v.#Vergara,#G.R.#No.#110826,2#April#1997#....................................................#57! National Renewable Energy Program ........................................................... 66!
Hizon#v.#Court#of#Appeals#......................................................................................#57! Jurisprudence ................................................................................................... 66!
Shell#Philippines#Exploration#B.V.#v.#Jalos#et.#al.,#Sept#2010#...................................#57! Resident#Mammals#case#........................................................................................#66!
Boracay#Foundation#v.#Province#of#Aklan,#2012#.....................................................#57! Shell#v#Jalos#...........................................................................................................#66!
Procedural"case"......................................................................................................."57! Paje#v#Casino#.........................................................................................................#66!
18"December"2008"case".........................................................................................."57!
15"February"2011"case"............................................................................................"58! Pollution Laws and Rules of Court for Envi Cases ...........................67!
Managing wastes and controlling pollution: Solid waste, air and water
Mining .................................................................................................. 59! pollution ............................................................................................................. 67!
A. STATE OF OUR MINERAL RESOURCES ......................................................... 59! A. Solid waste & pollution issues in the Philippines ....................................... 67!
Basis#of#mining#laws#..............................................................................................#59! B. Domestic laws............................................................................................... 67!
Sec."2,"Art."XII,"1987"Constitution:".........................................................................."59! RA#9003#–#ecological#solid#waste#management#act#................................................#67!
B. The Legal Framework for Mineral Exploitation, Development and Use . 59! RA#6969#c#Toxic#and#hazardous#substances#act#......................................................#67!
SMALLcSCALE#MINING#...........................................................................................#59! RA#9275#–#Clean#water#act#.....................................................................................#67!
Philippine"Mining"Act"of"1995"(RA"7942)"................................................................"59! RA#8749#–#Clean#air#act#..........................................................................................#67!
Small5Scale"Mining"Program"(PD"No."1899,"1984)".................................................."60! RA#9211#–#Tobacco#Regulation#Act#........................................................................#68!
People’s"Small5Scale"Mining"Act"of"1991"(RA"7076,"1991)"......................................"60! RA#9483,#Oil#Pollution#Act#.....................................................................................#68!
Executive"Order"No."79"s."2012"aka"“Mining"EO”"..................................................."60! Jurisprudence ................................................................................................... 68!
Jurisprudence ................................................................................................... 61! MMDA#v#Jancom#GR#147465#(2002)#.......................................................................#68!
La#BugalcB’laan#Tribal#Association,#Inc.#V.#Secretary#of#DENR#(main#decision)#........#61! Province#of#Rizal#v#Exec#Sec#(2005,#Dec#13)#............................................................#68!
La#BugalcB’laan#Tribal#Association,#Inc.#V.#Secretary#of#DENR#(MR)#........................#61! Henares#v#LTFRB#GR#158290#(2006)#.......................................................................#69!
Southeast#Mining#v.#Balite#.....................................................................................#61! West#Tower#Condominium#Corp#v#First#Phil#Industrial#Corp#GR#194239#.................#69!
Republic# (represented# by# Pollution# Adjudication# Board# of# DENR)# v.# Marcopper# Rules of Court for Environmental cases ......................................................... 69!
Mining#Corp.#(MMC)#..............................................................................................#62! A. Overall framework for environmental litigation ....................................... 69!
Didipio#Earth#Savers’#MulticPurpose#Association,#et.#al.#v.#Gozun#..........................#62! B. Rules of procedure (9-6-8-SC),.................................................................... 69!
Dolot#v.#Paje#..........................................................................................................#62! Innovative#remedies#.............................................................................................#69!
Environmental"Protection"Orders"(EPO/TEPO)"........................................................"69!
Energy .................................................................................................. 63! Continuing"Mandamus"............................................................................................"70!
PD 87: An Act to promote the discovery and production of indigenous Writ"of"Kalikasan"......................................................................................................"70!
petroleum and appropriate funds thereof ................................................... 63! c. Jurisprudence ............................................................................................... 70!
Service#Contracts#...................................................................................................#63! MMDA#v#Concerned#citizens#of#manila#bay#171947c48#(2008#and#2011)#................#70!
PD 972: Act to promote an accelerated exploration, development, Dissent#of#J.#Leonen#in#West#Towers#Case#..............................................................#70!
exploitation, production and utilization of coal. .......................................... 63! Paje#v#Casino#(207257)#..........................................................................................#70!
RA 7638: Department of Energy Act of 1992 ................................................ 64! Redondo#peninsula#energy#v#Casino#(207276)#.......................................................#70!
RA 9136: Electric Power Industry Reform Act of 2001................................... 64! Delos#Reyes#v#Paje#(207282)#..................................................................................#70!
GENERATION#SECTOR#............................................................................................#64! SBMA#v#Casino#(207366)#........................................................................................#70!
Competitive"and"OPEN"............................................................................................"64! ISAAA#v#Greenpeace#..............................................................................................#70!
TRANSMISSION#SECTOR#........................................................................................#64!
regulated"common"electricity"carrier"business,"subject"to"EFC".............................."64! UNCLOS ...............................................................................................71!
DISTRIBUTION#SECTOR#..........................................................................................#64! what is UNCLOS? .............................................................................................. 71!
shall"be"a"regulated"common"carrier"business"requiring"franchise."......................."64! characteristics".........................................................................................................."72!
UNIVERSAL#CHARGE#..............................................................................................#65! objectives"................................................................................................................"72!
ERC"shall"determine"to"be"imposed"on"all"electricity"end5users."............................"65! summary"of"key"features"........................................................................................."72!
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TABLE"OF"CONTENTS" NATRES"&"ENVI"LAW" FAM5"G01"|""iii"
Maritime Zones ................................................................................................. 73!
baselines#...............................................................................................................#73!
philippine"baseline"law"............................................................................................"73!
Internal#waters#......................................................................................................#73!
Territorial#Sea#.......................................................................................................#74!
Contiguous#Zone#...................................................................................................#75!
Continental#shelf#...................................................................................................#76!
Exclusive#Economic#Zone#.......................................................................................#76!
High#Seas#...............................................................................................................#76!
Summary#of#Maritime#zones:#................................................................................#79!
Lowctide#elevations#vs.#rock/island#.......................................................................#80!
DELIMITATION#OF#MARITIME#BOUNDARIES#..........................................................#81!
DISPUTE SETTLEMENT [Part XV] ......................................................................... 81!
Provisional#Measures#............................................................................................#81!
Prompt#Release#.....................................................................................................#82!
International#tribunal#for#law#of#the#sea#[Annex#VI]#...............................................#82!
Conciliation#[annex#v]#............................................................................................#83!
Sec."1"......................................................................................................................."83!
Sec."2"......................................................................................................................."83!
arbitration#[annex#vii]#...........................................................................................#83!
CONCEPTS#.............................................................................................................#84!
Enforcement#of#Ruling#...........................................................................................#85!
WHAT#WILL#PHILS#DO#TO#ENFORCE?#......................................................................#85!
United Nations Framework on Climate Change Convention

(UNFCCC) ........................................................................................... 87!
UNFCCC ............................................................................................................ 87!
Summary#of#the#Convention#..................................................................................#87!
Some#relevant#portions#.........................................................................................#88!
CLIMATE CHANGE 2014: SYNTHESIS REPORT; SUMMARY FOR POLICY
MAKERS .............................................................................................................. 89!
Observed#changes#and#their#causes#.......................................................................#89!
Future#Climate#Changes,#Risks#and#Impacts#...........................................................#89!
Future#Pathways#for#Adaptation,#Mitigation#and#Sustainable#Development#..........#90!
Adaptation#and#Mitigation#....................................................................................#91!
KYOTO PROTOCOL ........................................................................................... 93!
Summary#of#the#protocol#.......................................................................................#93!
PARIS AGREEMENT ............................................................................................ 93!
RA 9729 (Climate Change Act of 2009) ........................................................ 94!
RA 10174 (People’s Survival Fund; which amended RA 9729) ................... 94!
New#provisions#under#RA#10174#............................................................................#95!
RA#10639#(The#Free#Mobile#Disaster#Alert#Act)#......................................................#96!
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TABLE"OF"CONTENTS" NATRES"&"ENVI"LAW" FAM5"G01"|""iv"
The Constitution & Legal Framework on NatRes
LAWS The" State" shall" protect" the" nation’s" marine" wealth" in" its" archipelagic" waters," territorial"
sea," and" exclusive" economic" zone," and" reserve" its" use" and" enjoyment" exclusively" to"
1. RIGHT TO HEALTH AND RIGHT TO A HEALTHFUL AND BALANCED Filipino"citizens."
ECOLOGY
The" Congress" may," by" law," allow" small5scale" utilization" of" natural" resources" by" Filipino"
Article#II,#Section#15:"The"State"shall"protect"and"promote"the"right"to"health"of"the"people"
citizens," as" well" as" cooperative" fish" farming," with" priority" to" subsistence" fishermen" and"
and"instill"health"consciousness"among"them."
fishworkers"in"rivers,"lakes,"bays,"and"lagoons."
"
"
Article# II,# Section# 16:" The" State" shall" protect" and" advance" the" right" of" the" people" to" a"
The" President" may" enter" into" agreements" with" foreign5owned" corporations" involving"
balanced"and"healthful"ecology"in"accord"with"the"rhythm"and"harmony"of"nature."
either" technical" or" financial" assistance" for" large5scale" exploration," development," and"
utilization"of"minerals,"petroleum,"and"other"mineral"oils"according"to"the"general"terms"
2. NATIONAL TERRITORY and"conditions"provided"by"law,"based"on"real"contributions"to"the"economic"growth"and"
general" welfare" of" the" country." In" such" agreements," the" State" shall" promote" the"
Article# I:"The"national"territory"comprises"the"Philippine"archipelago,"with"all"the"islands"
development"and"use"of"local"scientific"and"technical"resources."
and" waters" embraced" therein," and" all" other" territories" over" which" the" Philippines" has"
"
sovereignty" or" jurisdiction," consisting" of" its" terrestrial," fluvial," and" aerial" domains,"
The"President"shall"notify"the"Congress"of"every"contract"entered"into"in"accordance"with"
including" its" territorial" sea," the" seabed," the" subsoil," the" insular" shelves," and" other"
this"provision,"within"thirty"days"from"its"execution."
submarine" areas." The" waters" around," between," and" connecting" the" islands" of" the"
archipelago,"regardless"of"their"breadth"and"dimensions,"form"part"of"the"internal"waters" Article# XII,# Section# 7:" Save" in" cases" of" hereditary" succession," no" private" lands" shall" be"
of"the"Philippines." transferred" or" conveyed" except" to" individuals," corporations," or" associations" qualified" to"
acquire"or"hold"lands"of"the"public"domain."
3. OWNERSHIP OF NATURAL RESOURCES: "
Article#XII,#Section#8:"Notwithstanding"the"provisions"of"Section"7"of"this"Article,"a"natural5
REGALIAN DOCTRINE
born"citizen"of"the"Philippines"who"has"lost"his"Philippine"citizenship"may"be"a"transferee"
Article# XII,# Section# 2:" All" lands" of" the" public" domain," waters," minerals," coal," petroleum," of"private"lands,"subject"to"limitations"provided"by"law."
and"other"mineral"oils,"all"forces"of"potential"energy,"fisheries,"forests"or"timber,"wildlife,"
flora"and"fauna,"and"other"natural"resources"are"owned"by"the"State."With"the"exception"
of" agricultural" lands," all" other" natural" resources" shall" not" be" alienated." The" exploration," 4. LANDS OF THE PUBLIC DOMAIN
development," and" utilization" of" natural" resources" shall" be" under" the" full" control" and" Article"XII,"Section"3:"Lands"of"the"public"domain"are"classified"into"agricultural,"forest"or"
supervision"of"the"State."The"State"may"directly"undertake"such"activities,"or"it"may"enter" timber,"mineral"lands,"and"national"parks."Agricultural"lands"of"the"public"domain"may"be"
into"co5production,"joint"venture,"or"production5sharing"agreements"with"Filipino"citizens," further"classified"by"law"according"to"the"uses"which"they"may"be"devoted."Alienable"lands"
or" corporations" or" associations" at" least" sixty" per" centum" of" whose" capital" is" owned" by" of" the" public" domain" shall" be" limited" to" agricultural" lands." Private" corporations" or"
such" citizens." Such" agreements" may" be" for" a" period" not" exceeding" twenty5five" years," associations"may"not"hold"such"alienable"lands"of"the"public"domain"except"by"lease,"for"a"
renewable"for"not"more"than"twenty5five"years,"and"under"such"terms"and"conditions"as" period" not" exceeding" twenty5five" years," renewable" for" not" more" than" twenty5five" years,"
may"be"provided"by"law."In"cases"of"water"rights"for"irrigation,"water"supply,"fisheries,"or" and"not"to"exceed"one"thousand"hectares"in"area."Citizens"of"the"Philippines"may"lease"not"
industrial" uses" other" than" the" development" of" water" power," beneficial" use" may" be" the" more" than" five" hundred" hectares," or" acquire" not" more" than" twelve" hectares" thereof" by"
measure"and"limit"of"the"grant." purchase,"homestead,"or"grant."
"
Taking" into" account" the" requirements" of" conservation," ecology," and" development," and"
subject"to"the"requirements"of"agrarian"reform,"the"Congress"shall"determine,"by"law,"the"
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size"of"lands"of"the"public"domain"which"may"be"acquired,"developed,"held,"or"leased"and" 7. FOREST LAND BOUNDARY DELINEATION
the"conditions"therefor."
Article# XII,# Section# 4:" The" Congress" shall," as" soon" as" possible," determine" by" law" the"
specific"limits"of"forest"lands"and"national"parks,"marking"clearly"their"boundaries"on"the"
5. EXPLORATION, DEVELOPMENT, AND USE OF NATURAL ground."Thereafter,"such"forest"lands"and"national"parks"shall"be"conserved"and"may"not"
RESOURCES be"increased"nor"diminished,"except"by"law."The"Congress"shall"provide,"for"such"period"as"
it" may" determine," measures" to" prohibit" logging" in" endangered" forests" and" watershed"
Article# II,# Section# 20:" The" State" recognizes" the" indispensable" role" of" the" private" sector," areas."
encourages"private"enterprise,"and"provides"incentives"to"needed"investments."
Article#XII,#Section#2#(see##3)# 8. INDIGENOUS PEOPLE’S RIGHT AND ANCESTRAL DOMAINS

" Government" allows" small5scale" utilization" of" natural" resources;" provided" Article#II,#Section#22:"The"State"recognizes"and"promotes"the"rights"of"indigenous"cultural"
Congress"enacts"a"law." communities"within"the"framework"of"national"unity"and"development."
" Only"the"President"can"enter"into"agreements"with"foreign5owned"Corporations,"
only" for" technical" or" financial" assistance" for" large" scale" exploration." He" shall" Article#XII,#Section#5:"The"State,"subject"to"the"provisions"of"this"Constitution"and"national"
notify" the" Congress" with" regard" to" the" agreement," within" 30" days" from" its" development" policies" and" programs," shall" protect" the" rights" of" indigenous" cultural"
execution" communities" to" their" ancestral" lands" to" ensure" their" economic," social," and" cultural" well5
" being."
State"shall"shave"full"control"and"supervision"of"the"exploration,"development,"and"use"of" "
the"natural"resources."State"may"directly"undertake"such"activities" The" Congress" may" provide" for" the" applicability" of" customary" laws" governing" property"
" rights"or"relations"in"determining"the"ownership"and"extent"of"ancestral"domain."
(1) co5production,"
State"may"also"
(2) joint"venture,"or""
enter"
(3) production5sharing"agreements"" RA 8371, THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLE’S RIGHTS ACT OF 1997
(1) Filipino"citizens,"or"" This" law" was" passed" by" Congress" to" formally" recognize" the" rights" of" the" Indigenous"
With"whom" (2) Corporations"or"Associations,"which"has"capital"where"at" Peoples" to" their" ancestral" domains" and" ancestral" lands." However," this" appeared" to" run"
least"60%"of"it"is"Filipino5owned contrary" to" the" Regalian" Doctrine" that" governs" everyone" else" who" is" not" an" indigenous"
Not"exceeding"25"years" people."
Duration"of"
Renewable"for"not"more"than"25"years,"and"under"terms"provided"by" !
Agreement"
law" It" also" enumerated" specific" rights" that" IPs" has" and" the" formal" processes" in" which" these"
" rights"were"recognized"by"the"State."!
6. EXCLUSIVE USE FOR FILIPINOS; PREFERENTIAL RIGHTS OF 9. LOCAL GOVERNMENT SHARE IN NATURAL WEALTH
SUBSISTENCE FISHERMEN [I!guess!she!actually!meant!“national!wealth”]!
Article# XIII,# Section# 7:" The" State" shall" protect" the" rights" of" subsistence" fishermen," #
especially" of" local" communities," to" the" preferential" use" of" local" marine" and" fishing" Article# X,# Section# 7:" Local" governments" shall" be" entitled" to" an" equitable" share" in" the"
resources," both" inland" and" offshore." It" shall" provide" support" to" such" fishermen" through" proceeds"of"the"utilization"and"development"of"the"national"wealth"within"their"respective"
appropriate" technology" and" research," adequate" financial," production," and" marketing" areas,"in"the"manner"provided"by"law,"including"sharing"the"same"with"the"inhabitants"by"
assistance," and" other" services." The" State" shall" also" protect," develop," and" conserve" such" way"of"direct"benefits.""
resources." The" protection" shall" extend" to" offshore" fishing" grounds" of" subsistence"
fishermen"against"foreign"intrusion."Fishworkers"shall"receive"a"just"share"from"their"labor"
in"the"utilization"of"marine"and"fishing"resources." 10. PEOPLE’S PARTICIPATION IN THE USE OF NATURAL RESOURCES
AND ACCESS TO INFORMATION
Article#III,#Section#7:"The"right"of"the"people"to"information"on"matters"of"public"concern"
shall"be"recognized."Access"to"official"records,"and"to"documents,"and"papers"pertaining"to"
N""U""N""E""Z"
official" acts," transactions," or" decisions," as" well" as" to" government" research" data" used" as" JURISPRUDENCE
basis"for"policy"development,"shall"be"afforded"the"citizen,"subject"to"such"limitations"as"
may"be"provided"by"law."
" 1. OPOSA V. FACTORAN (1993)
Article# XIII,# Section# 16:" The" right" of" the" people" and" their" organizations" to" effective" and"
reasonable" participation" at" all" levels" of" social," political," and" economic" decision5making" [Right to a balanced and healthful ecology]
shall" not" be" abridged." The" State" shall," by" law," facilitate" the" establishment" of" adequate" The petitioners in this case, minors accompanied by their parents, sought for
consultation"mechanisms." the cancellation of all existing Timber License Agreements issued by the
DENR and to desist from granting new applications. It is said to be the first
environmental case in the Philippines which interpreted the constitutional right
11. LIMITS TO STATE POWER OVER NATURAL RESOURCES: BILL OF to a balanced and healthful ecology (Article II, Sec 16: now recognized as self-
RIGHTS; RIGHT TO PROPERTY, DUE PROCESS executory and actionable right). The said right, although not under the Bill of
Article#III,#Section#1:"No"person"shall"be"deprived"of"life,"liberty,"or"property"without"due" Rights, is still a basic right that need not be written in the Constitution for they
process"of"law,"nor"shall"any"person"be"denied"the"equal"protection"of"the"laws." are assumed to exist from the inception of mankind. It also asserted the
" [intergenerational] responsibility of the present generation to respect the
Article# III,# Section# 9:" Private" property" shall" not" be" taken" for" public" use" without" just" natural resources for the benefit of both the present and future generations.
compensation."
"
Article# XIII,# Section# 1:" The" Congress" shall" give" highest" priority" to" the" enactment" of"
2. RESIDENT MARINE MAMMALS V. SEC. ANGELO REYES (2015)
measures"that"protect"and"enhance"the"right"of"all"the"people"to"human"dignity,"reduce" [Animals’ Standing to Sue]
social," economic," and" political" inequalities," and" remove" cultural" inequities" by" equitably"
diffusing"wealth"and"political"power"for"the"common"good." The petitioners in this case, the mammals (hayop) who are the toothed whales,
" dolphins and other cetacean species which inhabit the waters were
To" this" end," the" State" shall" regulate" the" acquisition," ownership," use," and" disposition" of" represented by their friends, a.k.a “the Stewards” (tao), seek to enjoin
property"and"its"increments." respondents from implementing Service Contract No. 46 which allowed the
exploration, development, and exploitation of petroleum resources within
Tañon Strait. The Court later ruled that the Resident Mammals have no legal
standing to sue as provided in the 1997 Rules of Courts, or even in the Rules
of Procedure for Environmental Cases, only natural persons or juridical
persons may become parties to a case. The other natural persons who were
joined as real parties in the petition were declared to have possessed legal
standing to file the petition.
The Service Contract 46 was said to be void because only the DOE secretary
was signatory to it. Specifically provided in Art XII, Sec 2, only the President
can enter in any contract for exploration. Thus, said SC-46 is null and void for
being violative of the 1987 Constitution.
N""U""N""E""Z"
3. CARIÑO V. INSULAR GOVERNMENT (212 US 449) (1909) 4. CRUZ V. NCIP (NATIONAL COMMISSION ON IPS) (2000)
[IP rights, native title] [IP rights, native title]
Mateo Cariño was an Igorot who had been residing in a parcel of land for more Isagani"Cruz"questions"(1)"the"constitutionality"of"IPRA"law"as"they"allegedly"in"violation"of"
than 50 years. He inherited it from his father in accordance with the Igorot the" Regalian" Doctrine" and" (2)" the" powers" and" jurisdiction" of" NCIP." No" reasoning" behind"
custom. His grandfather allegedly held the land as owner. However, no the" votes." Breakdown:" 7" voted" to" dismiss" the" petition" and" 7" also" voted" to" grant" it." The"
document of title was issued from the Spanish Crown although he already necessary" majority" was" not" obtained." Pursuant" to" Rule" 56," Section" 7" of" the" ROC," the"
summited an application for it. petition"was"dismissed."
Although he had no title issued by the Spanish Crown, when Spain ceded SEPARATE OPINION OF J. PUNO, SUPPORTING THE DISMISSAL OF THE PETITION
ownership over the Philippines to US, the US Court ruled that the applicant AND THE ENACTMENT OF THE IPRA LAW
had not lost his right over the said lands. Declaring loss of rights would be IPRA" recognizes" the" existence" of" the" indigenous" cultural" communities" or" indigenous"
tantamount to a denial of native title only because of the absence of peoples"as"a"distinct"sector"in"Philippine"society"
ceremonies which the IPs are not even familiar of. Spanish Crown will never "
grant them titles because the Igorots were viewed by the Spanish Crown as It" defines" and" grants" IPs" the" ownership" and" possession" of" their" ancestral" domains" and"
savage tribe that was never brought under civil or military government. The lands"and""
US, on the other hand, asserts that it is to do justice to the natives and not to " indigenous"concept"of"ownership"under"customary"law"which"traces"its"origin"to"
exploit the Philippines for private gain. native" title:" if" a" tribe" member" ceases" to" work," he" loses" his" claim" of" ownership,"
and"the"land"reverts"to"the"beings"of"the"spirit"world"
Thus, indigenous peoples never lost ownership of their lands (ancestral " Concept"of"individual"land"ownership"under"the"civil"law"is"alien"to"them"
domains) even after the Spanish came to claim the Philippines for the Spanish "
Crown. General#Rule:"Regalian"Doctrine;""
Exception:"Cariño"vs"Insular"Gov"
"
CARIÑO V. INSULAR GOVERNMENT (41 PHIL 935) (1909)
NATIVE TITLE" –" IPs’" preconquest" rights" to" domains" held" under" a" claim" of" private"
[IP rights, native title] ownership"as"far"back"as"memory"reaches"
"
Same"as"the"last"preceding"case."
Domains" held" under" native" title" are" indisputably" presumed" to" have" never" been" public"
lands"and"are"private."
"
[JSZosa#2016]"
N""U""N""E""Z"
Institutional Framework for NatRes
"
Executive Branch (Structural Organization based on Regional" Environmental" and" Natural" Resources" Office" –" headed" by" a"
Regional"Executive"Director,"assisted"by"4"Regional"Techinical"Directors"
EO 192 and EO 292) 3.#Field#Offices#
(1"each"for"Forestry,"Lands"Management,"Protected"Areas"and"Wildlife"
Comprises"of"two"levels"of"management:" and"Ecosystems"Research)"
1. NATIONAL GOVERNMENT "
operates" as" a" sub5organization" in" the" dept." with" direct" line" of"
Operates" through" executive" departments" and" specialized" agencies" to" deliver" basic" command""usually"with"own"representative"offices"to"the"regional"and"
services"and"implement"national"policies"including"agencies"responsible"for"environment" 4.#Line#
field"offices"of"the"dept."
and" natural" resources" public" works," transportation" and" communication," trade" and" Bureaus#
(a) Environmental"Management"Bureau"(EMB)"
industry,"economic"and"development"planning,"etc."" (b) Mines"and"Geosciences"Bureau"
DENR OTHER AGENCIES THAT EXERCISES ENR FUNCTIONS

DENRcattached# NoncDENR#Agencies#
Lead" environment" agency;" created" in" 1987" by" the" Administrative" Code" (EO" 192)" that"
Dept"of"Agriculture"(DA)"
consolidated" several" government" agencies" performing" Environment" and" natural"
National"Mapping"and"Resource" Bureau"of"Fisheries"and"Aquatic"Resources"(BFAR)"
resources"(ENR)"functions.""
Information"Authority"(NAMRIA)" Dept"of"Energy"
"
PRIMARILY RESPONSIBLE FOR THE: Dept"of"Health"
" Conservation" National"Commission"on"Indigenous"Peoples"(NCIP)"
" Management" Natural"Resources"Devt"Corp." National"Power"Corp"(Napocor)"
" Development"" Phil."National"Oil"Company"
" Proper"use"of"the"country’s"ENR"" DTI"
Laguna"Lake"Devt"Authority"
" DOTC"
(LLDA)"
HEADED BY: DPWH"
a"Secretary"appointed"by"the"President"" DOJ"
National"Water"Resources"Board"
" DILG5PNP"
(NWRB)"
COMPOSITION: DOT"
" "
(4) Office"of"the"Secretary"
(5) Office"of"the"Undersecretaries"
1.#Department# (6) Office"of"the"Asst."Secretaries" 2. LOCAL GOVERNMENT
proper# (7) The"Public"Affairs"Office" Autonomous" sub5units" that" exercise" both" corporate" and" governing" functions." LGUs"
(8) Special"Concerns"Office" powers"and"functions"are"set"out"by"RA"7160"or"Local"Govt"Code"(LGC)"
(9) Pollution"Adjudication"Board"(PAB)"
" THREE LEVELS OF LGUS:
" (1) Provincial"
(a) Forest"Management"Bureau"(FMB)" (2) city and municipal
City"
2.#Staff#
(b) Lands"Management"Bureau" (3) barangay
Municipal"
or village
Sectoral#
(c) Protected"Areas"and"Wildlife"Bureau"(PAWB)" "
Bureaus#
(d) Ecosystems"Research"and"Development"Buraeu"
"
N""U""N""E""Z"
INSTITUTIONAL"FRAMEWORK"OF"NATURAL"RESOURCES" NATRES"&"ENVI"LAW" FAM5"G01"|"5"
RELEVANT LAWS INVOLVING ENR FUNCTIONS OF THE RA 8550 FISHERIES CODE
LGUs and National Government Sec# 6:" Determination" of" the" license" fees" of" fishery" activity" in" municipal" waters" with"
consultation"with"the"Fisheries"and"Aquatic"Resources"Management"Councils"(FARMCs)"
LOCAL GOVERNMENT CODE (LGC) OR RA 7160 "
Sec#17(2):"the"implementation"of"community5based"forestry"projects"which"include:" Sec#8:"Establishment"of"catch"ceilings"in"municipal"waters"and"fishery"management"areas"
" Integrated"social"forestry"programs"and"similar"projects" with"consultation"FARMCs"
" Management"and"control"of"communal"forests"with"an"area"not"exceeding"50" "
sq"km." Sec# 9:" Determination" of" which" municipal" waters," fishery" management" areas" and" other"
" Establishment" of" tree" parks," greenbelts" and" similar" forest" development" areas"reserved"for"the"use"of"municipal"fisherfolk"shall"be"affected"by"a"closed"season"in"
projects" consultation"with"the"DENR"Secretary"and"FARMCs"
"
Sec# 17(3):# enforcement" of" forestry" laws" limited" to" community" based" forestry" projects," Sec# 14:" Establishment" of" a" monitoring," control" and" surveillance" system" with" the"
pollution"control"law"and"other"laws"on"the"protection"of"the"environment" coordination"of"DA,"FARMCs,"private"sectors"and"other"agencies"
#
Sec#484:# Sec# 15:" Determination" of" fees" for" the" export" of" all" fish" and" fishery" products" and" issue"
(1) Formulation" of" measures" for" the" consideration" of" the" sanggunian" and" provide" auxiliary"invoices"
technical"assistance"and"support"to"the"governor"or"mayor"in"carrying"out"measure" "
to"ensure"the"delivery"of"ENR"services;" Sec# 16:" Enforcement" of" all" fishery" laws" and" rules" as" well" as" valid" fishery" ordinances"
(2) Development"of"plans"and"strategies"and"implementation"of"the"same"which"have" enacted"by"the"municipality—FARMCs"shall"serve"as"their"venue"
to"do"with"ENR"programs"and"projects;" "
(3) Establishment," maintenance," protection" and" preservation" of" communal" forests," Sec#17:"Municipality"shall"have"the"authority"to"grant"fishery"rights"pursuant"to"LGC"
watersheds," treeparks," mangroves," greenbelts" and" similar" forest" projects" and" "
commercial"forest;" Sec# 18:" City" government" or" municipality" may" authorize" or" permit" small" and" medium"
(4) Provisions"of"extension"services"to"beneficiaries"of"forest"development"projects"and" commercial" fishing" vessels" to" operate" in" municipal" water" conditionally" pursuant" to" an"
technical,"financial"and"infrastructure"assistance;" ordinance"
(5) Management" and" maintenance" of" seed" banks" and" production" seedlings" for" forest"
and"treeparks;" Sec#19:##
(6) Provision"of"extension"services"to"beneficiaries"of"forest"development"projects"and" (1) Maintenance"of"a"registry"of"municipal"fisherfolk,"limiting"entry"into"the"municipal"
render" assistance" for" natural" resources5related" conservation" and" utilization" waters"and"of"monitoring"fishing"activities.""
activities"consistent"with"ecological"balance;" (2) In" consultation" with" FARMCs," the" formulation" of" the" necessary" mechanisms" for"
(7) Promotion" of" small5scale" mining" and" utilization" of" mineral" resources," particularly" inclusion"or"exclusion"procedures"that"shall"be"most"beneficial"to"resident"municipal"
mining"of"gold;" fisherfolk"
(8) Coordination"with"government"agencies"and"non5governmental"organizations"in"the"
implementation" of" measures" to" prevent" and" control" land," air" and" water" pollution" Sec# 22:" Grant" of" demarcated" fishery" rights" to" fishery" organizations/cooperatives" for"
with"the"assistance"of"the"Department"of"Environment"and"Natural"Resources;" mariculture"operation"in"specific"areas"identified"by"DA"
(9) Positioning" in" the" frontline" of" the" delivery" of" services" concerning" the" ENR" "
particularly"in"the"renewal"and"rehabilitation"of"the"environment"during"and"in"the" Sec#23:"Determination"of"whether"a"municipal"water"is"overfished"or"in"danger"of"being"
aftermath"of"calamities"and"disasters;" overfished" " with" the" assistance" of" DA." Prohibition" or" limitation" of" fishery" activities" in"
(10) Recommendation"to"the"sanggunian"and"advise"the"governor"or"mayor,"as"the"case" overfished"waters."
may"be,"on"all"matters"relative"to"the"protection,"conservation"maximum"utilization," "
application" of" appropriate" technology" and" other" matters" related" to" the" Sec# 24:"Provision"of"support"to"municipal"fisherfolk"through"appropriate"technology"or"
environment"and"natural"resources." research"and"other"services"but"not"limited"to"training"and"livelihood."
"
N""U""N""E""Z"
Sec# 50:" Determination" of" which" abandoned," undeveloped" or" underutilized" fishponds" (d) enforce" all" laws," formulate" and" enforce" all" rules" and" regulations" governing" the"
covered" by" Fishpond" Lease" Agreements" can" be" reverted" to" their" original" mangrove" conservation" and" management" of" fishery" resources," except" in" municipal" waters,"
state."" and" to" settle" conflicts" of" resource" use" and" allocation" in" consultation" with" the"
" NFARMC,"LGUs"and"local"FARMCs"
Sec# 51:"Designation"of"zpnes"for"the"construction"and"operation"of"fish"pens"and"other"
structures"for"the"culture"of"fish"" Sec#69:"Consultation,"orientation"and"assistance"to"fisherfolk"organizations"and"NGOs"in"
" the"locality""
Sec# 52:" Granting" of" Peal" Farm" leases" to" qualified" persons" who" possess" the" necessary" "
capital"and"technology" Sec#73:"Creation"of"the"Brgy."FARMCs"and"Lakewide"FARMCs"
" "
Sec#56:"Determination"of"the"distance"from"the"defined"migration"path"of"migratory"fish" Sec#80:"Recommendation"to"the"DA"that"a"portion"of"the"municipal"waters"beyond"15km"
species"within"which"there"shall"be"no"obstruction,"where"construction"is"prohibited." from"the"shoreline"be"declared"as"fishery"reserves"
" "
Sec# 59:" Coordination" with" the" private" sector" and" the" FARMCs" in" the" establishment" of" Sec#81:"Establishment"of"fishery"refuges"and"sanctuaries"in"municipal"waters"
post5harvest"facilities"for"fishing"communities." "
" Sec# 88(1):" Endorsement" to" the" DA," the" use" of" electricity," poisonous" or" noxious"
Sec# 60:" Prescription" of" minimum" standards" for" post5harest" facilities" such" as" fish" substances"to"catch"or"gather"fish"for"educational"or"scientific"purposes"only"subject"to"
processing"plants,"fish"ports"and"other"fishery"business"establishments."" safeguards"
" "
Sec# 62:" Penalization" of" fraudulent" practices" and" unlawful" possession" or" use" of" Sec# 107:" The" Consulation" by" the" DA" in" the" issuance" of" Fishery" Admin" Order" or"
instruments"in"fisheries"transactions"through"an"ordinance."" Regulations" for" the" conservation," preservation," management" and" sustainable"
development"of"fishery"and"aquatic"resources."
"
Reconstitution of the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) Sec# 124:" Authorization" of" law" enforcement" officers" of" the" LGU" in" the" implementation"
Sec#63:"Undersecretary’s"functions:" and"enforcement"of"this"Code"
(a) set"policies"and"formulate"standards"for"the"effective"and"economical"operations"of"
the"fishing"industry"
(b) exercise" overall" supervision" over" all" functions" and" activities" of" all" offices" and"
CLEAN WATER ACT
instrumentals" Sec#5:"Designation"of"Member"to"Governing"Board"of"Management"Area"
(c) establish" regional," provincial" and" other" fishery" officers" as" may" be" necessary" and" "
appropriate"for"the"organization"of"the"internal"structure"of"BFAR" Sec#6:"Preparation"and"implementation"of"contingency"plans"for"the"protection"of"health"
(d) perform"other"functions"necessary"to"attain"the"objectives"of"the"Fisheries"Code" and"welfare"of"the"residents"within"the"potentially5affected"areas"
"
Sec#64:"BFAR"is"reconstituted"as"a"line"bureau"under"DA" Sec#7:##
# (1) The"assistance"of"DPWH"in"preparing"a"national"program"for"sewerage"and"septage"
Sec#65:"Functions"of"BFAR:"" management"
(a) coordinate"efforts"relating"to"fishery"production"undertaken"by"the"primary"fishery" (2) Appropriation"of"land"for"construction"of"the"sewage"or"septage"treatment"facilities"
producers,"LGUs,"FARMCs,"fishery"and"organizations/cooperatives;" (3) Raising" of" funds" to" subsidize" operation" and" maintenance" expenses" of" sewerage"
(b) advise" and" coordinate" with" LGUs" on" the" maintenance" of" proper" sanitation" and" treatment"or"septage"facility"
hygienic"practices"in"fish"markets"and"fish"landing"areas;"
(c) coordinate" with" LGUs" and" other" concerned" agencies" for" the" establishment" of" Sec# 8:" Coordination" with" the" Agency" required" to" connect" existing" sewage" lines" to"
productivity" enhancing" and" market" development" programs" in" fishing" communities" sewerage"system"
to" enable" women" to" engage" in" other" fisheries/economic" activities" and" contribute" "
significantly"to"development"efforts;" Sec# 17:" The" entrance" into" agreements" with" DENR" for" incorporation" of" “programmatic"
EIA" into" the" preparation" and" the" updating" or" revision" of" local" land" use" plans" and" area"
devt"plans”"
N""U""N""E""Z"
" SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT UNDER THE ECOLOGICAL SOLID
Sec#19#&#20:# WASTE MANAGEMENT ACT (RA 9003)
(1) The" assumption" of" some" responsibility" regarding" aspects" of" water" quality"
management" and" regulation" for" the" Act" in" its" territorial" jurisdiction" upon" Sec#10:#
determination"of"DENR"" (a) All" LGUs" are" responsible" for" the" implementation" and" enforcements" of" the"
(2) Each" local" government" unit" shall" within" six" (6)" months" after" the" establishment" of" provisions"of"this"Act;"
the"water"quality"management"area"action"plan"prepare"a"compliance"scheme" (b) Brgys"are"responsible"for"the"segregation"and"collection"of"solid"waste,"specifically"
for"biodegradable,"compostable"and"reusable"wastes;"
Sec# 21:" The" coordination" with" DENR" and" other" agencies/private" sector" to" formulate" (c) Collection" by" Municipality" or" City" ogvernments" of" non5recyclable" materials" and"
appropriate" incentives" for" the" adoption" procedures" that" will" preserve" and" protect" our" special"wastes"
water"bodies"
" Sec#11:"Establishment"of"Provincial(Solid(Waste(Management(board"
Sec# 26:" Incentivization" for" LGU" to" undertake" effective" water" quality" management" and" Develop" a" provincial" solid" waste" management" plan" from" the" submitted" solid"
other"programs" waste" management" plans" of" the" respective" city" and" municipal" solid" waste"
" management" boards" herein" created." It" shall" review" and" integrate" the"
Sec# 27:" Non5compliance" of" the" LGU" with" the" Water" Quality" Framework" and" submitted"plans"of"all"its"component"cities"and"municipalities"and"ensure"that"
Management"Area"Action"plan—prohibited"act" the"various"plan"complement"each"other,"and"have"the"requisite"components."
The" Provincial" Solid" Waste" Management" Plan" shall" be" submitted" to" the"
Commission"for"approval."
CLEAN AIR ACT (RA 8749) "
PURPOSE: Sec#12:"Establishment"of"Municipal#or#City#Solid#Waste#Management#Boards#
Regulation" of" nuisance" and" Pollution—the" DENR" shall" formulate" and" implement" an" air" Develop"the"City"or"Municipal"Solid"Waste"Management"Plan"that"shall"ensure"
quality" action" plan" which" will" include" enforcement" of" emission" limitations" and" other" the" long5term" management" of" solid" waste," as" well" as" integrate" the" various"
control"measures" solid" waste" management" plans" and" strategies" of" the" barangays" in" its" area" of"
jurisdiction."In"the"development"of"the"Solid"Waste"Management"Plan,"it"shall"
Sec#20:"Ban"on"Incineration" conduct"consultations"with"the"various"sectors"of"the"community."
" Incineration" –" burning" of" municipal," biomedical" and" hazardous" waste"
" which"process"emits"poisonous"and"toxic"fumes"[prohibited"in"this"Act]" Sec# 16:" LGUs" should" prepare" their" respective" 105year" solid" waste" management" plans"
consistent"with"the"national"solid"waste"management"framework"
Sec#21:"Pollution"from"Motor"Vehicles"
(a) DOTC"shall"implement"the"emission"standards"for"motor"vehicles—it"shall"consider" Sec#32:"Establishment"of"LGU#Materials#Recovery#Facility#(MRF)#
the"maximum"limits"for"all"major"pollutants"to"ensure"substantial"improvement"in" The"MRF"shall"receive"mixed"waste"for"final"sorting,"segregation,"composting,"
air"quality"for"health,"safety"and"welfare"of"the"general"public" and"recycling."The"resulting"residual"wastes"shall"be"transferred"to"a"long"term"
(b) For"light"commercial"vehicles,"the"exhaust"emission"limit"of"gaseous"pollutants"as"a" storage"or"disposal"facility"or"sanitary"landfill.#
function"of"the"given"reference"mass"
Sec# 44:"Consolidation"or"coordination"of"efforts,"service"and"resources"for"purposes"of"
Sec# 24:" Pollution" from" smoking—inside" a" public" building" or" an" enclosed" public" place" addressing" commonsolid" waste" management" and" the" establishment" of" waste" disposal"
including"public"vehicles,"and"in"similar"areas"is"hereby"PROHIBITED" facilities"
Sec# 31:" Monitoring" by" PAGASA" of" Greenhouse" Gases" or" other" factors" affecting" the" NATIONAL INTEGRATED PROTECTED AREAS SYSTEM ACT (NIPAS)
ozone5depletion"
RA 7586
Sec# 36:" LGUs" shall" share" responsibility" in" the" management" and" maintenance" of" air" Sec# 5:"LGUs"shall"be"advised"of"the"date"of"hearing"at"least"30"days"prioer"and"shall"be"
quality"within"their"territorial"jurisdiction" invited"to"submit"their"views"on"the"proposed"action"at"the"hearing"not"later"than"3"days"
following"the"date"of"the"hearing"
"
N""U""N""E""Z"
Sec# 11:" LGU" shall" appoint" a" representative" as" a" member" of" the" Protected" Area"
Management"Board"(except"Provincial"Devt"Officer"who"shall"serve"ex"officio)." IV. Private Sectors or NGOs
" Participation"by"citizens"and"POs"in"ENR"management"can"either"be"through:"
(a) Participation"in"decision"and"policy"making;"
MAGNA CARTA FOR COUNTRYSIDE AND BARANGAY (b) Direct"management"of"the"resources"
ENTERPRISES (RA 6810) "
The"Sec"of"DTI"with"the"Sec"of"Finance,"Labor"and"Health"and"LGUs"shall"formulate"and" Private"sectors"participate"through:"
prepare" the" necessary" rules" and" regulations" to" implement" the" provisions" of" this" Act" (a) Corporate"Social"Responsibility"programs;"and"
within"120"days." (b) Investment"in"business"or"industry"that"depend"on"natural"resources"
Countryside and Barangay business enterprises (CBBE)

Jurisprudence
"shall"mean"any"business"entity,"association"or"cooperative"under"this"Act"whose"number"
of"employees"does"not"exceed"20,"assets"does"not"exceed"P500,000"and"principal"office" LOCAL GOVERNMENT’S DUTIES AND FUNCTIONS
and"location"of"business"are"located"in"the"countryside."
Tano v. Socrates
I. Legislative Branch Petitioners"were"assailing"the"constitutionality"of"the"ordinances"issued"by"Gov."Socrates"
2"ways"of"legislative"participation"in"ENR"management:" of"Palawan"generally"banning"the"shipment"of"live"fish"and"other"aquatic"organisms"and"
(a) Enactment"of"ENR"legislation" providing" for" sanctions" thereof" as" well" as" also" resolutions" pertaining" to" the" gathering,"
batas at budget selling" or" possession" of" the" same." Petitioners" were" criminally" charged" with" offenses"
(b) Enactment"of"appropriation"laws"
prohibited" under" the" subject" ordinances—hence" they" assert" their" rights" under" the"
II. Judiciary Constitutional" provisions" on" Social" Justice," regalian" doctrine" as" well" as" due" process" of"
ENR"management"by"the"juidiciary"is"through"judicial#review."" law" and" equal" protection" clause." On" the" other" hand," Gov" Socrates" claimed" that" such"
" TCs"have"jurisdiction"over"criminal"offenses"defined"under"ENR"laws."" ordinances"were"valid"being"pursuant"to"the"general"welfare"clause"enshrined"in"the"LGC"
" In"pollution"and"mining"cases:"the"exclusive"original"jurisdiction"is"lodged"in"the" and" that" such" prohibitions" will" be" effective" for" only" 5" years." The" court" ruled" that" such"
Pollution"Adjudication"Board"(PAB)"and"Mines"Adjudication"Board"(MAB)" ordinances"are"presumed"constitutional"and"is"rebutted"by"reasonable"doubt."However,"
" In"2008,"SC"designated"second"level"courts"as"Special"Environmental"Courts— petitioners" did" not" prove" that" LGUs" (Gov" of" Palawan" in" this" case)" did" not" have" the"
with"jurisdiction"to"try"and"decide"vilation"of"environmental"laws."" statutory" power" to" regulate" fishing" activities" over" municipal" waters—such" ordinances"
" Judicial"review"–"power"to"settle"actual"controversies"involving"rights"which"are" are"consistent"with"the"general"welfare"clause"enshrined"in"the"LGC"as"well"as"the"duty"
legally" demandable" and" enforceable" and" to" determine" whether" or" not" there" of" the" State" to" protect" balanced" and" healthful" ecology." In" the" claim" of" their" right" as"
has" been" a" GADALEJ" on" the" part" of" any" branch" or" instrumentality" of" the" subsistence" and" marginal" firshermen," the" court" ruled" it" to" be" untenable" what" the"
government."" ordinances"aimed"is"the"protection"and"conservation"of"marine"resources."""
III. Quasi-Judicial Bodies Pilipino Banana Growers & Exporters Association v. City of Davao
Pollution#Adjudication#Board# Has"exclusive"original"jurisdiction"over"pollution!cases" An"ordinance"was"approved"by"then"Mayor"Duterte"which"provides"for"the"ban"against"

Mines#Adjudication#Board# Has"exlusive"original"jurisdiction"over"Mining!cases" aerial" sparying" which" would" be" strictly" enforced" in" 3" months" after" publication."
Laguna#Lake#Development# In" conjunction" with" its" regulatory" responsibilities" in" Petitioners" PBGAE" are" assailing" the" constitutionality" of" the" subject" ordinance" on" the"
Authority# keeping"Laguna"de"Bay"clean"and"productive" ground"of"EPC"and"whether"the"requirements"are"consistent"with"due"process"of"law"as"
a"valid"exercise"of"police"power."However,"the"ordinance"fell"short"in"the"requirement"of"
National#Commission#on#Indigenous#Peoples#[NCIP]"
due" process—the" three" month" period" of" carrying" out" a" shift" from" aerial" spraying" to"
Bureau#of#Fisheries#and#Acquatic#Resources"
another"mode"of"pesticide"application"is"impossible;"it"obviously"need"more"time"to"do"
the"conversion"of"methods."The"said"ordinance"also"violated"the"EPC—rational"basis"test"
applies" which" yielded" to" two" classifications:" (1)" legislative" classification" and" (2)" the"
classification" based" on" purpose." The" former" including" all" agricultural" entities" and" the"
latter" refers" to" fungicide" aerial" spraying—therefore," the" city" of" Davao" justifies" the"
N""U""N""E""Z"
prohibition"against"aerial"spraying"shall"be"conditioned"upon"an"occurrence"of"pesticide" complaints" filed" before" it" while" the" mines" regional" director" has" express" administrative"
drift."Ordinance"is"clearly"over5inclusive." and" regulatory" powers" over" mining" operations" and" installations," it" has" no" adjudicative"
powers"over"complaints"for"violation"of"pollution"control"statutes"and"regulations.""
3"elements"of"the"Precautionary#Principle:"
(1) Uncertainty" LLDA v CA
(2) Threat"of"environmental"damage" LLDA" has" the" power" and" authority" to" entertain" the" complaint" against" the" dumping" of"
(3) Serious"or"irreversible"harm" garbage" in" the" open" dumpsite" in" Brgy" Camarin" as" authorized" by" the" City" Govt" of"
" Caloocan."As"a"general"rule,"the"adjudication"of"pollution"cases"generally"pertains"to"the"
Precautionary"principle"is"inapplicable."Lastly,"the"enactment"of"the"ordinance"banning" Pollution"Adjudication"Board"(PAB),"except"in"cases"where"the"special"law"provides"for"
the" aerial" spraying" in" Davao" city" plantations" is" an" ultra" vires" act" on" the" part" of" the" another" forum." It" must" be" recognized" in" this" regard" that" the" LLDA," as" a" specialized"
government;" the" authority" to" prohibit" the" application" of" pesticides" are" vested" in" administrative" agency," is" specifically" mandated" under" Republic" Act" No." 4850" and" its"
Fertilizers"and"Pesticides"Authority"(FPA)"under"PD"1144."" amendatory" laws" to" carry" out" and" make" effective" the" declared" national" policy# of"
promoting"and"accelerating"the"development"and"balanced"growth"of"the"Laguna"Lake"
area" and" the" surrounding" provinces" of" Rizal" and" Laguna" and" the" cities" of" San" Pablo,"
COURT’S EXERCISE OF ITS JUDICIAL POWERS Manila," Pasay," Quezon" and" Caloocan" with" due" regard" and" adequate" provisions" for"
Concerned Citizens v. MMDA environmental"management"and"control,"preservation"of"the"quality"of"human"life"and"
ecological"systems,"and"the"prevention"of"undue"ecological"disturbances,"deterioration"
SC" exercised" its" judicial" power" by" issuing" a" writ" of" Mandamus" directed" against" the" and"pollution."Consequently,"LLDA"also"had"authority"to"issue"a"cease"and"desist"order"
MMDA" for" the" solid" and" liquid" waste" disposal" management" of" Manila" Bay." MMDA" to"stop"Caloocan"from"dumping"garbage"in"the"Camarin"dumpsite.""
asserted" that" their" duty" over" the" cleanup" and" waste" management" over" Manila" Bay" is"
merely"discretionary."Court"ruled"that"it"is"MMDA’s"statutory"duty"to"put"up"a"sanitary" LLDA v CA [2nd case]
landfill" and" manage" the" solid" and" liquid" waste" disposal" systems." This" is" a" statutory"
LLDA" under" PD" 813" provides" for" the" exclusive" original" jurisdiction" to" issue" permits" for"
imposition" under" RA" 7942" (act" creating" the" MMDA)," RA" 9003" (Ecological" Solid" Waste"
the"use"of"all"surface"water"for"any"projects"or"activities"in"or"affecting"the"said"region"
Mgt" Act)" and" the" PD" 1152" (Environmental" Code)." The" court" concluded" that" these"
including" navigation," construction" and" operation" of" fishpens," fish" enclosures" and" the"
government" agencies," particularly" MMDA," is" required" to" perform" certain" functions"
like." On" the" other" hand," LGC" has" the" authority" to" grant" fishery" privileges" in" municipal"
relating"directly"or"indirectly"to"the"cleanup,"rehabilitation,"protection,"and"preservation"
waters."LGC"did"not"repeal"LLDA,"the"latter"being"a"special"law,"LLDA"laws"should"govern"
of"the"Manila"Bay"as"a"matter"of"statutory"obligation—they"are"precluded"from"choosing"
in"case"of"conflict.""
not"to"perform"these"activities."Petition!granted.""
"
"
Boracay Foundation v Province of Aklan [wenceslao]
This" is" petition" for" the" issuance" of" an" Environmental" Protection" Order" involving" the"
renovation"of"Caticlan"Jetty"Ports"and"the"reclamation"(marina)"project"of"a"portion"of"
Caticlan" foreshore" for" commercial" purposes." The" marina" project" was" assailed" by" the"
petitioner" for" a" possible" damage" and" coastal" erosion" to" some" portions" of" the" Boracay"
islands," being" one" of" the" top" tourist" destinations" in" the" country." The" court" ruled" that"
such"petition"may"avail"of"remedies"provided"under"the"Rules"on"Environmental"Cases,"
particularly," a" writ" of" continuing" mandamus" which" permits" the" court" to" retain"
jurisdiction" after" judgment" in" order" to" ensure" the" successful" implementation" of" the"
reliefs"mandated—the"court"may"compel"the"submission"of"compliance"reports"from"the"
respondent" government" agencies" as" well" as" avail" of" other" means" to" monitor" the"
compliance"with"its"decision."Petition!partially!granted,!DENR!to!revisit!the!case.!!"
Republic v. Marcopper Mining

The"authority"of"the"mines"director"is"complementary"to"that"of"the"PAB."The"power"of"
the"mines"regional"director"does"not"foreclose"PAB’s"authority"to"determine"and"act"on"
N""U""N""E""Z"
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
Philippine Environmental Policy (PD 1151) Sec." 4" of" PD" 1586" proclaimed" different" areas" and" types" of" projects" as" environmentally"
Purpose:" to" protect" the" environment" through" a" system" of" environmental" impact" critical"and"within"scope"of"EISS:"
assessment" Environmentally#Critical#
NoncDENR#Agencies#
Projects#(ECP)#
CONCEPT AND RATIONALE OF THE EIA SYSTEM 1."NIPAS""
2."Aesthetic"potential"tourist"spots;""
DAO 2003-30 1."Heavy"Industries"
3."Habitat"for"any"endangered"or"threatened"species""
Definition:"“a"process"that"involves"predicting#and#evaluating#likely#impacts#of#a#project" 4."Historic,"archaeological,"or"scientific"interests;""
on"the"environment"during"construction,"commissioning,"operation"and"abandonment" 5."Occupied"by"cultural"communities"or"tribes;""
Purpose:"to"enhance"planning"and"guide"decision5making."Presented"in"the"context"of"a" 2."Resource"Extractive" 6."Frequently"visited"and/or"hard5hit"by"natural"calamities""
requirement" to" integrate" environmental" concerns" in" the" planning" process" of" the" Industries" 7."Critical"slopes"areas;""
projects." 8."Prime"agricultural"lands;""
LEGAL FRAMEWORK 9."Recharged"areas"of"aquifers;""
3."National"Water" 10."Water"bodies""
PD"1586"provides"the"legal"basis"for"requiring"an"EIA."
Resources"Board"(NWRB)" 11."Mangrove"areas""
PD" 1586" aka" Philippine" Environmental" Impact" Statement" Systems" (1978)" requires" all"
12."Coral"reefs"
instrumentalities" of" the" government" and" private" entities" to" prepare" an" Environmental"
"
Impact" System" (EIS)" for" every" proposed" Environmentally" Critical" Projects" (ECP)," or"
The" outcome" of" the" EIA" Process" within" the" system" administered" by" the" DENR" is" the"
projects" located" in" an" Environmentally" Critical" Area" (ECA)," for" every" proposed" project"
issuance" of" decision" documents." Decision" documents" may" either" be" an" ECC," CNC" or" a"
and"undertaking"which"significantly"affect"the"quality"of"the"environment"and"to"justify"
Denial"Letter."
why"the"project"should"be"implemented."
"
Project"Proponent"reports"to"the"government"to"secure:"
The" decisions" on" applications" shall" be" made" within" prescribed" timelines" within" the"
(1) Environmental# Compliance# Certificate# (ECC)" which" document" issued" by" the"
control" of" DENR," otherwise," the" application" shall" be" deemed" automatically" approved,"
DENR/EMB"after"a"positive"review"of"an"ECC"application,"certifying"that"based"
with"the"issuance"of"the"approval"document"within"five"(5)"working"days"from"the"time"
on"the"representations"of"the"proponent,"the"proposed#project"or"undertaking"
the"prescribed"period"lapsed."
will#not#cause#significant#negative#environmental#impact.""OR"
"
(2) Certificate#of#NoncCoverage#(CNC)"a"certification"issued"by"the"EMB"certifying"
Once"a"project"is"implemented,"the"ECC"remains"valid"and"active"for"the"lifetime"of"the"
that,"based"on"the"submitted"project"description,"the"project#is#not#covered#by#
project"
the#EIS#System#and#is#not#required#to#secure#an#ECC"
"
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT SYSTEM (EISS) The" ECC" automatically" expires" if" a" project" has" not" been" implemented" within" five" (5)"
years"from"ECC"issuance,"or"if"the"ECC"was"not"requested"for"extension"within"three"(3)"
The" Environmental" Impact" Statement" System" ensures# environmental# protection# and#
months"from"the"expiration"of"its"validity"
regulates#certain#government#activities"affecting"the"environment,"was"established"P.D."
"
1586." Under" Article" II," Section" 1," of" the" Rules" and" Regulations" Implementing" PD" 1586,"
the"declaration"of"certain"projects"or"areas"as"environmentally"critical,"and"which"shall" ENVIRONMENTALLY CRITICAL AREA (ECA)
fall" within" the" scope" of" the" Environmental" Impact" Statement" System," shall" be" by"
"area" delineated" as" environmentally" sensitive" such" that" significant" environmental"
Presidential"Proclamation."
impacts" are" expected" if" certain" types" of" proposed" projects" or" programs" are" located,"
"
developed"or"implemented"in"it."
It" should" be" noted" however," that" the" issuance" of" an" ECC" does" not" preclude" a" project"
"
proponent" from" securing" related" permits," such" as" sanitary," conversion," water," and"
building"permits,"from"concerned"government"agencies"under"other"existing"laws,"rules"
and"regulations.""
N""U""N""E""Z"
ENVIRONMENTAL"IMPACT"ASSESSMENT" NATRES"&"ENVI"LAW" FAM5"G01"|"11"
ENVIRONMENTALLY CRITICAL PROJECT (ECP) (b) to"provide"general"measures"through"which"the"aforesaid"policy"may"be"carried"out"
effectively."
"project" or" program" that" has" high" potential" for" significant" negative" environmental"
impact."
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT (EIS) V. WASTE MANAGEMENT

document," prepared" and" submitted" by" the" project" proponent" and/or" EIA" Consultant" Purpose:#The"purposes"of"this"Title"are:"
that"serves"as"an"application"for"an"ECC." (a) to"set"guidelines"for"waste"management"with"a"view"to"ensuring"its"effectiveness;"
" (b) to" encourage," promote" and" stimulate" technological," educational" economic" and"
social" efforts" to" prevent" environmental" damage" and" unnecessary" loss" of" valuable"
INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION (IEE) REPORT
resources"of"the"nation"through"recovery,"recycling"and"re5use"of"wastes"and"waste"
document" similar" to" an" EIS," but" with" reduced" details" and" depth" of" assessment" and" products;"and"
discussion."" (c) to" provide" measures" to" guide" and" encourage" appropriate" government" agencies" in"
" establishing"sound,"efficient,"comprehensive"and"effective"waste"management."
"
PD 1152 (Philippine Environmental Code)
I. AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT PD 1586 (Environmental Impact Statement System)
Purpose:#The"purposes"of"this"Title"are:# ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT SYSTEM (SEC. 2)
(a) to"achieve"and"maintain"such"levels"of"air"quality"as"to"protect"public"health;"and" Environmental" Impact" Statement" System" is" founded" and" based" on" the" environmental"
(b) to" prevent" to" the" greatest" extent" practicable," injury" and/or" damage" to" plant" and" impact" statement" required," under" Section" 4" of" Presidential" Decree" No." 1151," of" all"
animal"life"and"property,"and"promote"the"social"and"economic"development"of"the" agencies" and" instrumentalities" of" the" national" government," including" government5
country." owned"or"controlled"corporations,"as"well"as"private"corporations,"firms"and"entities,"for"
II. WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT every" proposed" project" and" undertaking" which" significantly" affect" the" quality" of" the"
environment."
Purpose:# It" is" the" purpose" of" this" Title" to" prescribe" management" guidelines" aimed" to" #
protect"and"improve"the"quality"of"Philippine"water"resources"through:"
(a) classification"of"Philippine"waters;" ENVIRONMENTALLY NON-CRITICAL PROJECTS (SEC. 5)
(b) establishment"of"water"quality"standards;" All" other" projects," undertakings" and" areas" not" declared" by" the" President" as"
(c) protection"and"improvement"of"the"quality"of"the"Philippine"water"resources,"and" environmentally"critical"shall"be"considered"as"non5critical"and"shall"not"be"required"to"
(d) responsibilities"for"surveillance"and"mitigation"of"pollution"incidents." submit"an"environmental"impact"statement.""
" #
III. LAND USE MANAGEMENT PRESIDENTIAL PROCLAMATION OF ENVIRONMENTALLY CRITICAL
Purpose:#The"purposes"of"this"Title"are:" AREAS AND PROJECTS (SEC. 4)
(a) to"provide"a"rational,"orderly"and"efficient"acquisition,"utilization"and"disposition"of"
The"President"of"the"Philippines"may,"on"his"own"initiative"or"upon"recommendation"of"
land"and"its"resources"in"order"to"derive"therefrom"maximum"benefits;"and"
the" National" Environmental" Protection" Council," by" proclamation" declare" certain"
(b) to" encourage" the" prudent" use" and" conservation" of" land" resources" in" order" to"
projects," undertakings" or" areas" in" the" country" as" environmentally" critical." No" person,"
prevent"and"imbalance"between"the"nation's"needs"and"such"resources."
partnership" or" corporation" shall" undertake" or" operate" any" such" declared"
"
environmentally" critical" project" or" area" without" first" securing" an" Environmental"
IV. NATURAL RESOURCES AND MANAGEMENT CONVERSION Compliance"Certificate"issued"by"the"President"or"his"duly"authorized"representative."For"
the" proper" management" of" said" critical" project" or" area," the" President" may" by" his"
Purpose:#The"purposes"of"this"Title"are:"
proclamation"reorganize"such"government"offices,"agencies,"institutions,"corporations"or"
(a) to"provide"the"basic"policy"on"the"management"and"conservation"of"the"country's"
instrumentalities"including"the"re5alignment"of"government"personnel,"and"their"specific"
natural" resources" to" obtain" the" optimum" benefits" therefrom" and" to" preserve" the"
functions"and"responsibilities."
same"for"the"future"generations;"and"
N""U""N""E""Z"
# the"EIARC,"the"proposed"project"or"undertaking"will"not"cause"a"significant"negative"
environmental"impact;"that"the"proponent"has"complied"with"all"the"requirements"
PENALTY FOR VIOLATION (SEC. 9) of"the"EIS"System"and"that"the"proponent"is"committed"to"implement"its"approved"
Any" person," corporation" or" partnership" found" violating" Sec." 4" of" this" Decree," or" the" Environmental" Management" Plan" in" the" Environmental" Impact" Statement" or"
terms"and"conditions"in"the"issuance"of"the"Environmental"Compliance"Certificate,"or"of" mitigation"measures"in"the"Initial"Environmental"Examination.""
the" standards," rules" and" regulations" issued" by" the" National" Environmental" Protection" (f) Environmentally(Critical(Area((ECA)(A"an"area"that"is"environmentally"sensitive"and"
Council"pursuant"to"this"Decree"shall"be"punished"by"the"suspension"or"cancellation"of" is"so"listed"under"Pres."Proc."No."2146"as"well"as"other"areas"which"the"President"of"
his/its" certificate" or" and/or" a" fine" in" an" amount" not" to" exceed" Fifty" Thousand" Pesos" the"Philippines"may"proclaim"as"environmentally"critical"in"accordance"with"section"
(P50,000.00)"for"every"violation"thereof,"at"the"discretion"of"the"National"Environmental" 4"of"P.D."No.1586."
Protection"Council." (g) Environmentally( Critical( Project( (ECP)( A" a" project" that" has" high" potential" for"
" significant"negative"environmental"impact"and"is"listed"as"such"under"Pres."Proc."No."
" 2146," Series" of" 1981" and" Pres." Proc." No." 803," Series" of" 1996," as" well" as" other"
DAO 96-37 projects"which"the"President"may"proclaim"as"environmentally"critical"in"accordance"
with"Section"4"of"P.D."1586."
BASIC POLICY (h) Environmental(Guarantee(Fund((EGF)(A"a"fund"that"proponents"required"or"opting"
to"submit"an"EIS"shall"commit"to"establish"when"an"ECC"is"issued"by"the"DENR"for"
policy"of"the"DENR"to"attain"and"maintain"a"rational"and"orderly"balance"between#socio5
projects"or"undertakings"determined"by"the"latter"to"pose"significant"public"risk"to"
economic" growth" and" environmental" protection" through" the" sustainable" use,#
answer" for" damage" to" life," health," property," and" the" environment" caused" by" such"
development," management," renewal" and" conservation" of" the" country’s" natural"
risk,"or"requiring"rehabilitation"or"restoration"measures."
resources,#including"the"protection"and"enhancement"of"the"quality"of"the"environment,"
(i) Environmental( Impacts( A" the" probable" effects" or" consequences" of" proposed"
not"only"for#the"present"generation"but"for"the"future"generations"as"well."
projects"or"undertakings"on"the"physical,"biological"and"socioeconomic"environment"
"
that"can"be"direct"or"indirect,"cumulative,"and"positive"or"negative."
OBJECTIVES (j) Environmental( Impact( Assessment( (EIA)( A" the" process" of" predicting" the" likely"
environmental" consequences" of" implementing" projects" or" undertakings" and"
This"Administrative"Order"(Order)"shall"have"the"following"objectives:"
designing"appropriate"preventive,"mitigating"and"enhancement"measures."
(a) Ensure" that" environmental" considerations" are" incorporated" at" the" earliest"
(k) Environmental( Impact( Assessment( Review( Committee( (EIARC)( A" a" body" of"
possible"stage"of"project"development.##
independent" technical" experts" and" professionals" of" known" probity" from" various"
(b) Further"streamline"the"current"procedures"in"the"conduct"of"the"Environmental#
fields" organized" by" the" EMB/RED" whose" main" tasks" are" to" evaluate" the" EIS" and"
Impact" Assessment" (EIA)" in" order" to" improve" its" effectiveness" as" a" planning,#
other" documents" related" thereto," and" make" appropriate" recommendations" to" the"
regulatory,"and"management"tool.#
EMB/RED"regarding"the"issuance"or"non5issuance"of"ECCs."
(c) Enhance"maximum"public"participation"in"the"EIA"process"to"validate"the"social"
(l) Environmental( Impact( Statement( (EIS)( A" the" document(s)" of" studies" on" the"
acceptability" of" the" project" or" undertaking" so" as" to" ensure" the" fullest"
environmental"impacts"of"a"project"including"the"discussions"on"direct"and"indirect"
consideration"of"the"environmental"impact"of"such"project"or"undertaking."
consequences"upon"human"welfare"and"ecological"and"environmental"integrity."The"
DEFINITION OF TERMS: EIS" may" vary" from" project" to" project" but" shall" contain" in" every" case" all" relevant"
information" and" details" about" the" proposed" project" or" undertaking," including" the"
(a) CENRO" 5" the" Community" Environment" and" Natural" Resources" Office" of" the"
environmental" impacts" of" the" project" and" the" appropriate" mitigating" and"
Department"of"Environment"and"Natural"Resources.#
enhancement"measures."
(b) EIS(Procedural(Manual(A"a"detailed"guide"on"the"procedures"to"be"observed"by"the"
(m) Environmental(Impact(Statement((EIS)(System(–"the"entire"process"of"organization,"
parties" involved" in" the" EIS" System." It" shall" include," among" others," guidelines" on"
administration," and" procedures" institutionalized" for" purposes" of" assessing" the"
public"participation"and"social"acceptability,"the"EIS/IEE"review"criteria,"and"scoping"
significance" of" the" effects" of" any" project" or" undertaking" on" the" quality" of" the"
procedures.#
physical," biological" and" socio5economic" environment," and" designing" appropriate"
(c) EMB(A"the"Environmental"Management"Bureau"#
preventive,"mitigating"and"enhancement"measures."
(d) EMPAS(–"the"Environmental"Management"and"Protected"Areas"Sector""
(n) Environmental( Management( Plan( (EMP)( A" a" section" in" the" EIS" that" details" the"
(e) Environmental( Compliance( Certificate( (ECC)( –" the" document" issued" by" the" DENR"
prevention," mitigation," compensation," contingency" and" monitoring" measures" to"
Secretary" or" the" Regional" Executive" Director" certifying" that" based" on" the"
enhance"positive"impacts"and"minimize"negative"impacts"of"a"proposed"project"or"
representations"of"the"proponent"and"the"preparers,"as"reviewed"and"validated"by"
undertaking."
N""U""N""E""Z"
(o) Environmental(Monitoring(Fund((EMF)(A"a"fund"that"proponents"required"or"opting" Environmentally#Critical# Project#located#in#Environmentally#Critical#Areas#
to"submit"an"EIS"shall"commit"to"establish"when"an"ECC"is"issued"by"the"DENR"for"its" Projects#(ECP)# (ECAs)#
project" or" undertaking," to" be" used" to" support" the" activities" of" the" multipartite" processing"
monitoring"team." projects"
(p) Environmental( Risk( Assessment( (ERA)( A" the" use" of" scientific" methods" and" c. Introduction" of"
information"to"define"the"probability"and"magnitude"of"potentially"adverse"effects" fauna" (exotic"
which"can"result"from"exposure"to"hazardous"materials"or"situations." animals)" in"
(q) Initial( Environmental( Examination( (IEE)( A" the" document" required" of" proponents" public/private"
describing" the" environmental" impact" of," and" mitigation" and" enhancement" forest"
measures"for,"projects"or"undertakings"located"in"an"ECA."The"IEE"shall"replace"the" d. forest"occupancy"
Project"Description"required"under"DAO"21,"series"of"1992." e. Extraction" of"
(r) PENRO(A"the"Provincial"Environment"and"Natural"Resources"Office"of"the"DENR." mangrove"
(s) Project"or"Undertaking"5"any"activity,"regardless"of"scale"or"magnitude,"which"may" products"
have"significant"impact"on"the"environment." f. Grazing"
(t) Proponent( A" any" natural" or" juridical" person" intending" to" implement" a" project" or" (c) Fishery"projects"
undertaking." Dikes" for/and"
(u) Public( Participation( A" a" transparent," gender" sensitive," and" community5based" fishpond"
process" involving" the" broadest" range" of" stakeholders," commencing" at" the" earliest" development"projects"
possible" stage" of" project" design" and" development" and" continuing" until" post5 9."Recharged"areas"of"aquifers"
assessment" monitoring" which" aims" to" ensure" social" acceptability" of" a" project" or" 10." Water" bodies" characterized" by" one" or" any"
undertaking." combination"of"the"following"conditions:"
(v) Public( Risk( A" exposure" of" public" health" or" the" environment" to" toxic" substances," (1) tapped"for"domestic"purposes"
hazardous" or" organic" wastes," extraction" of" natural" resources," or" activities" or" (2) within" the" controlled" and/or" protected" areas"
structures"that"could"endanger"life,"health,"property,"or"the"environment." declared"by"appropriate"authorities"
" 3."National"Water"
(3) which"support"wildlife"and"fishery"activities"
Resources"Board"(NWRB)"
COVERAGE OF EIS SYSTEM 11." Mangrove" areas" characterized" by" one" or" any"
(a) Major"dams"
combination"of"the"following"conditions:"
Environmentally#Critical# Project#located#in#Environmentally#Critical#Areas# (b) Major" power" plants"
(1) with"primary"pristine"and"dense"young"growth"
Projects#(ECP)# (ECAs)# (fossil5fueled,"
(2) adjoining"mouth"of"major"river"systems"
nuclear" fueled,"
1."Heavy"Industries" 1."All"areas"declared"by"law"as"national"parks,"watershed" (3) near"or"adjacent"to"traditional"productive"fry"or"
hydro5electric," or"
(a) Non5ferrous" metal" reserves,"wildlife"preserves,"and"sanctuaries" fishing"grounds"
geothermal)"
industries" 2."Areas"set"aside"as"aesthetic"potential"tourist"spots" (4) which" act" as" natural" buffers" against" shore"
(c) Major" reclamation"
(b) Iron"and"steel"mills" 3."Areas"which"constitute"the"habitat"for"any"endangered" erosion,"strong"winds"and"storm"floods"
projects"
(c) Petroleum" and" petro5 or" threatened" species" of" indigenous" Philippine" wildlife" (5) on" which" people" are" dependent" for" their"
(d) Major" roads" and"
chemical" industries," (flora"and"fauna)" livelihood"
bridges"
including"oil"and"gas" 4." Areas" of" unique" historic" archeological" or" scientific" 12." Coral" reefs" characterized" by" one" or" any" combination"
(d) Smelting"plants" interest"" of"the"following"conditions:"
" (1) with"fifty"percent"(50%)"and"above"live"coralline"
2."Resource"Extractive" 5." Areas" which" are" traditionally" occupied" by" cultural" cover"
Industries" communities"or"tribes"(indigenous"cultural"communities)" (2) spawning"and"nursery"grounds"for"fish"
(a) Major" mining" and" 6." Areas" frequently" visited" and/or" hard5hit" by" natural" (3) which"act"as"natural"breakwater"of"coastlines."
quarrying"projects" calamities" (geologic" hazards," floods," typhoons," volcanic"
(b) Forestry"projects" activity,"etc.)" No" person" shall" undertake" or" operate" any" such" declared" ECP" or" project" within" an" ECA"
a. Logging" 7."Areas"with"critical"slopes" without"first"securing"an"ECC."
b. Major" wood" 8."Areas"classified"as"prime"agricultural"lands" "
N""U""N""E""Z"
NON-COVERAGE OF EIS SYSTEM AO 42
The"following"projects"and"undertakings"are"not"covered"by"the"EIS"System:" STREAMLINING THE ECC APPLICATION PROCESSING AND
(a) Projects" which" are" not" considered" as" environmentally" critical" or" located" within" an" APPROVAL PROCEDURES.
ECA;"
Consistent"with"the"above5mentioned"policy,"the"following"are"hereby"ordered:"
(b) ECPs"or"projects"within"ECAs"which"were"operational"prior"to"1982"except"in"cases"
(a) Project" proponents" are" hereby" directed" to" simultaneously" conduct" the"
where"their"operations"are"expanded"in"terms"of"daily"production"capacity"or"area,"
environmental" impact" study" (as" required" for" ECC" application)" and" the" feasibility"
or"the"process"is"modified;"
study"of"the"proposed"project."
(c) countryside" business" and" barangay" entities" (CBBEs)" covered" by" Republic" Act" No."
(b) The" endorsing" official," approving" authority" and" processing" timeframes" for" ECC"
6810,"otherwise"known"as"the"Magna"Carta"for"Countryside"and"Barangay"Business"
applications"shall"be"as"follows:"
Enterprises" (Kalakalan" 20)," and" registered" with" the" Department" of" Trade" and"
"
Industry" between" 1991" to" 1994," inclusive." Provided" that," unless" otherwise"
Processing"
amended"by"law,"non5coverage"of"such"CBBEs"shall"only"subsist"for"a"five"(5)"year"
Type"of"Project" Endorsing"Official" Approving"Official" Timeframe"
period"beginning"from"its"date"of"registration."
(not"to"exceed)"
Environmentally" DENR"
EMB"Central"Office" 120"working"
critical"project" Secretary/EMB"
EIARC REPORT Director" days"
(Single"Project)" Director"
Within"15"days"from"completion"of"review,"including"public"consultations"and"hearings," Non"
the" EIARC" shall" submit" a" report" to" the" EMB" Director" containing" the" results" of" its" Environmentally" EMB"
EIA"Division"chief," 60"working"
review/evaluation"and"its"recommendations"with"respect"to"the"issuance/non5issuance" Critical"Project" Director/Regional"
Regional"Office" days"
of" the" ECC." Said" report," which" shall" begin" with" a" brief" description" of" the" project" or" located"in" Director"
undertaking,"shall"discuss:" Critical"areas"
(a) environmental"impacts"and"corresponding"costed"mitigation"and"enhancement" EIA"Division"chief"
Projects"Not" EMB"
measures"of"the"project"or"undertaking;" EMB"
Covered"by"the" Director/Regional" 15"days"
(b) key"issues/concerns;" Central/Regional"
EIS"System" Director"
(c) proponent’s"response"to"issues;"" Office"
(d) compliance" with" review" criteria," technical/substantive" content" and" social" "
acceptability"requirements;"and"the"acceptability"of"the"proposed"EMB." *"If"no"decision"is"made"within"the"specified"processing"timeframe,"ECC"application"
is"deemed"automatically"approved"and"the"approving"authority"shall"issue"the"ECC"
within"five"(5)"working"days"after"the"prescribed"processing"timeframe;"
"
(c) The" DENR5EMB" shall" be" limited" to" a" maximum" of" two" (2)" official" requests" for"
additional"information"(in"writing)"from"the"ECC"applicant."
(d) Projects" that" have" no" significant" environmental" impact" shall" not" be" required" to"
secure"an"ECC."The"EMB"in"coordination"with"the"Department"of"Trade"and"Industry"
(DTI)" shall" review" and" is" hereby" authorized" to" update/make" appropriate" revisions"
on" the" technical" guidelines" on" the" EIS" Systems" Implementation" including" the"
technical" definition" of" “Environmentally" Critical" Projects”" and" “Environmentally"
Critical"Areas”"as"provided"for"in"Presidential"Proclamation"No."2146"(1981),"to"take"
into" consideration," among" others," industrial" and" technological" innovations" and"
trends;"
N""U""N""E""Z"
STRENGTHENING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PHILIPPINE EIS Revised Guidelines for Coverage Screening and
SYSTEM. Standardized Requirements under the Philippine EIS
DENR5EMB" shall" conduct" regular" consultations" with" DTI," affected" industry" groups" and"
System
other" stakeholders" for" the" purpose" of" continually" improving" the" processing" of" ECC"
applications"to"fulfill"the"above5mentioned"policy."The"DENR"Secretary"shall"accordingly"
appraise"the"President"of"the"issues"raised"as"well"as"the"actions"taken"by"the"DENR"to"
address"these"issues;(
"
The" information" systems" on" the" policy," program" and" project" level" aspects" of" the" EIS"
System" implementation" shall" be" improved" for" the" effective" dissemination" of" critical"
information" to" the" public," including" the" regular" updating" of" the" status" of" ECC"
applications"on"the"website;"
"
In"order"to"effectively"implement"the"above"provisions,"the"current"EIA"adhoc"division"at"
the"EMB"Central"Office"and"the"EMB"Regional"Office"who"are"primarily"in5charge"of"the"
processing"of"ECC"applications"shall"be"converted"into"a"full5pledged"division."The"new"
position"items"for"the"EIA"Division"shall"be"created"out"of"the"existing"budget"and"vacant"
position"items"within"the"government"service"which"shall"be"reclassified"accordingly."
N""U""N""E""Z"
N""U""N""E""Z"
N""U""N""E""Z"
CASES Despite"the"opposition,"the"Province"merely"noted"their"objections"and"issued"a"notice"
to"the"contractor"to"commence"with"the"construction"of"the"project."Thus,"on"BFI"filed"
REPUBLIC V. CITY OF DAVAO with" the" Supreme" Court" the" instant" Petition" for" Environmental" Protection"
On" August" 11," 2000," The" City" of" Davao" filed" an" application" for" a" Certificate" of" Non5" Order/Issuance"of"the"Writ"of"Continuing"Mandamus.""
"
Coverage" (CNC)" for" its" proposed" project," the" Davao" City" Artica" Sports" Dome," with" the"
Environmental"Management"Bureau"(EMB),"Region"XI." (1)" Is" the" petition" premature" because" petitioner" failed" to" exhaust" administrative"
" remedies"before"filing"this"case?"
NO."The"petition"is"not"premature"for"failing"to"exhaust"administrative"remedies"and"
(1)"Is"Davao"exempt"from"the"coverage"of"PD"1586?""
NO,"IT"IS"WITHIN"THE"COVERAGE"OF"PD"1586.""Sec."16"of"the"Local"Government"Code" to"observe"the"hierarchy"of"courts"as"claimed"by"the"respondents."Pagara"v."Court"of"
is" the" duty" of" the" LGUs" to" promote" the" people's" right" to" a" balanced" ecology." Appeals"stated"that"the"rule"regarding"exhaustion"of"administrative"remedies"is"not"a"
hard"and"fast"rule."It"is"not"applicable"where"there"are"circumstances"indicating"the"
Pursuant" to" this," an" LGU," like" the" City" of" Davao," cannot" claim" exemption" from" the"
coverage" of" PD" 1586." As" a" body" politic" endowed" with" governmental" functions," an" urgency" of" judicial" intervention" such" as" the" instant" case." The" rule" may" also" be"
LGU"has"the"duty"to"ensure"the"quality"of"the"environment,"which"is"the"very"same" disregarded" when" it" does" not" provide" a" plain," speedy" and" adequate" remedy" or"
objective"of"PD"1586.""" where"the"protestant"has"no"other"recourse."
(2)"Is"there"a"proper,"timely,"and"sufficient"public"consultation"for"the"project?"
"
(2)"Is"the"project"entitled"to"a"Certificate"of"Non5Coverage"(CNC)?" NO."there"was"no"proper,"timely,"and"sufficient"public"consultation"for"the"project."
YES."""The"Artica"Sports"Dome"in"Langub"does"not"come"close"to"any"of"the"projects" The" Local" Government" Code" (LGC)" establishes" the" duties" of" national" government"
agencies"in"the"maintenance"of"ecological"balance"and"requires"them"to"secure"prior"
or" areas" enumerated" above." Neither" is" it" analogous" to" any" of" them." It" is" clear,"
therefore," that" the" said# project# is# not# classified# as# environmentally# critical,# or# public" consultations" and" approval" of" local" government" units." In" Province" of" Rizal" v."
within#an#environmentally#critical#area.#""Consequently,"the"DENR#has#no#choice#but# Executive" Secretary" stated" that" two# requisites# must# be# met" before" a" national"
project"that"affects"the"environmental"and"ecological"balance"of"local"communities"
to# issue# the# Certificate# of# NoncCoverage.# It" becomes" its" ministerial" duty," the"
performance"of"which"can"be"compelled"by"writ"of"mandamus,"such"as"that"issued" can"be"implemented:""
by"the"trial"court"in"the"case"at"bar."" (a) prior#consultation"with"the"affected"local"communities,"and"
(b) prior#approval"of"the"project"by"the"appropriate"sanggunian.""
"
"
BORACAY FOUNDATION V. PROVINCE OF AKLAN The" absence# of# either# of# such# mandatory# requirements# will# render# the# project’s#
implementation# as# illegal." The" Court" classified" the" reclamation" project" as" a" national"
Province" of" Aklan" planned" to" expand" the" port" facilities" at" Caticlan," Thus," the"
project"since"it"affects"the"environmental"and"ecological"balance"of"local"communities."
Sangguniang"Panlalawigan"of"Aklan"Province"issued"a"resolution,"authorizing"Gov."Carlito"
DENR" DAO" 2003530" provides" that" project" proponents" should" “initiate" public"
Marquez"to"file"an"application"with"respondent"Philippine"Reclamation"Authority"(PRA)"
consultations" early" in" order" to" ensure" that" environmentally" relevant" concerns" of"
to"reclaim"the"2.64"hectares"of"foreshore"area"in"Caticlan."In"the"same"year,"the"Province"
stakeholders" are" taken" into" consideration" in" the" EIA" study" and" the" formulation" of" the"
deliberated" on" the" possible" expansion" from" its" original" proposed" reclamation" area" of"
management"plan”."In"addition,"the"lack"of"prior"public"consultation"and"approval"is"not"
2.64"hectares"to"40"hectares"in"order"to"maximize"the"utilization"of"its"resources."
corrected" by" the" subsequent" endorsement" of" the" reclamation" project" by" the"
After" PRA’s" approval," on" April" 27," 2010," DENR5EMB" RVI" issued" to" the" Province"
Sangguniang"Barangay"of"Caticlan"and"the"Sangguniang"Bayan"in"2012,"which"were"both"
Environmental" Compliance" Certificate5R651003509657100" (the" questioned" ECC)" for"
undoubtedly"achieved"at"the"urging"and"insistence"of"the"Province."
Phase"1"of"the"Reclamation"Project"to"the"extent"of"2.64"hectares"to"be"done"along"the"
"
Caticlan" side" beside" the" existing" jetty" port." Afterwards," Province" entered" into" a" MOA"
with" PRA" which" stated" that" the" land" use" development" of" the" reclamation" project" shall"
be"for"commercial,"recreational"and"institutional"and"other"applicable"uses."It"was"at"this"
point" that" the" Province" deemed" it" necessary" to" conduct" a" series" ofpublic" consultation"
meetings."
On"the"other"hand,"the"Sangguniang"Barangay"of"Caticlan,"the"Sangguniang"Bayan"of"the"
Municipality" of" Malay" and" Boracay" Foundation," Inc." (BFI)," an" organization" of" some"
businessmen" and" residents" in" Boracay," expressed" their" strong" opposition" to" the"
reclamation"project."
N""U""N""E""Z"
OTADAN V. RIO TUBA NICKEL MINING
BANGUS FRY FISHERFOLK V. HON. LAZANAS
Petitioners" mainly" assail" the" Decision" dated" September" 30," 2003" of" the" CA" where" it"
Regional" Executive" Director" Principe" of" Region" IV," DENR" issued" an" ECC" in" favor" of"
found" no" grave" abuse" of" discretion" on" the" part" of" the" Secretary" of" the"DENR" when" he"
National"Power"Corporation"("NAPOCOR")."The"ECC"authorized"NAPOCOR"to"construct"a"
issued" the" Environmental" Compliance" Certificate" (ECC)" No." 020150215313" to" the"
temporary" mooring" facility" in" Minolo" Cove," Sitio" Minolo," Puerto" Galera," Oriental"
respondent" Rio" Tuba" Nickel" Mining" Corporation" for" its" Hydrometallurgical" Processing"
Mindoro." The" Sangguniang" Bayan" of" Puerto" Galera" declared" Minolo" Cove," a" mangrove"
Plant"in"Barangay"Rio"Tuba,"Municipality"of"Bataraza,"Palawan.""
area" and" breeding" ground" for" bangus" fry," an" eco5tourist" zone." The" mooring" facility"
"
would" serve" as" the" temporary" docking" site" of" NAPOCOR's" power" barge," which," due" to"
Does"DENR"have"the"power"to"issue"the"ECC?"
turbulent" waters" at" its" former" mooring" site" in" Calapan," Oriental" Mindoro," required"
"
relocation" to" a" safer" site" like" Minolo" Cove." The" 14.4" megawatts" power" barge" would"
YES." The" issuance" of" the" ECC" is" an" exercise" by" the" Secretary" of" the" DENR" of" his" quasi5
provide"the"main"source"of"power"for"the"entire"province"of"Oriental"Mindoro"pending"
judicial"functions."The#Courts#will#not#interfere#in#matters#which#are#addressed#to#the#
the"construction"of"a"land5based"power"plant"in"Calapan,"Oriental"Mindoro."The"ECC"for"
sound#discretion#of#the#government#agency#entrusted"with"the"regulation"of"activities"
the"mooring"facility"was"valid"for"two"years"counted"from"its"date"of"issuance"or"until"30"
coming" under" the" special" and" technical" training" and" knowledge" of" such" agency." It" has"
June"1999.""
also" been" held" that" the" exercise" of" administrative" discretion" is" a" policy" decision" and" a"
"
matter" that" can" best" be" discharged" by" the" government" agency" concerned," and" not" by"
Petitioners," claiming" to" be" fisherfolks" from" Minolo" sought" reconsideration" of" the" ECC"
the"courts.""
issuance."They"filed"a"complaint"with"the"RTC"Manila"for"the"cancellation"of"the"ECC"and"
Factual" findings" of" quasi5judicial" bodies," which" have" acquired" expertise" because" their"
for"the"issuance"of"a"writ"of"injunction"to"stop"the"construction"of"the"mooring"facility."
jurisdiction" is" confined" to" specific" matters" are" generally" accorded" not" only" respect" but"
Petitioners" opposed" the" motion" on" the" ground" that" there" was" no" need" to" exhausted"
even" finality" and" are" binding" even" upon" the" Supreme" Court" if" they" are" supported" by"
administrative" remedies." They" argued" that" the" issuance" of" the" ECC" was" in" patent"
substantial" evidence." Further," administrative" agencies" are" given" a" wide" latitude" in" the"
violation" of" P.D." No." 1605," Sections" 26" and" 27" of" Republic" Act" No." 7160," and" thep"
evaluation" of" evidence" and" in" the" exercise" of" its" adjudicative" functions." Thus," the"
rovisions"of"DAO"96537"on"the"documentation"of"ECC"applications."RTC"Manila"dismissed"
petitioners"failed"to"present"compelling"reasons"to"warrant"the"deviation"by"this"Court"
the"complaint."
from"the"foregoing"salutary"principles."
"
"
Did"the"trial"court"err"in"dismissing"the"complaint"for"lack"of"cause"of"action"and"lack"of"
jurisdiction?" PAJE V. CASINO
"
DENR" issued" an" Environmental" Compliance" Certificate" for" a" proposed" coal5fired" power"
NO."Jurisdiction#over#the#subject#matter#of#a#case#is#conferred#by#law.#It"is"determined#
plant"at"Subic,"Zambales"to"be"implemented"by"RP"Energy."
by#the#allegations#in#the#complaint,"irrespective"of"whether"the"plaintiff"is"entitled"to"all"
"
or" some" of" the" reliefs" sought." Allegations" in" the" complaint" shows" that" petitioners'"
Hon." Teodoro" Casino" and" a" number" of" legislators" filed" a" Petition" for" Writ" of" Kalikasan"
principal"cause"of"action"is"the"alleged"illegality"of"the"issuance"of"the"ECC."The"violation"
against" RP" energy," SBMA," and" Hon." Ramon" Paje" as" the" DENR" secretary" on" the" ground"
of" laws" on" environmental" protection" and" on" local" government" participation" in" the"
that"actual"environmental"damage"will"occur"if"the"power"plant"project"is"implemented"
implementation"of"environmentally"critical"projects"is"an"issue"that"involves"the"validity"
and" that" the" respondents" failed" to" comply" with" certain" laws" and" rules" governing" or"
of" NAPOCOR's" ECC." If" the" ECC" is" void," then" as" a" necessary" consequence," NAPOCOR" or"
relating"to"the"issuance"of"an"ECC"and"amendments"thereto."
the"provincial"government"of"Oriental"Mindoro"could"not"construct"the"mooring"facility.""
"
The" subsidiary" issue" of" non5compliance" with" pertinent" local" ordinances" in" the"
CA"denied"the"petition"for"the"Writ"of"Kalikasan"and"invalidated"the"ECC."Both"the"DENR"
construction" of" the" mooring" facility" becomes" immaterial" for" purposes" of" granting"
and"Casino"filed"an"appeal"and"argued"that"the"determination"of"the"validity"of"the"ECC"
petitioners'" main" prayer," which" is" the" annulment" of" the" ECC." Thus," if! the! court! has!
as"well"as"its"amendments"is"beyond"the"scope"of"a"Petition"for"a"Writ"of"Kalikasan"
jurisdiction!to!determine!the!validity!of!the!issuance!of!the!ECC,!then!it!has!jurisdiction!to!
"
hear! and! decide! petitioners'! complaint." Clearly," the" Manila# RTC# has# jurisdiction# to#
Did"the"respondents"fail"to"substantiate"its"claims"that"the"construction"and"operation"of"
determine# the# validity# of# the# issuance" of" the" ECC," although" it" could" not" issue" an"
the"power"plant"will"cause"environmental"damage?"
injunctive" writ" against" the" DENR" or" NAPOCOR." However," since" the" construction" of" the"
"
mooring" facility" could" not" proceed" without" a" valid" ECC" the" validity" of" the" ECC" remains"
YES." CA" correctly" ruled" that" Casiño" et." al." failed" to" substantiate" its" claims" that" the"
the"determinative"issue"in"resolving"petitioners'"complaint."
construction"and"operation"of"the"power"plant"will"cause"environmental"damage"of"the"
"
magnitude" contemplated" under" the" writ" of" kalikasan." On" the" other" hand," RP" Energy"
N""U""N""E""Z"
presented" evidence" to" establish" that" the" subject" project" will" not" cause" grave"
environmental"damage,"through"its"Environmental"Management"Plan,"which"will"ensure"
that" the" project" will" operate" within" the" limits" of" existing" environmental" laws" and"
standards."
"
The"writ# of# kalikasan"is"principally"predicated"on"an"actual# or# threatened# violation# of#
the# constitutional# right# to# a# balanced# and# healthful# ecology," which" involves"
environmental" damage" of" a" magnitude" that" transcends" political" and" territorial"
boundaries.""
"
In"cases"of"defects"or"irregularities"in"the"issuance"of"an"ECC,"it"is"not"sufficient"to"merely"
allege"such"defects"or"irregularities,"but"to"show"a"causal#link#or#reasonable#connection#
with# the# environmental# damage" of" the" magnitude" contemplated" under" the" Rules." In"
the" case# at# bar,# no# such# causal# link# or# reasonable# connection# was# shown# or" even"
attempted"relative"to"the"aforesaid"second"set"of"allegations."It"is"a"mere"listing"of"the"
perceived" defects" or" irregularities" in" the" issuance" of" the" ECC." This" would" have" been"
sufficient"reason"to"disallow"the"resolution"of"such"issues"in"a"writ"of"kalikasan"case."
!
LEONEN, DISSENT:
He"stated"that"petition"for"writ"of"kalikasan"is"not"the"proper"remedy"to"raise"a"defect"in"
the" ECC." A" petition" for" a" writ# of# kalikasan,# should# not," in" general," be# litigated# via# a#
representative,# citizen# or# class# suit# because# of# the# danger# of# misrepresenting# the#
interests—"and"thus,# barring# future# action# due# to# res# judicata—"of"those"not"actually"
present" in" the" prosecution" of" the" case," either" because" they" do" not" yet" exist," like" the"
unborn"generations,"or"because"the"parties"bringing"suit"do"not"accurately"represent"the"
interests"of"the"group"they"represent"or"the"class"to"which"they"belong."As"an"exception,"
such"representative,"citizen"or"class"suit"may"be"allowed"subject"to"certain"conditions."
""
[tolents]"
N""U""N""E""Z"
Forestry & Watershed Management
Revised Forestry Code PD 705, as amended by EO (i) Game" refuge" or" bird" sanctuary" refers" to" a" forest" land" designated" for" the"
protection"of"game"animals,"birds"and"fish"and"closed"to"hunting"and"fishing"in"
277, RA 7161 order"that"the"excess"population"may"flow"and"restock"surrounding"areas."
(j) Marine"parks"refers"to"any"off5shore"area"inhabited"by"rare"and"unique"species"
PERTINENT PROVISIONS:
of"marine"flora"and"fauna."
Section#2. Policies. The"State"hereby"adopts"the"following"policies:" (k) Seashore"park"refers"to"any"public"shore"area"delimited"for"outdoor"recreation,"
(a) The" multiple" uses" of" forest" lands" shall" be" oriented" to" the" development" and" sports"fishing,"water"skiing"and"related"healthful"activities."
progress" requirements" of" the" country," the" advancement" of" science" and" (l) Watershed" reservation" is" a" forest" land" reservation" established" to" protect" or"
technology,"and"the"public"welfare;" improve"the"conditions"of"the"water"yield"thereof"or"reduce"sedimentation."
(b) Land"classification"and"survey"shall"be"systematized"and"hastened;" (m) Watershed" is" a" land" area" drained" by" a" stream" or" fixed" body" of" water" and" its"
(c) The" establishment" of" wood5processing" plants" shall" be" encouraged" and" tributaries"having"a"common"outlet"for"surface"run5off."
rationalized;"and" (n) Critical"watershed"is"a"drainage"area"of"a"river"system"supporting"existing"and"
(d) The" protection," development" and" rehabilitation" of" forest" lands" shall" be" proposed" hydro5electric" power" and" irrigation" works" needing" immediate"
emphasized"so"as"to"ensure"their"continuity"in"productive"condition." rehabilitation"as"it"is"being"subjected"to"a"fast"denudation"causing"accelerated"
# erosion" and" destructive" floods." It" is" closed" from" logging" until" it" is" fully"
Section#3. Definitions." rehabilitated."
(a) Public"forest"is"the"mass"of"lands"of"the"public"domain"which"has"not"been"the" (o) Mangrove"is"a"term"applied"to"the"type"of"forest"occurring"on"tidal"flat"along"
subject"of"the"present"system"of"classification"for"the"determination"of"which" the"sea"coast,"extending"along"streams"where"the"water"is"brackish."
lands"are"needed"for"forest"purposes"and"which"are"not." (p) Kaingin" is" a" portion" of" the" forest" land," whether" occupied" or" not," which" is"
(b) Permanent"forest"or"forest"reserves"refer"to"those"lands"of"the"public"domain" subjected"to"shifting"and/or"permanent"slash5and5burn"cultivation"having"little"
which" have" been" the" subject" of" the" present" system" of" classification" and" or"no"provision"to"prevent"soil"erosion."
determined"to"be"needed"for"forest"purposes." (q) Forest"product"means"timber,"pulpwood,"firewood,"bark,"tree"top,"resin,"gum,"
(c) Alienable"and"disposable"lands"refer"to"those"lands"of"the"public"domain"which" wood,"oil,"honey,"beeswax,"nipa,"rattan,"or"other"forest"growth"such"as"grass,"
have"been"the"subject"of"the"present"system"of"classification"and"declared"as" shrub,"and"flowering"plant,"the"associated"water,"fish,"game,"scenic,"historical,"
not"needed"for"forest"purposes." recreational"and"geologic"resources"in"forest"lands."
(d) Forest"lands"include"the"public"forest,"the"permanent"forest"or"forest"reserves," (r) Dipterocarp" forest" is" a" forest" dominated" by" trees" of" the" dipterocarp" species,"
and"forest"reservations." such"as"red"lauan,"tengile,"tiaong,"white"lauan,"almon,"bagtikan"and"mayapis"of"
(e) Grazing" land" refers" to" that" portion" of" the" public" domain" which" has" been" set" the"Philippine"mahogany"group,"apitong"and"the"yakals."
aside,"in"view"of"the"suitability"of"its"topography"and"vegetation,"for"the"raising" (s) Pine"forest"is"a"forest"composed"of"the"Benguet"Pine"in"the"Mountain"Provinces"
of"livestock." or"the"Mindoro"pine"in"Mindoro"and"Zambales"provinces."
(f) Mineral" lands" refer" to" those" lands" of" the" public" domain" which" have" been" (t) Industrial"tree"plantation"is"any"tract"of"forest"land"purposely"and"extensively"
classified" as" such" by" the" Secretary" of" Natural" Resources" in" accordance" with" planted"to"timber"crops"primarily"to"supply"the"raw"material"requirements"of"
prescribed"and"approved"criteria,"guidelines"and"procedure." existing"or"proposed"processing"plants"and"related"industries."
(g) Forest" reservations" refer" to" forest" lands" which" have" been" reserved" by" the" (u) Tree"farm"refers"to"any"tract"of"forest"land"purposely"and"extensively"planted"
President"of"the"Philippines"for"any"specific"purpose"or"purposes." to"trees"of"economic"value"for"their"fruits,"flowers,"leaves,"barks,"or"extractives,"
(h) National" park" refers" to" a" forest" land" reservation" essentially" of" primitive" or" but"not"for"the"wood"thereof."
wilderness"character"which"has"been"withdrawn"from"settlement"or"occupancy" (v) Multiple5use" is" the" harmonized" utilization" of" the" numerous" beneficial" uses" of"
and" set" aside" as" such" exclusively" to" preserve" the" scenery," the" natural" and" the"land,"soil,"water,"wildlife,"recreation"value,"grass"and"timber"of"forest"lands."
historic" objects" and" the" wild" animals" or" plants" therein," and" to" provide" (w) Selective" logging" means" the" systematic" removal" of" the" mature," over5mature"
enjoyment"of"these"features"in"such"a"manner"as"will"leave"them"unimpaired" and"defective"trees"in"such"manner"as"to"leave"adequate"number"and"volume"
for"future"generations." of" healthy" residual" trees" of" the" desired" species" necessary" to" assure" a" future"
N""U""N""E""Z"
FORESTRY"&"WATERSHED"MANAGEMENT" NATRES"&"ENVI"LAW" FAM5"G01"|"22"
crop"of"timber,"and"forest"cover"for"the"protection"and"conservation"of"soil"and" the" provisions" of" this" Code," other" related" laws," as" well" as" their" implementing"
water." regulations."
(x) Seed"tree"system"is"partial"clearcutting"with"seed"trees"left"to"regenerate"the" (ll) Primitive"tribe"is"a"group"of"endemic"tribe"living"primitively"as"a"distinct"portion"
area." of"a"people"from"a"common"ancestor."
(y) Healthy" residual" is" a" sound" or" slightly" injured" tree" of" the" commercial" species" #
left"after"logging." Section# 5."Jurisdiction! of! Bureau.!The" Bureau" shall" have" jurisdiction" and" authority"
(z) Sustained5yield" management" implies" continuous" or" periodic" production" of" over" all" forest" land," grazing" lands," and" all" forest" reservations" including" watershed"
forest" products" in" a" working" unit" with" the" aid" of" achieving" at" the" earliest" reservations" presently" administered" by" other" government" agencies" or"
practicable"time"an"approximate"balance"between"growth"and"harvest"or"use." instrumentalities."
This" is" generally" applied" to" the" commercial" timber" resources" and" is" also" "
applicable"to"the"water,"grass,"wildlife,"and"other"renewable"resources"of"the" It"shall"be"responsible"for"the"protection,"development,"management,"regeneration,"
forest." and"reforestation"of"forest"lands;"the"regulation"and"supervision"of"the"operation"of"
(aa) Processing"plant"is"any"mechanical"set5up,"machine"or"combination"of"machine"
licensees,"lessees"and"permittees"for"the"taking"or"use"of"forest"products"therefrom"
used" for" the" processing" of" logs" and" other" forest" raw" materials" into" lumber,"
or"the"occupancy"or"use"thereof;"the"implementation"of"multiple"use"and"sustained"
veneer," plywood," wallboard," block5board," paper" board," pulp," paper" or" other"
yield"management"in"forest"lands;"the"protection,"development"and"preservation"of"
finished"wood"products."
(bb) Lease"is"a"privilege"granted"by"the"State"to"a"person"to"occupy"and"possess,"in" national" parks," marine" parks," game" refuges" and" wildlife;" the" implementation" of"
consideration" of" a" specified" rental," any" forest" land" of" the" public" domain" in" measures" and" programs" to" prevent" kaingin" and" managed" occupancy" of" forest" and"
order"to"undertake"any"authorized"activity"therein." grazing" lands;" in" collaboration" with" other" bureaus," the" effective," efficient" and"
(cc) License"is"a"privilege"granted"by"the"State"to"a"person"to"utilize"forest"resources" economic" classification" of" lands" of" the" public" domain;" and" the" enforcement" of"
as"in"any"forest"land,"without"any"right"of"occupation"and"possession"over"the" forestry,"reforestation,"parks,"game"and"wildlife"laws,"rules,"and"regulations."
same,"to"the"exclusion"of"others,"or"establish"and"operate"a"wood5processing" The"Bureau"shall"regulate"the"establishment"and"operation"of"sawmills,"veneer"and"
plant,"or"conduct"any"activity"involving"the"utilization"of"any"forest"resources." plywood" mills" and" other" wood" processing" plants" and" conduct" studies" of" domestic"
(dd) License" agreement" is" a" privilege" granted" by" the" State" to" a" person" to" utilize" and"world"markets"of"forest"products."
forest" resources" within" any" forest" land" with" the" right" of" possession" and" #
occupation"thereof"to"the"exclusion"of"others,"except"the"government,"but"with" Section# 7."Supervision! and! Control."The" Bureau" shall" be" directly" under" the" control"
the"corresponding"obligation"to"develop,"protect"and"rehabilitate"the"same"in" and" supervision" of" the" Secretary" of" the" Department" of" Natural" Resources,"
accordance"with"the"terms"and"conditions"set"forth"in"said"agreement." hereinafter"referred"to"as"the"Department"Head."
(ee) Permit"is"a"short5term"privilege"or"authority"granted"by"the"State"to"a"person"to" "
utilize" any" limited" forest" resources" or" undertake" a" limited" activity" with" any" Section#13."System!of!Land!Classification."The"Department"Head"shall"study,"devise,"
forest"land"without"any"right"of"occupation"and"possession"therein." determine" and" prescribe" the" criteria," guidelines" and" methods" for" the" proper" and"
(ff) Annual" allowable" cut" is" the" volume" of" materials," whether" of" wood" or" other"
accurate"classification"and"survey"of"all"lands"of"the"public"domain"into"agricultural,"
forest"products,"that"is"authorized"to"be"cut"regularly"from"the"forest."
industrial" or" commercial," residential," resettlement," mineral," timber" or" forest," and"
(gg) Cutting" cycle" is" the" number" of" years" between" major" harvests" in" the" same"
grazing"lands,"and"into"such"other"classes"as"now"or"may"hereafter"be"provided"by"
working"unit"and/or"region,"within"a"rotation."
law,"rules"and"regulations."
(hh) Ecosystem" means" the" ecological" community" considered" together" with" non5
living"factors"and"its"environment"as"a"unit." #
(ii) (ii)" Silviculture" is" the" establishment," development" reproduction" and" care" of" Section# 20."" License! agreement,! license,! lease! or! permit."No" person" may" utilize,"
forest"trees." exploit,"occupy,"possess"or"conduct"any"activity"within"any"forest"land,"or"establish"
(jj) Rationalization" is" the" organization" of" a" business" or" industry" using" scientific" and" operate" any" wood5processing" plant," unless" he" has" been" authorized" to" do" so"
business" management" principles" and" simplified" procedures" to" obtain" greater" under"a"license"agreement,"lease,"license,"or"permit."
efficiency"of"operation." "
(kk) Forest"officer"means"any"official"or"employee"of"the"Bureau"who,"by"the"nature"
A. Timber
of"his"appointment"or"the"function"of"the"position"to"which"he"is"appointed,"is"
delegated"by"law"or"by"competent"authority"to"execute,"implement"or"enforce" Section# 21."Sustained! yield."All" measures" shall" be" taken" to" achieve" an" approximate"
balance"between"growth"and"harvest"or"use"of"forest"products"in"forest"lands."
N""U""N""E""Z"
# proper" government" agencies," to" prevent" the" introduction" of" pests," insects" and/or"
Section#26."Annual!allowable!cut."The"annual"allowable"cut"of"any"particular"forest"land" diseases"detrimental"to"the"forests."
shall"be"determined"on"the"basis"of"the"established"rotation"and"cutting"cycle"thereof,"
and" the" volume" and" kind" of" harvestable" timber" and" healthy" residuals," seed" trees" and" C. REFORESTATION
reproduction"found"therein." Section#33."Forest!lands!to!be!reforested."The"following"shall"be"reforested"and"covered"
" with"suitable"and"sufficient"trees,"to"wit:"
Section# 27."Duration! of! license! agreement! or! license! to! harvest! timber! in! forest! (a) Bare" or" grass5covered" tracts" of" forest" lands" with" at" least" fifty" per" cent" (50%)"
lands."The"duration"of"the"privilege"to"harvest"timber"in"any"particular"forest"land"under" slope;"
a" license" agreement" or" license" shall" be" fixed" and" determined" in" accordance" with" the" (b) Bare"or"grass5covered"tracts"of"forest"lands"with"less"than"fifty"per"cent"(50%)"
annual"allowable"cut"therein,"the"established"cutting"cycle"thereof,"the"yield"capacity"of" slope," but" with" soil" so" highly" erodible" as" to" make" grass" cover" inadequate" for"
harvestable"timber,"and"the"capacity"of"healthy"residuals"for"a"second"growth." soil"erosion"control;"
The" privilege" shall" automatically" terminate," even" before" the" expiration" of" the" license" (c) Brushlands"or"tracts"of"forest"lands"generally"covered"with"brush,"which"need"
agreement" of" license," the" moment" the" harvestable" timber" have" been" utilized" without" to"be"developed"to"increase"their"productivity;"
leaving"any"logged5over"area"capable"of"commercial"utilization." (d) Open" tracts" of" forest" lands" with" slopes" or" gradients" generally" exceeding" fifty"
The" maximum" period" of" any" privilege" to" harvest" timber" is" twenty5five" (25)" years," per"cent"(50%),"interspersed"with"patches"of"forest"each"of"which"is"less"than"
renewable"for"a"period,"not"exceeding"twenty5five"(25)"years,"necessary"to"utilize"all"the" two"hundred"fifty"(250)"hectares"in"area;"
remaining" commercial" quantity" or" harvestable" timber" either" from" the" unlogged" or" (e) Denuded" or" inadequately5timbered" areas" proclaimed" by" the" President" as"
logged5over"area." forest" reserves" and" reservations" as" critical" watersheds," national" parks," game"
" refuge,"bird"sanctuaries,"national"shrines,"national"historic"sites;"
It"shall"be"a"condition"for"the"continued"privilege"to"harvest"timber"under"any"license"or" (f) Inadequately5stocked"forest"lands"within"forest"concessions;"
license" agreement" that" the" licensee" shall" reforest" all" the" areas" which" shall" be" (g) Portions" of" areas" covered" by" pasture" leases" or" permits" having" a" slope" of" at"
determined"by"the"Bureau." least"fifty"per"cent"(50%);"and"
# (h) River" banks," easements," road" rights5of5ways," deltas," swamps," former" river"
Section#28."Size!of!forest!concessions."Forest"lands"shall"not"be"held"in"perpetuity." beds,"and"beaches."
The" size" of" the" forest" lands" which" may" be" the" subject" of" timber" utilization" shall" be" #
limited" to" that" which" a" person" may" effectively" utilize" and" develop" for" a" period" of" fifty" Section# 34."Industrial! Tree! Plantations! and! Tree! Farms."A" lease" for" a" period" of" twenty5
(50)"years,"considering"the"cutting"cycle,"the"past"performance"of"the"applicant"and"his" five"(25)"years,"renewable"for"another"period"not"exceeding"twenty5five"(25)"years,"for"
capacity" not" only" to" utilize" but," more" importantly," to" protect" and" manage" the" whole" the"establishment"of"an"industrial"tree"plantation"or"a"tree"farm"may"be"granted"by"the"
area,"and"the"requirements"of"processing"plants"existing"or"to"be"installed"in"the"region." Department" Head" upon" recommendation" of" the" Director" to" any" person" qualified" to"
Forest"concessions"which"had"been"the"subject"of"consolidations"shall"be"reviewed"and" develop"and"exploit"natural"resources,"over"timber"or"forest"lands"of"the"public"domain"
re5evaluated" for" the" effective" implementation" of" protection," reforestation" and" categorized" in" Section" 33" hereof," with" a" minimum" area" of" One" Thousand" (1,000)"
management"thereof"under"the"multiple"use"and"sustained"yield"concepts,"and"for"the" hectares" for" industrial" tree" plantation" and" One" Hundred" (100)" hectares" for" tree" farm;"
processing"locally"of"the"timber"resources"therefrom." Provided," That" the" size" of" the" area" that" may" be" granted" under" each" category" shall" in"
each" case" depend" upon" the" capacity" of" the" lessee" to" develop" or" convert" the" area" into"
productive"condition"within"the"term"of"the"lease;"Provided,"further,"That"no"lease"shall"
B. WOOD-PROCESSING
be"granted"within"critical"watersheds."
Section#29."Incentives!to!the!wood!industry."The"Department"Head,"in"collaboration"with" "
other" government" agencies" and" the" wood" industry" associations" and" other" private" Scattered" areas" of" less" than" One" Hundred" (100)" hectares" each" may" be" leased" for" the"
entities" in" the" country," shall" evolve" incentives" for" the" establishment" of" an" integrated" establishment" of" tree" farms" to" different" qualified" persons" upon" a" showing" that" if"
wood"industry"in"designated"wood"industry"centers"and/or"economic"area." developed" as" an" integrated" unit" these" areas" can" be" economically" exploited:" Provided,"
" That" it" shall" be" a" condition" of" the" lease" that" such" persons" organize" themselves" into" a"
The"President"of"the"Philippines,"upon"the"recommendations"of"the"National"Economic" cooperative"to"ensure"the"orderly"management"thereof."
Development"Authority"and"the"Department"Head,"may"establish"wood"industry"import5 "
export"centers"in"selected"locations:"Provided,"That"logs"imported"for"such"centers"shall"
be"subject"to"such"precaution"as"may"be"imposed"by"the"Bureau,"in"collaboration"with"
N""U""N""E""Z"
The" lease" may" be" granted" under" such" terms" and" conditions" as" the" Department" Head" prevent" them" from" being" used" as" shelters" for" excessive" and" unauthorized" harvests" in"
may" prescribe," taking" into" account," among" others," the" raw" material" needs" of" forest5 forest" lands," and" shall" not" therefore" be" allowed" except" through" a" license" agreement,"
based"industries"and"the"maintenance"of"a"wholesome"ecological"balance." license,"lease"or"permit."
" #
Reforestation" projects" of" the" Government," or" portions" thereof" which," upon" field" Section#45."Authority!of!forest!officers."When"in"the"performance"of"their"official"duties,"
evaluation,"are"found"to"be"more"suitable"for,"or"can"be"better"developed"as,"industrial" forest" officers," or" other" government" officials" or" employees" duly" authorized" by" the"
tree"plantations"or"tree"farms"in"terms"of"benefits"to"the"Government"and"the"general" Department" Head" or" Director," shall" have" free" entry" into" areas" covered" by" a" license"
surrounding"area,"may"be"the"subject"of"the"lease"under"this"section." agreement,"license,"lease"or"permit."
# "
Section#35."Priority."Over"any"suitable"area"covered"by"a"timber"license"agreement,"or"a" Forest" officers" are" authorized" to" administer" oath" and" take" acknowledgment" in" official"
pasture"lease"agreement"or"permit,"the"priority"to"establish"industrial"forest"plantation" matters" connected" with" the" functions" of" their" office," and" to" take" testimony" in" official"
or"tree"farm"shall"be"given"to"the"holder"thereof." investigations" conducted" under" the" authority" of" this" Code" and" the" implementing" rules"
" and"regulations."
The"priority"herein"granted"must,"however,"be"availed"of"within"a"reasonable"period"to" #
be"determined"by"the"Department"Head,"otherwise,"the"area"shall"be"declared"open"to" Section#47."Mining!operations."Mining"operations"in"forest"lands"shall"be"regulated"and"
any"qualified"person"and"consequently"segregated"from"the"holder's"area." conducted"with"due"regard"to"protection,"development"and"utilization"of"other"surface"
" resources."
Location," prospecting," exploration," utilization" or" exploitation" of" mineral" resources" in"
D. FOREST PROTECTION forest"reservations"shall"be"governed"by"Mining"laws,"rules"and"regulations."No"location,"
Section#37."Protection!of!all!resources."All"measures"shall"be"taken"to"protect"the"forest" prospecting," exploration," utilization," or" exploitation" of" mineral" resources" inside" forest"
resources"from"destruction,"impairment"and"depletion." concessions" shall" be" allowed" unless" proper" notice" has" been" served" upon" the" licensees"
# thereof"and"the"prior"approval"of"the"Director,"secured."
Section# 38."Control! of! concession! area."In" order" to" achieve" the" effective" protection" of" "
the" forest" lands" and" the" resources" thereof" from" illegal" entry," unlawful" occupation," Mine"tailings"and"other"pollutants"affecting"the"health"and"safety"of"the"people,"water,"
kaingin," fire," insect" infestation," theft," and" other" forms" of" forest" destruction," the" fish,"vegetation,"animal"life"and"other"surface"resources,"shall"be"filtered"in"silt"traps"or"
utilization" of" timber" therein" shall" not" be" allowed" except" through" license" agreements" other"filtration"devices"and"only"clean"exhausts"and"liquids"shall"be"released"therefrom."
under" which" the" holders" thereof" shall" have" the" exclusive" privilege" to" cut" all" the" Surface5mined"areas"shall"be"restored"to"as"near"its"former"natural"configuration"or"as"
allowable"harvestable"timber"in"their"respective"concessions,"and"the"additional"right"of" approved"by"the"Director"prior"to"its"abandonment"by"the"mining"concern."
occupation,"possession,"and"control"over"the"same,"to"the"exclusive"of"all"others,"except" "
the"government,"but"with"the"corresponding"obligation"to"adopt"all"the"protection"and" Section# 48."Mineral! Reservations."Mineral" reservations" which" are" not" the" subject" of"
conservation" measures" to" ensure" the" continuity" of" the" productive" condition" of" said" mining" operations" or" where" operations" have" been" suspended" for" more" than" five" (5)"
areas,"conformably"with"multiple"use"and"sustained"yield"management." years"shall"be"placed"under"forest"management"by"the"Bureau."
" "
If"the"holder"of"a"license"agreement"over"a"forest"area"expressly"or"impliedly"waives"the" Mineral" reservations" where" mining" operations" have" been" terminated" due" to" the"
privilege"to"utilize"any"softwood,"hardwood"or"mangrove"species"therein,"a"license"may" exhaustion" of" its" minerals" shall" revert" to" the" category" of" forest" land," unless" otherwise"
be"issued"to"another"person"for"the"harvest"thereof"without"any"right"of"possession"or" reserved"for"other"purposes."
occupation"over"the"areas"where"they"are"found,"but"he"shall,"likewise,"adopt"protection" #
and" conservation" measures" consistent" with" those" adopted" by" the" license" agreement" Section# 49."Roads! and! other! infrastructure."Roads" and" other" infrastructure" in" forest"
holder"in"the"said"areas." lands"shall"be"constructed"with"the"least"impairment"to"the"resource"values"thereof."
# Government"agencies"undertaking"the"construction"of"roads,"bridges,"communications,"
Section# 39."Regulation! of! timber! utilization! in! all! other! classes! of! lands! and! of! woodO and" other" infrastructure" and" installations" inside" forest" lands," shall" coordinate" with" the"
processing! plants."The" utilization" of" timber" in" alienable" and" disposable" lands," private" Bureau,"especially"if"it"will"involve"the"utilization"or"destruction"of"timber"and/or"other"
lands," civil" reservations," and" all" lands" containing" standing" or" felled" timber," including" forest"resources,"or"watershed"disturbance"therein,"in"order"to"adopt"measures"to"avoid"
those"under"the"jurisdiction"of"other"government"agencies,"and"the"establishment"and" or"reduce"damage"or"injury"to"the"forest"resource"values."
operation"of"saw5mills"and"other"wood5processing"plants,"shall"be"regulated"in"order"to" "
N""U""N""E""Z"
They" shall" likewise" extend" assistance" in" the" planning" and" establishment" of" roads," The" Bureau" may" call" upon" other" agencies" of" the" government" and" holders" of" license"
wharves,"piers,"port"facilities,"and"other"infrastructure"in"locations"designated"as"wood5 agreement,"license,"lease"and"permits"over"forest"lands"to"participate"in"the"census."
processing"centers"or"for"the"convenience"of"wood5based"industries." "
"
In" order" to" coincide" and" conform" to" government" plans," programs," standards," and" E. SPECIAL USES
specifications," holders" of" license" agreements," licenses," leases" and" permits" shall" not" Section# 55."Wildlife."Wildlife" may" be" destroyed," killed," consumed," eaten" or" otherwise"
undertake"road"or"infrastructure"construction"or"installation"in"forest"lands"without"the" disposed"of,"without"the"necessity"of"permit,"for"the"protection"of"life,"health,"safety"and"
prior"approval"of"the"Director,"or"in"alienable"and"disposable"lands,"civil"reservations"and" property,"and"the"convenience"of"the"people."
other" government" lands," without" the" approval" of" the" government" agencies" having" However,"the"Director"may"regulate"the"killing"and"destruction"of"wildlife"in"forest"lands"
administrative"jurisdiction"over"the"same." in"order"to"maintain"an"ecological"balance"of"flora"and"fauna."
" "
All" roads" and" infrastructure" constructed" by" holders" of" license" agreements," licenses," Section# 57."Other! special! uses! of! forest! lands."Forest" lands" may" be" leased" for" a" period"
leases"and"permits"belong"to"the"State"and"the"use"and"administration"thereof"shall"be" not" exceeding" twenty5five" (25)" years," renewable" upon" the" expiration" thereof" for" a"
transferred"to"the"government"immediately"upon"the"expiration"or"termination"thereof." similar" period," or" held" under" permit," for" the" establishment" of" sawmills," lumber" yards,"
Prior" thereto" the" Bureau" may" authorize" the" public" use" thereof," if" it" will" not" be" timber" depots," logging" camps," rights5of5way," or" for" the" construction" of" sanatoria,"
detrimental"to"forest"conservation"measures." bathing"establishments,"camps,"salt"works,"or"other"beneficial"purposes"which"do"not"in"
" any"way"impair"the"forest"resources"therein."
Where" roads" are" utilized" by" more" than" one" commercial" forest" user," the" Bureau" shall" "
prescribe" the" terms" and" conditions" of" joint" use" including" the" equitable" sharing" of"
construction"and/or"maintenance"costs,"and"of"the"use"of"these"roads"by"other"parties" F. QUALIFICATIONS
and"the"collection"of"such"fees"as"may"be"deemed"necessary." Section# 58."Diffusion! of! benefits."The" privilege" to" utilize," exploit," occupy," or" possess"
" forest" lands," or" to" conduct" any" activity" therein," or" to" establish" and" operate" wood5
Section# 51."Management! of! occupancy! in! forest! lands."Forest" occupancy" shall" processing" plants," shall" be" diffused" to" as" many" qualified" and" deserving" applicants" as"
henceforth"be"managed."The"Bureau"shall"study,"determine"and"define"which"lands"may" possible."
be" the" subject" of" occupancy" and" prescribed" therein," an" agro5forestry" development" #
program." Section# 59."Citizenship."In" the" evaluation" of" applications" of" corporations," increased"
" Filipino" equity" and" participation" beyond" the" 60%" constitutional" limitation" shall" be"
Occupants"shall"undertake"measures"to"prevent"and"protect"forest"resources." encouraged." All" other" factors" being" equal," the" applicant" with" more" Filipino" equity" and"
" participation"shall"be"preferred."
Any" occupancy" in" forest" land" which" will" result" in" sedimentation," erosion," reduction" in" #
water" yield" and" impairment" of" other" resources" to" the" detriment" of" community" and" Section#61."Transfers."Unless"authorized"by"the"Department"Head,"no"licensee,"lessee,"or"
public"interest"shall"not"be"allowed." permittee"may"transfer,"exchange,"sell"or"convey"his"license"agreement,"license,"lease"or"
" permit,"or"any"of"his"rights"or"interests"therein,"or"any"of"his"assets"used"in"connection"
In" areas" above" 50%" in" slope," occupation" shall" be" conditioned" upon" the" planting" of" therewith."
desirable"trees"thereon"and/or"adoption"of"other"conservation"measures." "
# The" licensee," lessee," or" permittee" shall" be" allowed" to" transfer" or" convey" his" license"
Section#52."Census!of!kaingineros,!squatters,!cultural!minorities!and!other!occupants!and! agreement,"license,"lease"or"permit"only"if"he"has"not"violated"any"forestry"law,"rule"or"
residents!in!forest!lands.Henceforth,"no"person"shall"enter"into"forest"lands"and"cultivate" regulation;" has" been" faithfully" complying" with" the" terms" and" conditions" of" the" license"
the"same"without"lease"or"permit." agreement,"license,"lease"or"permit;"the"transferee"has"all"the"qualifications"and"none"of"
" the" disqualifications" to" hold" a" license" agreement," license," lease" or" permit;" there" is" no"
A" complete" census" of" kaingineros," squatters," cultural" minorities" and" other" occupants" evidence" that" such" transfer" or" conveyance" is" being" made" for" purposes" of" speculation;"
and"residents"in"forest"lands"with"or"without"authority"or"permits"from"the"government," and"the"transferee"shall"assume"all"the"obligations"of"the"transferor."
showing"the"extent"of"their"respective"occupation"and"resulting"damage,"or"impairment" "
of"forest"resources,"shall"be"conducted." The" transferor" shall" forever" be" barred" from" acquiring" another" license" agreement,"
" license,"lease"or"permit."
N""U""N""E""Z"
# #
Section#62."Service!contracts."The"Department"Head,"may"in"the"national"interest,"allow" Section#704."Charges!on!Timber!Cut!in!Forestland.!–"There"shall"be"collected"charges"on"
forest" products" licensees," lessees," or" permittees" to" enter" into" service" contracts" for" each" cubic" meter" of" timber" cut" in" forestland," whether" belonging" to" the" first," second,"
financial,"technical,"management,"or"other"forms"of"assistance,"in"consideration"of"a"fee," third"or"fourth"group,"twenty5five"percent"(25%)"of"the"actual"FOB"market"price"based"
with" any" foreign" person" or" entity" for" the" exploration," development," exploitation" or" on" species" and" grading:! Provided,! however,"That," in" the" case" of" pulpwood" and"
utilization"of"the"forest"resources,"covered"by"their"license"agreements,"licenses,"leases" matchwood" cut" in" forestland," forest" charges" on" each" cubic" meter" shall" be" ten" percent"
or" permits." Existing" valid" and" binding" service" contracts" for" financial," technical," (10%)"of"the"actual"FOB"market"price."
management"or"other"forms"of"assistance"are"hereby"recognized"as"such." #
" Section# 715."Charges! on! Firewood,! Branches! and! Other! Recoverable! Wood! Wastes! of!
Timber.!–"Except"for"all"mangrove"species"whose"cutting"shall"be"banned,"there"shall"be"
CRIMINAL OFFENSES AND PENALTIES collected"forest"charges"on"each"cubic"meter"of"firewood"cut"in"forestland,"branches"and"
1
Section# 68 ."Cutting,! gathering! and/or! collecting! timber! or! other! products! without! other"recoverable"wood"wastes"of"timber,"such"as"timber"ends,"tops"and"stumps,"when"
license."Any" person" who" shall" cut," gather," collect," removed" timber" or" other" forest" used"as"raw"materials"for"the"manufacture"of"finished"products,"Ten"pesos"(P10.00)."
products" from" any" forest" land," or" timber" from" alienable" or" disposable" public" land," or" "
from" private" land," without" any" authority," or" possess" timber" or" other" forest" products" Only" third" or" fourth" group" wood" can" be" taken" for" firewood." However," if" jointly"
without" the" legal" documents" as" required" under" existing" forest" laws" and" regulations," authorized" by" the" Secretaries" of" both" the" Departments" of" Environment" and" Natural"
shall"be"punished"with"the"penalties"imposed"under"Articles"309"and"310"of"the"Revised" Resources,"and"Agriculture,"first"and"second"group"woods"may"be"removed"for"firewood"
Penal"Code:"Provided,"That"in"the"case"of"partnerships,"associations,"or"corporations,"the" purposes"from"land"which"is"more"valuable"for"agricultural"than"for"forest"purposes."
officers"who"ordered"the"cutting,"gathering,"collection"or"possession"shall"be"liable,"and" #
if" such" officers" are" aliens," they" shall," in" addition" to" the" penalty," be" deported" without" Section#726."Charges!on!Minor!Forest!Products."–"All"other"forest"products"of"forestland"
further"proceedings"on"the"part"of"the"Commission"on"Immigration"and"Deportation." which"are"not"covered"by"the"preceding"sections"shall"be"exempt"from"any"of"all"forest"
" charges," except" rattan," gums" and" resins," beeswax,"gutaOpercha," almaciga" resin" and"
The"court"shall"further"order"the"confiscation"in"favor"of"the"government"of"the"timber" bamboo"which"shall"be"charged"at"ten"percent"(10%)"of"the"actual"FOB"market"price.""
or" any" forest" products" cut," gathered," collected," removed," or" possessed" as" well" as" the" #
machinery,"equipment,"implements"and"tools"illegally"used"in"the"area"where"the"timber" Section# 737."Effectivity!and!Application!of!Forest!Charges!and!Determination!of!Market!
or"forest"products"are"found."" Price!of!Forest!Products."–"The"rates"of"forest"charges"provided"for"in"Sections"70,"71"and"
" 72"hereof"shall"be"effective"upon"approval"of"this"Act."The"new"rates"shall"be"published"
Sec.# 68cA2." Administrative" Authority" of" the" Department" Head" or" His" Duly" Authorized" in"the"Official!Gazette"or"in"two"(2)"newspapers"of"national"circulation"and"shall"also"be"
Representative" to" Order" Confiscation." In" all" cases" of" violations" of" this" Code" or" other" posted" in" conspicuous" places" in" the" different" Department" of" Environment" and" Natural"
forest" laws," rules" and" regulations," the" Department" Head" or" his" duly" authorized" Resources"field"offices."
representative,"may"order"the"confiscation"of"any"forest"products"illegally"cut,"gathered," #
removed"or"possessed"or"abandoned,"and"all"conveyances"used"either"by"land,"water"or" “The"actual"FOB"market"price"of"forest"products"shall"be"justly"determined"once"a"year"
air" in" the" commission" of" the" offense" and" to" dispose" of" the" same" in" accordance" with" by" the" Secretary" of" Environment" and" Natural" Resources:! Provided," That" he" shall" cause"
pertinent"laws,"regulations"or"policies"on"the"matter." the" creation" of" a" committee" to" be" composed" of" representatives" of" the" Department" of"
" Environment" and" Natural" Resources," the" National" Economic" and" Development"
Sec.# 68cB 3 ." Rewards" to" Informants." Any" person" who" shall" provide" any" information" Authority," the" Department" of" Trade" and" Industry," the" Bureau" of" Internal" Revenue" and"
leading" to" the" apprehension" and" conviction" of" any" offender" for" any" violation" of" this" the" wood" and" furniture" industry" and" consumers" sectors" which" shall" formulate" the"
Code"or"other"forest"laws,"rules"and"regulations,"or"confiscation"of"forest"products"shall" criteria"and/or"guidelines"in"the"determination"of"the"actual"FOB"market"price"to"be"used"
be" given" a" reward" in" the" amount" of" twenty" per" centum" (20%)" of" the" proceeds" of" the" as" the" basis" for" the" assessment" of" the"ad! valorem"tax," taking" into" consideration"
confiscated"forest"products." production" cost" (developing" cost," contingencies" and" miscellaneous" cost)," species" and"
" grade"of"timber,"government"share,"reforestation,"tariff"duties,"taxes,"risk"involved"and"a"
Section#69."Unlawful!occupation!or!destruction!of!forest!lands.""
"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""""""""
"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""""""" 4
"Amended"by"RA"7161"
1 5
"Amended"by"EO"227" "Amended"by"RA"7161"
2 6
"same"^" "same"^""
3 7
"same"^" "same"^"
N""U""N""E""Z"
reasonable"margin"of"profit"for"domestic"and"export"market"prices"for"wood"and"wood" Sec" 1." Article" 1146" of" the" Civil" Code" of" the" Philippines" is" hereby" amended" to" read" as"
products." follows:"
" "The"following"actions"must"be"instituted"within"four"years:"
“These"forest"charges"shall"be"applied"to"naturally"growing"timber"and"forest"products" (1) Upon"injury"to"the"rights"of"the"plaintiff;"
gathered" within" public" forestlands," alienable" and" disposable" lands" and" private" lands." (2) Upon"a"quasi5delict;"
Forest" charges" collected" shall" be" in" lieu" of" the" administrative" charge" on" environment" "
and" other" fees" and" charges" imposed" thereon:! Provided," That" planted" trees" and" other" However," when" the" action" arises" from" or" out" of" any" act," activity," or" conduct" of" any"
forest"products"harvested"from"industrial"tree"plantations"and"private"lands"covered"by" public" officer" involving" the" exercise" of" powers" or" authority" arising" from" Martial" Law"
existing" tiller" or" by" approved" land" application" are" exempted" from" payment" of" forest" including" the" arrest," detention" and/or" trial" of" the" plaintiff," the" same" must" be" brought"
charges.”# within"one"(1)"year.""
#
Section#74."Misclassification!and!survey!by!government!official!or!employee.""
# BP 83
Section#75."Tax!declaration!on!real!property."(upon"any"public"officer"or"employee"who"
AMENDING CERTAIN SECTIONS OF THE NATIONAL INTERNAL REVENUE
shall"issue"a"tax"declaration"on"real"property"without"a"certification"from"the"Director"of"
CODE, AS AMENDED, GOVERNING THE TAXATION OF FOREST PRODUCTS
Forest"Development"and"the"Director"of"Lands"or"their"duly"designated"representatives"
AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES
that"the"area"declared"for"taxation"is"alienable"and"disposable"lands)"
#
#
Section" 1."Sec." 270" of" the" National" Internal" Revenue" Code" of" 1977," as" amended," is"
Section#76."Coercion!and!influence.!(In!re:!Sec.!75)"
further"amended"to"read"as"follows:"
#
"
Section#77."Unlawful!possession!of!implements!and!devices!used!by!forest!officers.""
"Sec."270."Measuring"of"forest"products"and"invoicing"and"collection"of"charges"thereon."
#
Section#78."Payment,!collection!and!remittance!of!forest!charges."(Any"person"who"fails"
or"refuses"to"remit"to"the"proper"authorities"said"forest"charges"collectible"pursuant"to" Local Government Code [RA 7160]
the" provisions" of" this" Code" or" the" National" Internal" Revenue" Code," or" who" delays,"
obstructs"or"prevents"the"same)" SECTION#2."Declaration!of!Policy."–"(a)"It"is"hereby"declared"the"policy"of"the"State"that"
# the"territorial"and"political"subdivisions"of"the"State"shall"enjoy"genuine"and"meaningful"
Section#79."Sale!of!wood!products.!(Must!comply!with!grading!rules)" local" autonomy" to" enable" them" to" attain" their" fullest" development" as" self5reliant"
# communities" and" make" them" more" effective" partners" in" the" attainment" of" national"
Section# 80."Arrest;! Institution! of! criminal! actions."(A" forest" officer" or" employee" of" the" goals." Toward" this" end," the" State" shall" provide" for" a" more" responsive" and" accountable"
Bureau" shall" arrest" even" without" warrant" any" person" who" has" committed" or" is" local" government" structure" instituted" through" a" system" of" decentralization" whereby"
committing" in" his" presence" any" of" the" offenses" defined" in" this" Chapter." He" shall" also" local" government" units" shall" be" given" more" powers," authority," responsibilities," and"
seize"and"confiscate"equipment"used)" resources."The"process"of"decentralization"shall"proceed"from"the"National"Government"
" to"the"local"government"units."
"
SECTION# 3." Operative! Principles! of! Decentralization.! –" The" formulation" and"
PD No. 1755 implementation" of" policies" and" measures" on" local" autonomy" shall" be" guided" by" the"
A DECREE AMENDING ARTICLE 1146 OF THE CIVIL CODE following"operative"principles:"
" (a) There" shall" be" an" effective" allocation" among" the" different" local" government"
WHEREAS," the" transition" from" the" period" of" Martial" Law" to" that" of" normalcy" in" our" units"of"their"respective"powers,"functions,"responsibilities,"and"resources;"
present" political" situation" requires" the" immediate" and" expeditious" settlement" of"
"
whatever" disputes" that" may" have" arisen" out" of" the" proclamation" of" Martial" Law," SECTION# 15." Political" and" Corporate" Nature" of" Local" Government" Units." –" Every" local"
inclusive"of"actions"for"damages"against"public"officers"by"those"who"feel"aggrieved"by" government"unit"created"or"recognized"under"this"Code"is"a"body"politic"and"corporate"
the" action," activity" or" conduct" of" such" public" officers" in" the" implementation" of" Martial"
endowed" with" powers" to" be" exercised" by" it" in" conformity" with" law." As" such," it" shall"
Law;" exercise"powers"as"a"political"subdivision"of"the"national"government"and"as"a"corporate"
entity"representing"the"inhabitants"of"its"territory."
N""U""N""E""Z"
" #
Water Code PD 1067 Article#6."The"following"waters"found"on"private"lands"belong"to"the"State:"
[Look"@"Property"PPT"bes]" (a) Continuous"or"intermittent"waters"rising"on"such"lands;"
(b) Lakes"and"lagoons"naturally"occuring"on"such"lands;"
DECLARATION OF OBJECTIVES AND PRINCIPLES" (c) Rain"water"falling"on"such"lands;"
Article#2."The"objectives"of"this"Code"are:" (d) Subterranean"or"ground"waters;"and,"
(a) To"establish"the"basic"principles"and"framework"relating"to"the"appropriation," (e) Water"in"swamps"and"marshes."
"
control" and" conservation" of" water" resources" to" achieve" the" optimum"
development"and"rational"utilization"of"these"resources;" The" owner" of" the" land" where" the" water" is" found" may" use" the" same" for" domestic"
(b) To" define" the" extent" of" the" rights" and" obligations" of" water" users" and" owners" purposes" without" securing" a" permit," provided" that" such" use" shall" be" registered," when"
required" by" the" Council." The" Council," however," may" regulate" such" when" there" is"
including"the"protection"and"regulation"of"such"rights;"
(c) To" adopt" a" basic" law" governing" the" ownership," appropriation," utilization," wastage,"or"in"times"of"emergency."
exploitation," development," conservation" and" protection" of" water" resources" #
and"rights"to"land"related"thereto;"and" Article# 7." Subject" to" the" provisions" of" this" Code," any" person" who" captures" or" collects"
water"by"means"of"cisterns,"tanks,"or"pools"shall"have"exclusive"control"over"such"water"
(d) To"identify"the"administrative"agencies"which"will"enforce"this"Code."
Article#3."The"underlying"principles"of"this"code"are:" and"the"right"to"dispose"of"the"same."
(a) All"waters"belong"to"the"State." #
Article#8."Water"legally"appropriated"shall"be"subject"to"the"control"of"the"appropriator"
(b) All" waters" that" belong" to" the" State" can" not" be" the" subject" to" acquisitive"
prescription." from"the"moment"it"reaches"the"appropriator's"canal"or"aqueduct"leading"to"the"place"
(c) The" State" may" allow" the" use" or" development" of" waters" by" administrative" where"the"water"will"be"used"or"stored"and,"thereafter,"so"long"as"it"is"being"beneficially"
used"for"the"purposes"for"which"it"was"appropriated."
concession."
(d) The" utilization," exploitation," development," conservation" and" protection" of" #
water" resources" shall" be" subject" to" the" control" and" regulation" of" the" Article# 13." Except" as" otherwise" herein" provided," no" person," including" government"
instrumentalities" or" government5owned" or" controlled" corporations," shall" appropriate"
government" through" the" National" Water" Resources" Council," hereinafter"
referred"to"as"the"Council." water"without"a"water"right,"which"shall"be"evidenced"by"a"document"known"as"a"water"
(e) Preference"in"the"use"and"development"of"waters"shall"consider"current"usages" permit."
"
and"be"responsive"to"the"changing"needs"of"the"country."
# Water"right"is"the"privilege"granted"by"the"government"to"appropriate"and"use"water."
Article#4."Waters,"as"used"in"this"Code,"refers"to"water"under"the"grounds,"water"above" #
Article# 14." Subject" to" the" provisions" of" this" Code" concerning" the" control," protection,"
the" ground," water" in" the" atmosphere" and" the" waters" of" the" sea" within" the" territorial"
jurisdiction"of"the"Philippines." conservation," and" regulation" of" the" appropriation" and" use" of" waters," any" person" may"
appropriate"or"use"natural"bodies"of"water"without"securing"a"water"permit"for"any"of"
the"following:"
OWNERSHIP OF WATERS (a) Appropriation"of"water"by"means"of"handcarried"receptacles;"and"
(b) Bathing" or" washing," watering" or" dipping" of" domestic" or" farm" animals," and"
Article#5."The"following"belong"to"the"State:"
navigation" of" watercrafts" or" transportation" of" logs" and" other" objects" by"
(a) Rivers"and"their"natural"beds;"
flotation."
(b) Continuous" or" intermittent" waters" of" springs" and" brooks" running" in" their"
#
natural"beds"and"the"beds"themselves;"
Article#15."Only"citizens"of"the"Philippines,"of"legal"age,"as"well"as"juridical"persons,"who"
(c) Natural"lakes"and"lagoons;" are" duly" qualified" by" law" to" exploit" and" develop" water" resources," may" apply" for" water"
(d) All"other"categories"of"surface"waters"such"as"water"flowing"over"lands,"water"
permits."
from" rainfall" whether" natural," or" artificial," and" water" from" agriculture" runoff,"
#
seepage"and"drainage;" Article# 18." All" water" permits" granted" shall" be" subject" to" conditions" of" beneficial" use,"
(e) Atmospheric"water;"
adequate"standards"of"design"and"construction,"and"such"other"terms"and"conditions"as"
(f) Subterranean"or"ground"waters;"and,"
may"be"imposed"by"the"Council."
(g) Seawater."
"
N""U""N""E""Z"
Such" permits" shall" specify" the" maximum" amount" of" water" which" may" be" diverted" or" entitled" to" compensation" for" any" damage" sustained" thereby." However," the" former"
withdrawn,"the"maximum"rate"of"diversion"or"withdrawal,"the"time"or"times"during"the" owners"of"the"new"bed"shall"be"the"owners"of"the"abandoned"bed"in"proportion"to"the"
year" when" water" may" be" diverted" or" withdrawn," the" points" or" points" of" diversion" or" area"lost"by"each."
location"of"wells,"the"place"of"use,"the"purposes"of"which"water"may"be"used"and"such" "
other"requirements"the"Council"deems"desirable." The"owners"of"the"affected"lands"may"undertake"to"return"the"river"or"stream"to"its"old"
# bed" at" their" own" expense;" Provided," That" a" permit" therefor" is" secured" from" the"
Article# 19." Water" rights" may" be" leaded" or" transferred" in" whole" or" in" part" to" another" Secretary" of" Public" Works," Transportation" and" Communication" and" work" pertaining"
person"with"prior"approval"of"the"Council,"after"due"notice"and"hearing." thereto"are"commenced"within"tw"
#
Article#20."The"measure"and"limit"of"appropriation"of"water"shall"be"beneficial"use."
Beneficial"use"of"water"is"the"utilization"of"water"in"the"right"amount"during"the"period" CONSERVATION AND PROTECTION OF WATERS AND
that"the"water"is"needed"for"producing"the"benefits"for"which"the"water"is"appropriated." WATERSHEDS AND RELATED LAND RESOURCES
# Article#67."Any"watershed"or"any"area"of"land"adjacent"to"any"surface"water"or"overlying"
Article# 24." A" water" right" shall" be" exercised" in" such" a" manner" that" the" rights" of" third" any"ground"water"may"declared"by"the"Department"of"Natural"Resources"as"protected"
persons"or"of"other"appropriators"are"not"prejudiced"thereby." area" Rules" and" regulations" may" be" promulgated" by" such" Department" to" prohibit" or"
" control" such" activities" by" the" owners" or" occupants" thereof" within" the" protected" area"
Article# 29."Water"permits"may"be"revoked"after"due"notice"and"hearing"on"grounds"of" which"may"damage"or"cause"the"deterioration"of"the"surface"water"or"ground"water"or"
non5use;" gross" violation" of" the" conditions" imposed" in" the" permit;" unauthorized" sale" of" interfere"with"the"investigation,"use,"control,"protection,"management"or"administration"
water;"willful"failure"or"refusal"to"comply"with"rules"and"regulations"of"any"lawful"order;" of"such"waters."
pollution," public" nuisance" or" acts" detrimental" to" public" health" and" safety;" when" the"
appropriator" is" found" to" be" disqualified" under" the" law" to" exploit" and" develop" natural"
resources" of" the" Philippines;" when," in" the" case," of" irrigation," the" land" is" converted" to" ADMINISTRATION OF WATERS AND ENFORCEMENT OF THE
non5agricultural"purposes;"and"other"similar"grounds." PROVISIONS OF THIS CODE
#
Article#79."The"Administration"and"enforcement"of"the"provisions"of"this"Code,"including"
Article#37."In"the"construction"and"operation"of"hydraulic"works,"due"consideration"shall"
the" granting" of" permits" and" the" imposition" of" penalties" for" administrative" violations"
be"given"to"the"preservation"of"scenic"places"and"historical"relics"and,"in"addition"to"the"
hereof,"are"hereby"vested"in"the"Council,"and"except"in"regard"to"those"functions"which"
provisions"of"existing"laws,"no"works"that"would"required"the"destruction"or"removal"of"
under"this"Code"are"specifically"conferred"upon"other"agencies"of"the"government,"the"
such" places" or" relics" shall" be" undertaken" without" showing" that" the" distribution" or"
Council"is"hereby"empowered"to"make"all"decisions"and"determinations"provided"for"in"
removal"is"necessary"and"unaviodable."
this"Code."
#
CONTROL OF WATERS Article# 80." The" Council" may" deputize" any" official" or" agency" of" the" government" to"
perform"any"of"its"specific"functions"or"activities."
Article# 53."To"promote"the"best"interest"and"the"coordinated"protection"of"flood"plain"
#
lands,"the"Secretary"of"Public"Works,"Transportation"and"Communications"may"declare"
Article# 87." The" Council" or" its" duly" authorized" representatives," in" the" exercise" of" its"
flood" control" areas" and" promulgate" guidelines" for" governing" flood" plain" management"
power"to"investigate"and"decide"cases"brought"to"its"cognizance,"shall"have"the"power"to"
plans"in"these"areas."
administer"oaths,"compel"the"attendance"of"witnesses"by"subpoena"and"the"production"
#
of"relevant"documents"by"subpoena"duces"tecum."
Article#54."In"declared"flood"control"areas,"rules"and"regulations"may"be"promulgated"to"
Non5compliance" of" violation" of" such" orders" or" subpoena" and" subpoena" duces" tecum"
prohibit"or"control"activities"that"may"damage"or"cause"deterioration"or"lakes"and"dikes,"
shall" be" punished" in" the" same" manner" as" indirect" contempt" of" an" inferior" court" upon"
obstruct"the"flow"of"water,"change"the"natural"flow"of"the"river,"increase"flood"losses"or"
application"by"the"aggrieved"party"with"the"proper"Court"of"First"Instance"in"accordance"
aggravate"flood"problems."
with"the"provisions"of"Rules"71"of"the"Rules"of"the"Court."
#
#
Article#58."When"a"river"or"stream"suddenly"changes"its"course"to"traverse"private"lands,"
Article# 88." The" Council" shall" have" original" jurisdiction" over" all" disputes" to" relating" to"
the"owners"of"the"affected"lands"may"not"compel"the"government"to"restore"the"river"to"
appropriation," utilization," exploitation," development," control," conservation" and"
its" former" bed;" nor" can" they" restrain" the" government" from" taking" steps" to" revert" the"
protection"of"waters"within"the"meaning"and"context"of"the"provisions"of"this"Code."
river" or" stream" to" its" former" course." The" owners" of" the" land" thus" affected" are" not"
N""U""N""E""Z"
The" decisions" of" the" Council" on" water" rights" controversies" shall" be" immediately" the" Court," shall" be" imposed" upon" any" person" who" commits" any" of" the" following"
executory" and" the" enforcement" thereof" may" be" suspended" only" when" a" bond," in" a" acts:"
amount" fixed" by" the" Council" to" answer" for" damages" occasioned" by" the" suspension" or" (1) Appropriation"of"water"without"a"water"permit,"unless"such"person"is"expressly"
stay"of"execution,"shall"have"been"filed"by"the"appealing"party,"unless"the"suspension"is" exempted"from"securing"a"permit"by"the"provisions"of"this"Code."
virtue"of"an"order"of"a"competent"court." (2) Unauthorized"obstruction"of"an"irrigation"canal."
" (3) Cultivation"of"a"river"bed,"sand"bar"or"tidal"flat"without"permission."
All"dispute"shall"be"decided"within"sixty"(60)"days"after"the"parties"submit"the"same"for" (4) Malicious"destruction"of"hydraulic"works"or"structure"valued"at"not"exceeding"
decision"or"resolution." Twenty5Five"Thousand"Pesos"(P25,000.00)."
" (b) B." A" fine" exceeding" Three" Thousand" Pesos" P3,000.00)" but" not" more" than" Six"
The" Council" shall" have" the" power" to" issue" writs" of" execution" and" enforce" its" decisions" Thousand" Pesos" P6,000.00)" or" imprisonment" exceeding" three" (3)" years" but" not"
with"the"assistance"of"local"or"national"police"agencies." more"than"six"(6)"years,"or"both"such"fine"and"imprisonment"in"the"discretion"of"the"
Court,"shall"be"imposed"on"any"person"who"commits"any"of"the"following"acts:"
(1) Distribution"for"public"consumption"of"water"which"adversely"affects"the"health"
PENAL PROVISIONS and"safety"of"the"public."
Article# 90." The" following" acts" shall" be" penalized" by" suspension" or" revocation" of" the" (2) Excavation"or"enlargement"of"the"opening"of"a"hot"spring"without"permission."
violator's"water"permit"or"other"right"to"the"use"of"water"and/or"a"fine"of"not"exceeding" (3) Unauthorized"obstruction"of"a"river"or"waterway,"or"occupancy"of"a"river"bank"
One"Thousand"Pesos"(P1,000.00),"in"the"discretion"of"the"Council:" or"seashore"without"permission."
(a) (a)Appropriation" of" subterranean" or" ground" water" for" domestic" use" by" an" (4) Establishment" of" a" cemetery" or" a" waste" disposal" area" near" a" source" of" water"
overlying"landowner"without"registration"required"by"the"Council." supply"or"reservoir"for"domestic"municipal"use"without"permission."
(b) Non5observance"of"any"standard"of"beneficial"use"of"water." (5) Constructing," without" prior" permission" of" the" government" agency" concerned,"
(c) Failure" of" the" appropriator" to" keep" a" record" of" water" withdrawal," when" works"that"produce"dangerous"or"noxious"substances,"or"performing"acts"that"
required." result" in" the" introduction" of" sewage," industrial" waste," or" any" substance" that"
(d) Failure" to" comply" with" any" of" the" terms" or" conditions" in" a" water" permit" or" a" pollutes"a"source"of"water"supply."
water"rights"grant." (6) Dumping" mine" tailings" and" sediments" into" rivers" of" waterways" without"
(e) Unauthorized"use"of"water"for"a"purpose"other"than"that"for"which"a"right"or" permission."
permit"was"granted." (7) Malicious" destruction" of" hydraulic" works" or" structure" valued" more" than"
(f) Construction" or" repair" of" any" hydraulic" work" or" structure" without" duly" Twenty5Five"Thousand"Pesos"(P25,000.00)"but"at"not"exceeding"One"Hundred"
approved"plans"and"specifications,"when"required." Thousand"Peso"(100,000.00)."
(g) Failure" to" install" a" regulating" and" measuring" device" for" the" control" of" the" (c) C." A" fine" exceeding" Six" Thousand" Pesos" (P6,000.00)" but" not" more" than" Ten"
volume"of"water"appropriated,"when"required." Thousand"Pesos"(P10,000.00)"or"imprisonment"exceeding"six"(6)"years"but"not"more"
(h) Unauthorized"sale,"lease,"or"transfer"of"water"and/or"water"rights." than"twelve"(12)"years,"or"both"such"fine"and"imprisonment,"in"the"discretion"of"the"
(i) Failure" to" provide" adequate" facilities" to" prevent" or" control" diseases" when" Court,"shall"be"imposed"upon"any"person"who"commits"any"of"the"following"acts:"
required" by" the" Council" in" the" construction" of" any" work" for" the" storage," (1) Misrepresentation"of"citizenship"in"order"to"qualify"for"water"permit."
diversion,"distribution"and"utilization"of"water." (2) Malicious" destruction" of" a" hydraulic" works" or" structure," valued" at" more" than"
(j) Drilling"of"a"well"without"permission"of"the"Council." One"Hundred"Thousand"Pesos"(P100,000.00)."
(k) Utilization"of"an"existing"well"or"ponding"or"spreading"of"water"for"recharging" "
subterranean"or"ground"water"supplies"without"permission"of"the"Council." Community-Based Forest Management EO. 263
(l) Violation" of" or" non5compliance" with" any" order," rules," or" regulations" of" the" Sec.#1."Community5based"forest"management"(herein"referred"to"as"CBFM)"shall"be"the"
Council." national"strategy"to"achieve"sustainable"forestry"and"social"justice."
(m) Illegal"taking"or"diversion"of"water"in"an"open"canal,"aqueduct"or"reservoir." #
(n) Malicious"destruction"of"hydraulic"works"or"structure"valued"at"not"exceeding" Sec.# 2." The" DENR," through" its" Community" and" Provincial" Environment" and" Natural"
P5,000.00." Resource"Offices,"in"coordination"with"the"local"government"units"and"the"Department"
" of"Interior"and"Local"Government"(DILG)"shall,"at"all"times,"take"into"account"the"needs"
Article#91.## and"aspirations"of"local"communities"whose"livelihood"depends"on"the"forestlands."
(a) A"fine"of"not"exceeding"Three"Thousand"Pesos"(P3,000.00)"or"imprisonment"for"not" "
more"than"three"(3)"years,"or"both"such"fine"and"imprisonment,"in"the"discretion"of"
N""U""N""E""Z"
Sec.# 3.# Participating" organized" communities" may" be" granted" access" to" the" forestland" "
resources" under" long" term" tenurial" agreements," provided" they" employ" environment5 Sec.# 10." The" DENR" shall" support" and" set" up" jointly" with" relevant" colleges" and"
friendly," ecologically5sustainable," and" labor5intensive" harvesting" methods." Such" universities," private" and" public" organizations," arrangements" for" a" community" forestry"
harvesting"methods"shall"be"mentioned"under"a"site5specific"management"plan"of"each" training" program" for" members" of" participating" units," such" as" people's" organizations,"
recipient"community"and"duly"approved"by"the"DENR." non5government" organizations," local" government" units," and" other" government"
" personnel."
Sec.#4."The"indigenous"peoples"may"participate"in"the"implementation"of"CBFM"activities" "
in"recognition"of"their"rights"to"their"ancestral"domains"and"land"rights"and"claims." Sec.# 12.# The" DENR" Secretary" shall" issue" new" rules," regulations," procedures," and"
" guidelines" necessary" to" implement" this" Order" and" repeal" or" modify" existing" ones"
Sec.# 5." A" CBFM" Steering" Committee" shall" be" created" immediately" and" headed" by" the" consistent"with"the"policies"set"forth"by"the"CBFM"Steering"Committee."
DENR"with"members"from"the"Departments"of"Agriculture,"Trade"and"Industry,"Agrarian" "
Reform," Finance," Science" and" Technology," Labor" and" Employment," Interior" and" Local" "
Government," Budget" and" Management," National" Defense" and" Justice;" National" PROMOTING SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT IN
Economic" Development" and" Authority;" Philippine" Commission" on" Countrywide"
Development" under" the" Office" of" the" President," Committee" on" Flagship" Programs" and" THE PHILIPPINES EO 318
Projects"of"the"Office"of"the"President;"Presidential"Management"Staff"under"the"Office" SECTION#1.#Declaration(of(Policy."It"shall"be"the"Policy"of"the"Government"to"pursue"the"
of" the" President;" Cooperative" Development" Authority," and" Offices" of" Northern" and" sustainable"management"of"forests"and"forestlands"in"watersheds."Watersheds"shall"be"
Southern" Cultural" Communities." The" Committee" may" invite" representatives" from" the" deemed"as"ecosystem"management"units"and"shall"be"managed"in"a"holistic,"scientific,"
Philippine"Chamber"of"Commerce,"Philippine"Wood"Products"Association,"NGO"coalition" rights5based," technology5based" and" community5based" manner" and" observing" the"
groups,"and"other"public"and"private"organizations"to"become"members"of"the"Steering" principles" of" multiple5use," decentralization" and" devolution," and" active" participation" of"
Committee." The" Committee" shall" formulate" and" develop" policy" guidelines" that" will" local" government" units" (LGUs)," synergism" of" economic," ecological," social" and" cultural"
create" incentives" and" conditions" necessary" to" effectively" carry" out" community5based" objectives,"and"the"rational"utilization"of"all"resources"found"therein."It"shall"likewise"be"
forest" management" strategy." Accordingly," members" of" the" CBFM" Steering" Committee" the" policy" of" the" Government" to" promote" sound," effective" and" efficient," globally5
should,"at"least,"be"represented"by"concerned"Assistant"Secretaries"or"heads"of"bureaus" competitive"and"equitable"forestry"practices"in"both"public"and"private"domains."
and"agencies." #
" SECTION# 2.#Guiding( Principles."The" pursuit" of" these" policies" shall" be" guided" by" the"
Sec.#6."The"DENR"shall"work"with"local"governments,"people's"organizations"(POs),"non5 following"principles:"
government" organizations" (NGOs)," religious" groups," business" and" industry," and" other" #
concerned" organizations" to" ensure" that" communities" are" empowered" to" initiate" and" 2.1#Delineation,#Classification#and#Demarcation#of#State#Forestlands"
achieve"the"objectives"of"this"Order." 2.1.2"Conversions"of"forestlands"into"non5forestry"uses"shall"be"allowed"only"through"an"
" act"of"Congress"and"upon"the"recommendation"of"concerned"government"agencies."
Sec.# 7." In" its" budget" preparation," the" DENR" shall" allot" adequate" funds" to" effectively" "
accomplish"CBFM"targets"and"shall"seek"supplementary"funding"from"local"and"foreign" 2.2#Holistic,#Sustainable#and#Integrated#Development#of#Forestry#Resources"
supporting" agencies" and" organizations." DENR" shall" ensure" the" inclusion" of" budgetary" 2.2.2" The" priority" development," protection" and" management" activity" of" any"
allocation" for" CBFM" in" the" annual" General" Appropriations" Act," pending" the" passage" of" management"unit"shall"be"the"rehabilitation"of"open"and/or"denuded,"degraded,"fragile"
the"revised"Forestry"Code." forestlands;" and" slope" stabilization" and" protection" to" address" occurrence" of" floods,"
" landslides"and"similar"ecological"disasters."
Sec.# 8.# The" DENR" shall" establish" a" Community5based" Forest" Management" Special" "
Account"(CBFMSA)"to"support"the"implementation"of"the"strategy"and"provide"financial" 2.3#Communityc#Based#Forest#Conservation#and#Development"
and" professional" incentive" system" for" deserving" communities" and" government" 2.3.1"Community5Based"Forest"Management"(CBFM)"shall"be"the"primary"strategy"in"all"
personnel." forest" conservation" and" development" and" related" activities," including" joint" ventures,"
" production" sharing" and" co5production;" it" shall" be" encouraged" in" all" private" sector"
Sec.# 9." The" DENR" may" source" local" and" international" grants" and" donations" for" the" forestry"enterprises"and"ventures."
establishment" of" the" CBFM" Special" Account." Other" sources" of" fund" may" later" be" 2.3.2" CBFM" shall" be" a" collaborative" undertaking" of" the" national" government" and" the"
determined" by" the" CBFM" Steering" Committee" subject" to" existing" government" LGU’s," local" peoples," community" organizations," civil" society" organizations" (CSO’s)," and"
regulations." private"business"entities."
N""U""N""E""Z"
2.3.3" Local" cultures," values," traditions," religious" beliefs" and" the" rights" of" indigenous" (5) Socialized# Integrated# Forest# Management# Agreement# (SIFMA)"–" is" an"
peoples" to" their" ancestral" lands" and" domains" as" promoted" and/or" defined" by" existing" agreement"entered"into"by"and"between"a"natural"or"juridical"person"and"the"
legislation"shall"be"recognized"and"respected"in"all"forestry"undertakings"of"the"State"and" DENR"wherein"the"latter"grants"to"the"former"the"right"to"develop,"utilize"and"
the"private"sector." manage"a"small"tract"of"forest"land"consistent"with"the"principle"of"sustainable"
# development."
2.4# Incentives# for# Enhancing# Private# Investments,# Economic# Contribution# and# Global# (6) CommunitycBased# Forest# Management# (CBFMA)"–" is" an" agreement" entered"
Competitiveness#of#ForestcBased#Industries" into" by" and" between" the" government" and" the" local" community" in" a" locality,"
2.4.1" The" government" shall" provide" a" favorable" and" stable" policy" and" investment" represented" by" a" people’s" organization" as" forest" managers," for" a" specific"
environment"that"shall"promote"the"development"of"efficient,"globally5competitive"and" period"wherein"the"local"community"is"allowed"to"develop,"utilize"and"manage"
environment5friendly" forest" based" industries," ensure" their" sustainable" raw" material" a" small" tract" of" forest" land" consistent" with" the" principle" of" sustainable"
supply" and" encourage" value5added" processing" in5country" to" boost" rural" employment" development."
and"the"economy." (7) National# Greening# Program"–" is" a" DA5DENR5DAR" Convergence" Initiative"
# anchored" on" the" government’s" goal" of" poverty" reduction," food," security,"
2.5#Proper#Valuation#and#Pricing#of#Forestry#Resources#and#Financing#SFM" climate"change"adaptation"and"mitigation."
2.5.1" Mechanisms" for" proper" valuation" and" fair" and" comprehensive" pricing" of" forest" #
products" and" services," including" water" for" domestic," industrial," irrigation" and" power" Section# 2.# Moratorium# on# the# Cutting# and# Harvesting# of# Timber# in# the# Natural#
generation,"biodiversity"and"eco5tourism,"shall"be"developed"and"promoted." Forests"–" A" moratorium" on" the" cutting" and" harvesting" of" timber" in" the" natural" and"
2.5.3" Appropriate" and" doable" mechanisms" for" adopting" the" principles" of" environment" residual"forests"of"the"entire"country"is"hereby"declared"unless"lifted"after"the"effectivity"
and"natural"resources"accounting"(ENRA)"and"watershed"ecosystems"as"minimum"spatial" of" this" Executive" Order." In" order" to" implement" this" policy," the" following" are" hereby"
units"of"accounts"shall"be"developed"and"institutionalized." instituted:"
" (1) The" DENR" is" henceforth" hereby" prohibited" form" issuing" logging"
2.6#Institutional#Support#for#SFM" contracts/agreements" in" all" natural" and" residual" forests," such" as" Integrated"
Forest" Management" Agreements" (IFMA)," Socialized" Integrated" Forest"
Moratorium on Natural Forest Cutting & National Management" Agreements" (SIFMA)," Community5Based" Forest" Management"
Agreement" (CBFMA)" and" other" agreements/contracts" with" logging"
Greening Program components"in"natural"and"residual"forests;"
(2) The"DENR"is"likewise"prohibited"from"issuing/renewing"tree"cutting"permits"in"
LOGGING MORATORIUM [EO. 23]
all"natural"and"residual"forests"nationwide,"except"for"clearing"of"road"right"of"
Title:" DECLARING" A" MORATORIUM" ON" THE" CUTTING" AND" HARVESTING" OF" TIMBER" IN" way"by"the"DPWH,"site"preparation"for"tree"plantations,"silvicultural"treatment"
THE" NATURAL" AND" RESIDUAL" FORESTS" AND" CREATING" THE" ANTI5ILLEGAL" LOGGING" and" similar" activities," provided" that" all" logs" derived" from" the" said" cutting"
TASK"FORCE" permits" shall" be" turned" over" to" the" DENR" for" proper" disposal." Tree" cutting"
Section# 1.# Definition# of# Terms." For" the" purpose" of" this" Executive" Order," the" following" associated"with"cultural"practices"pursuant"to"the"indigenous"Peoples"Right"Act"
terms"shall"be"defined:" (IPRA" Law)" may" be" allowed" only" subject" to" strict" compliance" with" existing"
(1) Forest# Land#–" it" includes" public" forest," permanent" forest" or" forest" reserves," guidelines"of"the"DENR;"
and"forest"reservations." (3) The"DENR"shall"close"and"not"allow"to"operate"all"sawmills,"veneer"plants"and"
(2) Natural# and# Residual# Forestsc"are" forests" composed" of" indigenous" trees," not" other"wood"processing"plants"who"are"unable"to"present"proof"of"sustainable"
planted"by"man." sources" of" legally" cut" logs" for" a" period" of" at" least" five" (5)" years" within" one"
(3) Plantation#Forest"–" is" a" forest" where" the" trees" were" planted" pursuant" to" a" month"from"effectivity"of"this"Executive"Order:"
management"agreement"with"the"DENR." (4) The" Department" of" Education" shall" be" given" priority" in" the" use" of" all"
(4) Integrated# Forest# Management# Agreement# (IFMA)"–" is" a" production" sharing" confiscated"logs."
contract" entered" into" by" and" between" the" DENR" and" a" qualified" applicant" "
wherein" the" DENR" grants" to" the" latter" exclusive" right" to" develop," manage," Section# 3.# Creation# of# the# AnticIllegal# Logging# Task# Force.#To"enforce"the"moratorium"
protect"and"utilize"a"specified"area"of"forest"land"and"forest"resources"therein" and" lead" the" anti5illegal" logging" campaign," an" Anti5Illegal" Logging" Task" Force" is" hereby"
for"a"specified"period"consistent"with"the"principle"of"sustainable"development" created."The"Task"Force"shall"be"composed"of"the"DENR"Secretary"or"his"duly"authorized"
and" in" accordance" with" an" approved" Comprehensive" Development" and" representative" as" Chairman" and" the" Secretary" of" the" Department" of" the" Interior" and"
Management"Plan"(CDMP)." Local" Government," the" Secretary" of" the" Department" of" National" Defense," the" Chief" of"
N""U""N""E""Z"
the"Philippine"National"Police,"the"Chief"of"Staff"of"the"Armed"Forces"of"the"Philippines" Convergence"Initiative"to"develop"a"National"Greening"Program"in"cooperation"with"the"
of"their"respective"authorized"representatives","as"members." Department" of" Education" (DepEd)," Commission" on" Higher" Education" (CHED),"
" Department" of" Social" Welfare" and" Development" (DSWD)," Department" of" Budget" and"
(Their"budgetary"support"is"10M."10"f’in"Million"damn"bro)" Management"(DBM),"private"sector"and"other"concerned"agencies"and"institutions."
#
Section# 1.# Declaration# of# Policy.# It" is" the" policy" of" the" State" to" pursue" sustainable"
NATIONAL GREENING PROGRAM [EO. 26] development" for" poverty" reduction," food" security," biodiversity" conservation," and"
The"(NGP)"is"a"massive"forest"rehabilitation"program"of"the"government."It"seeks"to"grow" climate"change"mitigation"and"adaptation."
1.5" billion" trees" in" 1.5" million" hectares" nationwide" within" a" period" of" six" years," from" #
2011"to"2016."" Section# 2.# Coverage.# The"National"Greening"Program"shall"plant"some"1.5"Billion"trees"
" covering" about" 1.5" Million" hectares" for" a" period" of" six" (6)" years" from" 2011" to" 2016," in"
Aside" from" being" a" reforestation" initiative," the" NGP" is" also" seen" as" a" climate" change" the"following"lands"of"the"public"domain:"
mitigation" strategy" as" it" seeks" to" enhance" the" country’s" forest" stock" to" absorb" carbon" (1) Forestlands"
dioxide,"which"is"largely"blamed"for"global"warming."" (2) Mangrove"and"protected"areas"
" (3) Ancestral"domains"
It" is" also" designed" to" reduce" poverty," providing" alternative" livelihood" activities" for" (4) Civil"and"military"reservations"
marginalized" upland" and" lowland" households" relating" to" seedling" production" and" care" (5) Urban"areas"under"the"greening"plan"of"the"LGUs"
and"maintenance"of"newly5planted"trees."" (6) Inactive"and"abandoned"mine"sites;"and"
" (7) Other"suitable"lands"
As"a"convergence"initiative"among"the"Departments"of"Agriculture,"Agrarian"Reform"and" "
DENR," half" of" the" targeted" trees" to" be" planted" under" the" program" would" constitute" All" other" greening" efforts" of" the" private" sector" and" civil" society" shall" be" harmonized"
forest"tree"species"intended"for"timber"production"and"protection"as"well."" under"the"NGP."
" #
The"other"50%"would"comprised"of"agroforestry"species."Areas"eligible"for"rehabilitation" Section#3.#Strategies.#In"order"to"ensure"the"successful"implementation"of"the"NGP,"the"
under" the" program" include" all" lands" of" the" public" domain." Spefically," these" include" following"strategies"shall"be"adopted:"
forestlands," mangrove" and" protected" areas," ancestral" domains," civil" and" military" #
reservation,"urban"greening"areas,"inactive"and"abandoned"mine"sites"and"other"suitable" 3.1#Social(Mobilization"
lands." 3.1.1" All" students," identified" by" the" DepEd" and" CHED" and" all" government" employees"
" shall"be"individually"required"to"plant"a"minimum"of"ten"(10)"seedlings"per"year"in"areas"
WHEREAS,# poverty" reduction," resource" conservation" and" protection," productivity" determined"by"the"Convergence"Initiative."Private"sectors"and"civil"society"groups"shall"
enhancement," climate" change" mitigation" and" adaptation," are" among" the" priority" likewise"be"encouraged"to"participate"in"the"NGP."
programs"of"the"government;" 3.1.2" With" appropriate" assistance" from" the" government" and" the" private" sector," the"
" Peoples’"Organizations"(POs)"shall"be"given"the"primary"responsibility"of"maintaining"and"
WHEREAS,# there" is" a" need" to" consolidate" and" harmonize" all" greening" efforts" such" as" protecting"the"established"plantations."
Upland" Development" Program," Luntiang" Pilipinas" and" similar" initiatives" of" the" #
government,"civil"society"and"private"sector"under"a"National"Greening"Program;" 3.2#Harmonization(of(Initiatives"
# 3.2.1# All" tree" planting" initiatives" such" as" the" Upland" Development" Program," Luntiang"
xxx" Pilipinas" and" similar" activities" of" the" government," private" sector," LGUs" and" the" civil"
# society"shall"be"harmonized"under"the"NGP."
WHEREAS,# the" DA," DENR," DAR" pursuant" to" Joint" Memorandum" Circular" No." 1" series" 3.2.2# All" government" institutions," especially" DA," DAR," DENR," CHED" and" DepEd" shall"
2010" have" adopted" a" Convergence" Initiative" to" integrate" and" strengthen" development" produce" appropriate" quality" seedlings" annually" for" the" NGP." Technical" assistance" shall"
framework" between" and" among" national" government," local" government" agencies" and" be"provided"by"DA,"DENR,"and"DAR"under"the"Convergence"Initiative."
other" stakeholders," wherein" complementary" human," physical" and" financial" resources" #
are"efficiently"and"effectively"deployed;" 3.3"Provision(of!Incentives"
# 3.3.1" All" proceeds" from" agroforestry" plantations," duly" accounted" by" the" DENR," shall"
WHEREAS,# Executive" Order" No." 23" series" 2011" has" mandated" the" DA5DAR5DENR" accrue" to" the" NGP" beneficiary" communities" to" address" food" security" and" poverty"
N""U""N""E""Z"
reduction." 5.5#Department#of#Interior#and#Local#Government#(DILG)"
3.3.2"NGP"beneficiary"communities"shall"be"considered"priority"in"the"Conditional"Cash" 5.5.1"Provision"of"transportation,"security"and"fire"protection"amenities"
Transfer"(CCT)"Program." 5.5.2"Information,"Education"and"Communication"
3.3.3" Appropriate" incentives" shall" be" developed" by" the" Convergence" Initiative" to" #
encourage"rainforestation,"particularly"in"the"protected"area." 5.6#Local#Government#Units#(LGUs)"
# 5.6.1"Establishment"of"nurseries"and"production"of"planting"materials"
3.4"Monitoring(and(Management(of!Database" 5.6.2"Development"""of"""greening""""plan""""for"""urban""""and"suburban"areas"
3.4.1" The" DA," DAR," DENR," shall" develop" a" centralized" database" and" provide" regular" 5.6.3"Lead"the"establishment"of"communal"tree"farms"for"firewood"and"other"domestic"
monitoring"and"timely"report"on"the"progress"of"the"NGP." uses"
3.4.2" The" Convergence" Initiative" shall" engage" the" private" sector," civil" society" and" 5.6.4"Construction"of"access"roads"and"trails"to"the"planting"sites"
academe"in"the"monitoring"and"evaluation"of"the"NGP." 5.6.5"Provision"of"medical"support"
# 5.6.6"Technical"assistance"and"extension"of"services"
Section# 4.# Oversight# Committee# and# Lead# Agency.# The" members" of" the" Steering" #
Committee" under" the" DA5DAR5DENR" Convergence" Initiative" shall" constitute" the" NGP" 5.7#Department#of#Health#(DOH)"
Oversight"Committee,"to"be"chaired"by"the"DENR."The"DENR"shall"be"the"lead"agency"for" 5.7.1"Provision"of"transportation"and"medical"support"
the"NGP." #
# 5.8#Department#of#Public#Works#and#Highways#(DPWH)"
Section# 5.# Partner# Agencies/Stakeholders.# The" NGP" shall" be" implemented" in" 5.8.1"Provision"of"transportation"in"the"hauling"of"seedlings"and"volunteer"planters"
partnership" with" the" following" agencies/stakeholders," whose" responsibilities" shall" 5.8.2"Assistance"in"the"construction"of"access"roads"and"trails"to"the"planting"sites"
include"but"not"limited"to"the"following:" #
5.1#DAcDARcDENR" 5.9#Department#of#Transportation#and#Communications#(DOTC)"
5.1.1"Nursery"establishment"and"seedling"production" 5.9.1"Provision"of"transport"for"participants"
5.1.2"Site"identification"and"site"preparation" 5.9.2"Provision"of"communication"facilities"
5.1.3"Social"mobilization" #
5.1.4"Tree"planting" 5.10#Department#of#National#Defense#(DND)"
5.1.5"Monitoring"and"evaluation" 5.10.1"Nursery"establishment"and"seedling"production"
5.1.6"Technical"support"and"extension"services" 5.10.2"Site"preparation"
5.1.7"Provision"of"certified"seeds"of"agronomic"crops" 5.10.3"Provision"of"transportation"support"
5.1.8"Provision"of"access"roads"and"trails"to"planting"site" 5.10.4"Provision"of"security"
5.1.9"Provision"of"post"harvest"and"processing"facilities" #
5.1.10"Technical"assistance"in"product"development"and"marketing" 5.11#Department#of#Science#and#Technology#(DOST)"
# 5.11.1"Development"and"transfer"of"appropriate"technologies"
5.2#Department###of###Education###(DepEd)/###Commission###on###Higher#Education#(CHED)" 5.11.2"Information,"Education"and"Communication"
5.2.1"Student"mobilization" #
5.2.2"Nursery"establishment,"seedling"production"and"tree"planting" 5.12#Department#of#Justice#(DOJ)"
5.2.3"Information,"Education"and"Communication" 5.12.1"Nursery""establishment""and""production""of"planting"materials"
5.2.4"Provision"of"extension"services" 5.12.2"Provision"of"transportation"
5.2.5"Monitoring"and"evaluation" #
# 5.13#National#Commission#on#Indigenous#Peoples#(NCIP)"
5.3#Department#of#Social#Welfare#and#Development#(DSWD)" 5.13.1"Mobilization"of"participation"of"indigenous"peoples"
5.3.1"Provision"""of"""Conditional"""Cash"""Transfer"""to"""NGP"beneficiaries" 5.13.2"Identification"of"sites"for"NGP"inside"ancestral"domains"
5.3.2"Social"mobilization" 5.13.3"Supervision"of"forest"protection"activities"inside"ancestral"domains"
# #
5.4#Department#of#Budget#and#Management#(DBM)" 5.14#Technical#Education#and#Skills#Development#Authority#(TESDA)"
5.4.1"Allocation"of"funds"for"all"activities"of"the"NGP" 5.14.1"Technical"assistance"in"products"development"
# #
N""U""N""E""Z"
5.15#Philippine#Amusement#and#Gaming#Corporation#(PAGCOR)" ANCESTRAL" LANDS" 5" Lands" occupied," possessed" and" utilized" by" individuals," families" or"
5.15.1"Provision"of"funds"for"seedling"production"and"other"related"activities"of"the"NGP" clans"who"are"members"of"an"ICC/IP"since"time"immemorial,"by"themselves"or"through"
5.16# All" other" government" agencies," instrumentalities," including" government5owned" their"predecessors"in"interest,"continuously"to"the"present"except"when"interrupted"by"
and" controlled" corporations" (GOCCs)," state" universities" and" colleges" (SUCs)," shall" war,"force"majeure"or"displacement"by"force,"deceit"or"stealth;"including"claims"to"lands"
provide"full"support"and"assistance"to"the"NGP." that"have"been"devolved"to"individuals"such"as"residential"lots,"rice"terrace,"paddies"or"
# tree" lots," indigenous" corporate" claims" belonging" to" families" or" clans" such" as" private"
Section# 9.# Repealing# Clause.# All" rules" and" regulations" and" other" issuances" or" parts" forests" and" swidden" farms" and" communal" claims" belonging" to" a" community" within" a"
thereof," which" are" inconsistent" with" this" Executive" Order," are" hereby" repealed" or" defined"territory.""
modified"accordingly." "
AWP"5"Annual"Work"Plans""
Community-Based Forestry Management Program "
BUFFER"ZONES"5"Identified"areas"outside"the"boundaries"of"and"immediately"adjacent"to"
DAO No. 96-29 " designated" protected" areas" pursuant" to" Section" 8" of" the" NIPAS" Law," that" need" special"
Sec.#2#Basic#Policy."It"is"the"policy"of"the"State"to:"a)"protect"and"advance"the"right"of"the" development"control"in"order"to"avoid"or"minimize"harm"to"the"protected"area."
Filipino"people"to"a"healthful"environment;"b)"improve"their"socio5economic"conditions" "
through" the" promotion" of" social" justice," equitable" access" to" and" sustainable" CENRO"5"Community"Environment"and"Natural"Resources"Office/Officer"of"DENR""
development"of"forestlands"resources;"and"c)"respect"the"rights"of"indigenous"peoples"to" "
their" ancestral" domains" by" taking" into" account" their" customs," traditions" and" beliefs" in" CERTIFICATE" OF" ANCESTRAL" DOMAIN" CLAIM" 5" A" certificate" issued" by" DENR" to" an"
the" formulation" of" laws" and" policies." Active" and" transparent" community" participation" indigenous"cultural"community/indigenous"people"declaring,"identifying"and"recognizing"
and" tenurial" security" shall" be" among" the" key" strategies" for" achieving" these" goals." their"claim"to"a"particular"traditional"territory"which"they"have"possessed"and"occupied,"
Accordingly," the" State" acknowledges" and" supports" the" capacities" and" efforts" of" local" communally"or"individually,"in"accordance"with"their"customs"and"traditions"since"time"
communities" and" indigenous" peoples" to" protect," rehabilitate," develop" and" manage" immemorial.""
forestlands"and"coastal"resources."The"State"shall"provide"legal"and"technical"support"to" "
ensure"equitable"access"to"and"sustainable"use"of"natural"resources."Pursuant"to"these" CERTIFICATE"OF"ANCESTRAL"LAND"CLAIM"5"A"certificate"issued"by"DENR"to"an"indigenous"
policies," the" State" hereby" establishes" the" Community5Based" Forest" Management" Filipino"individual,"family,"or"clan,"declaring,"identifying"and"recognizing"their"claim"to"a"
Program"(CBFMP)"to"implement"EO"263." particular" area" they" have" traditionally" possessed," occupied" and" used" by" themselves" or"
" through"their"predecessors"in"interest"since"time"immemorial.""
Sec.# 3# Concept."…"Local"communities"shall"be"assisted"by"DENR,"LGU,"NGOs"and"other" "
government" agencies" (OGAs)" or" entities" in" the" preparation" of" a" Community" Resource" COASTAL"ENVIRONMENT"PROGRAM"5"A"program"established"in"the"DENR"to"implement"
Management"Framework"(CRMF)."The"CRMF"shall"express"the"communities’"aspirations," its" projects" on" conservation" and" management" of" the" coastal" environment." The" CEP"
local"and"indigenous"knowledge,"and"shall"serve"as"a"guide"in"the"access,"development," encompasses" all" concerns" over" the" habitat" and" ecological" support" systems" of" coastal"
use"and"protection"of"resources"in"areas"currently"and"eventually"utilized"and"managed" communities" and" fisheries" specially" pertaining" to" their" productivity," biodiversity,"
by" the" communities." The" CRMF" shall" be" consistent" with" the" overall" strategy" for" the" integrity,"sustainability,"and"equitability"of"access"and"use."This"is"principally"governed"by"
conservation"of"areas"encompassing"watersheds"and"herein"set"forth"policies."" DAO"19,"S1993.""
" "
Sec.#4#Definition#of#Terms."The"following"terms"are"to"be"understood"and"interpreted"as" COMMUNITY"5"A"group"of"people"who"may"or"may"not"share"common"interests,"needs,"
follows:"" visions," goals" and" beliefs," occupying" a" particular" territory" which" extends" from" the"
" ecosystem" geographical," political/administrative" and" cultural" boundaries" and" any"
ANCESTRAL" DOMAINS" 5" All" lands" and" natural" resources," occupied" and" possessed" by" resources"that"go"with"it.""
indigenous"cultural"communities,"by"themselves"or"through"their"ancestors,"communally" "
or"individually,"in"accordance"with"their"customs"and"traditions"since"time"immemorial," COMMUNITY"BASED"FOREST"MANAGEMENT"STRATEGY"5"Organized"efforts"by"the"DENR"
continuously" to" the" present" except" when" interrupted" by" war," force" majeure," or" to" work" with" communities" in" and" near" public" forest" lands" with" the" intent" to" protect,"
displacement" by" force," deceit," or" stealth," and" including" all" adjacent" areas" generally" rehabilitate,"manage,"conserve,"and"utilize"the"resource."
belonging" to" them" that" are" necessary" to" ensure" their" economic," social" and" cultural" "
welfare."" COMMUNITY" BASED" FOREST" MANAGEMENT" STEERING" COMMITTEE" 5" A" multi5sectoral"
" Committee" responsible" for" the" formulation" and" development" of" policy" guidelines" that"
N""U""N""E""Z"
will"create"incentives"and"conditions"necessary"to"effectively"carry"out"CBFMP."It"shall"be" "
composed" of" the" Secretary" of" the" DENR" as" head;" the" respective" Secretaries," or" FOREST"LAND"MANAGEMENT"PROGRAM"5"A"program"launched"by"DENR"through"which"
Undersecretaries" or" Assistant" Secretaries" or" bureau/agency" heads" of" the" Departments" Forest" Land" Management" Agreements" are" issued," which" in" turn" replaces" the" former"
of" Agriculture," Trade" and" Industry," Agrarian" Reform," Local" Government," Budget" and" short"term"contract"reforestation"systems"as"the"principal"mode"for"accomplishing"the"
Management," National" Defense," Justice," National" Economic" and" Development" reforestation"objectives"in"collaboration"with"forest"occupants"and"residents"of"upland"
Authority,"Philippine"Commission"on"Countrywide"Development,"Committee"on"Flagship" communities." The" program" grants" participants" the" sole" and" exclusive" right" to" occupy,"
Programs" and" Projects" of" the" Office" of" the" President’s" Presidential" Management" Staff," develop" and" manage" specified" areas" of" forest" lands," subject" to" repayable" financial"
Cooperative"Development"Authority"and"Office"for"the"Northern"and"Southern"Cultural" assistance"from"DENR,"and"to"harvest,"sell"and"utilize"products"grown"on"the"land."The"
Communities." Representatives" from" POs" participating" in" the" CBFMP," NGOs," Philippine" FLMP"is"principally"governed"by"DAO"23,"S1993.""
Chamber" of" Commerce," Philippine" Wood" Products" Association" and" other" public" and" "
private" organizations" may" be" invited" to" become" members" of" the" Steering" Committee." FORESTS"5"Either"natural"vegetation"or"plantations"of"forest"crops"such"as"trees,"or"both,"
This"committee"will"replace"the"multi5agency/sectoral"committee"created"under"EO"196" occupying" a" definable," uninterrupted" or" contiguous" area" not" less" than" one" hectare" in"
to"oversee"the"ENR5SECAL"Program"and"all"such"other"Steering"Committees"created"for" size"with"the"tree"crowns"covering"at"least"ten"(10)"percent"of"the"area,"exclusive"of"the"
various"other"community"based"forestry"programs."" associated" seedlings," saplings," palms," bamboo" and" other" undercover" vegetation." A"
" natural"forest"is"a"stand"constituted"by"natural"succession"without"human"intervention"
COMMUNITY5BASED" FOREST" MANAGEMENT" SPECIAL" ACCOUNT" 5" A" special" fund" to" be" which" includes" such" stand" types" as" dipterocarp," pine," mossy," beach" and/or" mangrove,"
established" and" used" to" support" the" implementation" of" CBFMP" and" to" provide" a" and" for" purposes" of" these" rules" are" classified" according" to:" 1)" primary" use" and"
professional"incentive"system"for"deserving"communities"and"government"personnel."" management;" and" 2)" growth" formation." As" to" primary" use" and" management," a" forest"
" shall"be"either"a:"1)"protection"forest;"or"2)"production"forest."As"to"growth"formation,"a"
COMMUNITY5BASED" FOREST" MANAGEMENT" SPECIAL" AGREEMENT" 5" A" production" natural" forest" is" classified" according" to" either" 1)" primary" or" old" growth" forest" or" 2)" a"
sharing"agreement"entered"into"between"a"community"and"the"government,"to"develop," residual" or" second" growth" forest" which" refers" to" natural" forest" which" has" been"
utilize," manage" and" conserve," a" specific" portion" of" the" forestland," consistent" with" the" previously"subjected"to"timber"harvesting"or"extraction.""
principles" of" sustainable" development" and" pursuant" to" a" Community" Resource" "
Management"Framework."" FORESTLANDS"5"Lands"of"the"public"domain"which"have"been"classified"as"such"under"the"
" land"classification"program"of"the"DENR"and"all"unclassified"lands"of"the"public"domain.""
COMMUNITY"FORESTRY"PROGRAM"5"A"forest"management"program"of"the"DENR"which" "
grants"rights"to"organized"communities"to"manage,"develop"and"utilize"forest"resources" FOREST"PRODUCTS"5"Any"forest"resource"that"is"harvested"or"utilized,"except"minerals.""
on"a"sustainable"basis."The"CFP"is"principally"governed"by"DAO"123,"S"1989"and"DAO"22," "
S"1993."" FOREST"RESOURCES"5"All"natural"resources,"whether"biomass"such"as"plants"and"animals"
" or" non5biomass" such" as" soil" and" water," as" well" as" the" intangible" services" and" values"
COMMUNITY" SPECIAL" TASK" FORCE" FOR" ANCESTRAL" LANDS" 5" The" Special" Task" Force" present"in"forestlands"or"in"other"lands"devoted"for"forest"purposes.""
based"in"specific"Community"Environment"and"Natural"Resources"Offices"(CENRO)"which" "
is"responsible"for"the"identification,"delineation"and"recognition"of"ancestral"domain"and" GENERAL" MANAGEMENT" PLANNING" STRATEGY" 5" A" plan" adopted" by" a" duly" established"
land"claims."" Protected" Areas" Management" Board" (PAMB)," designed" to" maintain" the" integrity" of"
" protected"areas"specifically"as"to"ecological"stability"and"biological"diversity,"through"the"
COMMUNITY" RESOURCE" MANAGEMENT" FRAMEWORK" 5" The" document" defining" the" full"participation"and"involvement"of"communities.""
terms" and" procedures" for" access," use," and" protection" of" natural" resources" within" the" "
CBFMA"area,"which"shall"in"all"cases"be"consistent"with"the"overall"management"strategy" INDIGENOUS" CULTURAL" COMMUNITY/INDIGENOUS" PEOPLES" 5" A" homogenous" society"
of"the"entire"watershed"area"where"the"CBFM"area"is"located,"and"shall"be"formulated" identified"by"self5ascription"and"ascription"by"others,"whose"members"have"continuously"
by" the" community" with" the" assistance" of" its" PO" and" the" DENR," LGU" and/or" private" lived" as" a" community" on" communally" bounded" and" defined" territory," sharing" common"
entities."" bonds" of" language," customs," traditions" and" other" distinctive" cultural" traits," and" who,"
" through" resistance" to" the" political" social" and" cultural" inroads" of" colonization," became"
DAO"5"DENR"Administrative"Order"EMPAS"5"Environmental"Management"and"Protected" historically"differentiated"from"the"majority"of"Filipinos.""
Areas"Sector"" "
" INTERIM"RESOURCE"UTILIZATION"RIGHTS"5"The"permission"granted"to"the"communities"
FMB"5"Forest"Management"Bureau"" prior" to" the" approval" of" CRMF" which" allows" harvest" and" sale" of" forest" products" on" a"
N""U""N""E""Z"
limited" scale" to" provide" immediate" income" to" communities," and" funds" for" the" RECOGNITION" OF" ANCESTRAL" DOMAINS/CLAIMS" 5" A" DENR" strategy" to" recognize" the"
preparation"of"CRMF"and"other"related"activities."" rights" of" ICCs/IPs" to" their" Ancestral" Domains/Lands" pursuant" to" the" provisions" of" the"
" 1987"Constitution"mandating"the"State"to"protect"the"right"to"due"process"and"the"rights"
INTEGRATED" SOCIAL" FORESTRY" PROGRAM" 5" The" national" program" launched" under" of"ICCs/IPs"to"their"ancestral"domains"to"ensure"their"economic,"social"and"cultural"well"
Letter" of" Instruction" No." 1260" designed" to" maximize" land" productivity," enhance" being."The"program"is"principally"governed"by"DENR"DAO"2,S1993.""
ecological"stability,"and"improve"the"socio5economic"conditions"of"forest"occupants"and" "
communities."" REGIONAL" RESOURCE" MANAGEMENT" PROJECT" (RRMP)" 5" A" community5based" rural"
" development"project"geared"towards"the"protection,"development"and"management"of"
INTEGRATED" RAINFOREST" MANAGEMENT" PROJECT" 5" A" community5based" forestry" the"watershed"and"upland"resources.""
project"supported"by"the"government"of"Germany." "
" RTD"5"FORESTRY"5"The"Regional"Technical"Director"for"Forestry"of"the"DENR.""
LOW"INCOME"UPLAND"COMMUNITIES"PROJECT"(LIUCP)"5"A"project"undertaken"by"DENR" "
to"restore"and"sustainably"manage"the"country’s"upland/forest"resources,"and"alleviate" RUP" 5" Resource" Use" Plan" SUSTAINABLE" DEVELOPMENT" 5" As" defined" by" the" World"
poverty"in"rural"communities."This"is"principally"governed"by"DAO"35,S1992."" Commission" on" Environment" and" Development," means" meeting" the" needs" and"
" aspirations" of" the" people" without" compromising" the" ability" of" future" generations" to"
MULTIPLE"USE"ZONE"5"Areas"where"settlement,"traditional"and/or"sustainable"land"use," meet"theirs."
including"agriculture,"agro5forestry,"extraction"activities"and"other"income"generating"or" "
livelihood" activities" may" be" allowed" to" the" extent" prescribed" in" the" management" plan" SUSTAINABLE" FOREST" MANAGEMENT" AND" DEVELOPMENT" 5" The" process" of" managing,"
consistent"with"the"General"Management"Planing"Strategy."Land"tenure"may"be"granted" developing,"and"utilizing"forestlands"and"resources"therein"to"achieve"the"production"of"
to"tenured"residents"whether"ICC/IP"or"migrants."" desired" products" or" services" without" impairing" the" inherent" productivity" of" the" forest,"
" thereby" ensuring" a" continuous" flow" of" these" products" or" services" and" without"
NATIONAL"COMPREHENSIVE"COMMUNITY"FORESTRY"ACTION"PLAN"5"The"government’s" undesirable"effects"on"the"physical"and"social"environment.""
plan" for" the" implementation" of" the" Community" Based" Forest" Management" Strategy" "
containing"therein"its"short,"medium"and"long"term"goals"and"strategies."" TENURE"5"Guaranteed"peaceful"possession"and"use"of"specific"forest"land"area"and"the"
" resources"found"therein,"covered"by"an"agreement,"contract"or"grant"which"cannot"be"
NATIONAL"INTEGRATED"PROTECTED"AREAS"SYSTEM"5"As"defined"in"the"NIPAS"Law,"the" altered"or"abrogated"without"due"process.""
classification"and"administration"of"all"designated"protected"areas"to"maintain"essential" "
ecological" processes" and" life5support" systems," to" preserve" genetic" diversity," to" ensure" TENURE" MIGRANTS/COMMUNITIES" 5" Communities" or" members" thereof" within"
sustainable"use"of"resources"found"therein,"and"to"maintain"their"natural"conditions"to" protected"areas"who"have"actually"and"continuously"occupied"such"areas"for"at"least"five"
the"greatest"extent"possible."" (5)" years" before" the" designation" of" the" same" as" a" protected" area" in" accordance" with"
" Republic"Act"7586,"and"who"are"dependent"thereon"for"subsistence.""
PENRO"5"Provincial"Environment"and"Natural"Resources"Office/Officer"of"DENR."" "
" WATERSHED"5"Land"drained"by"a"stream"or"fixed"body"of"water"and"its"tributaries"having"
PEOPLES"ORGANIZATION"5"A"group"of"people,"which"may"be"an"association,"cooperative," a"common"outlet"for"surface"run5off."
federation,"or"other"legal"entity,"established"by"the"community"to"undertake"collective"
action"to"address"community"concerns"and"need"and"mutually"share"the"benefits"from"
the"endeavor." ART II KEY PROGRAM PARTICIPANTS
" Sec.# 1# Qualifications# of# Participants.# The" principal" participants" in" CBFMP" shall" be" the"
PRIOR" VESTED" RIGHTS" 5" Acknowledged" claims," privileges," prerogatives," or" ownership" local"communities"as"represented"by"their"organizations,"herein"referred"to"as"People’s"
over" land" or" natural" resources" to" which" one" is" entitled" by" reason" of" law," license," Organizations"(POs)."In"order"to"participate"in"the"CBFMP,"a"PO"must"have"the"following"
contract"or"tradition."" qualifications:""
" (1) Members"shall"be"Filipino"citizens""
PROTECTED" AREAS" MANAGEMENT" BOARD" 5" A" multisectoral" board" created" in" each" (2) Members"may"either"be:"
established" protected" area" and" vested" with" powers" to" administer" the" NIPAS" (a) Actually"tilling"portions"of"the"area"to"be"awarded;"
implementation."RED"5Regional"Executive"Director"of"DENR."" (b) Traditionally" utilizing" the" resource" for" all" or" substantial" portion" of" their"
" livelihood;"or"
N""U""N""E""Z"
(c) Actually"residing"within"or"adjacent"to"the"areas"to"be"awarded.""
" ART. IV - TENURIAL INSTRUMETNS
In"case"of"married"members,"the"names"of"both"spouses"should"be"listed." Sec.# 1# Tenurial# Instruments." The" following" tenurial" instruments" shall" be" issued" to"
qualified"participants:"
"
ART. III STAGES OF CBFMP IMPLEMENTATION (a)" Community" Based" Forest" Management" Agreement" (CBFMA)." CBFMAs" are"
CBFMP"implementation"shall"have"four"stages:"" agreements" between" the" DENR" and" the" participating" People’s" Organizations." The"
(1) Preparatory"Stage" CBFMA," which" has" a" duration" of"twenty5five"(25)"years"renewable"for"another"twenty5
The"objectives"of"this"stage"are:" five" (25)" years," shall" provide" tenurial" security" and" incentives" to" develop," utilize" and"
(a) to"inform"and"educate"DENR"officials,"LGUs"and"the"general"public"about" manage"specific"portions"of"forest"lands"pursuant"to"approved"CRMFs."The"CBFMA"is"a"
CBFMP;"" production" sharing" agreement" which" is" designed" to" ensure" that" the" participating"
(b) to"establish"institutional"linkages"between"the"DENR"and"the"LGU;"" community" shall" enjoy" the" benefits" of" sustainable" utilization," management" and"
(c) to"identify"potential"CBFMP"areas;"and"" conservation"of"forestlands"and"natural"resources"therein."The"government"shall"share"
(d) to"select"CBFMP"areas" in"these"benefits"in"the"form"of"increased"natural"resource"protection"and"rehabilitation,"
forest"charges,"fees"and/or"taxes"as"determined"and"agreed"upon.""
(2) PO"Formation"and"Diagnostic"Stage" "
The"objectives"of"this"stage"are:" (b)"Certificate"of"Stewardship"Contract"(CSC)."The"CSC,"which"has"a"duration"of"twenty5
(a) to"encourage"participation"of"local"communities"in"CBFMP;"" five" (25)" years" renewable" for" another" twenty5five" (25)" years," shall" be" awarded" to"
(b) to"start"community"organization"building"or"strengthening;"" individuals" or" families" actually" occupying" or" tilling" portions" of" forest" lands" pursuant" to"
(c) to" define" existing" conditions" (social," economic," natural" resources," etc.)" LOI"1260."In"the"case"of"married"people,"the"CSC"shall"be"awarded"in"the"name"of"the"
relevant"for"planning;"and"" couple."The"CSC"shall,"henceforth,"be"issued"only"within"established"CBFM"project"areas,"
(d) obtain"CBFMA." subject"to"the"allocation"and"endorsement"of"the"PO.""
"
(3) Planning"stage"" (c)" Certificate" of" Ancestral" Domain" Claim5Community" Based" Forest" Management"
The"objectives"of"this"stage"is"to"assist"the"PO’s"in"preparing"their:" Agreement" (CADC5CBFMA)" and" Certificate" of" Ancestral" Land" Claim5Community" Based"
(a) Community"Resource"Management"Framework"(CRMF);"" Forest" Management" Agreement" (CALC5CBFMA)." The" CADC5CBFMA" and" CALC5CBFMA"
(b) Resource"Use"Plans"(RUPs);"" shall" be" the" tenurial" instruments" of" CADC" or" CALC" holders," respectively," who" opt" to"
(c) Annual" Work" Plans" (AWPs)." If" applicable," the" PO" s" shall" likewise" be" enter"into"a"CBFMA"over"the"portions"of"the"ancestral"domains"or"ancestral"lands"within"
assisted" in" securing" interim" resource" use" permits" that" will" provide" them" forest"lands."
livelihood" opportunities" while" the" CRMFs," RUPs" and" AWPs" are" being"
prepared." DENRLGU5other" sectors" shall" assist" the" POs" in" undertaking"
these" activities." As" such," the" plans" that" are" prepared" shall" only" require" ART V MANAGEMENT OF CBFMP
affirmation"by"DENR5LGU"partners." Sec.# 1# CBFM# Steering# Committee." In" accordance" with" Section" 8" of" EO" 263," a" CBFM"
Steering"Committee"shall"be"constituted."It"shall"be"chaired"by"the"DENR"Secretary"with"
(4) Implementation"Stage" members" from" the" Departments" of" Agriculture," Trade" and" Industry," Agrarian" Reform,"
The"objectives"of"this"stage"are"to:"" Finance," Science" and" Technology," Labor" and" Employment," DILG," Budget" and"
(a) enhance" organizational" and" institutional" capacities" that" will" make" Management," National" Defense," Justice," National" Economic" Development" Authority,"
resource"use"and"development"sustainable;"" Philippine"Commission"on"Countrywide"Development"under"the"Office"of"the"President"
(b) ensure"the"economic"viability"of"resource"management"activities;"" Committee" on" Flagship" Programs" and" Projects" of" the" Office" of" the" President,"
(c) ensure"the"flow"and"equitable"distribution"of"benefits"to"PO"members"and" Cooperative" Development" Authority," and" Offices" for" Northern" and" Southern" Cultural"
to"the"larger"community;"and"" Communities."
(d) ensure" the" build5up" of" capital" by" the" PO" for" forest" management" and" "
community"development"projects." The"Committee"may"invite"representatives"from"the"Philippine"Chamber"of"Commerce,"
Philippine"Wood"Products"Association,"NGO"Coalition"groups"representatives"of"POs"and"
other"public"and"private"organizations"to"become"members"of"the"Steering"Committee."
"
N""U""N""E""Z"
The"Committee"shall"formulate"and"develop"policy"guidelines"that"will"create"incentives" Sec.# 5# The# CENRO"shall"be"directly"responsible"for"implementing"the"CBFMP"within"its"
and" conditions" necessary" to" effectively" implement" community" based" forest" jurisdiction,"in"coordination"with"concerned"LGUs,"other"government"agencies"and"non5
management." government"organizations/private"entities."The"CENRO"shall"submit"periodic"reports"of"
" CBFMP"implementation"to"the"PENRO"for"evaluation."
The"Steering"Committee"shall"have"the"following"roles"and"functions:""
(a) Provide" overall" guidance" and" policy" direction" to" the" CBFMP" and," for" this"
purpose," meet" periodically" to" review" and" integrate," if" necessary," all" policies" Jurisprudence
pertinent" to" the" CBFMP," and" resolve" policy" gaps" and/or" conflicts" with" other"
programs"and"projects"in"the"Environment"and"Natural"Resources"Sector;"" OPOSA V. FACTORAN, JR.
(b) Review"and"approve"the"CBFMP"Comprehensive"Action"Plan;"" Brief( Facts:" Class" suit" –" represents" generations" yet" unborn." They" want" to" cancel" all"
(c) Secure"inter5agency"support"and"participation"in"CBFMP;"and"" logging"permits"in"the"country"since"it’s"destroying"mother"earth."The"continuous"rape"
(d) Identify"and"source"funds"for"CBFMP." nga"daw"of"mother"earth."Factoran"said"no"I"don’t"want"to"cancel"them,"wala"nga"kayong"
" locus"standi"hu"u."
The"Committee"may"create"similar"sub5committees"at"the"regional"and"provincial"levels." "
" Court"ruled"that"they"have"locus"standi"(intergenerational"responsibility)"
Sec.#2#The#Forest#Management#Bureau#(FMB)"shall"be"the"National"Coordinating"Office" Also" ruled" that" petitioners" have" a" clear" and" unmistakable" cause" of" action" to" “prevent"
of"CBFMP."However,"for"purposes"of"complementation,"the"Protected"Areas"and"Wildlife" the"misappropriation"or"impairment”"of"Philippine"rainforests"and"“arrest"the"unabated"
Bureau"(PAWB),"in"close"collaboration"with"the"FMB,"shall"primarily"coordinate"the"CEP" hemorrhage" of" the" country’s" vital" life5support" systems" and" continued" rape" of" Mother"
and"the"multiple"use"zone"areas"to"be"covered"by"CBFMP." Earth”"as"it"contains"sufficient"allegations"concerning"their"right"to"a"sound"environment.""
" "
The"FMB"shall"have"the"following"functions"and"responsibilities:"" 8
IMPT."ISSUE"RE:"TLAs "
(a) Review" all" People5Oriented" Forestry" and" CBFM" programs," projects," and"
The"TLA"involves"a"judicial"question."It"cannot"be"said"to"raise"a"political"question."Policy"
activities"of"DENR"to"identify"issues"and"lessons"learned.""
formation"or"determination"by"the"executive"and"legislative"branches"is"not"the"issue.""
(b) Draft"policies,"guidelines"and"procedures"on"CBFM;""
"
(c) Prepare"and"monitor"implementation"of"the"national"CBFM"program"of"action.""
What" is" principally" involved" is" the" enforcement" of" a" right" versus" policies" already"
(d) Liaise" with" other" government" and" non5government" organizations" for" support"
formulated" and" expressed" in" legislation." Section" 1" Article" 8" of" the" 1987" Constitution"
and/or"participation"in"the"program;""
vests"in"the"judiciary,"and"particularly"the"Supreme"Court,"the"power"to"rule"upon"even"
(e) Assist" in" the" development" and" preparation" of" project" proposals" for" financial"
the"wisdom"of"the"decisions"of"the"executive"and"the"legislature"and"to"declare"their"acts"
support"by"donor"agencies;""
invalid"for"lack"or"excess"of"jurisdiction"because"tainted"with"grave"abuse"of"discretion.""
(f) Develop"and"maintain"improved"management"information"systems"on"CBFMP"
"
within"the"DENR."" “Judicial"power"includes"the"duty"of"the"courts"of"justice"to"settle"actual"controversies"
(g) Serve"as"the"technical"secretariat"of"the"CBFM"Steering"committee;"and"
involving" rights" which" are" legally" demandable" and" enforceable," and" to" determine"
(h) Perform" such" other" functions" as" may" be" directed" by" the" Steering" Committee"
whether"or"not"there"has"been"a"grave"abuse"of"discretion"amounting"to"lack"or"excess"
and/or"the"Secretary"of"the"DENR." of"jurisdiction"on"the"part"of"any"branch"or"instrumentality"of"the"Government.”""
"
"
Sec.# 3# The# RED,"assisted"by"the"RTD5Forestry"and"RTD"for"EMPAS,"shall"be"responsible"
The"TLA"is"not"protected"by"non5"impairment"of"contracts"since"TLA’s"are"not"contracts."
for"the"effective"implementation"of"CBFMP"in"the"region."The"RED"shall"also"identify"an" Even"if"they"may"be"considered"protected"by"non5"impairment,"it"is"well"settled"that"they"
appropriate"division"that"shall"act"as"the"regional"repository"of"all"data"and"information"
may"still"be"revoked"by"the"State"when"public"interest"so"requires.""
on" CBFMP." The" RED" shall" submit" periodic" reports" to" the" Secretary," through" the"
"
Undersecretary"for"Field"Operations,"on"program"implementation,"including"monitoring"
All"licenses"may"thus"be"revoked"or"rescinded"by"executive"action."It"is"not"a"contract,"
and"evaluation,"copy"furnished"the"FMB"and"the"PAWB.""
property"or"a"property"right"protected"by"the"due"process"clause"of"the"Constitution."""
"
"
Sec.#4#The#PENRO"shall"be"responsible"for"the"effective"implementation"of"CBFMP"in"the"
province," including" the" submission" of" periodic" reports" and" the" maintenance" of" a" data"
base"for"all"CBFMP"projects"in"the"province."" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""""""""
" 8
"Timber"License"Agreement"
N""U""N""E""Z"
Since"TLA’s"are"not"contracts,"the"non5"impairment"clause"cannot"be"invoked."Even"if"it"is" Under" Section" 4" of" Executive" Order" No." 192," otherwise" known" as" “The" Reorganization"
assumed"to"be"contracts,"the"non5impairment"clause"must"still"yield"to"the"police"power" Act" of" the" Department" of" Environment" and" Natural" Resources,”" to" be" “the" primary"
of"the"State.""" government"agency"responsible"for"the"conservation,# management,# development# and#
" proper# use"of" the" country’s" environment" and" natural" resources," specifically" forest" and"
Doctrine:"Petitioners’"personality"to"sue"in"behalf"of"the"succeeding"generations"can"only" grazing" lands," mineral" resources,"including# those# in# reservation# and# watershed# areas,"
be" based" on" the" concept" of" intergenerational" responsibility" insofar" as" the" right" to" a" and"lands"of"the"public"domain."
balanced"and"healthful"ecology"is"concerned." "
" The"right"to"a"balance"and"healthful"ecology"is"a"fundamental"legal"right"that"carries"with"
The" right" to" a" balanced" and" healthful" ecology" carries" with" it" the" correlative" duty" to" it"the"correlative"duty"to"refrain"from"impairing"the"environment."DENR"was"entrusted"
refrain"from"impairing"the"environment"and"the"DENR’s"duty"to"protect"and"advance"the" with"the"guardianship"and"safekeeping"of"the"Marikina"Watershed"Reservation"and"our"
said"right." other"natural"treasures."
" "
A" timber" license" is" not" a" contract," property" or" a" property" right" protected" by" the" due" Under"the"Local"Government"Code,"2"requisites"must"be"met"before"a"national"project"
process"clause"of"the"Constitution" that" affects" the" environmental" and" ecological" balance" of" local" communities" can" be"
The" granting" of" license" does" not" create" irrevocable" rights," neither" is" it" property" or" implemented:"
property" rights.TLAs" are" not" contracts," the" non5impairment" clause" cannot" be" invoked" (a) prior"consultation"with"the"affected"local"communities"and""
and"even"if"they"were,"such"must"yield"to"the"police"power"of"the"state."" (b) prior"approval"of"the"project"by"the"appropriate"sanggunian."
"
PROVINCE OF RIZAL V. EXECUTIVE SECRETARY SEC OF THE DEPT OF ENVI AND NATRES VS. YAP
Brief( Facts:" Petition" filed" by" province" of" Rizal," San" Mateo." " They" assailed" the" Brief(Facts:"President"Marcos"issued"Proclamation"No."1801"declaring"Boracay"Island"as"
constitutionality" of" Proclamation" No." 635" which" stated" that" parts" of" the" Marikina" a" tourist" zone" and" marine" reserve." Claiming" that" Proc." No." 1801" precluded" them" from"
Watershed" Reservation" were" to" be" set" aside" by" the" Office" of" the" President" (President" filing" an" application" for" a" judicial" confirmation" of" imperfect" title" or" survey" of" land" for"
Ramos)"for"use"as"a"sanitary"landfill"and"similar"waste"disposal"applications."The"dump" titling" purposes," respondents5claimants" filed" a" petition" for" declaratory" relief" with" the"
site" is" to" be" constructed" in" Watershed" reservation" and" such" would" compromise" the" RTC"in"Kalibo,"Aklan."
health"of"their"constituents."" "
" The" Republic," through" the" Office" of" the" Solicitor" General" (OSG)" opposed" the" petition"
Doctrine:""The"freedom"of"contract"under"our"system"of"government"is"not"meant"to"be" countering"that"Boracay"Island"was"an"unclassified"land"of"the"public"domain."It"formed"
absolute." part" of" the" mass" of" lands" classified" as" “public" forest,”" which" was" not" available" for"
" disposition"pursuant"to"section"3(a)"of"PD"No."705"or"the"Revised"Forestry"Code."
The" protection" of" watersheds" ensures" an" adequate" supply" of" water" for" future" "
generations" and" the" control" of" flashfloods" that" not" only" damage" to" property" but" also" Doctrine:"
cause"loss"of"lives." The" Regalian" Doctrine" dictates" that" all" lands" of" the" public" domain" belong" to! the" State,"
" that"the"State"is"the"source"of"any"asserted"right"to"ownership"of"land"and"charged"with"
The" most" important" product" of" a" watershed" is" water," which" is" one" of" the" most" the" conservation" of" such" patrimony," a" doctrine" consistently" adopted" under" the" 1935,"
important"human"necessities."The"protection"of"watersheds"ensures"an"adequate"supply" 1973,"and"1987"Constitutions."Prior"to"Proclamation"No."1064"of"May"22,"2006,"Boracay"
of" water" for" future" generations" and" the" control" of" flashfloods" that" not" only" damage" Island"had"never"been"expressly"and"administratively"classified"under"any"of"the"grand"
property"but"also"cause"loss"of"lives."Protection"of"watersheds"is"an"“intergenerational”" divisions"of"land."Boracay"was"an"unclassified"land"of"the"public"domain.""
responsibility"that"needs"to"be"answered"now.”" !
" Unclassified"lands"are"public"forests;"The"prohibition"under"the"Comprehensive"Agrarian"
Department" of" Environment" and" Natural" Resources" (DENR)" was" mandated" to" be" the" Reform" Law" (CARL)" applies" only" to" a" “reclassification”" of" land—if" the" land" had" never"
primary" government" agency" responsible" for" the" conservation," management," been" previously" classified," as" in" the" case" of" Boracay," there" can" be" no" prohibited"
development" and" proper" use" of" the" country’s" environment" and" natural" resources" reclassification"under"the"agrarian"law."
specifically" forest" and" grazing" lands," mineral" resources" including" those" in" reservation" "
and"watershed"areas"and"lands"of"the"public"domain." Where"the"land"is"not"alienable"and"disposable,"possession"of"the"land,"no"matter"how"
long,"cannot"confer"ownership"or"possessory"rights."
N""U""N""E""Z"
"
In"keeping"with"the"presumption"of"State"ownership,"there"must"be"a"positive"act"of"the"
government," such" as" an" official" proclamation," declassifying" inalienable" public" land"
into"disposable" land" for" agricultural" or" other" purposes;" The" burden" of" proof" in"
overcoming"the"presumption"of"State"ownership"of"the"lands"of"the"public"domain"is"on"
the" person" applying" for" registration" (or" claiming" ownership)," who" must" prove" that" the"
land"subject"of"the"application"is"alienable"or"disposable.—A#positive#act#declaring#land#
as#alienable#and#disposable#is#required.""
"
The"dictum"in"Ankron"and"De"Aldecoa"cases,"that"“the"courts"have"a"right"to"presume,"in"
the" absence" of" evidence" to" the" contrary," that" in" each" case" the" lands" are" agricultural"
lands"until"the"contrary"is"shown”"attaches"only"to"land"registration"cases"brought(under(
the(provisions(of(Act(No.(926,(or(more(specifically(those(cases(dealing(with(judicial(and(
administrative( confirmation( of( imperfect( titles.! Land" classification" was" dependent" on"
proof."If"there"was"proof"that"the"land"was"better"suited"for"non5agricultural"uses,"the"
courts"could"adjudge"it"as"a"mineral"or"timber"land"despite"the"presumption."
"
Act"No."2874,"promulgated"in"1919"and"reproduced"in"Section"6"of"CA"No."141,"gave"the"
Executive( Department,"through"the"President,"the"exclusive# prerogative# to# classify# or#
reclassify#public#lands#into#alienable#or#disposable,#mineral#or#forest."Applying"PD"No."
705," all" unclassified" lands," including" those" in" Boracay" Island," are" ipso" facto" considered"
public"forests."
"
Just" because" occupants" of" Boracay" have" built" multi5million" peso" beach" resorts" on" the"
island," or" that" the" island" has" already" been" stripped" of" its" forest" cover," or" that" the"
implementation"of"Proclamation"No."1064"will"destroy"the"island’s"tourism"industry,"do(
not(negate(its(character(as(public(forest."#
"
[abalaws]"
N""U""N""E""Z"
Biodiversity, Protected Areas & Wildlife
Legal framework for conservation and protection of opportunities"for"public"enjoyment"through"the"recreation"and"tourism"within"
the"normal"lifestyle"and"economic"activity"of"these"areas;"
biodiversity, protected areas and wildlife (7) “Resource# reserve”" is" an" extensive" and" relatively" isolated" and" uninhabited"
Domestic Laws area" normally" with" difficult" access" designated" as" such" to" protect" natural"
resources" of" the" area" for" future" use" and" prevent" or" contain" development"
NIPAS ACT, RA NO. 7586 AS AMENDED BY RA 10629 activities" that" could" affect" the" resource" pending" the" establishment" of"
Section#3."Categories"of"protected"areas"(memorize)" objectives"which"are"based"upon"appropriate"knowledge"and"planning;"
(a) Strict"nature"reserve;" (8) “Strict# nature# reserve”" is" an" area" possessing" some" outstanding" ecosystem,"
(b) Natural"park;" features" and/or" species" of" flora" and" fauna" of" national" scientific" importance"
(c) Natural"monument;" maintained"to"protect"nature"and"maintain"processes"in"an"undisturbed"state"
(d) Wildlife"sanctuary;" in" order" to" have" ecologically" representative" examples" of" the" natural"
(e) Protected"landscapes"and"seascapes;" environment" available" for" scientific" study," environmental" monitoring,"
(f) Resource"reserve;" education," and" for" the" maintenance" of" genetic" resources" in" a" dynamic" and"
(g) Natural"biotic"areas;"and" evolutionary"state;"
(h) Other"categories"established"by"law,"conventions"or"international"agreements" (9) “Tenured# migrant# communities”" are" communities" within" protected" areas"
which"the"Philippine"Government"is"a"signatory." which" have" actually" and" continuously" occupied" such" areas" for" five" (5)" years"
" before"the"designation"of"the"same"as"protected"areas"in"accordance"with"this"
Section#4.#Definition#of#Terms#" Act"and"are"solely"dependent"therein"for"subsistence;"and"
(1) “National#Integrated#Protected#Areas#System#(NIPAS)”"is"the"classification"and" (10) “Wildlife# sanctuary”" comprises" an" area" which" assures" the" natural" conditions"
administration" of" all" designated" protected" areas" to" maintain" essential" necessary" to" protect" nationally" significant" species," groups" of" species," biotic"
ecological"processes"and"life5support"systems,"to"preserve"genetic"diversity,"to" communities"or"physical"features"of"the"environment"where"these"may"require"
ensure" sustainable" use" of" resources" found" therein," and" to" maintain" their" specific"human"manipulations"for"their"perpetuation."
natural"conditions"to"the"greatest"extent"possible;" "
(2) “Protected# Area”" refers" to" identified" portions" of" land" and" water" set" aside" by" SECTION#5.#How#the#NIPAS#system#will#work.##
reason" of" their" unique" physical" and" biological" significance," managed" to" All"areas"or"islands"in"the"Philippines"proclaimed"by"law"as"national"park,"game"refuge,"
enhance" biological" diversity" and" protected" against" destructive" human" bird"and"wildlife"sanctuary,"wilderness"area,"strict"nature"reserve,"watershed,"mangrove"
exploitation;" reserve," fish" sanctuary," natural" and" historical" landmark," protected" and" managed"
(3) “Buffer#zones”"are"identified"areas"outside"the"boundaries"of"and"immediately" landscape/seascape"as"well"as"identified"virgin"forests"before#the#effectivity#of#this#Act"
adjacent"to"designated"protected"areas"pursuant"to"Section"8"that"need"special" are" designated" as" initial# components" of" the" System." The" initial" components" of" the"
development"control"in"order"to"avoid"or"minimize"harm"to"the"protected"area;" System"shall"be"governed"by"existing"laws,"rules"and"regulations,"not"inconsistent"with"
(4) “National#park”"refers"to"a"forest"reservation"essentially"of"natural"wilderness" this"Act;"
character"which"has"been"withdrawn"from"settlement,"occupancy"or"any"form" "
9
of"exploitation"except"in"conformity"with"approved"management"plan"and"set" Within"1"year"from"the"effectivity"of"this"Act,"the"DENR"shall"submit"to"the"Congress "a"
aside" as" such" exclusively" to" conserve" the" area" or" preserve" the" scenery," the" map" and" legal" descriptions" or" natural" boundaries" of" each# protected# area" initially"
natural" and" historic" objects," wild" animals" and" plants" therein" and" to" provide" comprising" the" System." Such" maps" and" legal" description" shall" serve" as" the" official"
enjoyment"of"these"features"in"such"areas;" documentary"representation"of"the"entire"System,"subject"to"such"changes"as"Congress"
(5) “Natural# park”" is" a" relatively" large" area" not" materially" altered" by" human" deems"necessary;"
activity" where" extractive" resource" uses" are" not" allowed" and" maintained" to" "
protect" outstanding" natural" and" scenic" areas" of" national" or" international" All" DENR" records" of" the" protected" areas" shall" be" made" available" to" the" public." These"
significance"for"scientific,"educational"and"recreational"use;" shall" also" be" available" in" the" respective" DENR" Regional" Offices," Provincial" Environment"
(6) “Protected#landscapes/seascapes”"are"areas"of"national"significance"which"are"
characterized"by"the"harmonious"interaction"of"man"and"land"while"providing" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""""""""
9
"Both"senate"and"house"of"representatives."
N""U""N""E""Z"
BIODIVERSITY,"PROTECTED"AREAS"&"WILDLIFE" NATRES"&"ENVI"LAW" FAM5"G01"|"43"
and" Natural" Resources" Offices" (PENROs)" and" Community" Environment" and" Natural" public" forests" unless" otherwise" classified" by" Congress:" Provided" however," that" after"
Resources"Offices"(CENROs)"where"NIPAS"areas"are"located;" disestablishment" by" Congress," the" Secretary" may" recommend" the" transfer" of" such"
" disestablished" area" to" other" government" agencies" to" serve" other" priority" programs" of"
Within"three"(3)"years"from"the"effectivity"of"this"Act,"the"DENR"shall"study"and"review" national"interest."
each" area" as" to" its" suitability" or" non5suitability" for" preservation" as" protected" area" and" #
inclusion"in"the"System"according"to"the"categories"established"in"Section"3"hereof"and" SECTION# 8.# Buffer# Zones." –" For" each" protected" area," there" shall" be" established"
report"its"findings"to"the"President"as"soon"as"each"study"is"completed."The"study"must" peripheral" buffer" zones" when" necessary," in" the" same" manner" as" Congress" establishes"
include"in"each"area:" the" protected" area," to" protect" the" same" from" activities" that" will" directly" and" indirectly"
(a) A"forest"occupants"survey;" harm" it." Such" buffer" zones" shall" be" included" in" the" individual" protected" area"
(b) An"ethnographic"study;" management"plan"that"shall"prepared"for"each"protected"area."The"DENR"shall"exercise"
(c) A"protected"area"resource"profile;" its"authority"over"protected"areas"as"provided"in"this"Act"on"such"area"and"designated"as"
(d) Land"use"plans"done"in"coordination"with"the"respective"Regional"Development" buffer"zones."
Councils;" and" Such" other" background" studies" as" will" be" sufficient" bases" for" "
selection." SECTION#10.#####Powers#of#the#DENR:#
" (1) To" conduct" studies" on" various" characteristic" features" and" conditions" of" the"
THE DENR SHALL: different"protected"areas,"using"commonalities"in"their"characteristics,"classify"
(1) Notify" the" public" of" its" proposed" action" through" a" newspaper" of" general" and" define" them" into" categories" and" prescribe" permissible" or" prohibited"
circulation,"thirty"(30)"days"prior"to"the"public"hearing;" human"activities"in"each"category"in"the"System;"
(a) Conduct"public"hearings"at"the"locations"nearest"to"the"area"affected;" (2) To"adopt"and"enforce"a"land"use"scheme"and"zoning"plan"in"adjoining"areas"for"
(b) At"least"thirty"(30)"days"prior"to"the"date"of"hearing,"advise"all"LGUs"in"the" the" preservation" and" control" of" activities" that" may" threaten" the" ecological"
affected" areas," national" agencies" concerned," people’s" organizations" and" balance"in"the"protected"areas;"
non5government" organizations" and" invite" such" officials" to" submit" their" (3) To" cause" the" preparation" of" and" exercise" the" power" to" review" all" plans" and"
views"on"the"proposed"action"at"the"hearing"not"later"than"thirty"(30)"days" proposals"for"the"management"of"protected"areas;"
following"the"date"of"hearing;"and" (4) To" promulgate" rules" and" regulations" necessary" to" carry" out" the" provisions" of"
(c) Give"due"consideration"to"the"recommendations"at"the"public"hearing;"and" this"Act;"
provide" sufficient" explanation" for" his" recommendations" contrary" to" the" (5) To" deputize" field" officers" and" delegate" any" of" his" powers" under" this" Act" and"
general"sentiments"expressed"in"the"public"hearing;" other"laws"to"expedite"its"implementation"and"enforcement;"
(2) Upon"receipt"of"the"recommendations"of"the"DENR,"the"President"shall"issue"a" (6) To" fix" and" prescribe" reasonable" NIPAS" fees" to" be" collected" from" government"
presidential" proclamation" designating" the" recommended" areas" as" protected" agencies" or" any" person," firm" or" corporation" deriving" benefits" from" the"
areas" and" providing" for" measures" for" their" protection" until" such" time" when" protected"areas;"
Congress"shall"have"enacted"a"law"finally"declaring"such"recommended"areas"as" (7) To"exact"administrative"fees"and"fines"as"authorized"in"Section"21"for"violation"
part"of"the"integrated"protected"area"systems;"and" of"guidelines,"rules"and"regulations"of"this"Act"as"would"endanger"the"viability"
(3) Thereafter," the" President" shall" send" to" the" Senate" and" the" House" of" of"protected"areas;"
Representatives" his" recommendations" with" respect" to" the" designations" as" (8) To" enter" into" contracts" and/or" agreements" with" private" entities" or" public"
protected" areas." The" President" may" propose" the" alteration" of" existing" agencies"as"may"be"necessary"to"carry"out"the"purposes"of"this"Act;"
boundaries" of" any" or" all" proclaimed" protected" areas," addition" of" any" (9) To" accept" in" the" name" of" the" Philippine" Government" and" in" behalf" of" NIPAS"
contiguous" area" of" public" land" of" predominant" physical" and" biological" value." funds," gifts" or" bequests" of" money" for" immediate" disbursements" or" other"
Nothing"contained"herein"shall"limit"the"President"to"propose"additional"areas" property"in"the"interest"of"the"NIPAS,"its"activities"or"its"services;"
which"have"not"been"designated"as"protected"area/s." (10) To" call" on" any" agency" or" instrumentality" of" the" Government" as" well" as"
# academic"institutions,"non5government"organizations"and"the"private"sector"as"
SECTION#7.#Disestablishment#as#Protected#Area."–"When"in"the"opinion"of"the"DENR"a" may"be"necessary"to"accomplish"the"objectives"and"activities"of"the"System;"
certain" protected" area" should" be" withdrawn" or" disestablished," or" its" boundaries" (11) To"submit"an"annual"report"to"the"President"of"the"Philippines"and"to"Congress"
modified"as"warranted"by"a"study"and"sanctioned"by"the"majority"of"the"members"of"the" on"the"status"of"protected"areas"in"the"country;"
respective"boards"for"the"protected"area,"it"shall"advice"Congress.""Disestablishment"of"a" (12) To" establish" a" uniform" marker" of" the" System," including" an" appropriate" and"
protected" area" under" the" System" or" modification" of" its" boundary" shall" take" effect" distinctive" symbol" for" each" category" in" the" System," in" consultation" with"
pursuant" to" an" act" of" Congress."" Thereafter," said" area" shall" revert" to" the" category" of" appropriate"government"agencies"and"public"and"private"organizations;"
N""U""N""E""Z"
(13) To" determine" the" specification" of" the" class," type" and" style" of" buildings" and" prior" to" the" passage" of" this" Act," remain" in" the" said" department" or" government"
other"structures"to"be"constructed"in"protected"areas"and"the"materials"to"be" instrumentality;" Provided," That" the" department" or" government" instrumentality"
used;" exercising"administrative"jurisdiction"over"said"protected"area"or"a"portion"thereof"shall"
(14) Control" the" construction," operation" and" maintenance" of" roads," trails," coordinate" with" the" DENR" in" the" preparation" of" its" management" plans," upon" the"
waterworks,"sewerage,"fire"protection,"and"sanitation"systems"and"other"public" effectivity"of"this"Act."
utilities"within"the"protected"area;" "
(15) Control" occupancy" of" suitable" portions" of" the" protected" area" and" resettle" SECTION# 20.# Prohibited# Acts.# –" Except" as" may" be" allowed" by" the" nature" of" their"
outside" of" said" area" forest" occupants" therein," with" the" exception" of" the" categories"and"pursuant"to"rules"and"regulations"governing"the"same,"the"following"acts"
members"of"indigenous"communities"area;"and" are"prohibited"within"protected"areas:"
(16) To" perform" such" other" functions" as" may" be" directed" by" the" President" of" the" (a) Hunting,"destroying,"disturbing,"or"mere"possession"of"any"plants"or"animals"or"
Philippines," and" to" do" such" acts" as" may" be" necessary" or" incidental" to" the" products"derived"therefrom"without"a"permit"from"the"Management"Board;"
accomplishment"of"the"purpose"and"objectives"of"the"System." (b) Dumping" of" any" waste" products" detrimental" to" the" protected" area," or" to" the"
" plants"and"animals"or"inhabitants"therein;"
SECTION# 11.# Protected# Area# Management# Board." –" A" Protected" Area" Management" (c) Use" of" any" motorized" equipment" without" a" permit" from" the" Management"
Board"for"each"of"the"established"protected"area"shall"be"created"and"shall"be"composed" Board;"
of"the"following:"The"Regional"Executive"Director"under"whose"jurisdiction"the"protected" (d) Mutilating," defacing" or" destroying" objects" of" natural" beauty," or" objects" of"
area" is" located;" one" (1)" representative" from" the" autonomous" regional" government," if" interest"to"cultural"communities"(of"scenic"value);"
applicable;" the" Provincial" Development" Officer;" one" (1)" representative" from" the" (e) Damaging"and"leaving"roads"and"trails"in"a"damaged"condition;"
municipal" government;" one" (1)" representative" from" each" barangay" covering" the" (f) Squatting,"mineral"locating,"or"otherwise"occupying"any"land;"
protected"area;"one"(1)"representative"from"each"tribal"community,"if"applicable;"and,"at" (g) Constructing" or" maintaining" any" kind" of" structure," fence" or" enclosures,"
least" three" (3)" representatives" from" non5government" organizations/local" community" conducting"any"business"enterprise"without"a"permit;"
organizations," and" if" necessary," one" (1)" representative" from" other" departments" or" (h) Leaving"in"exposed"or"unsanitary"conditions"refuse"or"debris,"or"depositing"in"
national"government"agencies"involved"in"protected"area"management." ground"or"in"bodies"of"water;"and"
" (i) Altering,"removing"destroying"or"defacing"boundary"marks"or"signs."
SECTION# 13.######## Ancestral# Lands# and# Rights# Over# Them.# –# Ancestral" lands" and" "
customary"rights"and"interest"arising"shall"be"accorded"due"recognition."The"DENR"shall" "
prescribe" rules" and" regulations" to" govern" ancestral" lands" within" protected" areas:"
Provided,"that"the"DENR"shall"have"so"power"to"evict"indigenous"communities"from"their" REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9147, WILDLIFE RESOURCES CONSERVATION
present"occupancy"nor"resettle"them"to"another"area"without"their"consent:"Provided," AND PROTECTION ACT
however," That" all" rules" and" regulations," whether" adversely" affecting" said" communities" CHAPTER I GENERAL PROVISIONS
or" not," shall" be" subjected" to" notice" and" hearing" to" be" participated" in" by" members" of" Section#2."Purpose:"
concerned"indigenous"community." (a) to" conserve" and" protect" wildlife" species" and" their" habitats" to" promote"
" ecological"balance"and"enhance"biological"diversity;"
SECTION#14.########Survey#for#Energy#Resources.#–#Consistent"with"the"policies"declared"in" (b) to"regulate"the"collection"and"trade"of"wildlife;"
Section"2"hereof,"protected"areas,"except"strict"nature"reserves"and"natural"parks,"may" (c) to"pursue,"with"due"regard"to"the"national"interest,"the"Philippine"commitment"
be" subjected" to" exploration" only" for" the" purpose" of" gathering" information" on" energy" to"international"conventions,"protection"of"wildlife"and"their"habitats;"and"
resources"and"only"if"such"activity"is"carried"out"with"the"least"damage"to"surrounding" (d) to" initiate" or" support" scientific" studies" on" the" conservation" of" biological"
areas."Surveys"shall"be"conducted"only"in"accordance"with"a"program"approved"by"the" diversity."
DENR," and" the" result" of" such" surveys" shall" be" made" available" to" the" public" and" #
submitted" to" the" President" for" recommendation" to" Congress." Any" exploitation" and" Section#3.#Scope:"The"Act"shall"be"enforceable"for"all"wildlife"and"exotic"species"found"in"
utilization"of"energy"resources"found"within"NIPAS"areas"shall"be"allowed"only"through"a" all" areas" of" the" country," including" protected" areas" under" the" NIPAS" Act," and" critical"
law"passed"by"Congress." habitats.""
" #
SECTION# 15.# Areas# Under# the# Management# of# Other# Departments# and# Government# Section#4."Jurisdiction#of#the#DENR#and#DA.###
Instrumentalities." –" Should" there" be" protected" areas," or" portions" thereof," under" the"
jurisdiction"of"government"instrumentalities"other"than"the"DENR,"such"jurisdiction"shall,"
N""U""N""E""Z"
(1) DENR" shall" have" jurisdiction" over" all" terrestrial" plant" and" animal" species," all" Section#9."Collection!and/or!Possession!of!ByOProducts!and!Derivatives.""By5products"and"
turtles" and" tortoises" and" wetland" species," including" but" not" limited" to" derivatives" may" be" collected" and/or" possessed:"Provided," That" the" source" was" not"
crocodiles,"waterbirds"and"all"amphibians"and"dugong."" obtained"in"violation"of"this"Act."
(2) DA"shall"have"jurisdiction"over"all"declared"aquatic"critical"habitats,"all"aquatic" #
resources" including" but" not" limited" to" all" fishes," aquatic" plants," invertebrates" Section# 14."Bioprospecting." 5" Bioprospecting" shall" be" allowed" upon" execution" of" an"
and"all"marine"mammals,"except"dugong."" undertaking" by" any" proponent," stipulating" therein" its" compliance" with" and"
commitment(s)" to" reasonable" terms" and" conditions" that" may" be" imposed" by" the"
DEFINITION OF TERMS Secretary"which"are"necessary"to"protect"biological"diversity."
Section#5."Definition!of!Terms.""As"used"in"the"Act,"the"term:" "
(a)""Bioprospecting""means"the"research,"collection"and"utilization"of"biological"and" The" Secretary" or" the" authorized" representative," in" consultation" with" the" concerned"
genetic"resources"for"purposes"of"applying"the"knowledge"derived"there"from" agencies," before" granting" the" necessary" permit," shall" require" that" prior" informed"
solely"for"commercial"purposes;" consent" be" obtained" by" the" applicant" from" the" concerned" indigenous" cultural"
(e)""Conservation""means"preservation"and"sustainable"utilization"of"wildlife,"and/or" communities," local" communities," management" board" under" Republic" Act" No." 7586" or"
maintenance,"restoration"and"enhancement"of"the"habitat;" private"individual"or"entity."The"applicant"shall"disclose"fully"the"intent"and"scope"of"the"
(h)" "Endangered" species"" refers" to" species" or" subspecies" that" is" not" critically" bioprospecting" activity" in" a" language" and" process" understandable" to" the" community."
endangered" but" whose" survival" in" the" wild" is" unlikely" if" the" causal" factors" The" prior" informed" consent" from" the" indigenous" peoples" shall" be" obtained" in"
continue"operating;" accordance"with"existing"laws."The"action"on"the"bioprospecting"proposal"by"concerned"
(x)""Wildlife""means"wild"forms"and"varieties"of"flora"and"fauna,"in"all"developmental" bodies"shall"be"made"within"a"reasonable"period."
stages,"including"those"which"are"in"captivity"or"are"being"bred"or"propagated;" "
" Upon"submission"of"the"complete"requirements,"the"Secretary"shall"act"on"the"research"
CHAPTER III proposal"within"a"reasonable"period."
CONSERVATION AND PROTECTION OF WILDLIFE RESOURCES "
ARTICLE ONE If" the" applicant" is" a" foreign" entity" or" individual," a" local" institution" should" be" actively"
GENERAL PROVISION involved" in" the" research," collection" and," whenever" applicable" and" appropriate" in" the"
Section# 6."Wildlife!Information.""All"activities"shall"be"authorized"by"the"Secretary"upon" technological" development" of" the" products" derived" from" the" biological" and" genetic"
proper" evaluation" of" best" available" information" or" scientific" data" showing" that" the" resources."
activity"is,"or"for"a"purpose,"not"detrimental"to"the"survival"of"the"species"or"subspecies" "
involved" and/or" their" habitat." For" this" purpose," the" Secretary" shall" regularly" update" Section# 15."Scientific! Researches! on! Wildlife." " Collection" and" utilization" of" biological"
wildlife"information"through"research." resources"for"scientific"research"and"not"for"commercial"purposes"shall"be"allowed"upon"
# execution"of"an"undertaking/agreement"with"and"issuance"of"a"gratuitous"permit"by"the"
Section# 7."" " Collection" of" wildlife" may" be" allowed" in" accordance" with" Section" 6" of" this" Secretary" or" the" authorized" representative:"Provided," That" prior" clearance" from"
Act:"Provided,"" concerned" bodies" shall" be" secured" before" the" issuance" of" the" gratuitous"
(a) That"in"the"collection"of"wildlife,"appropriate"and"acceptable"wildlife"collection" permit:"Provided,!further,"That"the"last"paragraph"of"Section"14"shall"likewise"apply."
techniques" with" least" or" no" detrimental" effects" to" the" existing" wildlife" "
populations"and"their"habitats"shall,"likewise,"be"required" Section# 16."Biosafety"5" All" activities" dealing" on" genetic" engineering" and" pathogenic"
(b) That"collection"of"wildlife"by"indigenous"people"may"be"allowed"for"traditional" organisms"in"the"Philippines,"as"well"as"activities"requiring"the"importation,"introduction,"
use"and"not"primarily"for"trade" field" release" and" breeding" of" organisms" that" are" potentially" harmful" to" man" and" the"
(c) That" collection" and" utilization" for" said" purpose" shall" not" cover" threatened" environment" shall" be" reviewed" in" accordance" with" the" biosafety" guidelines" ensuring"
species" public"welfare"and"the"protection"and"conservation"of"wildlife"and"their"habitats."
(d) That"Section"23"of"this"Act"shall"govern"the"collection"of"threatened"species." "
# Section#18."Economically!Important!Species.""The"Secretary,"within"one"(1)"year"after"the"
Section# 8."Possession! of! Wildlife." 5" No" person" or" entity" shall" be" allowed" possession" of" effectivity" of" this" Act," shall" establish" a" list" of" economically5important" species." A"
wildlife" unless" such" person" or" entity" can" prove" financial" and" technical" capability" and" population" assessment" of" such" species" shall" be" conducted" within" a" reasonable" period"
facility"to"maintain"said"wildlife:"Provided,"That"the"source"was"not"obtained"in"violation" and"shall"be"regularly"reviewed"and"updated"by"the"Secretary."
of"this"Act." "
#
N""U""N""E""Z"
The" Collection" of" certain" species" shall" only" be" allowed" when" the" results" of" the" The"Secretary"shall"also"prepare"and"publish"a"list"of"wildlife"which"resembles"so"closely"
assessment" show" that," despite" certain" extent" of" collection," the" population" of" such" in" appearance" with" listed" threatened" wildlife," which" species" shall" likewise" be"
species"can"still"remain"viable"and"capable"of"recovering"its"numbers."For"this"purpose," categorized"as"threatened."
the"Secretary"shall"establish"a"schedule"and"volume"of"allowable"harvests." "
" Section#23."Collection!of!Threatened!Wildlife,!ByOproducts!and!Derivatives""The"collection"
Whenever" an" economically" important" species" become" threatened," any" form" of" of" threatened" wildlife," as" determined" and" listed" pursuant" to" this" Act," including" its" by5
collection"shall"be"prohibited"except"for"scientific,"educational"or"breeding/propagation" products"and"derivatives,"shall"be"allowed"only"for"scientific,"or"breeding"or"propagation"
purposes,"pursuant"to"the"provisions"of"this"Act." purposes" in" accordance" with" Section" 6" of" this" Act:"Provided," That" only" the" accredited"
" individuals," business," research," educational" or" scientific" entities" shall" be" allowed" to"
Section# 19."Designation! of! Management! and! Scientific! Authorities! for! International! collect"for"conservation"breeding"or"propagation"purposes."
Trade! in! Endangered! Species! of! Wild! Fauna! and! Flora." " For" the" implementation" of" "
International"agreement"on"international"trade"in"endangered"species"of"wild"fauna"and" Section# 24."Conservation! Breeding! or! Propagation! of! Threatened! Species"" Conservation"
fora," the" management" authorities" for" terrestrial" and" aquatic" resources" shall" be" the" breeding"or"propagation"of"threatened"species"shall"be"encouraged"in"order"to"enhance"
Protected" Areas" and" Wildlife" Bureau" (PAWB)" of" the" DENR" and" the" Bureau" of" Fisheries" its" population" in" its" natural" habitat." It" shall" be" done" simultaneously" with" the"
and" Aquatic" Resources" (BFAR)" of" the" DA," respectively" and" that" in" the" Province" of" rehabilitation" and/or" protection" of" the" habitat" where" the" captive5bred" or" propagated"
Palawan" the" implementation" hereof" is" vested" to" the" Palawan" Council" for" Sustainable" species"shall"be"released,"reintroduced"or"restocked."
Development"pursuant"to"Republic"Act"No."7611." "
" Commercial" breeding" or" propagation" of" threatened" species" may" be" allowed" provided"
" that"the"following"minimum"requirements"are"met"by"the"applicant,"to"wit:"
ARTICLE TWO (a) Proven"effective"breeding"and"captive"management"techniques"of"the"species;"
PROTECTION OF THREATENED SPECIES and"
Section# 22."Determination! of! Threatened! Species."5" The" Secretary" shall" determine" (b) Commitment"to"undertake"commercial"breeding"in"accordance"with"Section"17"
whether" any" wildlife" species" or" subspecies" is" threatened," and" classify" the" same" as" of"this"Act,"simultaneous"with"conservation"breeding."
critically" endangered," endangered," vulnerable" or" other" accepted" categories" based" on" The" Secretary" shall" prepare" a" list" of" threatened" species" for" commercial" breeding" and"
the" best" scientific" data" and" with" due" regard" to" internationally" accepted" criteria," shall"regularly"revise"or"update"such"list"or"as"the"need"arises."
including"but"not"limited"to"the"following:" #
(a) present"or"threatened"destruction,"modification"or"curtailment"of"its"habitat"or" Section# 27."Illegal!Acts."5"Unless"otherwise"allowed"in"accordance"with"this"Act,"it"shall"
range;" be"unlawful"for"any"person"to"willfully"and"knowingly"exploit"wildlife"resources"and"their"
(b) over5utilization" for" commercial," recreational," scientific" or" educational" habitats,"or"undertake"the"following"acts;"
purposes;" (1) killing"and"destroying"wildlife"species,"except"in"the"following"instances;"
(c) inadequacy"of"existing"regulatory"mechanisms;"and" (a) when" it" is" done" as" part" of" the" religious" rituals" of" established" tribal" groups" or"
(d) other"natural"or"man5made"factors"affecting"the"existence"of"wildlife." indigenous"cultural"communities;"
" (b) when"the"wildlife"is"afflicted"with"an"incurable"communicable"disease;"
The"Secretary"shall"review,"revise"and"publish"the"list"of"categorized"threatened"wildlife" (c) when" it" is" deemed" necessary" to" put" an" end" to" the" misery" suffered" by" the"
within" one" (1)" year" after" effectivity" of" this" Act." Thereafter," the" list" shall" be" updated" wildlife;"
regularly"or"as"the"need"arises:"Provided,"That"a"species"listed"as"threatened"shall"not"be" (d) when"it"is"done"to"prevent"an"imminent"danger"to"the"life"or"limb"of"a"human"
removed"there"from"within"three"(3)"years"following"its"initial"listing." being;"and"
" (e) when" the" wildlife" is" killed" or" destroyed" after" it" has" been" used" in" authorized"
Upon" filing" of" a" petition" based" on" substantial" scientific" information" of" any" person" research"or"experiments."
seeking" for" the" addition" or" deletion" of" a" species" from" the" list," the" Secretary" shall" (2) inflicting" injury" which" cripples" and/or" impairs" the" reproductive" system" of" wildlife"
evaluate" in" accordance" with" the" relevant" factors" stated" in" the" first" paragraph" of" this" species;"
section,"the"status"of"the"species"concerned"and"act"on"said"petition"within"a"reasonable" (3) effecting"any"of"the"following"acts"in"critical"habitat(s)"
period." (a) dumping"of"waste"products"detrimental"to"wildlife;"
" (b) squatting"or"otherwise"occupying"any"portion"of"the"critical"habitat;"
(c) mineral"exploration"and/or"extraction;"
(d) burning;"
N""U""N""E""Z"
(e) logging;"and" Where"the"Commercial"or"Academic"Collector"is"merely"an"agent"or"merely"collecting"for"
(f) quarrying" another" person" or" entity," the" agreement" between" the" Commercial" Collector" and" the"
(4) introduction,"reintroduction"or"restocking"of"wildlife"resources;" Principal" must" be" reviewed" by" the" Inter" –" Agency" Body" to" determine" the" latter"
(5) trading"of"wildlife;" agreement" does" not" undetermined" the" substantive" requirements" of" this" Executive"
(6) collecting,"hunting"or"possessing"wildlife,"their"by5products"and"derivatives;" Order."
(a) gathering"or"destroying"of"active"nests,"nest"trees,"host"plants"and"the"like;" "
(b) maltreating" and/or" inflicting" other" injuries" not" covered" by" the" preceding" "
paragraph;"and" "
(c) transporting"of"wildlife."
" NATIONAL BIOSAFETY FRAMEWORK, E.O. NO. 514
SECTION# 1.#Adoption# and# Operationalization# of# the# National# Biosafety# Framework."
BIO-PROSPECTING FRAMEWORK, E.O. NO. 247 The"National"Biosafety"Framework"(NBF)"for"the"Philippines,"attached"hereto"as"Annex"
SECTION# 1.# Policy# of# the# State." It" shall" be" the" policy" of" the" State" to" regulate" the" A,"is"hereby"adopted."
prospecting" of" biological" and" genetic" resources" so" that" these" resources" are" protected" #
and"conserved,"are"developed"and"put"to"the"sustainable"use"and"benefit"of"the"national" SECTION# 2.# Scope# and# Objectives." The" NBF" shall" have" the" following" scope" and"
interest." Further," it" shall" promote" the" development" of" local" capability" in" science" and" objectives:"
technology"to"achieve"technological"self"–"reliance"in"selected"areas." 2.1"Scope."The"NBF"shall"apply"to"the"development,"adoption"and"implementation"of"all"
# biosafety" policies," measures" and" guidelines" and" in" making" biosafety" decisions"
SECTION#2.#Consent#of#Indigenous#Cultural#Communities.Prospecting"of"biological"and" concerning" the" research," development," handling" and" use," transboundary" movement,"
genetic"resources"shall"be"allowed"within"the"ancestral"lands"and"domains"of"indigenous" release"into"the"environment"and"management"of"regulated"articles."
cultural" communities" only" with" the" prior" informed" consent" of" such" communities;" 2.2"Objectives."The"NBF"shall"have"the"following"objectives:"
obtained"in"accordance"with"the"customary"laws"of"the"concerned"community.# 2.2.1." Strengthen" the" existing" science5based" determination" of" biosafety" to" ensure" the"
Prospecting" of" biological" and" genetic" resources" shall" be" allowed" only" with" the" prior" safe"and"responsible"use"of"modern"biotechnology"so"that"the"Philippines"and"its"citizens"
informed"consent"of"the"concerned"local"communities." can"benefit"from"its"application"while"avoiding"or"minimizing"the"risks"associated"with"it;"
" 2.2.2." Enhance" the" decision5making" system" on" the" application" of" products" of" modern"
SECTION#3.#When#Research#Agreement#Is#Necessary."The"prospecting"of"biological"and" biotechnology" to" make" it" more" efficient," predictable," effective," balanced," culturally"
genetic" resources" shall" be" allowed" when" the" person," entity" or" corporation," foreign" or" appropriate,"ethical,"transparent"and"participatory;"and"
domestic," undertaking" such" activities," on" recommendation" of" the" Inter" Agency" 2.2.3."Serve"as"guidelines"for"implementing"international"obligations"on"biosafety."
Committee"on"Biological"and"Genetic"Resources,"has"entered"into"a"Research"Agreement" #
with" the" Philippine" Government," representative" by" the" DENR," DOH," DA," or" DOST," Section# 3.#Administrative# Framework# and# DecisioncMaking# Processes." In" making"
depending"on"the"nature"and"character"of"the"prospecting"activity."For"purposes"of"this" biosafety" decisions," the" administrative" system" and" decision5making" processes"
Executive" Order," traditional" uses" of" biological" resources" by" indigenous" and" local" established"in"the"NBF"shall"be"complied"with."
communities"shall"not"required"a"Research"Agreement." #
" Section# 4.#Strengthening# the# National# Committee# on# Biosafety# of# the# Philippines#
If"the"research"and"collection"of"biological"and"genetic"resources"is"intended,"directly"or" (NCBP).#The" NCBP" is" hereby" strengthened." Its" mandate," functions," composition" and"
indirectly," for" commercial" purposes," the" agreement" must" be" a" Commercial" Research" organization"are"set"forth"in"the"NBF."
Agreement."For"purposes"of"this"Executive"Order,"all"Research"Agreements"with"private" Section# 5.# General# Mandate# on# Departments,# Offices# and# Agencies." The" mandates,"
persons"and"corporations,"including"all"agreement"with"foreign"or"international"entities," jurisdictions"and"other"powers"of"all"departments"and"agencies"in"relation"to"biosafety"
shall"conform"with"the"minimum"requirements"of"a"Commercial"Research"Agreement." and"biotechnology"shall"be"guided"by"the"NBF"and"coordinated"with"the"NCBP"and"each"
" other"in"exercising"such"powers."
If"the"prospecting"of"biological"and"genetic"materials"is"intended"primarily"for"academic"
purposes," the" agreement" shall" be" an" Academic" Research" Agreement." Only" duly"
recognized" Philippine" universities" and" academic" institutions," domestic" governmental"
entities," and" intergovernmental" entities" may" apply" for" an" Academic" Research"
Agreement."
"
N""U""N""E""Z"
Jurisprudence BIOSAFETY
All"activities"dealing"on"genetic"engineering"and"pathogenic"organisms"in"the"Philippines,"
as"well"as"activities"requiring"the"importation,"introduction,"field"release"and"breeding"of"
INTERNATIONAL SERVICE FOR THE ACQUISITION OF AGRI! organisms"that"are"potentially"harmful"to"man"and"the"environment"shall"be"reviewed"in"
BIOTECH APPLICATIONS, INC. V. GREENPEACE SOUTHEAST ASIA accordance"with"the"biosafety"guidelines"ensuring"public"welfare"and"the"protection"and"
(PHILIPPINES), ET AL. conservation"of"wildlife"and"their"habitats."(Wildlife"Act)"
"
refers" to" the" condition" in" which" the" probability" of" harm," injury" and" damage" resulting"
Petitioner"executed"a"memorandum"of"undertaking"for"the"purposes"of"a"collaborative" from"the"intentional"and"unintentional"introduction"and/or"use"of"a"regulated"article"is"
research"and"development"project"on"eggplants"(Bt"Talong)"which"are"resistant"to"fruit" within" acceptable" and" manageable" levels;" (DOST5DA5DENR5DOH5DILG" JDC" no." 1," series"
and"shoot"borer."Respondent"opposed"the"same"and"filed"for"a"writ"of"kalikasan"and"of" of"2016)"
continuing"mandamus,"alleging"that"the"said"research"is"in"violation"of"the"constitutional"
right" to" health" and" balanced" ecology." Does" the" precautionary" principle" apply?" Yes,"
because"the"government"is"obliged"to"“foresee"and"forestall”"harm"to"the"environment."
The" SC" found" that" the" subject" undertaking" may" contain" serious" health" hazards" arising" B. International commitments on biodiversity and species conservation
from"the"consumption"of"GMOs."The"undertaking"is"enjoined.""
"
International Laws
A. Bio-prospecting and biosafety (under the Wildlife Act)
BIOPROSPECTING CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
means" the" research," collection" and" utilization" of" biological" and" genetic" resources" for"
purposes"of"applying"the"knowledge"derived"there"from"solely"for"commercial"purposes;" "
(Wildlife"Act)" Objective:" The" objectives" of" this" Convention," to" be" pursued" in" accordance" with" its"
" relevant"provisions,"are"the"conservation"of"biological"diversity,"the"sustainable"use"of"its"
Bioprospecting" shall" be" allowed" upon" execution" of" an" undertaking" by" any" proponent," components" and" the" fair" and" equitable" sharing" of" the" benefits" arising" out" of" the"
stipulating" therein" its" compliance" with" and" commitment(s)" to" reasonable" terms" and" utilization"of"genetic"resources,"including"by"appropriate"access"to"genetic"resources"and"
conditions" that" may" be" imposed" by" the" Secretary" which" are" necessary" to" protect" by" appropriate" transfer" of" relevant" technologies," taking" into" account" all" rights" over"
biological"diversity."(Supra)" those"resources"and"to"technologies,"and"by"appropriate"funding."(Article"1)"
" "
The" Secretary" or" the" authorized" representative," in" consultation" with" the" concerned" Principle:# States" have," in" accordance" with" the" Charter" of" the" United" Nations" and" the"
agencies," before" granting" the" necessary" permit," shall" require" that" prior" informed" principles# of# international# law," the" sovereign# right" to" exploit" their" own" resources"
consent" be" obtained" by" the" applicant" from" the" concerned" indigenous" cultural" pursuant" to" their" own" environmental" policies," and" the" responsibility" to" ensure" that"
communities," local" communities," management" board" under" Republic" Act" No." 7586" or" activities"within"their"jurisdiction"or"control"do"not"cause"damage"to"the"environment"of"
private"individual"or"entity."The"applicant"shall"disclose"fully"the"intent"and"scope"of"the" other"States"or"of"areas"beyond"the"limits"of"national"jurisdiction."(Article"3)"
bioprospecting" activity" in" a" language" and" process" understandable" to" the" community."
The" prior" informed" consent" from" the" indigenous" peoples" shall" be" obtained" in" Definition#of#Important#Terms:#
accordance"with"existing"laws."The"action"on"the"bioprospecting"proposal"by"concerned" "Biological! diversity"" means" the" variability" among" living" organisms" from" all" sources"
bodies"shall"be"made"within"a"reasonable"period."(Supra)" including,"inter"alia,"terrestrial,"marine"and"other"aquatic"ecosystems"and"the"ecological"
" complexes"of"which"they"are"part;"this"includes"diversity"within"species,"between"species"
Upon"submission"of"the"complete"requirements,"the"Secretary"shall"act"on"the"research" and"of"ecosystems.
proposal"within"a"reasonable"period."If"the"applicant"is"a"foreign"entity"or"individual,"a" "Biological! resources"" includes" genetic" resources," organisms" or" parts" thereof,"
local" institution" should" be" actively" involved" in" the" research," collection" and," whenever" populations,"or"any"other"biotic"component"of"ecosystems"with"actual"or"potential"use"
applicable" and" appropriate" in" the" technological" development" of" the" products" derived" or"value"for"humanity.
from"the"biological"and"genetic"resources."(Supra)" "Biotechnology""means"any"technological"application"that"uses"biological"systems,"living"
! organisms,"or"derivatives"thereof,"to"make"or"modify products"or"processes"for"specific"
use.
N""U""N""E""Z"
“Derivative”" means" a" naturally" occurring" biochemical" compound" resulting" from" the"
genetic"expression"or"metabolism"of"biological"or"genetic"resources,"even"if"it"does"not"
CARTAGENA PROTOCOL contain"functional"units"of"heredity."(Art."2)#
Principle# and# objective:" In" accordance" with" the" precautionary" approach" contained" in" #
Principle"15"of"the"Rio"Declaration"on"Environment"and"Development,"the"objective"of" Scope:#This"Protocol"shall"apply"to"genetic"resources"within"the"scope"of"Article"15"of"the"
this"Protocol"is"to"contribute"to"ensuring"an"adequate"level"of"protection"in"the"field"of" Convention" and" to" the" benefits" arising" from" the" utilization" of" such" resources." This"
the"safe"transfer,"handling"and"use"of"living"modified"organisms"resulting"from"modern" Protocol" shall" also" apply" to" traditional" knowledge" associated" with" genetic" resources"
biotechnology"that"may"have"adverse"effects"on"the"conservation"and"sustainable"use"of" within" the" scope" of" the" Convention" and" to" the" benefits" arising" from" the" utilization" of"
biological" diversity," taking" also" into" account" risks" to" human" health," and" specifically" such"knowledge."(Art."3)"
focusing"on"transboundary"movements."(Art."1)"
" Principles
Scope:# This"Protocol"shall"apply"to"the"transboundary"movement,"transit,"handling"and"
use"of"all"living"modified"organisms"that"may"have"adverse"effects"on"the"conservation" A. FAIR AND EQUITABLE BENEFIT-SHARING (ART. 5)
and" sustainable" use" of" biological" diversity," taking" also" into" account" risks" to" human" 1."The"benefits"arising"from"the"utilization"of"genetic"resources"as"well"as"subsequent"
health."(Art."4)" applications" and" commercialization" shall" be" shared" in" a" fair" and" equitable" way"
" with" the" Party" providing" such" resources" that" is" the" country" of" origin" of" such"
Definition#of#important#terms:# resources"or"a"Party"that"has"acquired"the"genetic"resources"in"accordance"with"
(a) "Living" modified" organism"" means" any" living" organism" that" possesses" a" novel" the"Convention."Such"sharing"shall"be"upon"mutually"agreed"terms.
combination" of" genetic" material" obtained" through" the" use" of" modern" 2."Each"Party"shall"take"legislative,"administrative"or"policy"measures,"as"appropriate,"
biotechnology;" with" the" aim" of" ensuring" that" benefits" arising" from" the" utilization" of" genetic"
(b) "Living"organism""means"any"biological"entity"capable"of"transferring"or"replicating" resources"that"are"held"by"indigenous"and"local"communities,"in"accordance"with"
genetic"material,"including"sterile"organisms,"viruses"and"viroids;" domestic" legislation" regarding" the" established" rights" of" these" indigenous" and"
(c) "Modern"biotechnology""means"the"application"of:" local" communities" over" these" genetic" resources," are" shared" in" a" fair" and"
(1) In" vitro" nucleic" acid" techniques," including" recombinant" deoxyribonucleic" acid" equitable" way" with" the" communities" concerned," based" on" mutually" agreed"
(DNA)"and"direct"injection"of"nucleic"acid"into"cells"or"organelles,"or" terms."
(2) Fusion" of" cells" beyond" the" taxonomic" family," that" overcome" natural" 5."Each"Party"shall"take"legislative,"administrative"or"policy"measures,"as"appropriate,"
physiological" reproductive" or" recombination" barriers" and" that" are" not" in" order" that" the" benefits" arising" from" the" utilization" of" traditional" knowledge"
techniques"used"in"traditional"breeding"and"selection;" associated" with" genetic" resources" are" shared" in" a" fair" and" equitable" way" with"
" indigenous"and"local"communities"holding"such"knowledge."Such"sharing"shall"be"
upon"mutually"agreed"terms."
THE NAGOYA PROTOCOL ON ACCESS TO GENETIC RESOURCES "
AND THE FAIR AND EQUITABLE SHARING OF BENEFITS ARISING B. TRANSBOUNDARY COOPERATION (ART. 11)
FROM THE UTILIZATION TO THE CBD 1. In" instances" where" the" same" genetic" resources" are" found" in" situ" within" the"
territory"of"more"than"one"Party,"those"Parties"shall"endeavour"to"cooperate,"
"
as" appropriate," with" the" involvement" of" indigenous" and" local" communities"
Objective:##The"objective"of"this"Protocol"is"the"fair"and"equitable"sharing"of"the"benefits"
concerned,"where"applicable,"with"a"view"to"implementing"this"Protocol.
arising" from" the" utilization" of" genetic" resources," including" by" appropriate" access" to"
2. Where" the" same" traditional" knowledge" associated" with" genetic" resources" is"
genetic" resources" and" by" appropriate" transfer" of" relevant" technologies," taking" into"
shared" by" one" or" more" indigenous" and" local" communities" in" several" Parties,"
account"all"rights"over"those"resources"and"to"technologies,"and"by"appropriate"funding,"
those" Parties" shall" endeavour" to" cooperate," as" appropriate," with" the"
thereby"contributing"to"the"conservation"of"biological"diversity"and"the"sustainable"use"
involvement"of"the"indigenous"and"local"communities"concerned,"with"a"view"
of"its"components."(Art."1)"
to"implementing"the"objective"of"this"Protocol."
"
"
Definition#of#Important#terms:#
“Biotechnology”" as" defined" in" Article" 2" of" the" Convention" means" any" technological"
application" that" uses" biological" systems," living" organisms," or" derivatives" thereof," to"
make"or"modify"products"or"processes"for"specific"use;
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C. CONTRIBUTION TO CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE USE (ART. 9) Definition of Terms
The" Parties" shall" encourage" users" and" providers" to" direct" benefits" arising" from" the"
Wetlands" –" For" the" purpose" of" this" Convention" wetlands" are" areas" of" marsh," fen,"
utilization"of"genetic"resources"towards"the"conservation"of"biological"diversity"and"the"
peatland" or" water," whether" natural" or" artificial," permanent" or" temporary," with" water"
sustainable"use"of"its"components."
that"is"static"or"flowing,"fresh,"brackish"or"salt,"including"areas"of"marine"water"the"depth"
CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED of"which"at"low"tide"does"not"exceed"six"metres."
SPECIES OF WILDLIFE FAUNA AND FLORA (CITES) "
Waterfowl" –" For" the" purpose" of" this" Convention" waterfowl" are" birds" ecologically"
Fundamental Principles dependent"on"wetlands."
1. Appendix"I"shall"include"all"species"threatened"with"extinction"which"are"or"may"be" #
affected" by" trade." Trade" in" specimens" of" these" species" must" be" subject" to" INTERNATIONAL TREATY ON PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES FOR
particularly" strict" regulation" in" order" not" to" endanger" further" their" survival" and"
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE
must"only"be"authorized"in"exceptional"circumstances."
2. Appendix"II"shall"include:" Obligations
(a) all"species"which"although"not"necessarily"now"threatened"with"extinction"may"
Article# 5# c" Conservation," Exploration," Collection," Characterization," Evaluation" and"
become" so" unless" trade" in" specimens" of" such" species" is" subject" to" strict"
Documentation"of"Plant"Genetic"Resources"for"Food"and"Agriculture""
regulation"in"order"to"avoid"utilization"incompatible"with"their"survival;"and"
"
(b) other" species" which" must" be" subject" to" regulation" in" order" that" trade" in"
Article# 6"5"Sustainable"Use"of"Plant"Genetic"Resources"6.1"The"Contracting"Parties"shall"
specimens"of"certain"species"referred"to"in"sub5paragraph"(a)"of"this"paragraph"
develop" and" maintain" appropriate" policy" and" legal" measures" that" promote" the"
may"be"brought"under"effective"control."
sustainable"use"of"plant"genetic"resources"for"food"and"agriculture."6.2"The"sustainable"
3. Appendix"III"shall"include"all"species"which"any"Party"identifies"as"being"subject"to"
use"of"plant"genetic"resources"for"food"and"agriculture"may"include"such"measures"as:""
regulation" within" its" jurisdiction" for" the" purpose" of" preventing" or" restricting"
(a) pursuing" fair" agricultural" policies" that" promote," as" appropriate," the"
exploitation," and" as" needing" the" co5operation" of" other" Parties" in" the" control" of"
development" and" maintenance" of" diverse" farming" systems" that" enhance" the"
trade."
sustainable"use"of"agricultural"biological"diversity"and"other"natural"resources;""
4. The"Parties"shall"not"allow"trade"in"specimens"of"species"included"in"Appendices"I,"II"
(b) strengthening" research" which" enhances" and" conserves" biological" diversity" by"
and"III"except"in"accordance"with"the"provisions"of"the"present"Convention."
maximizing" intra5" and" inter5specific" variation" for" the" benefit" of" farmers,"
"
especially"those"who"generate"and"use"their"own"varieties"and"apply"ecological"
CONVENTION ON WETLANDS, ESPECIALLY AS WATERFOWL principles" in" maintaining" soil" fertility" and" in" combating" diseases," weeds" and"
HABITAT (RAMSAR CONVENTION) pests;""
(c) promoting,"as"appropriate,"plant"breeding"efforts"which,"with"the"participation"
Objectives of" farmers," particularly" in" developing" countries," strengthen" the" capacity" to"
1. Each"Contracting"Party"shall"promote"the"conservation"of"wetlands"and"waterfowl" develop" varieties" particularly" adapted" to" social," economic" and" ecological"
by"establishing"nature"reserves"on"wetlands,"whether"they"are"included"in"the"List" conditions,"including"in"marginal"areas;""
or"not,"and"provide"adequately"for"their"wardening." (d) broadening" the" genetic" base" of" crops" and" increasing" the" range" of" genetic"
2. Where" a" Contracting" Party" in" its" urgent" national" interest," deletes" or" restricts" the" diversity"available"to"farmers;""
boundaries"of"a"wetland"included"in"the"List,"it"should"as"far"as"possible"compensate" (e) promoting," as" appropriate," the" expanded" use" of" local" and" locally" adapted"
for" any" loss" of" wetland" resources," and" in" particular" it" should" create" additional" crops,"varieties"and"underutilized"species;""
nature" reserves" for" waterfowl" and" for" the" protection," either" in" the" same" area" or" (f) supporting,"as"appropriate,"the"wider"use"of"diversity"of"varieties"and"species"in"
elsewhere,"of"an"adequate"portion"of"the"original"habitat." onfarm" management," conservation" and" sustainable" use" of" crops" and" creating"
3. The" Contracting" Parties" shall" encourage" research" and" the" exchange" of" data" and" strong"links"to"plant"breeding"and"agricultural"development"in"order"to"reduce"
publications"regarding"wetlands"and"their"flora"and"fauna." crop" vulnerability" and" genetic" erosion," and" promote" increased" world" food"
4. The" Contracting" Parties" shall" endeavour" through" management" to" increase" production"compatible"with"sustainable"development;"and""
waterfowl"populations"on"appropriate"wetlands." (g) reviewing," and," as" appropriate," adjusting" breeding" strategies" and" regulations"
5. The" Contracting" Parties" shall" promote" the" training" of" personnel" competent" in" the" concerning"variety"release"and"seed"distribution."
fields"of"wetland"research,"management"and"wardening."
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Farmers’ Rights
9.1" The" Contracting" Parties" recognize" the" enormous" contribution" that" the" local" and"
indigenous"communities"and"farmers"of"all"regions"of"the"world,"particularly"those"in"the"
centres" of" origin" and" crop" diversity," have" made" and" will" continue" to" make" for" the"
conservation"and"development"of"plant"genetic"resources"which"constitute"the"basis"of"
food"and"agriculture"production"throughout"the"world.""
"
9.2"The"Contracting"Parties"agree"that"the"responsibility"for"realizing"Farmers’"Rights,"as"
they" relate" to" plant" genetic" resources" for" food" and" agriculture," rests" with" national"
governments." In" accordance" with" their" needs" and" priorities," each" Contracting" Party"
should,"as"appropriate,"and"subject"to"its"national"legislation,"take"measures"to"protect"
and"promote"Farmers’"Rights,"including:"a)"protection"of"traditional"knowledge"relevant"
to"plant"genetic"resources"for"food"and"agriculture!
"#
[mr.#elizano]"
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Fisheries and Aquatic Resources
(3) Department"of"the"Interior"and"Local"Government,""
A. STATE OF PHILIPPINE FISHERIES, COASTAL AND MARINE (4) Department"of"Finance,"Department"of"Justice,""
RESOURCES (5) Department"of"National"Defense,""
Environmental"Situation:"The"Visayan"Sea"is"one"of"the"country’s"richest"fishing"grounds:" (6) Department" of" Foreign" Affairs" and" their" respective" offices" and" attached"
Under"the"Fishery"Code"of"1998,"commericial"fishing"is"not"allowed"within"15"kms"from" agencies," including" concerned" economic" zone" authorities," as" well" as"
the" shore." Small" fisherman" complain" rampant" commercial" fishing" is" the" cause" of" representatives"from"the"private"sector.""
depletion"to"catch"fish."
" Chairperson: Secretary of Agriculture or his duly authorized representative shall
serve as the Chairperson of the Committee.
Commercial"fishing"operators"claim"that"they"are"not"fishing"in"the"area"but"just"passing"
through"to"go"to"Cadiz"city."Commercial"fishers"counter"that"small5scale"fishermen"have" Private Sector composition:
resorted"to"illegal"fishing"methods"such"as"dynamite"fishing"or"fine"mesh"net."LGUs"in"ilo5 1. Fisherfolk representative of the National Anti-Poverty Commission (NAPC),
ilo"and"Negros"have"intensified"enforcement"to"protect"their"fishing"grounds."Fishermen" and
from" Negros" have" been" caught" by" the" bantay" dagat" fom" ilo" ilo" for" ‘illegally" fishing" (no" 2. Municipal and two (2) commercial fishers from the National Fisheries and
permit)"in"their"municipality.""This"has"caused"conflict"among"LGUs"and"residents"of"the" Aquatic Resources Management Council (NFARMC).
2"provinces."BFAR"regular"closed"seasons"declared"in"the"Visayan"Sea."
RA 8550, Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998, as
B. LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR FISHERIES AND AQUATIC RESOURCES amended by RA 10654
Provisions#in#the#book#
The"Fishery"Code"of"1998"provides"the"framework"for"managing"the"country’s"fisheries"
An" act" to" prevent," deter" and" eliminate" illegal," unreported" and" unregulated" fishing,"
resources," as" well" as" allocating" access" to" fisheries" among" the" various" users." The"
amending" republic" act" no." 8550," otherwise" known" as" ‘The" Philippine" Fisheries" Code" of"
Constitution"provides"preferential"access"to"marginal"fishermen,"as"well"as"reserves"the"
1998’,"and"for"other"purposes.!
exploitation"of"fisheries"exclusive"to"Filipinos."
Section#4.#Definition#of#Terms:#(
C. JURISDICTION AND FISHING IN MUNICIPAL WATERS, Commercial! Fishing" 5" the" taking" of" fishery" species" by" passive" or" active" gear" for" trade,"
COMMERCIAL WATERS, HIGH SEAS business"or"profit"beyond"subsistence"or"sports"fishing,"to"be"further"classified"as:"!
(a) Small" scale" commercial" fishing" 5" fishing" with" passive" or" active" gear" utilizing"
All"Philippine"waters"including"other"waters"over"which"the"Philippines"has"sovereignty" fishing"vessels"of"3.1"gross"tons"(GT)"up"to"20"GT;"!
and"jurisdiction,"and"the"country’s"2005nautical"mile"Exclusive"Economic"Zone"(EEZ)"and" (b) Medium"scale"commercial"fishing"5"fishing"utilizing"active"gears"and"vessels"of"
continental"shelf;" 20.1"GT"up"to"one"hundred"fifty"(150)"GT;"and"!
(c) Large" scale" commercial" fishing" 5" fishing" utilizing" active" gears" and" vessels" of"
D. MEASURES AGAINST ILLEGAL, UNREPORTED AND more"than"one"hundred"fifty"(150)"GT.!
UNREGULATED FISHING (IUU)
Municipal!fisherfolk"5"persons"who"are"directly"or"indirectly"engaged"in"municipal"fishing"
5The" purpose" of" EO" 154" (Adopting" a" National" Plan" of" Action" to" Prevent," Deter," and" and"other"related"fishing"activities."!
Eliminate"Illegal,"Unreported,"and"Unregulated"Fishing,"and"for"other"purposes)"is"for"the" !
Establishment"of"the"Philippine"Committee"Against"IUU"Fishing"(Section"2).""" Municipal! fishing" 5" refers" to" fishing" within" municipal" waters" using" fishing" vessels" of" 3"
gross"tons"or"less,"or"fishing"not"requiring"the"use"of"fishing"vessels."!
PHILIPPINE COMMITTEE AGAINST IUU FISHING IS COMPOSED OF, BUT NOT !
LIMITED TO: Municipal! waters" 5" include" not" only" streams," lakes," inland" bodies" of" water" and" tidal"
(1) Authorized"representatives"from"the"Office"of"the"President,"" waters" within" the" municipality" which" are" not" included" within" the" protected" areas" as"
(2) Department" of" Agriculture," Department" of" Transportation" and" defined" under" The" NIPAS" Law" public" forest," timber" lands," forest" reserves" or" fishery"
Communications,"" reserves,"but"also"marine"waters"included"between"two"(2)"lines"drawn"perpendicular"to"
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FISHERIES"&"ACQUATIC"RESOURCES" NATRES"&"ENVI"LAW" FAM5"G01"|"53"
the" general" coastline" from" points" where" the" boundary" lines" of" the" municipality" touch" The"municipal"or"city"government,"however,"may,"through"its"local"chief"executive"and"
the"sea"at"low"tide"and"a"third"line"parallel"with"the"general"coastline"including"offshore" acting" pursuant" to" an" appropriate" ordinance," authorize" or" permit" small" and" medium"
inlands"and"fifteen"(15)"kilometers"from"such"coastline."Where"two"(2)"municipalities"are" commercial" fishing" vessels" to" operate" within" the" ten" point" one" (10.1)" to" fifteen" (15)"
so" situated" on" opposite" shores" that" there" is" less" than" thirty" (30)" kilometers" of" marine" kilometer"area"from"the"shoreline"in"municipal"waters"as"defined"herein,"provided,"that"
waters"between"them,"the"third"line"shall"be"equally"distant"from"opposite"shore"of"the" all"the"following"are"met:"(
respective"municipalities.( (a) No"commercial"fishing"in"municipal"waters"with"depth"less"than"7"fathoms"as"
certified"by"the"appropriate"agency;"(
Section#16:#Jurisdiction#of#Municipal/City#Governments.## (b) Fishing" activities" utilizing" methods" and" gears" that" are" determined" to" be"
The"municipal/city"government"shall"have"jurisdiction"over"municipal"waters"as"defined" consistent"with"national"policies"set"by"the"Department;"(
in" this" Code." The" municipal/city" government," in" consultation" with" the" FARMC" shall" be" (c) Prior" consultation," through" public" hearing," with" the" M/CFARMC" has" been"
responsible"for"the"management,"conservation,"development,"protection,"utilization"and" conducted;"and"(
disposition" of" all" fish" and" fishery/aquatic" resources" within" their" respective" municipal" (d) The" applicant" vessel" as" well" as" the" ship" owner," employer," captain" and" crew"
waters."" have"been"certified"by"the"appropriate"agency"as"not"having"violated"this"Code,"
( environmental"laws"and"related"laws."(
The"municipal/city"government"may,"in"consultation"with"the"FARMC,"enact"appropriate" "
ordinances" for" this" purpose" and" in" accordance" with" the" National" Fisheries" Policy." The" In"no"case"shall"the"authorization"or"permit"mentioned"above"be"granted"for"fishing"in"
ordinances"enacted"by"the"municipality"and"component"city"shall"be"reviewed"pursuant" bays" as" determined" by" the" Department" to" be" in" an" environmentally" critical" condition"
to"Republic"Act"No."7160"by"the"sanggunian"of"the"province"which"has"jurisdiction"over" and"during"closed"season"as"provided"for"in"Section"9"of"this"Code.(
the"same.""
( RA 7160, Local Government Code
The"LGUs"shall"also"enforce"all"fishery"laws,"rules"and"regulations"as"well"as"valid"fishery" It"was"enacted"to"primarily"to"ensure"that"fisheries"resources"are"sufficient"to"meet"food"
ordinances" enacted" by" the" municipal/city" council." The" management" of" contiguous" security"
fishery"resources"such"as"bays"which"straddle"several"municipalities,"cities"or"provinces,"
shall"be"done"in"an"integrated"manner,"and"shall"not"be"based"on"political"subdivisions"of" Section#16:#General#Welfare.##
municipal"waters"in"order"to"facilitate"their"management"as"single"resource"systems."The" Every" local" government" unit" shall" exercise" the" powers" expressly" granted," those"
LGUs"which"share"or"border"such"resources"may"group"themselves"and"coordinate"with" necessarily" implied" therefrom," as" well" as" powers" necessary," appropriate," or" incidental"
each" other" to" achieve" the" objectives" of" integrated" fishery" resource" management." The" for" its" efficient" and" effective" governance," and" those" which" are" essential" to" the"
Integrated" Fisheries" and" Aquatic" Resources" Management" Councils" (IFARMCs)" promotion" of" the" general" welfare." Within" their" respective" territorial" jurisdictions," local"
established" under" Section" 76" of" this" Code" shall" serve" as" the" venues" for" close" government" units" shall" ensure" and" support," among" other" things," the" preservation"and"
collaboration"among"LGUs"in"the"management"of"contiguous"resources.( enrichment"of"culture,"promote"health"and"safety,"enhance"the"right"of"the"people"to"a"
balanced" ecology," encourage" and" support" the" development" of" appropriate" and" self5
Section#17.#Grant#of#Fishing#Privileges#in#Municipal#Waters.## reliant" scientific" and" technological" capabilities," improve" public" morals," enhance"
The" duly" registered" fisherfolk" organizations/cooperatives" shall" have" preference" in" the" economic"prosperity"and"social"justice,"promote"full"employment"among"their"residents,"
grant"of"fishery"rights"by"the"Municipal/City"Council"pursuant"to"Section"149"of"the"Local" maintain" peace" and" order," and" preserve" the" comfort" and" convenience" of" their"
Government"Code:""Provided,"That"in"areas"where"there"are"special"agencies"or"offices" inhabitants."
vested" with" jurisdiction" over" municipal" waters" by" virtue" of" special" laws" creating" these"
agencies" such" as," but" not" limited" to," the" Laguna" Lake" Development" Authority" and" the" Section#149:#Fishery#Rentals,#Fees#and#Charges.#
Palawan" Council" for" Sustainable" Development," said" offices" and" agencies" shall" continue" Municipalities" shall" have" the" exclusive" authority" to" grant" fishery" privileges" in" the"
to" grant" permits" for" proper" management" and" implementation" of" the" aforementioned" municipal" waters" and" impose" rentals," fees" or" charges" therefor" in" accordance" with" the"
structures."" provisions"of"this"Section."The"sangguniang"bayan"may:"
(a) Grant"fishery"privileges"to"erect"fish"corrals,"oysters,"mussels"or"other"aquatic"
Section#18.#Users#of#Municipal#Waters.## beds" or" bangus" fry" areas," within" a" definite" zone" of" the" municipal" waters," as"
All"fishery"related"activities"in"municipal"waters,"as"defined"in"this"Code,"shall"be"utilized" determined" by" it:" Provided," however," That" duly" registered" organizations" and"
by" municipal" fisherfolk" and" their" cooperatives/organizations" who" are" listed" as" such" in" cooperatives" of" marginal" fishermen" shall" have" the" preferential" right" to" such"
the"registry"of"municipal"fisherfolk."" fishery"privileges:"Provided,"further,"That"the"sangguniang"bayan"may"require"a"
( public"bidding"in"conformity"with"and"pursuant"to"an"ordinance"for"the"grant"of"
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such"privileges:"Provided,"finally,"That"in"the"absence"of"such"organizations"and" Article# 51." The" banks" of" rivers" and" streams" and" the" shores" of" the" seas" and" lakes"
cooperatives" or" their" failure" to" exercise" their" preferential" right," other" parties" throughout" their" entire" length" and" within" a" zone" of" three" (3)" meters" in" urban" areas,"
may" participate" in" the" public" bidding" in" conformity" with" the" above" cited" twenty"(20)"meters"in"agricultural"areas"and"forty"(40)"meters"in"forest"areas,"along"their"
procedure." margins" are" subject" to" the" easement" of" public" use" in" the" interest" of" recreation,"
(b) Grant" the" privilege" to" gather," take" or" catch" bangus" fry," prawn" fry" or" kawag5 navigation,"floatage,"fishing"and"salvage."No"person"shall"be"allowed"to"stay"in"this"zone"
kawag"or"fry"of"other"species"and"fish"from"the"municipal"waters"by"nets,"traps" longer"than"what"is"necessary"for"recreation,"navigation,"floatage,"fishing"or"salvage"or"
or"other"fishing"gears"to"marginal"fishermen"free"of"any"rental,"fee,"charge"or" to"build"structures"of"any"kind."
any"other"imposition"whatsoever." "
(c) Issue" licenses" for" the" operation" of" fishing" vessels" of" three" (3)" tons" or" less" for" EO 154 (2013), Preventing, deterring and eliminating
which" purpose" the" sangguniang" bayan" shall" promulgate" rules" and" regulations"
regarding"the"issuances"of"such"licenses"to"qualified"applicants"under"existing" IUU fishing
laws." It" is" the" policy" of" the" State" to" ensure" the" rational" and" sustainable" development,"
(d) Provided," however," That" the" sanggunian" concerned" shall," by" appropriate" management," and" conservation" of" the" fishery" and" aquatic" resources" in" Philippine"
ordinance," penalize" the" use" of" explosives," noxious" or" poisonous" substances," waters,"including"the"exclusive"economic"zone,"and"in"the"adjacent"high"seas,"consistent"
electricity,"muro5ami,"and"other"deleterious"methods"of"fishing"and"prescribe"a" with"the"primordial"objective"of"maintaining"a"sound"ecological"balance,"and"protecting"
criminal" penalty" therefor" in" accordance" with" the" provisions" of" this" Code:" and"enhancing"the"quality"of"the"environment;"
Provided," finally," That" the" sanggunian" concerned" shall" have" the" authority" to"
prosecute"any"violation"of"the"provisions"of"applicable"fishery"laws." RA 9379 (2007), Handline Fishing Law
The"handline"fishery,"and"the"larger"fishing"community"of"General"Santos"city,"has"been"
PD No. 1067, Water Code of the Philippines the"principal"driver"in"the"development"of"a"specific"framework"that"takes"into"account"
The"objectives"of"this"Code"are:" the"unique"nature"of"commercial"handline"fisheries.""
(a) To"establish"the"basic"principles"and"framework"relating"to"the"appropriation," "
control" and" conservation" of" water" resources" to" achieve" the" optimum" For"more"than"a"decade,"the"handline"fishing"sector"has"advocated"for"the"adoption"of"a"
development"and"rational"utilization"of"these"resources;" registration" and" licensing" scheme" particular" to" the" handline" fishing" vessels" in" General"
(b) To" define" the" extent" of" the" rights" and" obligations" of" water" users" and" owners" Santos"City.""
including"the"protection"and"regulation"of"such"rights;" "
(c) To" adopt" a" basic" law" governing" the" ownership," appropriation," utilization," An"adequate"system"for"registering"and"licensing"handline"vessels"is"deemed"critical"for"
exploitation," development," conservation" and" protection" of" water" resources" their" fishing" operations," especially" those" that" extend" to" the" waters" of" neighbouring"
and"rights"to"land"related"thereto;"and" States"and"in"areas"managed"by"regional"organisations."
(d) To"identify"the"administrative"agencies"which"will"enforce"this"Code." "
It" was" in" 2007" when" the" Handline" Fishing" Law," was" enacted" in" the" hope" of" resolving"
some"of"the"legal"issues"in"registering"and"licensing"handline"fishing"boats."The"law"aims"
The#underlying#principles#of#this#code#are:# to"strengthen"the"rules"and"regulations"governing"handline"fishing"and"ensure"the"safety"
(a) All"waters"belong"to"the"State." and" seaworthiness" of" handline" fishing" vessels." In" this" legislation," handline" fishing" is"
(b) All" waters" that" belong" to" the" State" can" not" be" the" subject" to" acquisitive" defined" as" a" “traditional" fishing" method" that" use" the" hook" and" line," a" passive" fishing"
prescription." gear"with"a"single"vertical"line"carrying"one"hook"and"used"by"simply"dropping"the"line"
(c) The" State" may" allow" the" use" or" development" of" waters" by" administrative" into"the"water"and"waiting"for"the"fish"to"bite."A"handline"fishing"boat"is"“a"fishing"boat"
concession." with" or" without" outrigger" and" with" or" without" auxiliary" small" boats" on" board" that"
(d) The" utilization," exploitation," development," conservation" and" protection" of" exclusively"utilizes"the"handline"fishing"method”."In"this"definition"of"the"handline"fishing"
water" resources" shall" be" subject" to" the" control" and" regulation" of" the" boat,"there"is"no"specification"as"to"the"gross"tonnage"of"the"vessel,"the"number"of"small"
government" through" the" National" Water" Resources" Council," hereinafter" auxiliary"boats,"or"the"extent"of"their"fishing"areas."
referred"to"as"the"Council."
(e) Preference"in"the"use"and"development"of"waters"shall"consider"current"usages"
and"be"responsive"to"the"changing"needs"of"the"country."
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RA 8435, Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act productivity"is"low"as"a"means"of"improving"their"quality"of"life"compared"with"
An" act" prescribing" urgent" related" measures" to" modernize" the" agriculture" and" fisheries" other"sectors"of"society;"
sectors" of" the" country" in" order" to" enhance" their" profitability," and" prepare" said" sectors" (b) Food"Security."5"The"State"shall"assure"the"availability,"adequacy,"accessibility"of"
for" the" challenges" of" the" globalization" through" an" adequate," focused" and" rational" food"supplies"to"all"at"all"times;"
delivery" of" necessary" support" services," appropriating" funds" therefor" and" for" other" (c) Rational" Use" of" Resources."5" The" State" shall" adopt" a" rational" approach" in" the"
purposes" allocation"of"public"investments"in"agriculture"and"fisheries"in"order"to"assure"
efficiency" and" effectiveness" in" the" use" of" scarce" resources" and" thus" obtain"
Section#2.#Declaration#of#Policy."5"The"goals"of"the"national"economy"are"more"equitable" optimal"returns"on"its"investments;"
distribution"of"opportunities,"income"and"wealth;"a"sustained"increase"in"the"amount"of" (d) Global" Competitiveness."5" The" State" shall" enhance" the" competitiveness" of" the"
goods" and" services" produced" by" the" nation" for" the" benefit" of" the" people;" and" an" agriculture"and"fisheries"sectors"in"both"domestic"and"foreign"markets;"
expanding" productivity" as" the" key" to" raising" the" quality" of" life" for" all," especially" the" (e) Sustainable" Development." 5" The" State" shall" promote" development" that" is"
underprivileged." compatible"with"the"preservation"of"the"ecosystem"in"areas"where"agriculture"
" and" fisheries" activities" are" carried" out." The" State" should" exert" care" and"
The" State" shall" promote" industrialization" and" full" employment" based" on" sound" judicious" use" of" the" country's" natural" resources" in" order" to" attain" long5term"
agricultural" development" and" agrarian" reform," through" industries" that" make" full" and" sustainability;"
efficient" use" of" human" and" natural" resources," and" which" are" competitive" in" both" (f) People" Empowerment." 5" The" State" shall" promote" people" empowerment" by"
domestic"and"foreign"markets."In"pursuit"of"these"goals,"all"sectors"of"the"economy"and" enabling"all"citizens"through"direct"participation"or"through"their"duly"elected,"
all" regions" of" the" country" shall" be" given" optimum" opportunity" to" develop." Private" chosen" or" designated" representatives" the" opportunity" to" participate" in" policy"
enterprises," including" corporations," cooperatives," and" similar" collective" organizations," formulation"and"decision5making"by"establishing"the"appropriate"mechanisms"
shall"be"encouraged"to"broaden"the"base"of"their"ownership." and"by"giving"them"access"to"information;"and"
" (g) Protection"from"Unfair"Competition."5"The"State"shall"protect"small"farmers"and"
Thus," it" is" hereby" declared" the" policy" of" the" State" to" enable" those" who" belong" to" the" fisher" folk" from" unfair" competition" such" as" monopolistic" and" oligopolistic"
agriculture" and" fisheries" sectors" to" participate" and" share" in" the" fruits" of" development" practices"by"promoting"a"policy"environment"that"provides"them"priority"access"
and" growth" in" a" manner" that" utilizes" the" nations" resources" in" the" most" efficient" and" to"credit"and"strengthened"cooperative5based"marketing"system."
sustainable" way" possible" by" establishing" a" more" equitable" access" to" assets," income,"
basic"and"support"services"and"infrastructure."
"
The" State" shall" promote" food" security," including" sufficiency" in" our" staple" food," namely"
rice"and"white"corn."The"production"of"rice"and"white"corn"shall"be"optimized"to"meet"
our"local"consumption"and"shall"be"given"adequate"support"by"the"State."
"
The" State" shall" adopt" the" market" approach" in" assisting" the" agriculture" and" fisheries"
sectors" while" recognizing" the" contribution" of" the" said" sector" to" food" security,"
environmental" protection," and" balanced" urban" and" rural" development," without"
neglecting"the"welfare"of"the"consumers,"especially"the"lower"income"groups."The"state"
shall"promote"market5oriented"policies"in"agricultural"production"to"encourage"farmers"
to"shift"to"more"profitable"crops."
"
The" state" shall" empower" the" agricultural" and" fisheries" sector" to" develop" and" sustain"
themselves."Toward"this"end,the"State"shall"unsure"the"development"of"the"agriculture"
and"fisheries"sectors"in"accordance"with"the"following"principles:"
(a) Poverty"Alleviation"and"Social"Equity."5"The"State"shall"ensure"that"the"poorer"
sectors" of" society" have" equitable" access" to" resources," income" opportunities,"
basic" and" support" services" and" infrastructure" especially" in" areas" where"
N""U""N""E""Z"
Jurisprudence The"same"exception"ought"to"apply"to"seizures"of"fishing"vessels"and"boats"breaching"our"
fishery"laws."These"vessels"are"normally"powered"by"highspeed"motors"that"enable"them"
TANO V. SOCRATES, G.R. NO. 110249,21 AUGUST 1997 to"elude"arresting"ships"of"the"Philippine"Navy,"the"Coast"Guard"and"other"government"
The" ordinances" in" question" are" police" power" measures," enacted" by" the" Province" of" authorities"enforcing"our"fishery"laws."
"
Palawan" and" the" City" of" Puerto" Princesa," pursuant" to" the" Local" Government" Code" of"
1991"which"makes"it"in"fact"their"duty"to"enact"measures"to"“protect"the"environment" SHELL PHILIPPINES EXPLORATION B.V. V. JALOS ET. AL., SEPT 2010
and" impose" appropriate" penalties" for" acts" which" endanger" the" environment," such" as"
dynamite" fishing" and" other" forms" of" destructive" fishing." ." ." .”" There" is" no" basis" for" the" Although"the"complaint"of"Jalos,"et"al."does"not"use"the"word"“pollution”"in"describing"
claim" in" the" dissenting" opinion" that" the" subject" of" these" ordinances" lies" within" the" the" cause" of" the" alleged" fish" decline" in" the" Mindoro" Sea," it" is" unmistakable" based" on"
competence" of" the" national" government." For" the" matter" concerns" a" local" problem," their" allegations" that" Shell’s" pipeline" produced" some" kind" of" poison" or" emission" that"
namely,"the"destruction"of"aquatic"resources"in"the"Province"of"Palawan." drove"the"fish"away"from"the"coastal"areas.""
"
PEOPLE V. VERGARA, G.R. NO. 110826,2 APRIL 1997 While"the"complaint"did"not"specifically"attribute"to"Shell"any"specific"act"of"“pollution,”"
it" alleged" that" “the" pipeline" greatly" affected" biogenically" hardstructured" communities"
It"shall"be"unlawful"for"any"person"to"catch,"take"or"gather"or"cause"to"be"caught,"taken"
or" gathered" fish" or" fishery/aquatic" products" in" Philippine" waters" with" the" use" of" such" as" coral" reefs" and" led" [to]" stress" to" the" marine" life" in" the" Mindoro" Sea.”" This"
explosives,"obnoxious"or"poisonous"substance,"or"by"the"use"of"electricity""1)"That"mere" constitutes"“pollution”"as"defined"by"law."Section"2(a)"of"P.D."984"defines"“pollution”"as"
“any"alteration"of"the"physical,"chemical"and"biological"properties"of"any"water"x"x"x"as"
possession" of" such" explosives" with" intent" to" use" the" same" for" illegal" fishing" as" herein"
defined"shall"be"punishable"as"hereinafter"provided:"" will"or"is"likely"to"create"or"render"such"water"x"x"x"harmful,"detrimental"or"injurious"to"
" public" health," safety" or" welfare" or" which" will" adversely" affect" their" utilization" for"
domestic," commercial," industrial," agricultural," recreational" or" other" legitimate"
Provided,"That"the"Secretary"may,"upon"recommendation"of"the"Director"and"subject"to"
such"safeguards"and"conditions"he"deems"necessary,"allow"for"research,"educational"or" purposes.”"
scientific" purposes" only," the" use" of" explosives," obnoxious" or" poisonous" substance" or" BORACAY FOUNDATION V. PROVINCE OF AKLAN, 2012
electricity"to"catch,"take"or"gather"fish"or"fishery/aquatic"products"in"specified"area:"
" Procedural case
Provided," further," That" the" use" of" chemicals" to" eradicate" predators" in" fishponds" in" The"new"Rules"of"Procedure"for"Environmental"Cases,"A.M."No."0968SC,"provides"a"relief"
accordance"with"accepted"scientific"fishery"practices"without"causing"deleterious"effects" for"petitioner"under"the"writ"of"continuing"mandamus,"which"is"a"special"civil"action"that"
in" neighboring" waters" shall" not" be" construed" as" the" use" of" obnoxious" or" poisonous" may" be" availed" of" “to" compel" the" performance" of" an" act" specifically" enjoined" by" law”"
substance"within"the"meaning"of"this"section:"" and" which" provides" for" the" issuance" of" a" TEPO" “as" an" auxiliary" remedy" prior" to" the"
" issuance"of"the"writ"itself.”"
Provided,"finally,"That"the"use"of"mechanical"bombs"for"killing"whales,"crocodiles,"sharks" "
or" other" large" dangerous" fishes," may" be" allowed," subject" to" the" approval" of" the" The" writ" of" continuing" mandamus" “permits" the" court" to" retain" jurisdiction" after"
Secretary." judgment" in" order" to" ensure" the" successful" implementation" of" the" reliefs" mandated"
HIZON V. COURT OF APPEALS under" the" court’s" decision”" and," in" order" to" do" this," “the" court" may" compel" the"
submission"of"compliance"reports"from"the"respondent"government"agencies"as"well"as"
Search" and" seizure" without" search" warrant" of" vessels" and" aircrafts" for" violations" of" avail"of"other"means"to"monitor"compliance"with"its"decision.”"
customs"laws"have"been"the"traditional"exceptions"to"the"constitutional"requirement"of" "
a" search" warrant.—Search" and" seizure" without" search" warrant" of" vessels" and" aircrafts"
MMDA V. CONCERNED RESIDENTS OF MANILA BAY [2008 & 2011]
for"violations"of"customs"laws"have"been"the"traditional"exceptions"to"the"constitutional"
requirement" of" a" search" warrant." It" is" rooted" on" the" recognition" that" a" vessel" and" an" 18 December 2008 case
aircraft," like" motor" vehicles," can" be" quickly" moved" out" of" the" locality" or" jurisdiction" in"
The"MMDA’s"duty"in"the"area"of"solid"waste"disposal,"as"may"be"noted,"is"set"forth"not"
which" the" search" warrant" must" be" sought" and" secured." Yielding" to" this" reality," judicial"
authorities" have" not" required" a" search" warrant" of" vessels" and" aircrafts" before" their" only" in" the" Environment" Code" (PD" 1152)" and" RA" 9003," but" in" its" charter" as" well." This"
search"and"seizures"can"be"constitutionally"effected." duty" of" putting" up" a" proper" waste" disposal" system" cannot" be" characterized" as"
" discretionary,"for,"as"earlier"stated,"discretion"presupposes"the"power"or"right"given"by"
law"to"public"functionaries"to"act"officially"according"to"their"judgment"or"conscience."A"
discretionary" duty" is" one" that" “allows" a" person" to" exercise" judgment" and" choose" to"
N""U""N""E""Z"
perform"or"not"to"perform.”"Any"suggestion"that"the"MMDA"has"the"option"whether"or"
not"to"perform"its"solid"waste"disposal"related"duties"ought"to"be"dismissed"for"want"of"
legal"basis."
15 February 2011 case
The"case"is"now"in"the"execution"phase"of"the,"final"and"executory"December"18,"2008"
Decision."The"Manila"Bay"Advisory"Committee"was"created"to"receive"and"evaluate"the"
quarterly"progressive"reports"on"the"activities"undertaken"by"the"agencies"in"accordance"
with" said" decision" and" to" monitor" the" execution" phase." In" the" absence" of" specific"
completion" periods," the" Committee" recommended" that" time" frames" be" set" for" the"
agencies"to"perform"their"assigned"tasks."This"may"be"viewed"as"an"encroachment"over"
the" powers" and" functions" of" the" Executive" Branch" headed" by" the" President" of" the"
Philippines.""
"
This"view"is"misplaced."The"issuance"of"subsequent"resolutions"by"the"Court"is"simply"an"
exercise"of"judicial"power"under"Art."VIII"of"the"Constitution,"because"the"execution"of"
the"Decision"is"but"an"integral"part"of"the"adjudicative"function"of"the"Court."None"of"the"
agencies"ever"questioned"the"power"of"the"Court"to"implement"the"December"18,"2008"
Decision" nor" has" any" of" them" raised" the" alleged" encroachment" by" the" Court" over"
executive" functions." While" additional" activities" are" required" of" the" agencies" like"
submission"of"plans"of"action,"data"or"status"reports,"these"directives"are"but"part"and"
parcel"of"the"execution"stage"of"a"final"decision"under"Rule"39"of"the"Rules"of"Court."
[pioga]
N""U""N""E""Z"
Mining
A. STATE OF OUR MINERAL RESOURCES B. The Legal Framework for Mineral Exploitation,
PH"is"rich"in"mineral"resources"(worth"P47"trillion"today)" Development and Use
"
PROBLEM:" Mining" operations" necessarily" involve" the" alteration" of" the" land" or" seabed,"
such" that" people" who" use" the" land" or" sea" for" settlement/livelihood" are" likely" to" be" SMALL-SCALE MINING
displaced"by"mining"operations" Refers"to"any"single"unit"mining"operation"having"an"annual"production"of"not"more"than"
" 50,000"metric"tons"of"ore"and"satisfying"the"following"requisites:"
Mining"operations"are"either"large5scale"or"small5scale,"depending"on"the"perspective"of" (1) The"working"is"artisanal,"either"open"cast"or"shallow"underground"mining,"without"
regulating"the"mining"operator"relative"to"the"size"of"its"operations" the"use"of"sophisticated"mining"equipment;"
(2) Minimal"investment"on"infrastructures"and"processing"plant;"
BASIS OF MINING LAWS (3) Heavy"reliance"on"manual"labor;"and"
(4) Owned," managed" or" controlled" by" an" individual" or" entity" qualified" under" existing"
Sec. 2, Art. XII, 1987 Constitution: mining"laws,"rules"and"regulations."
All"lands"of"the"public"domain,"waters,"minerals,"coal,"petroleum,"and"other"mineral"oils,"
all"forces"of"potential"energy,"fisheries,"forests"or"timber,"wildlife,"flora"and"fauna,"and" Philippine Mining Act of 1995 (RA 7942)
other"natural"resources"are"owned"by"the"State.""
" Modes"of"mineral"agreements"for"mining"operations:"
The"exploration,"development,"and"utilization"of"natural"resources"shall"be"under"the"full" (1) Mineral"production"sharing"agreement""
control"and"supervision"of"the"State."" " Government" grants" to" contractor" an" exclusive" right" to" conduct" mining"
" operations"within"a"contract"area.""
Congress" may," by" law," allow" small5scale" utilization" of" natural" resources" by" Filipino" " Gross"output"is"shared"between"govt"and"contractor"
citizens" " Contractor"shall"provide"the"financing,"technology,"management"and"personnel"
necessary"for"implementation"of"this"agreement"
Modes#of#Utilisation#(Constitution)# (2) Co5production"agreement"
(1) State"may"directly"undertake"such"activities" " Government" shall" provide" inputs" to" the" mining" operations" other" than" the"
(2) State" may" enter" into" co5production," joint5venture," or" production5sharing" mineral"resource"
agreements"with"PH"citizens"or"qualified"corporations" (3) Joint"venture"agreement"
(3) Congress"may,"by"law,"allow"small5scale"utilization"of"natural"resources"by"PH" " Joint5venture"company"is"organized"by"the"government"and"the"contract"with"
citizens"" both"parties"having"equity"shares."
(4) For" large5scale" exploration," development," and" utilization" of" minerals," " Aside" from" earnings" in" equity," government" shall" be" entitled" to" share" in" the"
petroleum" and" other" mineral" oils," the" President" may" enter" into" agreements" gross"output"
with"foreign5owned"corporations"involving"technical"or"financial"assistance"" (4) Financial/Technical"assistance"agreement"(FTAA)"
" Contract" involving" financial/technical" assistance" for" large5scale" exploration,"
Such"agreements"may"be"for"a"period"not"exceeding"25"years,"renewable"for"not"more" development,"and"utilization"of"mineral"resources"
than"25"years,"and"under"such"terms"and"conditions"as"may"be"provided"by"law.""
Government"share:"10%"share"of"all"royalties"and"revenues"
N""U""N""E""Z"
MINING" NATRES"&"ENVI"LAW" FAM5"G01"|"59"
case"of"disagreement,"the"claimowner"is"entitled"to"the"following"(these"rights"are"only"
Small-Scale Mining Program (PD No. 1899, 1984) available"if"he"is"not"a"delinquent"2"years"prior"to"the"effectivity"of"the"Act:"
Established"small5scale"mining"as"a"new"dimension"in"mineral"development" (1) Exemption"payment"of"occupation"fees,"rental,"and"real"property"taxes;"
" (2) Subject" to" the" approval" of" the" Board," free" access" to" the" contract" area" to"
It"was"enacted"to"address"the"domination"of"large5scale"mining"in"the"industry,"focusing" conduct" explorations" and" other" activities," provided" these" do" not" unduly"
more"on"manual"labor"as"opposed"to"mechanization"and"heavy"energy"operations"that" interfere"with"the"operations"of"the"small5scale"miners;"and"
are"harmful"to"the"environment" (3) Royalty"equivalent"to"1.5%"of"the"gross"value"of"the"metallic"mineral"output"or"
1%" of" the" gross" value" of" the" nonmetallic" mineral" output" to" be" paid" to" the"
claimowner"
People’s Small-Scale Mining Act of 1991 (RA 7076, 1991)
Established" the" People’s" Small5scale" Mining" Program" to" be" implemented" by" the" DENR" Rights"of"private"landowners:""
and"other"government"agencies"designed"to"achieve"an"orderly,"systematic"and"rational" (1) Notice"in"case"there"is"a"petition"to"have"his"land"declared"as"a"mining"area"
scheme"for"the"small5scale"development"and"utilization"of"mineral"resources"in"certain" (2) He"may"oppose"such"plan"or"petition"before"the"Board"
mineral" areas" in" order" to" address" the" social," economic," technical," and" environmental" (3) He" may" enter" into" a" voluntary" contractual" agreement" with" the" small5scale"
connected"with"small5scale"mining"activities" miner."He"will"be"entitled"to"royalty"of"1%"of"the"gross"value"of"the"minerals"
Declaration"of"people’s"small5scale"mining"program:"The"Board"declares"people's"small5 Government" Share" and" Allotment"–subject" to" the" sharing" provided" in" the" Local"
scale"mining"areas"in"sites"onshore"suitable"for"small5scale"mining,"subject"to"review"by" Government"Code""
the"Secretary,"immediately"giving"priority"to"areas"already"occupied"and"actively"mined" " 60%" State," 40%" LGU" in" gross" tax" collections" from" exploration," utilisation,"
by"small5scale"miners"before"August"1,"1987"as"long"as:" development"of"natural"resources"
(1) Such"areas"are"not"active"mining"areas"
(2) The"minerals"found"therein"are"technically"and"commercially"suitable"for"small5 Protection" Fund:" 15%" of" the" national" government’s" share" will" be" used" primarily" for"
scale"mining"activities" information"and"dissemination"of"miner’s"health,"safety,"and"environmental"protection,"
(3) Such"areas"are"not"covered"by"existing"rights"or"reservations"of"forests,"tourist" including"emergency"protocol"
activities,"parks"and"wildlife,"etc,"unless"the"status"is"withdrawn"by"competent"
authority"
Executive Order No. 79 s. 2012 aka “Mining EO”
On" ancestral" lands:" Small5scale" miners" must" first" secure" the" free" and" prior" informed" lays"down"the"roadmap"on"mining"sector"reforms,"including"guidelines"on"environmental"
consent" (FPIC)" of" indigenous" peoples" BEFORE" declaring" their" ancestral" domains" as" protection"and"responsible"mining"
people’s"small5scale"mining"areas"
" Sec."1:"provides"additional"areas"closed"to"mining"operations"aka"“no5go”"areas."These"
Registration"of"small5scale"miners:"Small5scale"miners"must"first"be"registered"with"the" areas" are" added" to" the" enumerations" included" in" the" Mining" Act" (RA" 7942)" and" NIPAS"
Board"before"they"are"qualified"to"be"awarded"a"people’s"small5scale"mining"contract" (RA"7586)"
" (1) Prime"agricultural"lands"in"addition"to"those"under"CARL"
Small5scale" mining" contract:" The" contract" may" be" awarded" to" an" individual" miner" or" a" (2) Tourism"development"areas"such"as"Puerto"Princesa,"Palawan,"etc."
cooperative" (3) Other"critical"areas,"island"ecosystems"and"impact"areas"of"mining.""
" Only"1"contract"may"be"awarded"at"any"1"time"from"the"date"of"the"award""
" A"small5scale"mining"contractor"has"the"right"to"mine,"extract,"and"dispose"of" Sec."4:"imposes"a"moratorium"on"the"grant"of"mineral"agreements"pending"legislation"on"
mineral"ores"for"commercial"purposes" rational" revenue" sharing" for" the" industry." This" moratorium" is" due" to" an" inequitable"
" Such"contract"MAY"NOT"be"subcontracted,"assigned,"transferred" distribution" of" benefits" derived" from" mining." This" provision" is" to" ensure" that" the" PH"
" Contract"period"is"2"years,"renewable"subject"to"verification"from"the"Board" mining"industry"serves"all"citizens"and"not"just"the"interests"of"a"few"
"
Rights"of"Claimowners:"the"claimowner"and"small5scale"miners"are"encouraged"to"enter" Sec." 5:" establishment" of" mineral" reservations" are" subject" to" consultation" with" all"
into" a" voluntary" contractual" agreement" with" respect" to" the" small5scale" utilization." In" concerned"stakeholders"
"
N""U""N""E""Z"
Sec." 6:" competitive" public" bidding" over" mining" rights" and" tenements," for" which" the" LA BUGAL-B’LAAN TRIBAL ASSOCIATION, INC. V. SECRETARY OF
Mines"and"Geosciences"Bureau"shall"not"only"prepare"bid"packages"and"guidelines"but" DENR (MR)
also"ensure"that"social"acceptability"for"the"project"has"been"secured"
"
Sec."8:"development"of"value5adding"activities"shall"be"laid"out"in"a"national"program"and" The"SC"reversed"its"earlier"decision"and"upheld"the"constitutionality"of"RA"7942"and"the"
road" map" to" be" formulated" by" relevant" govt" agencies," the" mining" industry," and" other" Implementing"Rules"and"Regulations"issued"by"the"DENR"with"regard"to"FTAAs."It"ruled"
stakeholders" that" the" State" still" exercises" full" control" over" the" exploration," development," and"
" utilization" of" mineral" resources" even" if" it" does" not" direct" day5to5day" management" (SC"
Sec." 14" “Improving" transparency" in" the" industry" by" joining" the" extractive" industries" even"used"the"term"“micromanaging”.""
transparency" initiative" (EITI):" to" improve" transparency," accountability," and" governance" "
in"the"sector" FTAAs"are"still"service"contracts"but"these"are"subject"to"several"safeguards"that"are"well"
" within"the"bounds"of"the"Constitution:"
Sec." 11:" provides" initial" measures" to" improve" the" management" and" development" of" (1) The" service" contract" is" crafted" in" accordance" with" a" general" law" setting"
small5scale"mining." standard"or"uniform"terms,"conditions,"requirements"
" (2) The"President"is"the"signatory"for"the"Government"
Sec."12:"allows"LGUs"to"impose"restrictions"on"mineral"activities"within"their"jurisdiction," (3) President"reports"the"executed"agreement"to"Congress"within"30"days"
including" mining" bans," if" they" are" able" to" demonstrate" that" such" prohibition" is" "
reasonable"within"the"environmental"circumstances"surrounding"a"proposed"project"and" Overall," the" State" definitely" has" a" pivotal" say" in" the" operation" of" the" individual"
as" long" as" it" is" supported" by" evidence5based" studies" and" appropriate" consideration" of" enterprises" (whether" local" or" foreign)," and" can" set" directions" and" objectives," detect"
the"precautionary"principle "
10 deviations"and"non5compliances"by"the"contractor,"and"enforce"compliance"and"import"
sanctions" should" the" occasion" arise." Hence," RA" 7942" and" DAO" 96540" vest" in" the"
government"more"than"a"sufficient"degree"of"control"and"supervision"over"the"conduct"
Jurisprudence of"mining"operations"
LA BUGAL-B’LAAN TRIBAL ASSOCIATION, INC. V. SECRETARY OF
DENR (MAIN DECISION) SOUTHEAST MINING V. BALITE
W/N!the!"direct!state!utilization!scheme"!espoused!in!MO!97O03!(provided!that!the!DENR!
W/N!the!FTAA!entered!into!with!Western!Mining!Corporation!(foreignOowned!company)! shall! study! thoroughly! and! exhaustively! the! option! of! direct! state! utilization! of! the!
violates! the! Regalian! doctrine! because! it! allows! WMC! to! operate! and! manage! mining! mineral! resources! in! the! Diwalwal! GoldORush! Area! –! the! subject! in! this! case)! divested!
activities?! Southeast!Mining!!of!its!vested!right!to!the!gold!rush!area!under!its!exploration!permit?""
YES." The" Constitution" allows" foreign5owned" corporations" to" extend" technical" OR" #
financial" assistance" ONLY." On" the" contrary," the" FTAA" permits" WMC" to" manage" and" NO."MO"97503"did"not"conclusively"adopt""direct"state"utilization""as"a"policy"in"resolving"
operate" every" aspect" of" the" mining" activity." This" is" unconstitutional" because" it" is" the" the" Diwalwal" dispute." Its" terms" clearly" indicate" that" what" was" directed" was" merely" a"
State"that"must"have"primary"control"over"exploration,"development,"and"utilization"of" study" of" such" option" and" nothing" else." Contrary" to" petitioner's" contention," it" did" not"
mineral"resources,"pursuant"to"the"Regalian"Doctrine" grant"any"management/operating"or"profit5sharing"agreement"to"small5scale"miners"or"
" to" any" party," for" that" matter," but" simply" instructed" the" DENR" officials" concerned" to"
W/N!the!provisions!of!RA!7942!which!authorize!service!contracts!are!unconstitutional?! undertake"studies"to"determine"its"feasibility."As"to"the"alleged""vested"rights""claimed"
YES." The" law" uses" “financial" and" technical" agreements”" but" these" are" really" “service" by"petitioner,"it"is"not"ripe"for"adjudication"because"such"rights"were"still"in"issue"in"cases"
contracts”" that" grant" beneficial" ownership" to" foreign" contractors" contrary" to" the" filed" before" the" DENR." In" any" event," rights" granted" by" an" exploration" permit" are" in"no"
Constitution."A"foreign"corporation"may"be"granted"an"exploration"permit"which"vests"it" way"total"and"absolute."
with"the"right"to"conduct"exploration"for"all"minerals"in"specified"areas."The"underlying"
assumptions"in"the"law"is"that"the"foreign"contractor"manages"the"mineral"resources"like"
that"in"a"service"contract"
"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""""""""
10
"When"human"activities"may"lead"to"morally"unacceptable"harm"that"is"scientifically"plausible"but"uncertain,"actions"
shall"be"taken"to"avoid"or"diminish"that"harm."
N""U""N""E""Z"
REPUBLIC (REPRESENTED BY POLLUTION ADJUDICATION BOARD DOLOT V. PAJE
OF DENR) V. MARCOPPER MINING CORP. (MMC) W/N!the!RTC!has!jurisdiction!over!Dolot’s!petition!for!continuing!mandamus!with!TEPO?"
"
W/N!the!Pollution!Adjudication!Board—formerly!known!as!the!National!Pollution!Control! YES." The" RTC" (as" designated" environmental" court)" erred" in" summarily" dismissing" the"
Commission—has!the!authority!to!order!MMC!to!cease!and!desist!from!discharging!mine! case"for"lack"of"jurisdiction"n"the"ground"that"SC"AO"No."7"and"Admin."Circular"No."235
tailings!into!Calancan!Bay?"–"YES" 2008" limited" its" territorial" jurisdiction" to" violations" of" environmental" laws" within" the"
" boundaries" of" Sorsogon" City" only" (Dolot’s" petition" was" to" stop" mining" operations" in" a"
Subject" is" a" “tailings" sea" disposal" system”" operated" by" MMC." This" case" deals" with" the" nearby" municipality," Matnog)." Both" the" SC" AO" and" AC" merely" provide" for" the" VENUE"
tangential" issue" of" mining" deposits" and" pollution" regulations," and" which" government" where"an"action"may"be"filed."The"SC"does"not"have"the"power"to"confer"JURISDICTION"
agency"has"jurisdiction"over"such"issues." on" any" court" as" such" power" is" vested" in" the" Congress." There" is" a" clear" distinction"
" between"venue"and"jurisdiction.""
When" the" DENR" was" reorganized," the" PAB" was" created" and" granted" broad" powers" to" "
adjudicate" pollution" cases" in" general." SC" found" no" conflict" between" the" subsequent" While" it" appears" that" the" petition" should" have" been" filed" in" RTC" Irosin," it" does" not"
amendments" to" the" Pollution" Law" and" the" issuance" of" the" Reorganization" Act" of" the" warrant"outright"dismissal"because"venue"may"be"waved."
DENR." Thus," the" mines" regional" director" has" express" administrative" and" regulatory"
powers"over"mining"operations"and"installations,"BUT"it"has"no"adjudicative"powers"over" [mon]
complaints"for"violation"of"pollution"control"statutes"and"regulations."Such"authority"is"
vested" in" the" PAB." RA" 7942" did" not" vest" quasi5judicial" powers" in" the" mines" regional"
director."
DIDIPIO EARTH SAVERS’ MULTI-PURPOSE ASSOCIATION, ET. AL. V.

GOZUN
W/N! RA! 7942! and! the! FTAA! granted! to! ClimaxOArmico! Mining! Corpo! are! void! because!
they! allow! the! unjust! and! unlawful! taking! of! property! without! payment! of! just!
compensation?!–"NO."
"
The"provisions"of"the"FTAA"in"question"merely"facilitates"its"implementation."CAMC"will"
identify" the" surface" area" to" be" mined" and" notify" the" government" which" will" in" turn"
acquire"such"land"for"the"mine"infrastructure."At"this"stage,"eminent"domain"is"not"yet"
exercised"as"there"are"still"various"ways"by"which"surface"rights"are"acquired"other"than"
via"expropriation."
"
Furthermore," if" expropriation" pushes" through," Sec." 76" of" RA" 7942" provides" for" just"
compensation."
N""U""N""E""Z"
Energy
PD 87: An Act to promote the discovery and PD 972: Act to promote an accelerated exploration,
production of indigenous petroleum and appropriate development, exploitation, production and utilization
funds thereof of coal.
Government" may" directly" explore" for" and" produce" indigenous" etroleum" and" may" also" Purpose" is" to" divide" the" country" into" coal" regions" to" promote" exploration" and"
indirectly"undertake"exploration"through"service"contracts." exploitation" programs." But," in" places" where" there" are" small" coal" miners," a" special" coal"
rogram"shall"be"formulated"and"implemented.""
SERVICE CONTRACTS "
" may"cover"free"areas,"national"reserve"areas"and"petroleum"reservations,"whether" Government," through" the" ENERGY" DEVELOPMENT" BOARD," shall" undertake" an" active"
on5shore"or"off5shore." exploration,"development"and"production"of"coal"resources."It"can"also"EXECUTE"COAL"
" must"be"approved"by"the"Petroleum"Board"through"bidding" OPERATING"CONTRACTS."
" service"and"technology"are"furnished"by"the"service"contractor"for"which"it"shall"be" "
entitled"to"the"stipulated"service"fee"while"financing"is"provided"by"the"Government" Service"contracts"may"cover"public"lands,"coal"lands,"government"mineral"reservations,"
to"which"all"petroleum"produced"shall"belong." coal"areas"whose"leases"or"permits"are"owned"by"GOCCS."
" "
Special#Stipulation:"Where"the"Government"is"unable"to"finance"petroleum"exploration" The"EDB"shall"establish"a"BLOCKING"SYSTEM"
operations"or"in"order"to"induce"the"contractor"to"exert"the"maximum"efforts"to"discover" "
and" produce" petroleum" as" soon" as" possible," the" service" contract" shall" stipulate" that" if" Service#Contract:"shall"be"approved"by"the"president"
the"contractor" shall"furnish" services," technology" and" financing,"the"proceeds"of"sale"of" " Service," technology" and" financing" furnished" by" the" operator" shall" be" entitled" to"
the"petroleum"produced"under"the"contract"shall"be"the"source"of"funds"for"payment"of" stipulated"fee"and"reimbursement"of"operating"expenses."
the"service"fee"and"the"operating"expenses"due"the"contractor." " Operators"must"be"technically"competent"and"financially"capable"as"determined"by"
(1) Obligations"of"Contractor" the"EDB"
" Provide"all"necessary"services"and"technology"and"the"financing" "
" Perform"the"exploration"work" Obligations#of#operator:#Examination"of"lands,"mining"of"colas"and extraction"and"
" When"petroleum"in"commercial"quantity"is"discovered:"operations"will"be" utilization"of"coal."
in" behalf" of" the" government," subject" to" the" limitations" under" To" the" govt:" provide" service" and" technology," financing," operate" the" area,"
environmental"laws" maintain"records"
" Assume"all"exploration"risks"that"if"no"petroleum,"not"reimbursement" "
" Be"subject"to"PH"income"Tax" Obligations#of#the#Energy#Development#Board:#reimburse operator"for"operating"
(2) Exploration"period"under"every"contract"shall"be"7"yrs,"extendible"for"3"yrs." expenses"not"exceeding"70%"of"gross proceeds"of"a"year"
(3) If"petroleum"is"found:"contract"shall"remain"in"force"for"production"during"the" "
remaining"10"years,"with"additional"25"years." Additional# fees:# All" holders" of" coal" revocable" permits" may" be" granted" a" special"
(4) Privileges"of"contractor:"exempt"from"all"" allowance" of" not" exceeding" 30%" of" the" gross" income" after" deducting" all" operating"
" taxes"except"income"tax;"" expenses"
" payment"of"tariff"duties" " Coal" operating" contracts" entered" into" with" PH" citizen" shall" be" granted" a" special"
" upon" approval" by" petroleum" board," laws," regulation" and" ordinances" allowance"not"exceeding"20%"of"the"balance."Provided"that"coal"operating"contracts"
restricting"construction"and"exportation" have" a" minimum" participating" fee" of" 15%" in" the" contract" area," may" be" subject" to"
" others."" reasonable"conditions"
" Philippine" corporation" means" 60%" capital" including" voting" shares" is" owned" by"
citizens"of"the"PH"
"
N""U""N""E""Z"
ENERGY" NATRES"&"ENVI"LAW" FAM5"G01"|"63"
Minimum#Terms#and#Conditions:# RA 9136: Electric Power Industry Reform Act of 2001
(1) Operators" must" spend" for" exploration" not" less" than" the" number" of" blocks" provide"a"framework"for"the"restructuring"of"the"electric"power"industry,"including"the"
multiplied"by"1,000,000"annually." privatization" of" the" assets" of" NPC," the" transition" to" the" desired" competitive" structure,"
(2) If"open"pit"mining,"times"200,000" and"the"definition"of"the"responsibilities"of"the"various"government"agencies"and"private"
(3) If"the"operator"spent"more"than"required:"excess"may"be"credited"against"the" entities."
money"required"to"be"spent"in"the"next"years" "
(4) Should"the"operator"fail"to"comply:"operator"shall"pay"the"govt"the"amount"it" Power" industry" shall" be" divided" in" to" 4" sectors:" GENERATION," TRANSMISSION,"
should"have"spent."" DISTRIBUTION"and"SUPPLY"
(5) Operators"given"2"years"exploration"period,"may"be"extended"for"another"year." "
(6) If"no"coal"of"commercial"quantity"is"not"found"–"contract"will"lapse."
(7) If"found,"coal"operators"will"be"given"extension"from"10"to"20"years" GENERATION SECTOR
(8) All"equipment"if"not"removed"in"1"year"after"end"of"contract"government"will"
own." Competitive and OPEN
(9) Subject"to"laws"on"environment"and"labor." Must"secure"from"the"Energy"Reulatory"Commission"a"certificate"compliance"as"well"as"
" health,"safety"and"environmental"clearances"
Incentives#for#operators:## "
(1) All"raxes"except"income"tax" Shall"not"be"considered"as"a"public"utility"operation."No"requirement"to"acquire"local"or"
(2) Exempt"from"tariff"subject"to"conditions" national"franchise"
(3) Exempt"from"capital"gains"and"many"more!" "
Prices"shall"not"be"regulated"by"the"ERC"except"otherwise"provided"
RA 7638: Department of Energy Act of 1992 "
Act"that"creates"the"department"of"energy!" ERC" requires" generation" companies" to" provide" pricing" formulas" to" determined" market"
" abuse"
Powers#and#Functions#
TRANSMISSION SECTOR
(1) Formulate"policies"for"the"planning"and"implementation"of"a"program"for"the"
efficient"supply"and"economical"use"of"energy" regulated common electricity carrier business, subject to EFC
(2) Develop"and"update"the"Philippine"Energy"plan"which"shall"provide"integrated"
The"law"creates"Transmission"Companny"(TRANSCO)"owned"by"Power"Sector"Assets"and"
and" comprehensive" exploration," development," utilization," distribution" and"
Liabilities" Managements" Corp:" open," equal" and" non5discriminatory" access" to" its"
conservation"of"energy"resources"with"PREFERENTIAL"BIAS"FOR"ENVIRONMENT"
transmission"system"to"all"electricity"users;"
FRIENDLY,"INDIGENOUS"AND"LOW"COST"SOURCES"of"energy"
Plan# includes:# he" privatization" of" government" agencies" related" to" energy," DISTRIBUTION SECTOR
deregulation" of" the" power" and" energy" industry" and" reduction" of" dependency"
on"oil5fired"plants" shall be a regulated common carrier business requiring franchise.
(3) Ensure"supply"of"electric"power" Provide"services"and"connections"to"its"system"for"any"end5user"w/in"its"franchise"area"
(4) Encourage" private" sector" investment" in" the" electricity" sector" and" promote" consistent"with"the"distribution"code."
development"of"indigenous"and"renewable"energy"sources" "
(5) Monitor" private" sector" activities" relative" to" energy" projects" in" order" to" attain" Can"impose"charges"subject"to"ERC"regulation"
the"goals"of"restructuring"privatizations" "
(6) Encourage"the"widest"public"ownership"of"energy"oriented"corps" Retail"competition"and"open"access"on"distribution"wires"shall"be"implemented""
N""U""N""E""Z"
All" stakeholders" of" the" electric" power" industry" shall" contribute" to" the" growth" of"
UNIVERSAL CHARGE renewable" energy" through" the" FEED" IN" TARIFF" SYSTEM," RENEWABLE" ENERGY" MARKET"
ERC shall determine to be imposed on all electricity end-users. AND"GREEN"ENERGY"OPTION"
"
For"the"payment"of"stranded"debts;"equalization"of"the"tax"and"royalites,"environmental" Feed#in#tarrif#shall#give#priority#connections#RES#
charges,"" Priority"purchase"and"transmission"of"such"electricity"by"the"grid"system"operators"
" "
Royalities,#returns#and#Tax#Rates#for#Indigenous#Energy#Resources:## Renewable#Energy#Market:##
" The"provision"of"Section"79"of"Commonwealth"Act"No."137"(C.A."No."137)"and"any" "
law"to"the"contrary"notwithstanding,"the"royalties,"returns"and"taxes"collected"for" Green#Energy#Option:#end#users#are#provided#an#option#to#choose#RES#as#their#sources#
the" exploitation" of" all" indigenous" sources" of" energy," including" but" not" limited" to," of#energy.##
natural" gas" and" geothermal" steam," shall" be" adjusted" so" as" to" effect" parity" of" tax" Transco" is" mandated" to" provide" mechanisms" for" the" physical" connection" and"
treatment"with"the"existing"rates"for"imported"coal,"crude"oil,"bunker"fuel"and"other" commercial"arrangements"necessary"to"ensures"the"success"of"the"Green"Energy"Option"
imported"fuels." "
" To"ensure"that"the"adjustment"of"tax"rates"and"royalties"shall"result"in"lower"rates" Also"promote"off5grid"renewable"energy"developments"(not"connected"to"the"wires"and"
for" end5users," the" Department" of" Finance" shall," within" sixty" (60)" days" from" the" facilities" of" Transco)" as" a" sources" of" energy." Mandates" to" comply" with" environmental"
effectivity"of"this"Act,"issue"the"rules"and"regulations"thereof."Consistent"with"this" regulations"
objective," the" ERC" shall" forthwith" revise" the" rates" of" power" from" all" indigenous" "
sources"of"energy." INCENTIVES
" (1) Income"tax"holday"for"7"yrs."
Environmental# protection:# comply" with" all" environmental" laws," rules," regulations" and" (2) Duty"free"importation"of"machinery,"equipment"and"materials"
standards" promulgated" by" the" Department" of" Environment" and" Natural" Resources" (3) Zero"Vat"
including,"in"appropriate"cases,"the"establishment"of"an"environmental"guarantee"fund." (4) Cash"incentives"
(5) Tax"exemptions"
RA 9367: Biofuels act of 2006 "
Purpose"is"to"reduce"dependence"on"imported"fuels"with"due"regard"to"the"protection"of" Secure"ECC"
public" health," the" environment," and" natural" ecosystems" consistent" with" the" country’s" "
sustainable" economic" growth" that" would" expand" opportunities" for" livelihood" by" All" manufacturers," fabricators" and" suppliers" of" locally5produced" RE" equipment" and"
mandating"the"use"of"biofuels." component"shall"be"entitled"to"privileges"under"this"section"
" (1) Tax"and"duty"free"importations"of"parts"and"materials"
All"fuels"sold"in"the"PH"must"contain"locally5sourced"biofuel"components" (2) Tax"credit"on"domestic"capital"components,"parts"and"materials"
" Shortage"of"locally"sourced"bioethanol:"oil"companies"shall"be"allowed"to"import." (3) Income"tax"holiday"for"7"years"
" National" Biofuel" Board" may" recommend" to" the" DOE" the" percent" increased" of" (4) Zero"tax"
bioethanol"to"be"added"in"the"biofuel." "
" For"10"years,"all"individuals"who"plants"crops"and"trees"used"for"biomass"shall"be"entitled"
Agencies"must"secure"the"distribution"of"sugar." to"duty"free"importation"and"exempted"from"vat.""
RA 9513: Renewable Energy Act of 2008

Purpose:"Accelerate"exploration"and"development"of"renewable"energy"sources"(RES)"
(1) Increase"utilization"of"renewable"energy"by"institutionalizing"the"development"
of"national"and"local"capabilities"
(2) To"balance"economic"growth"with"protection"of"health"and"the"environments"
(3) Establish"infrastructures"
N""U""N""E""Z"
National Renewable Energy Program be"authorized"through"a"law"passed"by"the"Philippine"Congress."Because"Congress"had"
NREP"seeks"to"triple"the"RE5based"capacity"of"the"country"by"the"year"2013" not"specifically"authorized"the"activity"in"Tañon"Strait,"the"Court"declared"that"no"energy"
# exploration"should"be"permitted"in"that"area.""Id.,"p."34."""
Objectives:" "
(1) 1.Institutionalizes" a" comprehensive" approach" to" address" the" challenges" and" "
gaps" that" prevent" and/or" delay" wider" application" of" RE" technologies" in" a" SHELL V JALOS
sustainable"manner,"and"
(2) outlines"the"action"plans"necessary"to"facilitate"and"encourage"greater"private" Shell" entered" into" a" service" contract" with" government" to" explore" and" extract" oil" in"
sector"investments"in"RE"development." northwestern" Palawan," where" they" discovered" natural" gas." Respondent" jalos" filed" a"
" complaint" for" damages" because" as" fishermen" their" livelihood" was" affected" by" the"
On"a"per"technology"basis,"the"NREP"intends"to:" exploration."Won"complaint"is"a"pollution"case?"YES!"Even"though"Jalos"did"not"state"the"
(1) increase"geothermal"capacity"by"75.0"percent;" word"pollution,"the"fact"that"the"pipeline"produced"some"kind"of"poison"that"drove"fish"
(2) Increase"hydropower"capacity"by"160"percent;" away"constituted"pollution."Because"the"case"is"a"pollution"case,"it"must"be"filed"before"
(3) Deliver"additional"277"MW"biomass"power"capacities;" the"Pollution"Adjudication"Board.""
(4) Attain"wind"power"grid"parity"with"the"commissioning"of"2,345"MW"additional" "
capacities;" "
(5) Mainstream" an" additional" 284" MW" solar" power" capacities" and" work" towards" PAJE V CASINO
achieving"the"aspirational"target"of"1,528"MW;"
(6) Develop"the"1st"ocean"energy"facility"for"the"country." Respondents"Casino"are"assailing"the"building"and"operation"of"a"coal5fired"powerplant"
because"it"did"not"follow"pertinent"regulations"such"as"ECC"etc."Issue"is"won"the"validity"
of" an" ecc" can" be" challenged" via" a" writ" of" Kalikasan?" Yes," the" validity" of" an" ECC" can" be"
challenged"via"a"writ"of"Kalikasan"because"such"writ"is"principally"predicated"on"an"actual"
Jurisprudence or"threatened"violation"of"the"constitutional"right"to"a"balanced"and"healthful"ecology,"
which" involves" environmental" damage" of" a" magnitude" that" transcends" political" and"
RESIDENT MAMMALS CASE11
territorial"boundaries."
Government" approved" oil" exploration," development" and" production" of" petroleum" "
resources"at"Tanon"Strait."Petitioners"are"assailing"the"validity"of"this"project."" A"party,"therefore,"who"invokes"the"writ"based"on"alleged"defects"or"irregularities"in"the"
" issuance" of" an" ECC" must" not" only" allege" and" prove" such" defects" or" irregularities," but"
The" Court" then" held" that" while" the" service" contract" entered" into" by" the" govt." was" must"also"provide"a"causal"link"or,"at"least,"a"reasonable"connection"between"the"defects"
authorized"Presidential"Decree"No."87"on"oil"extraction,"the"contract"did"not"fulfill"two" or"irregularities"in"the"issuance"of"an"ECC"and"the"actual"or"threatened"violation"of"the"
additional" constitutional" requirements." "Section" 2" Article" XII" of" the" 1987" Constitution" constitutional"right"to"a"balanced"and"healthful"ecology"of"the"magnitude"contemplated"
requires" a" service" contract" for" oil" exploration" and" extraction" to" be" signed" by" the" under"the"Rules."Otherwise,"the"petition"should"be"dismissed"outright"and"the"action"re5
president"and"reported"to"congress.""Because"the"JAPEX"contract"was"executed"solely"by" filed" before" the" proper" forum" with" due" regard" to" the" doctrine" of" exhaustion" of"
the"Energy"Secretary,"and"not"reported"to"the"Philippine"congress,"the"Court"held"that"it" administrative"remedies."
was"unconstitutional."Id.,"pp."24525." "
" In" the" case" at" bar," no" such" causal" link" or" reasonable" connection" was" shown" or" even"
In" addition," the" Court" also" ruled" that" the" contract" violated" the" National" Integrated" attempted"relative"to"the"aforesaid"second"set"of"allegations."It"is"a"mere"listing"of"the"
Protected"Areas"System"Act"of"1992"(NIPAS"Act),"which"generally"prohibits"exploitation" perceived"defects"or"irregularities"in"the"issuance"of"the"ECC."
of"natural"resources"in"protected"areas.""In"order"to"explore"for"resources"in"a"protected"
area," the" exploration" must" be" performed" in" accordance" with" an" environmental" impact"
assessment"(EIA)."The"Court"noted"that"JAPEX"started"the"seismic"surveys"before"any"EIA"
was" performed;" therefore" its" activity" was" unlawful." Id.," pp." 33534." "Furthermore," the" [tutanes]
Tanon"Strait"is"a"NIPAS"area,"and"exploration"and"utilization"of"energy"resources"can"only"
"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""""""""
11
"(Mahaba"pero"andyan"na"po"lahat"<3)"
N""U""N""E""Z"
Pollution Laws and Rules of Court for Envi Cases
Managing wastes and controlling pollution: Solid waste, air and water pollution
A. Solid waste & pollution issues in the Philippines “Hazardous#wastes”#

(1) Rapid"population"growth" (1) Substances" that" are" without" any" safe" commercial," industrial," agricultural," or"
(2) Inadequate"environmental"pollution"sanitation"facilities" economic"usage"and"are"shipped,"transported"or"broght"from"the"country"or"origin"
(3) Excessive"exploitation"of"natural"resources" for"dumping"disposal"or"in"transit"though"any"part"of"the"territory"of"the"Philippines.""
(4) Disposal"of"waste"into"the"environment"by"escalating"number"of"industries" (2) By5products,"side5products,"process"residues,"spent"substances"from"manufacturing"
(5) Disposal"of"various"non5biodegradable"chemical"and"hazardous"wastes" operations,"and"as"consumer"discards"of"manufacture"products"
(6) Absence"of"enforcement,"experienced"manpower,"and"lack"of"public"awareness" "
(7) The" country" is" becoming" a" leading" destination" of" hazardous" wastes" coming" Provides#penal#sanctions#for#doing#the#following#prohibited#acts:#
mostly"from"industrialized"countries"–"Importation"of"used"lead"acid"batteries" (1) To" knowingly" use" a" chemical" substance" or" mixture" which" is" imported,"
(ULABs)"in"the"country"for"recycling" manufactured," processed" or" disturbed" in" violation" of" the" Act" or" its" implementing"
" rules"and"regulations"or"orders;"
" (2) Failure" or" refusal" to" submit" reports," notices," or" other" information," access" to"
records,"or"permit"inspection"of"establishment"where"chemicals"are"manufactured,"
B. Domestic laws processed,"stored"or"otherwise"held"
(3) Failure" or" refusal" to" comply" with" the" pre5manufacture" and" pre5importation"
RA 9003 – ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ACT
requirements"
Prohibited#acts#(Sec#48)"[Note:"I"did"not"include"all"the"acts]:" (4) To"cause,"aid"or"facilitate"the"importation"of"any"hazardous"wastes"and"nuclear"in"
(1) Littering"to"public"places" the"Philippines"
(2) Open"burning"of"solid"waste"
(3) Causing"or"permitting"the"collection"of"non5segregated"or"unsorted"wastes" RA 9275 – CLEAN WATER ACT
(4) Squatting"in"open"dumps"and"landfills" Applies" to" water" quality" management" in" all" water" bodies." It" primarily" applies" to" the"
(5) Dumping"or"dumping"of"biodegradable"or"non5biodegradable"materials"in"flood" abatement"and"control"of"pollution"from"land5based"sources,"although"the"water"quality"
prone"areas" standards"and"regulations"and"the"civil"liability"and"penal"provisions"under"this"act"shall"
(6) Manufacture,"distribution"or"use"of"non5environmentally"acceptable"materials" be"enforced"irrespective"of"sources"of"pollution"
(7) Construction"of"any"establishment"within"200"meters"from""dumps,"or"sanitary" #
landfill" Creation" of" the" National" Water" Quality" Management" fund" to" be" administered" by" the"
" DENR"
#
RA 6969 - TOXIC AND HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES ACT
Provides" penal" sanctions" for" persons" who" contribute" to" water" pollution;" those" who"
Empowered"the"DENR"to"regulate"and"control"Hazardous"substances"and"wastes" discharge,"deposit,"or"causing"to"be"deposited"material"of"any"kind"directly"or"indirectly"
# into"water"bodies"
“Hazardous#substances”## #
(1) Short5term" acute" hazards," such" as" acute" toxicity" by" ingestion," inhalation" or" skin"
absorption," corrosivity" or" other" skin" or" eye" contact" hazards" or" the" risk" of" fire" or" RA 8749 – CLEAN AIR ACT
explosion,"or" Empowered"the"DENR""
(2) Long5term"environmental"hazards;"the"potential"to"pollute"underground"or"surface" (1) to" issue" permits" as" it" may" determine" necessary" for" the" prevention" and"
waters,"or"aesthetically"objectionable"properties"such"as"offensive"odors" abatement"of"air"pollution"
"
N""U""N""E""Z"
POLLUTION"LAWS"&"ROC"FOR"ENVI"CASES" NATRES"&"ENVI"LAW" FAM5"G01"|"67"
(2) to"allow"each"regional"industrial"center"that"is"designated"as"special"airshed"to" "
allocate"emission"quotas"to"pollution"souces" Requires"health"warnings"on"cigarette"packages"and"other"forms"of"advertising#
" Regulates"tobacco"advertisements"
Recognized"the"“right"to"breathe"clean"air”" #
"
Bans" “Incineration”" 5" " burning" of" municipal," biomedical" and" hazardous" waste," which" RA 9483, OIL POLLUTION ACT12
process"emits"poisonous"and"toxic"fumes,"Provided"that"the"prohibition"shall"not"apply" An" act" providing" for" the" implementation" of" the" provisions" of" the" 1992" international"
to"traditional"small5scale"method"of"community/neighborhood"sanitation"“Siga”" convention" on" civil" liability" for" oil" pollution" damage" and1992" international" convention"
" on" the" establishment" of" an" international" fund" for" compensation" for" oil" pollution"
Regulates"pollution"from"Motor"vehicles" " damage,"providing"penalties"for"violation"thereof,"and"for"other"purposes#
" "
DOTC## Strict"liability"for"oil"pollution"damage"
(1) shall"implement"emission"standards" #
(2) It"shall"also"have"the"power"to" #
(a) Inspect"and"monitor"emissions"of"motor"vehicles" Jurisprudence
(b) Prohibit"or"enjoin"the"use"of"motor"vehicles"or"a"class"of"motor"vehicles"in"any"
area"or"street"at"specified"times" MMDA V JANCOM GR 147465 (2002)
(c) Authorize"private"testing"emission"centers"duly"accredited"by"DTI"
The"Clean"Air"Act"only"prohibits"the"burning"processes"which#emit#poisonous#and#toxic#
(3) Regulates" all" motor" vehicles" and" engines" 5" Requires" any" imported" new" o" locally5
fumes."This"effectivity"restricted"the"meaning"of"“incineration”"and"the"scope"of"ban"on"
assembled"motor"vehicle"to"comply"with"emission"standards"before"registration"
incineration.""
(4) Regulates"pollution"from"SMOKING"5"Disallows"smoking"inside"a"public# building"or"
"
an"enclosed"public"place"including#public#vehicles"and"other"means"of"transport"or"
in"any"enclosed"area#outside#of#one’s#private#residence,#private#place#of#work,#or# PROVINCE OF RIZAL V EXEC SEC (2005, DEC 13)
any#duly#designated#smoking#area;"to"be"implemented"by"LGUS"
The" protection" of" watersheds" ensures" an" adequate" supply" of" water" for" future"
(5) Regulates"fuels"and"fuel"additives"
generations" and" the" control" of" flashfloods" that" not" only" damage" to" property" but" also"
"
cause"loss"of"lives""
RA 9211 – TOBACCO REGULATION ACT "
The"right"to"a"balance"and"healthful"ecology"is"a"fundamental"legal"right"that"carries"with"
An" act" regulating" the" packaging," use," sale" distribution" and" advertisements" of" tobacco"
it"the"correlative"duty"to"refrain"from"impairing"the"environment.""
products"and"for"other"purposes#
Department" of" Environment" and" Natural" Resources" (DENR)" was" entrusted" with" the"
"
guardianship" and" safekeeping" of" the" Marikina" Watershed" Reservation" and" our" other"
Bans"smoking"in"public"places:#
natural"treasures""
(a) Centers"of"youth"activity#
"
(b) Elevator"and"stairwells#
Under" the" Local" Government" Code," two" requisites" must" be" met" before" a" national"
(c) Location"in"which"fire"hazards"are"present#
project"that"affects"the"environmental"and"ecological"balance"of"local"communities"can"
(d) Within"the"buildings"and"premises"of"public"and"private"hospitals#
be" implemented:" prior" consultation" with" the" affected" local" communities" and" prior"
(e) Public"conveyance"and"public"facilities#
approval" of" the" project" by" the" appropriate" sanggunian." Province" of" Rizal" vs." Executive"
(f) Food"preparation"areas#
Secretary,"477"SCRA"436,"G.R."No."129546"December"13,"2005"
"
"
Mandates"establishments"that"are"open"to"general"public"to"designate"a"smoking"area#
"
Prohibits"the"sale"of"cigarettes"to"minors#
"
Prohibits"thee"of"tobacco"products"within"school"perimeters"(100m)# """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""""""""
12
"optional"reading"
N""U""N""E""Z"
POLLUTION"LAWS"&"ROC"FOR"ENVI"CASES"" NATRES"&"ENVI"LAW" FAM5"G01"|"68"
HENARES V LTFRB GR 158290 (2006) WEST TOWER CONDOMINIUM CORP V FIRST PHIL INDUSTRIAL
Writ" of" Mandamus" to" compel" LTFRB" and" DOTC" to" require" PUVs" to" use" Compressed" CORP GR 194239
Natural"Gas"(CNG)"as"an"alternative"fuel"cannot"lie,"because"the"clean"air"act"is"a"general" The" precautionary" principle" only" applies" when" the" link" between" the" cause," that" is" the"
mandate,"which"does"not"impose"on"Public"Utility"Vehicles"the"use"of"any"particular"kind" human" activity" sought" to" be" inhibited," and" the" effect," that" is" the" damage" to" the"
of"fuel." environment," cannot" be" established" with" full" scientific" certainty." Here," however," such"
" absence" of" a" link" is" not" an" issue." Detecting" the" existence" of" a" leak" or" the" presence" of"
The"right"to"clean"air"is"established"in"this"case" defects"in"the"WOPL,"which"is"the"issue"in"the"case"at"bar,"is"different"from"determining"
" whether" the" spillage" of" hazardous" materials" into" the" surroundings" will" cause"
environmental" damage" or" will" harm" human" health" or" that" of" other" organisms." As" a"
matter"of"fact,"the"petroleum"leak"and"the"harm"that"it"caused"to"the"environment"and"
to"the"residents"of"the"affected"areas"is"not"even"questioned"by"FPIC."
"
Rules of Court for Environmental cases
A. Overall framework for environmental litigation Who! may! institute" –" any" real" party" in" interest," including" the" government" and"
(a) Stockholm"declaration"(1972)" juridical"entities"authorized"by"law"
(b) United"Nations"Convention"Environment"Programme"(UNEP)" Citizen! suit" –" any" Filipino" citizen" in" representation" of" others," including" minors" or"
(c) UNCLOS"(1982)" generations"yet"unborn"
(d) Rio"Declaration"(1992)" #
(e) 1992"Earth"summit" SLAPP"5"Strategic"Lawsuit"Against"Public"Participation"
(f) Global"Judges"Symposium""Sustainable"Dev’t"(2002)" A"legal"action"filed"to"harass,"vex,"exert"undue"pressure"or"stifle"any"legal"recourse"that"
(g) Section"16"Article"II"(1987"Const)"–"right"to"a"balanced"and"healthful"ecology" any"person,"institution,"or"the"government"has"taken"or"may"take"in"the"enforcement"of"
(h) Section"15"Article"II"(1987"Const)"–"the"state"shall"promote"the"right"to"health" environmental"laws,"protection"of"the"environment"or"asser"of"environmental"rights"
of"the"people"and"instill"health"consciousness"among"them" "
(i) SC"Circular"2352008"–"designation"of"green"courts" In"Civil"cases"–"Raised"as"an"affirmative"defense"(in"the"answer)"
" "
" In"Criminal"cases"–"ground"for"Motion"to"dismiss"
"
B. Rules of procedure (9-6-8-SC), Precautionary#principle#
Effecive"April"29,"2010" full" and" scientific" certainty" shall" not" be" require" of" the" party" alleging" environmental"
SCOPE damage"
Enforcement"or"violations"of"environmental"and"other"related"laws,"rule"and"regulations" "
#
OBJECTIVES: INNOVATIVE REMEDIES
(1) To" protect" and" advance" the" constitutional" right" of" the" people" to" a" balanced" and"
Environmental Protection Orders (EPO/TEPO)
healthful"ecology"
(2) To"provide"a"simplified,"speedy"and"inexpensive"procedure"for"the"enforcement"of" directs" or" enjoins" any" person" or" government" agency" to" perform" or" desist" from"
environmental" rights" and" duties" recognized" under" the" Constitution," existing" laws," performing"an"act"in"order"to"protect,"preserve"or"rehabilitate"the"environment"
rules"and"regulations,"and"international"agreements" "
" “TEPO”!–!Temporary;!same!as!TRO!
SALIENT FEATURES (a) Great"irreparable"injury"
(1) Priority"in"adjudication"–"Preferred"over"other"cases" (b) Extreme"urgency"
(2) Standing"–"" "
N""U""N""E""Z"
Continuing Mandamus REDONDO PENINSULA ENERGY V CASINO (207276)
The"court"may,"under"extraordinary"circumstances,"issue"directives"with"the"end"in"view" The" function" of" the" extraordinary" and" equitable" remedy" of" a" Writ" of" Kalikasan" should"
of" ensuring" that" its" decision" would" not" be" set" to" naught" by" administrative" inaction" or" not"supplant"other"available"remedies"and"the"nature"of"the"forums"that"they"provide."
indifference" The" Writ" of" Kalikasan" is" a" highly" prerogative" writ" that" issues" only" when" there" is" a"
showing"of"actually"or"imminent"threat"and"when"there"is"such"inaction"on"the"part"of"
Writ of Kalikasan the" availing" when" there" is" no" actually" threat" or" when" imminence" of" danger" is" not"
Authorizes"the"court,"where"a"violation"or"threatened"violation"results"in"destruction"or" demonstrable."The"Writ"of"Kalikasan"is"not"an"excuse"to"invoke"judicial"remedies"when"
damage" of" such" magnitude" as" to" impair" and" deprive" the" right" of" the" people" to" a" there" still" remain" administrative" forums" to" properly" address" the" common" concern" to"
balanced" a" healthful" ecology," to" direct" the" respondent" to" immediately" desist" from" protect"and"advance"ecological"rights."
undertaking" the" activities" complained" of" and" to" take" positive" steps" to" preserve,"
DELOS REYES V PAJE (207282)
rehabilitate,"or"restore"the"environment.""
" In"the"case"at"bar,"only"the"allegation"with"respect"to"the"lack"of"an"EIA"relative"to"the"
first"and"second"amendments"to"the"subject"ECC"may"be"reasonably"connected"to"such"
c. Jurisprudence an" environmental" damage." Further," given" the" extreme" urgency" of" resolving" the" issue"
Practical"problems"in"prosecuting"violations"of"envi"laws"
due" to" the" looming" power" crisis," this" case" may" be" considered" as" falling" under" an"
MMDA V CONCERNED CITIZENS OF MANILA BAY 171947-48 (2008 exception"to"the"doctrine"of"exhaustion"of"administrative"remedies."Thus,"the"aforesaid"
AND 2011) issue"may"be"conceivably"resolved"in"a"writ"of"kalikasan"case."
"
The" Cleaning" or" Rehabilitation" of" Manila" Bay" Can" be" Compelled" by" Mandamus." While" More"importantly,"we"have"expressly"ruled"that"this"case"is"an"exceptional"case"due"to"
the" implementation" of" the" MMDA's" mandated" tasks" may" entail" a" decision5making" the"looming"power"crisis,"so"that"the"rules"of"procedure"may"be"suspended"in"order"to"
process,"the"enforcement"of"the"law"or"the"very"act"of"doing"what"the"law"exacts"to"be" address" issues" which," ordinarily," the" Court" would" not" consider" proper" in" a" writ" of"
done" is" ministerial" in" nature" and" may" be" compelled" by" mandamus." Under" what" other" kalikasan"case."Hence,"all"issues,"including"those"not"proper"in"a"writ"of"kalikasan"case,"
judicial" discipline" describes" as" “continuing" mandamus," ”" the" Court" may," under" were"resolved"here"in"order"to"forestall"another"round"of"protracted"litigation"relative"to"
extraordinary" circumstances," issue" directives" with" the" end" in" view" of" ensuring" that" its" the"implementation"of"the"subject"project."
decision"would"not"be"set"to"naught"by"administrative"inaction"or"indifference."
" SBMA V CASINO (207366)
NOTE:""This"continuing"mandamus"is"no"longer"applicable,"since"this"is"institutionalized" The"writ"of"kalikasan"is"principally"predicated"on"an"actual"or"threatened"violation"of"the"
in"the"rules"of"procedure"for"environmental"cases."" constitutional" right" to" a" balanced" and" healthful" ecology," which" involves" environmental"
DISSENT OF J. LEONEN IN WEST TOWERS CASE damage"of"a"magnitude"that"transcends"political"and"territorial"boundaries.""
"
the"precautionary"principle"should"not"be"so"strictly"applied"as"to"unjustifiably"deprive" Due"to"the"extreme"urgency"of"the"matter"at"hand,"the"present"case"is"an"exception"to"
the"public"of"the"benefits"of"the"activity"to"be"inhibited,"and"to"unduly"create"other"risks."" the"doctrine"of"exhaustion"of"administrative"remedies.""
PAJE V CASINO (207257) "
The" Supreme" Court" (SC)" sustains" the" appellate" court’s" findings" that" the" Casiño" Group"
The"Rules"of"Procedure"on"Environmental"cases"allows"questions"of"fact"to"be"raised"on" failed"to"establish"the"alleged"grave"environmental"damage"which"will"be"caused"by"the"
appeal." The" validity" of" an" ECC" can" be" challenged" via" a" Writ" of" Kalikasan." A" party" who" construction"and"operation"of"the"power"plant""
invokes"the"writ"based"on"alleged"defects"or"irregularities"in"the"issuance"of"an"ECC"must"
not"only"allege"and"prove"such"defects"or"irregularities,"but"must"also"pre"a"causal"link," ISAAA V GREENPEACE
or" at" least," a" reasonable" connection" between" the" defects" irregularities" in" the" ECC" and" Production"of"BT"Talong"in"UPLB"was"put"into"halt"because"of"the"TRO"issued"by"SC"on"
the"actual"or"threatened"violation"of"the"constitutional"right"to"a"balanced"and"healthful" the" ground" of" the" precautionary" principle;" the" chemicals" used" MAY" endanger" humans"
ecology." and"other"animals."
"
[nico#queso#de#bola]
N""U""N""E""Z"
UNCLOS
SYLLABUS OUTLINE: what is UNCLOS?
A. International" Legal" Framework" on" Territorial" Seeas" and" Contiguous" Zones," and" IN SUM:" It" is" the" Consitution" governing" the" law" on" the" seas," which" lays" down" a"
High"Seas"[p."23529;"31;"53557;"maritime"zones]"
comprehensive"rules"on"the"use"of"oceans"and"their"resources."States"are"to"enjoy"a"full"
B. Archipelagic" States," Exclusive" Economic" Zones," Continental" Shelf" [p." 36552;"
sovereignty" over" waters" proximate" to" their" coasts," whereas" in" those" waters" beyond" –"
maritime"zones]"
UNCLOS." It" is" the" end" product" of" decades" long" negotiations" and" discussions" of" various"
C. Philippine"Territory"and"Baselines"[RA"9522]"
conventions."
D. Our" West" Philippine" Sea" and" the" Nullity" of" China’s" Historical" Claims" and" Nine5
"
Dash"Line"
BRIEF HISTORY 13 :" Oldest" “law”" governing" seas" –" CONQUEST." A" tangle" of" claims,"
"
spreading" pollution," competing" demands" for" lucrative" fish" stocks" in" coastal" waters" and"
GUIDE QUESTIONS PROVIDED BY LADY ALETT:
adjacent" seas," growing" tension" between" coastal" nations'" rights" to" these" resources" and"
A. What"is"UNCLOS?"[Preamble]"
those"of"distant5water"fishermen,"the"prospects"of"a"rich"harvest"of"resources"on"the"sea"
B. Territorial" Waters," EEZ," ECS," Sovereignty" [territorial" sea," p." 27]" vs" Sovereign"
floor," the" increased" presence" of" maritime" powers" and" the" pressures" of" long5distance"
Rights"[as"to"EEZ,"ECS,"The"Area]?""Maritime#zones"
navigation" and" a" seemingly" outdated," if" not" inherently" conflicting," freedom5of5the5seas"
C. What"is"the"claim"of"China"and"its"basis?"[Nine"Dash"Line,"history,"Mishief"Reef"
doctrine" 5" all" these" were" threatening" to" transform" the" oceans" into" another" arena" for"
and"Another"reef]"
conflict"and"instability."
D. What"is"at"stake"for"the"Philippines?"[80%"of"EEZ]"
"
E. What"were"the"issues"brought"before"the"tribunal?""
When" all" the" war" passed," the" “Law" on" the" Seas”" came" about." Sometime" in" 1967," the"
F. What" are" the" arguments" of" the" Philippines" before" the" arbitral" award?" How" did"
dangers" brought" about" by" sea" explorations" and" activities" were" numerous:" nuclear"
the"tribunal"decide"the"arbitration?"[Sec"89]"
submarines" charting" deep" waters" never" before" explored;" designs" for" antiballistic" missile"
G. What"are"the"next"steps"for"the"Philippines?""
systems" to" be" placed" on" the" seabed;" supertankers" ferrying" oil" from" the" Middle" East" to"
"
European"and"other"ports,"passing"through"congested"straits"and"leaving"behind"a"trail"of"
oil"spills;"and"rising"tensions"between"nations"over"conflicting"claims"to"ocean"space"and"
resources."
"
The" oceans" were" then" generating" a" multitude" of" claims," counterclaims" and" sovereignty"
disputes."
The"hope"was"for"a"more"stable"order,"promoting"greater"use"and"better"management"of"
ocean" resources" and" generating" harmony" and" goodwill" among" States" that" would" no"
longer"have"to"eye"each"other"suspiciously"over"conflicting"claims."
"
The" Conference" was" convened" in" New" York" in" 1973." It" ended" nine" years" later" with" the"
adoption" in" 1982" of" a" constitution" for" the" seas" 5" the" United" Nations" Convention" on" the"
Law"of"the"Sea."
"
1958:"UNCLOS"I"
1960:"UNCLOS"II"
First"two"UNCLOS:"
"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""""""""
13
"Overview"of"the"UNCLOS"
http://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/convention_historical_perspective.htm#Marine"Scientific"Research"
N""U""N""E""Z"
Technological"advances"in"seabed"exploitation,"concerns"for"management"of"
! (4) hoping" to" contribute" to" the" strengthening" of" peace," security," cooperation" and"
coastal" fisheries," marine" pollution" and" fresh" ideas" created" a" need" for" new" friendly"relations"among"all"nations"
rules."
1967:"UNCLOS"III"="the"present"UNCLOS"5>"culminated"in"1982"(why"so"long?"because"of" summary of key features16
the"“package"deal”,"states"hesitated"to"ratify)"" • Coastal"States"exercise"sovereignty"over"their"territorial"sea"which"they"have"the"right"
" to"establish"its"breadth"up"to"a"limit"not"to"exceed"12"nautical"miles;"foreign"vessels"
are"allowed""innocent"passage""through"those"waters;"
characteristics
• Ships"and"aircraft"of"all"countries"are"allowed""transit"passage""through"straits"used"
(1) was"adopted"as"a""Package"deal","to"be"accepted"as"a"whole"in"all"its"parts"without" for" international" navigation;" States" bordering" the" straits" can" regulate" navigational"
reservation"on"any"aspect."" and"other"aspects"of"passage;"
(2) signature"of"the"Convention"by"Governments"carries"the"undertaking"not"to"take"any" • Archipelagic" States," made" up" of" a" group" or" groups" of" closely" related" islands" and"
action"that"might"defeat"its"objects"and"purposes."" interconnecting" waters," have" sovereignty" over" a" sea" area" enclosed" by" straight" lines"
(3) ratification"of,"or"accession"to,"the"Convention"expresses"the"consent"of"a"State"to"be" drawn"between"the"outermost"points"of"the"islands;"the"waters"between"the"islands"
bound"by"its"provisions." are"declared"archipelagic"waters"where"States"may"establish"sea"lanes"and"air"routes"
(4) extinguishes" all" current" practices/claims" regarding" the" law" of" the" seas," except" in" which" all" other" States" enjoy" the" right" of" archipelagic" passage" through" such"
historical"claims"and"traditional"rights." designated"sea"lanes;"
(5) created"two"tribunals:"International# Tribunal# for# the# Law# of# the# Seas"for"disuputes" • Coastal" States" have" sovereign" rights" in" a" 2005nautical" mile" exclusive" economic" zone"
among"states"and"International# Seabed# Authority"the"body"regulating"the"utilitaion" (EEZ)"with"respect"to"natural"resources"and"certain"economic"activities,"and"exercise"
of"seabed"on"the"high"seas." jurisdiction"over"marine"science"research"and"environmental"protection;"
" • All" other" States" have" freedom" of" navigation" and" overflight" in" the" EEZ," as" well" as"
The"United"Nations"Convention"on"the"Law"of"the"Sea"lays"down"a"comprehensive"regime" freedom"to"lay"submarine"cables"and"pipelines;"
of"law"and"order"in"the"world's"oceans"and"seas"establishing"rules"governing"all"uses"of"the" • Land5locked"and"geographically"disadvantaged"States"have"the"right"to"participate"on"
oceans"and"their"resources."It"enshrines"the"notion"that"all"problems"of"ocean"space"are" an" equitable" basis" in" exploitation" of" an" appropriate" part" of" the" surplus" of" the" living"
closely" interrelated" and" need" to" be" addressed" as" a" whole." The" Convention" embodied" in" resources" of" the" EEZ's" of" coastal" States" of" the" same" region" or" sub5region;" highly"
one" instrument" traditional# rules# for# the# uses# of# the# oceans" and" at" the" same" time" migratory"species"of"fish"and"marine"mammals"are"accorded"special"protection;"
introduced# new# legal# concepts# and# regimes# and# addressed# new# concerns." It" also" lays" • Coastal"States"have"sovereign"rights"over"the"continental"shelf"(the"national"area"of"
down" the" framework" for" further" development" of" specific" areas" of" the" law" of" the" sea." It" the"seabed)"for"exploring"and"exploiting"it;"the"shelf"can"extend"at"least"200"nautical"
comprises"of"320"articles"and"nine"annexes,"governing"all"aspects"of"ocean"space,"such"as" miles"from"the"shore,"and"more"under"specified"circumstances;"
delimitation,"environmental"control,"marine"scientific"research,"economic"and"commercial" • Coastal" States" share" with" the" international" community" part" of" the" revenue" derived"
activities," transfer" of" technology" and" the" settlement" of" disputes" relating" to" ocean" from"exploiting"resources"from"any"part"of"their"shelf"beyond"200"miles;"
matters14." • The"Commission"on"the"Limits"of"the"Continental"Shelf"shall"make"recommendations"
objectives15 to"States"on"the"shelf's"outer"boundaries"when"it"extends"beyond"200"miles;"
• All"States"enjoy"the"traditional"freedoms"of"navigation,"overflight,"scientific"research"
(1) to"settle"all"issues"concerning"the"law"of"the"seas" and" fishing" on" the" high" seas;" they" are" obliged" to" adopt," or" cooperate" with" other"
(2) to" establish" a" legal" order" for" the" seas" and" oceans" which" will" facilitate" international" States"in"adopting,"measures"to"manage"and"conserve"living"resources;"
communication," and" will# promote# the# peaceful# uses# of# the# seas# and# oceans,# the" • The"limits"of"the"territorial"sea,"the"exclusive"economic"zone"and"continental"shelf"of"
equitable"and"efficient"utilization"of"resources,"conservation"of"living"resources,"and" islands"are"determined"in"accordance"with"rules"applicable"to"land"territory,"but"rocks"
the"study,#protection#and#preservation"of"the"marine"environment." which"could"not"sustain"human"habitation"or"economic"life"of"their"own"would"have"
(3) to"contribute"to"the"realization#of#a#just#and#equitable#international#economic#order," no"economic"zone"or"continental"shelf;"
which"takes"into"account"the"interests"and"needs"of"mankind"as"a"whole"and"special"
• States" bordering" enclosed" or" semi5enclosed" seas" are" expected" to" cooperate" in"
interests"and"needs"of"developing"countries,"whether"coastal"or"land5locked."
managing"living"resources,"environmental"and"research"policies"and"activities;"
• Land5locked"States"have"the"right"of"access"to"and"from"the"sea"and"enjoy"freedom"of"
"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""""""" transit"through"the"territory"of"transit"States;"
14
"Overview"of"the"UNCLOS"
http://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/convention_historical_perspective.htm#Marine"Scientific"Research" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""""""""
15 16
"UNCLOS"Preamble" "Ibid."Kumapit"dito"kung"wala"na"time"aralin"in"detail"
N""U""N""E""Z"
• States"are"bound"to"prevent"and"control"marine"pollution"and"are"liable"for"damage" The" “Act" to" Define" the" Baselines" of" the" Territorial" Sea" of" the" Philippines”" was" initially"
caused"by"violation"of"their"international"obligations"to"combat"such"pollution;" passed"in"1961."This,"however,"was"not"in"compliance"with"the"UNCLOS."In"order"for"the"
• All"marine"scientific"research"in"the"EEZ"and"on"the"continental"shelf"is"subject"to"the" Philippines"to"comply"with"its"obligation"under"UNCLOS,"RA"9522"was"passed.""
consent"of"the"coastal"State"(in"most"cases:"obliged"to"grant"consent"to"other"States" "
when" the" research" is" to" be" conducted" for" peaceful" purposes" &" fulfils" specified" This" Act" affirms" that" the" Republic" of" the" Philippines" has" dominion," sovereignty" and"
criteria)" jurisdiction"over"all"portions"of"the"national"territory"as"defined"in"the"Constitution"and"by"
• States"are"bound"to"promote"the"development"and"transfer"of"marine"technology""on" provisions"of"applicable"laws"(Sec."3,"9522)
fair" and" reasonable" terms" and" conditions"," with" proper" regard" for" all" legitimate" "
interests;" It" is" in" this" Act" where" Bajo" de" Masinloc" (Scarborough" Shoal)" and" The" Kalayaan" Island"
• States"Parties"are"obliged"to"settle"by"peaceful"means"their"disputes"concerning"the" Group"were"declared"recognized"as"part"of"the"“Regime"of"Islands”"of"the"Philippines.""
interpretation"or"application"of"the"Convention;" "
• Disputes" can" be" submitted" to" the" International" Tribunal" for" the" Law" of" the" Sea" 9522" ordered" that" the" National" Mapping" and" Resource" Information" Authority" (NAMRIA)"
established" under" the" Convention," to" the" International" Court" of" Justice," or" to" shall" produce" and" publish" charts" and" maps" of" the" appropriate" scale" clearly" representing"
arbitration."Conciliation"is"also"available"and,"in"certain"circumstances,"submission"to" the"delineation"of"basepoints"and"baselines"as"set"forth"therein.
it" would" be" compulsory." The" Tribunal" has" exclusive" jurisdiction" over" deep" seabed" "
mining"disputes."
INTERNAL WATERS
"
ART 8 – INTERNAL WATERS
Maritime Zones (1) “Except" as" provided" in" Part" IV," waters" on" the" landward" side" of" the" baseline" of" the"
BASELINES territorial"sea"form"part"of"the"internal"waters"of"the"State."
(2) Where" the" establishment" of" a" straight" baseline" in" accordance" with" the" method" set"
Art#5#–#Normal#Baseline:"Except"where"otherwise"provided"in"this"Convention,"the"normal"
forth"in"Article"7"has"the"effect"of"enclosing" as" internal"waters"areas"which"had"not"
baseline" for" measuring" the" breadth" of" the" territorial" sea" is" the" low5water" line" along" the" previously" been" considered" as" such," a" right" of" innocent" passage" as" provided" in" this"
coast"as"marked"on"large5scale"charts"officially"recognized"by"the"coastal"State." Convention"shall"exist"in"those"waters.”"
#
Art#7#–#Straight#baselines#(reflects#findings#in#Fisheries#customary#law)# There’s"no"right"of"innocent"passage"through"internal"waters"
(1) In"localities"where"the"coastline"is"deeply"indented"and"cut"into,"or"if"there"is"a"fringe" "
of"islands"along"the"coast"in"its"immediate"vicinity,"the"method"of"straight"baselines" COASTAL STATE HAS THE RIGHT TO REGULATE ACCESS TO ITS PORTS:
joining"appropriate"points"may"be"employed"in"drawing"the"baseline"from"which"the" ARTS 25(2), 211(3), 255.
breadth"of"the"territorial"sea"is"measured."" • 25(2):"right"to"take"steps"to"prevent"any"breach"of"conditions"subjected"to"ships"
(3) The"drawing"of"straight"baselines"must"not"depart"to"any"appreciable"extent"from"the" to"enter"internal"waters"
general" direction" of" the" coast," and" the" sea" areas" lying" within" the" lines" must" be" • 211(3):" shall" have" the" right" to" enforce" requirements" for" the" prevention,"
sufficiently"closely"linked"to"the"land"domain"to"be"subject"to"the"regime"of"internal" reduction"and"control"of"pollution"of"the"marine"environment"as"a"condition"for"
waters."" the"entry"of"foreign"vessels"PROVIDED"that"the"State"give"due"publicity"and"shall"
(5) Where"the"method"of"straight"baselines"is"applicable"under"paragraph"1,"account"may" communicate"the"requirements"to"serve"as"notice"
be" taken," in" determining" particular" baselines," of" economic" interests" peculiar" to" the"
• 255:"State"has"the"right"to"adopt"measures"to"facilitate"marine"scientific"research"
region"concerned,"the"reality"and"the"importance"of"which"are"clearly"evidenced"by"
and"assist"research"vessels."
long"usage.""
• Coastal" State" has" unlimited" prescriptive" and" enforcement" jurisdiction" in" the"
internal" waters." Jurisdiction" over" criminal" acts" taking" place" on" foreign" ships" in"
philippine baseline law
internal"waters"belongs"to"the"flag"State"of"the"ship"concerned,"UNLESS"the"act"
RA 3046 AS AMENDED BY RA 5446 (1961) disturbs"the"“public"peace”"of"the"coastal"State."
FURTHER AMENDED BY RA 9522 (2009)
" "
N""U""N""E""Z"
ART 47 – ARCHIPELAGIC BASELINE recognize# traditional# fishing# rights17#and" other" legitimate" activities" of" the" immediately"
(1) “An"archipelagic"State"may"draw"straight"archipelagic"baselines"joining"the"outermost" adjacent"neighboring"States."
points" of" the" outermost" islands" and" drying" reefs" of" the" archipelago" provided" that"
within"such"baselines"are"included"the"main"islands"and"an"area"in"which"the"ratio"of" TERRITORIAL SEA
the"area"of"the"water"to"the"area"of"the"land,"including"atolls,"is"between"1"to"1"and"9" 12#NAUTICAL#MILES#FROM#BASELINES#
to"1." State#has#absolute#jurisdiction#[sovereignty]"
(2) The"length"of"such"baselines"shall"not"exceed"100"nautical"miles,"except"that"up"to"3" Also" called" Maritime" belt." It" is" that" belt" of" sea" that" is" adjacent" to" coastal" state" and" the"
per"cent"of"the"total"number"of"baselines"enclosing"any"archipelago"may"exceed"that" state"exercises"its"sovereignty."#
length,"up"to"a"maximum"length"of"125"nautical"miles." #
(3) The" drawing" of" such" baselines" shall" not" depart" to" any" appreciable" extent" from" the" Art# 3:"Every"State"has"the"right"to"establish"the"breadth"of"its"territorial"sea"up"to"a"limit"
general"configuration"of"the"archipelago."…”" not"exceeding"12"nautical"miles,"measured"from"baselines"determined"in"accordance"with"
this"Convention."
Archipelagos"and"archipelagic"States"are"covered"by"Part"IV"of"UNCLOS" "
Art#8(1):"“Except"as"provided"in"Part"IV,"waters"on"the"landward"side"of"the"baseline"of"the" ART 1318 - LOW-TIDE ELEVATIONS:
territorial"sea"form"part"of"the"internal"waters"of"the"State.”" (2)"Where"a"low5tide"elevation"is"wholly"situated"at"a"distance"exceeding"the"breadth"of"
" the"territorial"sea"from"the"mainland"or"an"island,"it#has#no#territorial#sea#of#its#own19.#
The"Philippines"is"an"archipelagic"state." "
# IF STATES ARE OPPOSITE OR ADJACENT TO EACH OTHER, DELIMITATION
Art# 48:# The" breadth" of" the" territorial" sea," the" contiguous" zone," the" exclusive" economic" UNDER ART 15 SHALL APPLY:
zone" and" the" continental" shelf" shall" be" measured" from" archipelagic" baselines" drawn" in" • Where"the"coasts"of"2"States"are"opposite"or"adjacent"to"each"other,"neither"of"the"2"
accordance"with"article"47." States" is" entitled," failing" agreement" between" them" to" the" contrary," to" extend" its"
# territorial" sea" beyond" the" median" line" every" point" of" which" is" equidistant" from" the"
Art#50:"Within"its"archipelagic"waters,"the"archipelagic"State"may"draw"closing"lines"for"the" nearest"points"on"the"baselines"from"which"the"breadth"of"the"territorial"seas"of"each"
delimitation"of"internal"waters,"in"accordance"with"articles"9,"10"and"11." of"the"two"States"is"measured."
• Rivers"–Art#9:"If"a"river"flows"directly"into"the"sea,"the"baseline"shall"be"a"straight"line" • This"does"not"apply"where"“it"is"necessary"by"reason"of"historic"title"or"other"special"
across"the"mouth"of"the"river"between"points"on"the"low5water"line"of"its"banks." circumstances" to" delimit" the" territorial" seas" of" the" two" States" in" a" way" which" is" at"
• Bays" –Art# 10(2):" A" bay" is" a" “well5marked" indentation" whose" penetration" is" in" such" variance"therewith."
proportion"to"the"width"of"its"mouth"as"to"contain"land5locked"waters"and"constitute"
more" than" a" mere" curvature" of" the" coast." An" indentation" shall" not," however," be" RIGHTS OF STATES OVER TERRITORIAL SEA
regarded"as"a"bay"unless"its"area"is"as"large"as,"or"larger"than,"that"of"the"semi5circle" The"state"enjoys"sovereign"powers"over"the"territorial"sea."It"also"enjoys"such"powers"over"
whose"diameter"is"a"line"drawn"across"the"mouth"of"that"indentation.”" the"air"space"that"extends"up"to"territorial"sea"and"the"bed"and"sub5soil."Only"the"state"is"
• Art# 10(4):" i]f" the" distance" between" the" low5water" marks" of" the" natural" entrance" authorized" to" use" the" minerals" and" other" useful" products" within" the" its" territorial" sea"
points" of" a" bay" does" not" exceed" 24" nautical" miles," a" closing" line" may" be" drawn" limits."
between" these" two" low5water" marks," and" the" waters" enclosed" thereby" shall" be" "
considered"as"internal"waters." RIGHT OF INNOCENT PASSAGE – ART 17:
• Art# 10(5):"Where"the"distance"…"exceeds"24"nautical"miles,"a"straight"baseline"of"24" “Subject"to"this"Convention,"ships"of"all"States,"whether"coastal"or"land5locked,"enjoy"the"
nautical" miles" shall" be" drawn" within" the" bay" in" such" a" manner" as" to" enclose" the" right"of"innocent"passage"through"the"territorial"sea.”"
maximum"area"of"water"that"is"possible"with"a"line"of"that"length." "
• Art# 11:" For" the" purpose" of" delimiting" the" territorial" sea," the" outermost" permanent"
harbour" works" which" form" an" integral" part" of" the" harbour" system" are" regarded" as"
forming"part"of"the"coast."
GENERAL"RULE:"State"has"absolute"sovereignty"over"internal"and"archipelagic"waters." """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""""""""

17
EXECPTION:" Art.# 51# –# Existing# agreements,# traditional# fishing# rights# and# existing# "according"to"J."Carpio,"although"it"was"ruled"that"the"Scarborough"Shoal’s"location"is"well"within"Philippine"jurisdiction,"
the"traditional"fishing"in"the"area"vested"
submarine# cables:# …" State" shall" respect" existing" agreements" with" other" State" and" shall# 18
"relevant"for"the"Philippines"v"China"ruling"
19
"refer"to"photo"on"page"10"
N""U""N""E""Z"
WHAT IS “INNOCENT PASSAGE”? – ART 19(1): investigation" in" connection" with" any" crime" committed" on" board" the" ship" during" its"
“Passage"is"innocent"so"long"as"it"is"not"prejudicial"to"the"peace,"good"order"or"security"of" passage,"save"only"in"the"following"cases:"
the" coastal" State." Such" passage" shall" take" place" in" conformity" with" this" Convention" and" (a) if"the"consequences"of"the"crime"extend"to"the"coastal"State;"
with"other"rules"of"international"law”" (b) if"the"crime"is"of"a"kind"to"disturb"the"peace"of"the"country"or"the"good"order"of"
# the"territorial"sea;"
Art#19(2)"Passage"of"a"foreign"ship"shall"be"considered"to"be"prejudicial"to"the"peace,"good" (c) if"the"assistance"of"the"local"authorities"has"been"requested"by"the"master"of"the"
order" or" security" of" the" coastal" State" if" in" the" territorial" sea" it" engages" in" any" of" the" ship"or"by"a"diplomatic"agent"or"consular"officer"of"the"flag"State;"or"
following"activities:" (d) if" such" measures" are" necessary" for" the" suppression" of" illicit" traffic" in" narcotic"
(a) any"threat"or"use"of"force" drugs"or"psychotropic"substances.”"
(b) any"exercise"or"practice"with"weapons"of"any"kind;" "
(c) any"act"aimed"at"collecting"information"to"the"prejudice"of"the"security"of"the"coastal" UNCLOS, ART 28(1) CIVIL JURISDICTION
State;" “The"coastal"State"should"not"stop"or"divert"a"foreign"ship"passing"through"the"territorial"
(d) any"act"of"propaganda"aimed"at"affecting"the"defence"or"security"of"the"coastal"State;" sea"for"the"purpose"of"exercising"civil"jurisdiction"in"relation"to"a"person"on"board"the"ship."
(e) the"launching,"landing"or"taking"on"board"of"any"aircraft;" STRAITS
(f) the"launching,"landing"or"taking"on"board"of"any"military"device;" Designation"as"an"“international"strait”"does"not"affect"legal"status"of"the"waters"(Art#34)"
(g) the"loading"or"unloading"of"[anything]"contrary"to"the"customs,"fiscal,"immigration"or" Art#37:#international"straits"are"“used"for"international"navigation"between"one"part"of"the"
sanitary"laws"and"regulations"of"the"coastal"State;" high"seas"or"an"exclusive"economic"zone"and"another"part"of"the"high"seas"or"an"exclusive"
(h) any"act"of"wilful"and"serious"pollution"contrary"to"this"Convention;" economic"zone”."
(i) any"fishing"activities;"" #
(j) the"carrying"out"of"research"or"survey"activities;" Art#38:#
(k) any" act" aimed" at" interfering" with" any" systems" of" communication" or" any" other" (1) In"straits"…"all"ships"and"aircraft"enjoy"the"right"of"transit"passage,"which"shall"not"be"
facilities"or"installations"of"the"coastal"State;" impeded"…"
(l) any"other"activity"not"having"a"direct"bearing"on"passage." (2) Transit" passage”" means" the" exercise" of" “the" freedom" of" navigation" and" overflight"
solely"for"the"purpose"of"continuous"and"expeditious"transit"of"the"strait"between"one"
Does" it" cover" warships," or" merely" merchant" ships?" Wording" of" UNCLOS—just" refers" to" part"of"the"high"seas"or"an"exclusive"economic"zone"and"another"part"of"the"high"seas"
“ships”"and"all"submarines"to"navigate"on"the"surface." or"an"exclusive"economic"zone.”"
"
Art#21"–"Coastal"State"may"adopt"laws"and"regulations"re"innocent"passage,"e.g.:" Art#39:#Duties#on#vessels#when#exercising#right#of#transit:#
(a) the"safety"of"navigation"and"the"regulation"of"maritime"traffic;" (a) To"proceed"without"delay"through"or"over"the"strait;"
(b) the"protection"of"navigational"aids"and"facilities"and"other"facilities"or"installations;" (b) To"refrain"from"any"threat"or"use"of"force"against"the"sovereignty,"territorial"integrity"
(c) the"protection"of"cables"and"pipelines;"and" or" political" independence" of" States" bordering" the" strait," or" in" any" other" manner" in"
(d) the"conservation"of"the"living"resources"of"the"sea,"etc." violation"of"the"principles"of"international"law"embodied"in"the"Charter"of"the"United"
Nations;"
IF THE COASTAL STATE SUSPECTS NON-INNOCENT PASSAGE (c) To" refrain" from" any" activities" other" than" those" incident" to" their" normal" modes" of"
Art#25(1):"“The"coastal"State"may"take"the"necessary"steps"in"its"territorial"sea"to"prevent" continuous"and"expeditious"transit"unless"rendered"necessary"by"force"majeure"or"by"
passage"which"is"not"innocent.”" distress."
And" Art# 25(3):" “The" coastal" State" may," without" discrimination" in" form" or" in" fact" among"
foreign" ships," suspend" temporarily" in" specified" areas" of" its" territorial" sea" the" innocent" Art# 45:" the" right" of" innocent" passage" also" applies" in" international" straits," and" this" right"
passage" of" foreign" ships" if" such" suspension" is" essential" for" the" protection" of" its" security," cannot"be"suspended"(e.g.,"Strait"of"Tiran"in"Red"Sea)"
including"weapons"exercises."Such"suspension"shall"take"effect"only"after"having"been"duly" "
published.”"
" CONTIGUOUS ZONE
ART 27 (CRIMINAL JURISDICTION): MAY#NOT#EXTEND#MORE#THAN#24#NAUTICAL#MILES#FROM#BASELINES#
(1)" The" criminal" jurisdiction" of" the" coastal" State" should" not" be" exercised" on" board" a" State#has#limited#jurisdiction#[sovereign#rights]"
foreign" ship" passing" through" the" territorial" sea" to" arrest" any" person" or" to" conduct" any" "
N""U""N""E""Z"
Art# 33" –" Coastal" State" may" exercise" control" necessary" to" prevent" infringement" of" its" EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE
customs," fiscal," immigration" or" sanitary" laws," and" to" punish" infringements" of" the" above"
UP#TO#200#NAUTICAL#MILES#FROM#BASELINES#
laws"committed"within"the"territorial"sea"
State#has#sovereign#rights#(see#Art.#56)#
"
#
Includes"the"12nm"Territorial"sea."
Art# 55:" an" area" beyond" and" adjacent" to" the" territorial" sea," subject" to" the" specific" legal"
"
regime"established"in"this"Part,"under"which"the"rights"and"jurisdiction"of"the"coastal"State"
CONTINENTAL SHELF and" the" rights" and" freedoms" of" other" States" are" governed" by" the" relevant" provisions" of"
this"Convention."
Up#to#350#nautical#miles,#or#100#miles#seawards#of#the#2500m#isobaths,#whichever#is#
#
greater#
Art# 57:" " States" can" claim" an" EEZ" of" up" to" 200" nautical" miles." Has" two" categories," water"
#
column"and"seabed"underlying"water"column"
Art#77:"Rights"of"the"coastal"State"over"the"continental"shelf"
#
(1) The"coastal"State"exercises"over"the"continental"shelf"sovereign"rights"for"the"purpose"
Art#56:"In"the"EEZ,"Coastal"States"have"“sovereign"rights"for"the"purpose"of"exploring"and"
of"exploring"it"and"exploiting"its"natural"resources."
exploiting,"conserving"and"managing"the"natural"resources,"whether"living"or"non5living,"of"
(2) The" rights" referred" to" in" paragraph" 1" are" exclusive" in" the" sense" that" if" the" coastal"
the"waters"superjacent"to"the"seabed"and"of"the"seabed"and"its"subsoil"...”"
State"does"not"explore"the"continental"shelf"or"exploit"its"natural"resources,"no"one"
"
may"undertake"these"activities"without"the"express"consent"of"the"coastal"State."
STATE DUTIES
(3) The" rights" of" the" coastal" State" over" the" continental" shelf" do" not" depend" on"
(1) to" enrure" conservation" of" natural" resource," prevent" over5exploitation" by"
occupation,"effective"or"notional,"or"on"any"express"proclamation."
determining"the"“max"allowable"catch”"
(4) The" natural" resources" referred" to" in" this" Part" consist" of" the" mineral" and" other" non5
(2) to" maintain" and" restore" populations" of" harvested" fisheries" at" levels" which"
living"resources"of"the"seabed"and"subsoil"together"with"living"organisms"belonging"to"
produce"a"maximum"sustainable"yield."
sedentary" species," that" is" to" say," organisms" which," at" the" harvestable" stage," either"
(3) promote"the"objective"of"“optimum"utilization”"of"the"living"resources."
are" immobile" on" or" under" the" seabed" or" are" unable" to" move" except" in" constant"
"
physical"contact"with"the"seabed"or"the"subsoil."
RIGHTS MENTIONED UNDER ARTICLE 57 GIVEN TO COASTAL STATES
"
(1) Right" to" exploration," exploitation," conservation" and" management" of" all" natural"
EXTENT OF THE CONTINENTAL SHELF: ART 76:
resourcesm" whether" living" or" non5living," of" seabed" and" sub5soil" and" super"
(1)"…"the"seabed"and"subsoil"of"the"submarine"areas"that"extend"beyond"its"territorial"sea"
adjacent"waters."
throughout" the" natural" prolongation" of" its" land" territory" to" the" outer" edge" of" the"
(2) Right"to"construct,"use"and"maintain"artificial"islands,"installation"and"structures"
continental"margin,"or"to"a"distance"of"200"nautical"miles"from"the"baseline"…”"
and"off5shore"terminals"etc."
(3)"…"the"continental"margin"comprises"the"submerged"prolongation"of"the"land"mass"of"
(3) Right"to"scientific"research"
the"coastal"State,"and"consists"of"the"seabed"and"subsoil"of"the"shelf,"the"slope"and"the"
(4) Right"to"protect"marine"environment"and"control"pollution"
rise." It" does" not" include" the" deep" ocean" floor" with" its" oceanic" ridges" or" the" subsoil"
(5) Other"rights"and"duties"provided"for"in"the"Convention."
thereof.”"
RIGHTS TO OTHER STATES RELATED TO THE EEZ
(5)" the" maximum" you" can" extend" a" continental" shelf" is" 350" nautical" miles," or" 100" miles"
(1) Freedom"to"navigate"
seawards"of"the"2500m"isobath."
(2) Freedom"of"air"space"
"
(3) Laying"of"submarine"cables"and"pipes"etc."
ON LOW-TIDE ELEVATIONS:
"
Caprio"slides:"A"low5tide"elevation"(LTE)"is"a"naturally"formed"area"of"land"(rock,"reef,"atoll,"
Other"states"shall"strictly"comply"with"the"above20."
or"sandbar)"surrounded"by"water,"above"water"at"low"tide,"but"submerged"at"high"tide."An"
"
LTE"is"technically"a"part"of"the"submerged"continental"shelf."A"LTE"is"not"land"or"territory,"
and" has" no" territorial" sea" or" territorial" airspace." A" LTE" beyond" the" territorial" sea" is" not" HIGH SEAS
subject"to"appropriation"by"any"State."[Nicaragua!v!Colombia,!ICJ,!2012]"
Part"of"the"sea"which"is"beyond"national"jurisdiction#
"
#
"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""""""""
20
"China"did"not"comply."China"is"badass."China"lost."Don’t"be"like"China"
N""U""N""E""Z"
Art#86:"“The"provisions"of"this"Part"(‘the"High"Seas’)"apply"to"all"parts"of"the"sea"that"are" "
not"included"in"the"exclusive"economic"zone,"in"the"territorial"sea"or"in"the"internal"waters" RIGHT TO HOT PURSUIT (ART. 111)
of"a"State,"or"in"the"archipelagic"waters"of"an"archipelagic"State."This"article"does"not"entail" If" any" ship" violates" the" laws" of" any" coastal" state," then" the" coastal" state" is" permitted" to"
any"abridgement"of"the"freedoms"enjoyed"by"all"States"in"the"exclusive"economic"zone"in" undertake" hot" pursuit." The" ship" should" be" with" Territorial" sea/contiguous"
accordance"with"article"58" zone/EEZ/Continental"shelf.""
" "
FREEDOM OF THE HIGH SEAS (ART. 87) The" coastal" State" must" have" good" reason" to" believe" that" the" ship" has" violated" the" laws"
Art#87(1):"The"high"seas"are"open"to"all"States,"whether"coastal"or"land5locked."Freedom"of" and"regulations"of"that"State"(Art#111(1));"
the"high"seas"is"exercised"under"the"conditions"laid"down"by"this"Convention"and"by"other" "
rules"of"international"law."The"freedom"of"the"high"seas"comprises,"for"both"coastal"and" The"hot"pursuit"must"be"commenced"when"the"foreign"ship"or"one"of"its"boats"is"within"
land5locked"States:"" the"internal"waters,"the"archipelagic"waters,"the"territorial"sea"or"the"contiguous"zone"of"
(a) freedom"of"navigation" the" pursuing" State," or" the" EEZ/continental" shelf" if" the" violation" of" the" coastal" State’s"
(b) freedom"of"overflight;" applicable"laws"is"suspected"(Art#111(1)#and#(2));"
(c) freedom" to" lay" submarine" cables" and" pipelines," subject" to" Part" VI" " (‘the" "
Continental"Shelf’);" The"hot"pursuit"may"only"be"continued"outside"the"territorial"sea"or"the"contiguous"zone"
(d) freedom" to" construct" artificial" islands" and" other" installations" permitted" under" (or"EEZ/continental"shelf)"if"the"pursuit"has"not"been"interrupted"(Art#111(1)#and#(2))."
international"law,"subject"to"Part"VI"(‘the"Continental"Shelf’);" "
(e) freedom"of"fishing,"subject"to"the"conditions"laid"down"in"section"2;" The"ship"giving"the"order"to"stop"does"not"need"to"be"likewise"within"the"territorial"sea"or"
(f) freedom" of" scientific" research," subject" to" Parts" VI" (‘the" Continental" Shelf’)" and" the"contiguous"zone"or"EEZ/continental"shelf"(Art#111(1)#and#(2))."
XIII"(‘Marine"Scientific"Research’)." #
# 111(3):"right"ceases"as"soon"as"foreign"ship"enters"territorial"sea"of"another"State#
^#list"is"not"exhaustive" 111(4):"must"first"give"visual"or"auditory"signal"to"the"vessel"to"stop"(which"it"can"see"or"
# hear)#
Art#88:"The"high"seas"shall"be"reserved"for"peaceful"purposes." 111(5):" right" can" only" be" exercised" by" naval" vessel" or" military" aircraft" (or" other"
# vessels/planes"in"public"service)#
Art# 8921#c# Invalidity# of# claims# of# sovereignty# over# the# high# seas:# No" State" may" validly" "
purport"to"subject"any"part"of"the"high"seas"to"its"sovereignty# RIGHT OF VISIT
# Any"ship"can"be"check"if"there"is"a"suspicion"that"the"ship"is"engaged"in"piracy,"slave"trade,"
NATIONALITY OF SHIPS unauthorized"broadcasting"or"the"ship"is"without"nationality"or"misrepresenting"the"flag"or"
Art#90#–#Right#of#Navigation:"Every"State,"whether"coastal"or"land5locked,"has"the"right"to" refusing" to" show" its" flag." Their" papers" can" be" checked" and" if" not" found" guilty" then" they"
sail"ships"flying"its"flag"on"the"high"seas." should"be"compensated"for"any"damage"caused."
# "
Art#91:#Nationality#of#Ships" JURISDICTION ON THE HIGH SEAS
(1) Every" State" shall" fix" the" conditions" for" the" grant" of" its" nationality" to" ships," for" the" Art# 92(1):"Ships"shall"sail"under"the"flag"of"one"State"only"and,"save"in"exceptional"cases"
registration" of" ships" in" its" territory," and" for" the" right" to" fly" its" flag." Ships" have" the" expressly"provided"for"in"international"treaties"or"in"this"Convention,"shall"be"subject"to"its"
nationality"of"the"State"whose"flag"they"are"entitled"to"fly."There"must"exist"a"genuine" exclusive"jurisdiction"on"the"high"seas."(Lotus"case5"customary"law)"A"ship"may"not"change"
link"between"the"State"and"the"ship." its" flag" during" a" voyage" or" while" in" a" port" of" call," save" in" the" case" of" a" real" transfer" of"
(2) Every" State" shall" issue" to" ships" to" which" it" has" granted" the" right" to" fly" its" flag" ownership"or"change"of"registry."
documents"to"that"effect" Art# 94(1):" Every" State" shall" effectively" exercise" its" jurisdiction" and" control" in"
" administrative,"technical"and"social"matters"over"ships"flying"its"flag."
RIGHT OF SEARCH AND SEIZURE ON HIGH SEAS but"Art#110:"1."A"warship"which"encounters"on"the"high"seas"a"foreign"ship"(other"than"a"
All"the"ship"should"carry"the"flag"flying"of"their"respective"state."Warships"are"immune"in" ship"entitled"to"immunity)""is"not"justified"in"boarding"it"unless"there"is"reasonable"ground"
this" area" and" this" immunity" is" only" for" ship" being" used" for" government" non5commercial" for"suspecting"that:"
service." (a) the"ship"is"engaged"in"piracy;"
"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""""""" (b) the"ship"is"engaged"in"the"slave"trade;"
21
"main"echos"ng"tribunal"against"China"
N""U""N""E""Z"
(c) the" ship" is" engaged" in" unauthorized" broadcasting" and" the" flag" State" of" the" "
warship"has"jurisdiction"under"article"109;" DEEP SEABED
(d) the"ship"is"without"nationality;"or" Art#1(1):"“the"Area”"is"“the"sea"bed"and"ocean"floor"and"subsoil"thereof"beyond"the"limits"
(e) though"flying"a"foreign"flag"or"refusing"to"show"its"flag,"the"ship"is,"in"reality,"of" of"national"jurisdiction.”"
the"same"nationality"as"the"warship." #
" Art#136"–"the"Area"and"its"resources"are"the"“common"heritage"of"mankind”"
JURISDICTION OVER INTERNATIONAL CRIMES ON THE HIGH SEAS #
Art# 99:" Every" State" shall" take" effective" measures" to" prevent" +" punish" the" transport" of" Art#137"–"“No"State"shall"claim"or"exercise"sovereignty"or"sovereign"rights"over"any"part"of"
slaves" the"Area"or"its"resources,"nor"shall"any"State"or"natural"or"juridical"person"appropriate"any"
Art# 100" –" “All" States" shall" cooperate" to" the" fullest" possible" extent" in" the" repression" of" part"thereof.”"
piracy"on"the"high"seas"…”"(piracy"defined"in"Article"101)" "
Art# 105" –" On" the" high" seas," or" in" any" other" place" outside" the" jurisdiction" of" any" State,"
every" State" may" seize" a" pirate" ship" or" aircraft," or" a" ship" or" aircraft" taken" by" piracy" and"
under"the"control"of"pirates,"and"arrest"the"persons"and"seize"the"property"on"board."
N""U""N""E""Z"
SUMMARY OF MARITIME ZONES22:
"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""""""""
22
"from"Carpio’s"slides,"edited"a"little"bit"by"me"
N""U""N""E""Z"
LOW-TIDE ELEVATIONS VS. ROCK/ISLAND
N""U""N""E""Z"
DELIMITATION OF MARITIME BOUNDARIES Art# 281(1)# –# Procedure# where# no# settlement# has# been# reached# by# the# parties:"If"the"
States"Parties"which"are"parties"to"a"dispute"concerning"the"interpretation"or"application"
Art#74#(re#the#EEZ):# of"this"Convention"have"agreed"to"seek"settlement"of"the"dispute"by"a"peaceful"means"of"
(1) “The"delimitation"of"the"EEZ"between"States"with"opposite"or"adjacent"coasts" their"own"choice,"the"procedures"provided"for"in"this"Part"
shall"be"effected"by"agreement"on"the"basis"of"international"law,"as"referred"to" "
in" Article" 38" of" the" Statute" of" the" International" Court" of" Justice," in" order" to" *apply"only"where"no"settlement"has"been"reached"by"recourse"to"such"means"and"the"
achieve"an"equitable"solution." agreement"between"the"parties"does"not"exclude"any"further"procedure."
(2) If"no"agreement"can"be"reached"within"a"reasonable"period"of"time,"the"States" Art# 283# –# Obligation# to# exchange# views:" parties" to" a" dispute" have" an" obligation" to"
concerned"shall"resort"to"the"procedures"provided"for"in"Part"XV.”" exchange"views,"or"consult,"with"a"view"to"settling"the"dispute."
# #
Art#83#(re#the#continental#shelf):# Art# 284# c# Conciliation:" parties" can" agree" to" refer" the" dispute" to" conciliation." [detailed"
(1) “The" delimitation" of" the" continental" shelf" between" States" with" opposite" or" explanation"is"in"Annex"V]"
adjacent" coasts" shall" be" effected" by" agreement" on" the" basis" of" international" #
law," as" referred" to" in" Article" 38" of" the" Statute" of" the" International" Court" of" Art#287#–#Choice#of#procedure"
Justice,"in"order"to"achieve"an"equitable"solution." 1." “When" signing," ratifying" or" acceding" to" this" Convention" or" at" any" time" thereafter," a"
(2) If"no"agreement"can"be"reached"within"a"reasonable"period"of"time,"the"States" State" shall" be" free" to" choose," by" means" of" a" written" declaration," 1" or" more" of" the"
concerned"shall"resort"to"the"procedures"provided"for"in"Part"XV"(settlement"of" following" means" for" the" settlement" of" disputes" concerning" the" interpretation" or"
disputes)" application"of"this"Convention"
" (a) the" International" Tribunal" for" the" Law" of" the" Sea" established" in" accordance"
DISPUTE SETTLEMENT [Part XV] with"Annex"VI;"
Compulsory" dispute" settlement" regime" one" of" the" major" important" achievements" of" (b) the"International"Court"of"Justice;"
UNCLOS" (c) an"arbitral"tribunal"constituted"in"accordance"with"Annex"VII;"
Art#309#–#Reservations#and#exceptions:"No"reservations"or"exceptions"may"be"made"to" (d) a"special"arbitral"tribunal"constituted"in"accordance"with"Annex"VIII"for"one"or"
this"Convention"unless"expressly"permitted"by"other"articles"of"this"Convention." more"of"the"categories"of"disputes"specified"therein."
" 3."A"State"Party,"which"is"a"party"to"a"dispute"not"covered"by"a"declaration"in"force,"shall"
But"Art#298#–#Optional#exceptions#to#applicability#of#Section#2:"When"signing,"ratifying" be"deemed"
or"acceding"to"this"Convention"or"at"any"time"thereafter,"a"State"may,"without"prejudice" to"have"accepted"arbitration"in"accordance"with"Annex"VII."
to"the"obligations"arising"under"section"1,"declare"in"writing"that"it"does"not"accept"any" 4." If" the" parties" to" a" dispute" have" accepted" the" same" procedure" for" the" settlement" of"
one"or"more"of"the"procedures"provided"for"in"section"2"with"respect"to"one"or"more"of" the"dispute,"it"
the"following"categories"of"disputes”:" may"be"submitted"only"to"that"procedure,"unless"the"parties"otherwise"agree."
(a) maritime"boundary"disputes"under"Arts#15#/#74#/#83"(but"declarant"States"must" 5."If"the"parties"to"a"dispute"have"not"accepted"the"same"procedure"for"the"settlement"
accept"conciliation);" of"the"dispute,"it"may"be"submitted"only"to"arbitration"in"accordance"with"Annex"VII,"
(b) military"activities"and"law"enforcement"activities;" unless"the"parties"otherwise"agree."
(c) disputes"in"respect"of"which"the"UNSC"is"exercising"its"functions" "
#
Art#279#–#obligation#to#settle#disputes#by#peaceful#means:"States"Parties"shall"settle"any" PROVISIONAL MEASURES
dispute" between" them" concerning" the" interpretation" or" application" of" this" Convention" Art# 290(1):"If"a"dispute"has"been"duly"submitted"to"a"court"or"tribunal"which"considers"
by"peaceful"means"in"accordance"with"Article"2,"paragraph"3,"of"the"UN"Charter"and,"to" that" prima" facie" it" has" jurisdiction" under" this" Part" or" Part" XI," section" 5," the" court" or"
this"end,"shall"seek"a"solution"by"the"means"indicated"in"Article"33,"paragraph"1,"of"the" tribunal" may" prescribe" any" provisional" measures" which" it" considers" appropriate" under"
Charter." the" circumstances" to" preserve" the" respective" rights" of" the" parties" to" the" dispute" or" to"
# prevent"serious"harm"to"the"marine"environment,"pending"the"final"decision."
Art#280:"States"may"agree"to"settle"a"dispute"by"peaceful"means"of"their"own"choice" #
# Art# 290(5):" Pending" the" constitution" of" an" arbitral" tribunal" to" which" a" dispute" is" being"
submitted" under" this" section," " the" ITLOS" may" prescribe," modify" or" revoke" provisional"
N""U""N""E""Z"
UNFCC" NATRES"&"ENVI"LAW" FAM5"G01"|"81"
measures" in" accordance" with" this" article" if" it" considers" that" prima" facie" the" tribunal" regulations" and" procedures" of" the" Authority" adopted" in" accordance"
which"is"to"be"constituted"would"have"jurisdiction"and"that"the"urgency"of"the"situation" therewith;"or""
so"requires." (2) acts"of"the"Authority"alleged"to"be"in"excess"of"jurisdiction"or"a"misuse"of"
" power;""
(c) disputes" between" parties" to" a" contract," being" States" Parties," the" Authority" or"
PROMPT RELEASE the"Enterprise,"state"enterprises"and"natural"or"juridical"persons"referred"to"in"
Art#73(2):"Arrested"vessels"and"their"crews"shall"be"promptly"released"upon"the"posting" article"153,"paragraph"2(b),"concerning:""
of"reasonable"bond"or"other"security." (1) the"interpretation"or"application"of"a"relevant"contract"or"a"plan"of"work;"
" or""
Art#292(1):"Where"the"authorities"of"a"State"Party"have"detained"a"vessel"flying"the"flag" (2) acts"or"omissions"of"a"party"to"the"contract"relating"to"activities"in"the"Area"
of"another"State"Party"and"it"is"alleged"that"the"detaining"State"has"not"complied"with" and" directed" to" the" other" party" or" directly" affecting" its" legitimate"
the"provisions"of"this"Convention"for"the"prompt"release"of"the"vessel"or"its"crew"upon" interests;""
the" posting" of" a" reasonable" bond" or" other" financial" security," the" question" of" release" (d) disputes" between" the" Authority" and" a" prospective" contractor" who" has" been"
from"detention"may"be"submitted"to"any"court"or"tribunal"agreed"upon"by"the"parties"or," sponsored"by"a"State"as"provided"in"article"153,"paragraph"2(b),"and"has"duly"
failing"such"agreement"within"10"days"from"the"time"of"detention,"to"a"court"or"tribunal" fulfilled" the" conditions" referred" to" in" Annex" III," article" 4," paragraph" 6," and"
accepted"by"the"detaining"State"under"article"287"or"to"the"International"Tribunal"for"the" article" 13," paragraph" 2," concerning" the" refusal" of" a" contract" or" a" legal" issue"
Law"of"the"Sea,"unless"the"parties"otherwise"agree." arising"in"the"negotiation"of"the"contract;""
# (e) disputes" between" the" Authority" and" a" State" Party," a" state" enterprise" or" a"
Art#292(3):#The"court"or"tribunal"shall"deal"without"delay"with"the"application"for"release" natural"or"juridical"person"sponsored"by"a"State"Party"as"provided"for"in"article"
and"shall"deal"only"with"the"question"of"release,"without"prejudice"to"the"merits"of"any" 153,"paragraph"2(b),"where"it"is"alleged"that"the"Authority"has"incurred"liability"
case"before"the"appropriate"domestic"forum"against"the"vessel,"its"owner"or"its"crew." as"provided"in"Annex"III,"article"22;"
" (f) any" other" disputes" for" which" the" jurisdiction" of" the" Chamber" is" specifically"
provided"in"this"Convention.""
INTERNATIONAL TRIBUNAL FOR LAW OF THE SEA [ANNEX VI] "
Carpio:# ITLOS" only" has" jurisdiction" over" Maritime" disputes" and" none" over" disputes" Art#189.#Limitation#on#jurisdiction#with#regard#to#decisions#of#the#Authority#
within"a"State’s"sovereignty."Exception:"When"what"is"being"fought"over"are"traditional" SDC!has!no!jurisdiction!on!the!ff:""
rights"or"other"valid"historical"claims." (1) with"regard"to"the"exercise"by"the"Authority"of"its"discretionary"powers;"in"no"
# case"shall"it"substitute"its"discretion"for"that"of"the"Authority"
Sec# 1.# Art.# 2" –" Composition" –" It" is" composed" of" a" body" of" 21" independent" members," (2) Without"prejudice"to"article"191,"in"exercising"its"jurisdiction"pursuant"to"article"
elected"from"among"persons"enjoying"the"highest"reputation"for"fairness"and"intergrity" 187," SDC" shall" not" pronounce" itself" on" the" question" of" whether" any" rules,"
and"of"recognized"competence"in"the"field"of"the"law"of"the"sea." regulations" and" procedures" of" the" Authority" are" in" conformity" with" this"
" Convention,""
Art.# 14" –" Seabed" Disputes" Chamber" (SDC)" –" A" SDC" shall" be" established" in" accordance" (3) nor"declare"invalid"any"such"rules,"regulations"and"procedures.""
with"the"provi" "
" Art.#288#Jurisdiction#of#ITLOS"
Art.#187"–#Jurisdiction#of#the#Seabed#Disputes#Chamber" (1) shall" have" jurisdiction" over" any" dispute" concerning" the" interpretation" or"
The" Seabed" Disputes" Chamber" shall" have" jurisdiction" under" this" Part" and" the" Annexes" application"of"the"UNCLOS"
relating" thereto" in" disputes" with" respect" to" activities" in" the" Area" falling" within" the" (2) shall" also" have" jurisdiction" over" any" dispute" concerning" the" interpretation" or"
following"categories:"" application"of"an"international"agreement"related"to"the"purposes"of"UNCLOS"
(a) disputes"between"States"Parties"concerning"the"interpretation"or"application"of" (3) The"Seabed"Disputes"Chamber"of"the"International"Tribunal"for"the"Law"of"the"
this"Part"and"the"Annexes"relating"thereto;"" Sea" established" in" accordance" with" Annex" VI," and" any" other" chamber" or"
(b) disputes"between"a"State"Party"and"the"Authority"concerning:"" arbitral"tribunal"referred"to"in"Part"XI,"section"5,"shall"have"jurisdiction"in"any"
(1) acts" or" omissions" of" the" Authority" or" of" a" State" Party" alleged" to" be" in" matter"which"is"submitted"to"it"in"accordance"therewith.""
violation" of" this" Part" or" the" Annexes" relating" thereto" or" of" rules,"
N""U""N""E""Z"
(4) In"the"event"of"a"dispute"as"to"whether"a"court"or"tribunal"has"jurisdiction,"the"
matter"shall"be"settled"by"decision"of"that"court"or"tribunal."" ARBITRATION23 [ANNEX VII]
" Art#1#Institution#of#proceedings#
Subject" to" the" provisions" of" Part" XV" (disputes)," any" party" to" a" dispute" may" submit" the"
CONCILIATION [ANNEX V] dispute"to"the"arbitral"procedure"by"written"notification"addressed"to"the"other"party"or"
Sec. 1 parties"to"the"dispute.""
Art#1#Institution#of#proceedings# The"notification"shall"be"accompanied"by"a"statement"of"the"claim"and"the"grounds"on"
Any" such" party" may" institute" the" proceedings" by" written" notification" addressed" to" the" which"it"is"based"
other"party"or"parties"to"the"dispute." "
" Art#5#Procedure#
Art.#4#Procedure## Unless" the" parties" to" the" disputeotherwise" agree," arbitral" tribunal" (AT)" determines" its"
(1) Unless"the"parties"otherwise"agree,"Conciliation"committee"(CC)"determines"its" own" procedure." –" assuring" that" each" party" has" full" opportunity" to" be" heard" and" to"
own"procedure."" present"its"case"
(2) WITH" THE" CONSENT" of" the" parties" to" the" dispute," invite" any" State" Party" to" "
submit"to"it"its"views"orally"or"in"writing."" Art#8#Required#majority#for#decisions#
" Decisions:"majority"vote"of"its"members.""
Decisions" of" the" commission" regarding" procedural" matters," the" report" and" (1) The"absence"or"abstention"of"less"than"half"of"the"members"shall"not"constitute"a"
recommendations"shall"be"made"by"a"majority"vote"of"its"members.""" bar"to"the"tribunal"reaching"a"decision."
" (2) In"the"event"of"an"equality"of"votes,"the"President"shall"have"a"casting"vote."
Article#5#Amicable#settlement# "
The"commission"may"draw"the"parties’"attention"any"measures,"which"might"facilitate"an" Art#9#Default#of#appearance24#
amicable"settlement"of"the"dispute."" Upon"failure"of"one"party"to"appear"before"the"AT"or"fails"to"defend"its"case,"the"other"
" party"may"request"the"tribunal"to"continue"the"proceedings"and"to"make"its"award.""
Article#6#Functions#of#the#commission# "
The"commission"shall"hear"the"parties,"examine"their"claims"and"objections," and" make" Absence" of" a" party" or" failure" of" a" party" to" defend" its" case" IS" NOT" a" bar" to" the"
proposals"to"the"parties"with"a"view"to"reaching"an"amicable"settlement.""" proceedings.""
" "
Art.#10#Right#of#parties#to#modify#procedure# Before" making" its" award," the" arbitral" tribunal" must" satisfy" itself" not" only" that" it" has"
The" parties" to" the" dispute" may" by" agreement" applicable" solely" to" that" dispute" modify" jurisdiction"over"the"dispute"but"also"that"the"claim"is"well"founded"in"fact"and"law25."
any"provision"of"this"Annex."" "
" Art#11#Finality#of#award#
Sec. 2 The" award" shall" be" final" and" without" appeal," UNLESS" the" parties" to" the" dispute" have"
agreed"in"advance"to"an"appellate"procedure26."It#shall#be#complied#with#by#the#parties#
Art.#12#Failure#to#reply#or#to#submit#to#conciliation# to#the#dispute."
The" failure" of" a" party" or" parties" to" the" dispute" to" reply" to" notification" of" institution" of"
proceedings"or"to"submit"to"such"proceedings"IS"NOT"a"bar"to"the"proceedings."""
"
Art.#13#Competence##
A"disagreement"as"to"whether"a"CC"acting"has"competence"shall"be"decided"by"the"CC.""
"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""""""""
23
"This"is"what"was"used"by"the"Philippines"in"the"dispute"with"China"
24
"What"China"did"
25
"Check"the"Philippines"v"China"ruling"below"
26
"What"does"this"mean"for"China?"
N""U""N""E""Z"
Philippines"v"China"[2016] o 9"dash"line"is"contrary"to"UNCLOS,"without"law"effect"and"cannot"be"
Notes#from#Justice#Carpio’s#lecture#on#the#ruling# the"basis"of"any"maritime"entitlement"
" ! Tribunal:" 9" dash" line" have" no" legal" effect;" none" under"
Root#cause#of#dispute:"Nine5dash"line."China’s"supposed"historical"claim" UNCLOS"or"intelaw;"China"can"only"claim"up"to"limits"under"
Core#Dispute:"China’s"claim"to"80%"of"Phils"EEZ" UNCLOS" (350NM" from" Hainan);" any" historic" rights" under"
Phils’#concern:"Fish,"oil,"gas"and"mineral"resources" China" within" 9" dash" line" were" superseded," as" a" matter" of"
" law"and"as"between"the"Phils"and"China,"by"the"limits"of"the"
China’s" claim" under" the" Nine" Dash" Line" includes" 25%" of" the" SCS’s" High" seas" included." maritime"zones"provided"for"the"by"Convention."
This"cannot"be"done"under"UNCLOS"and"cannot"be"subject"to"sovereignty"of"China"[Art." ! Developing" countries" wanted" a" longer" EEZ;" developed"
89"above"under"High"Seas]" countries" =" Thus," compromise" is" 200NM" EEZ" EXCLUSIVELY"
" for"its"own"but"coastal"states"must"waive"all"claims"beyond"
Bottom"line"claim:"all"the"waters,"fish,"gas,"mineral"resources,"islands"and"reefs"are"part" 200NM," in" order" to" keep" the" peace." But" China" is" now"
of"its"sovereignty" claiming"historic"rights"over"the"rest."
" ! Tribunal" ruled" that" no" evidence" that" China" had" historically"
MAIN# RULING:# China’s# Ninecdash# Line# claims# had# no# basis,# no# evidence# whatsoever.# exercised" control" over" the" SCS" since" 2000" years" ago"
By# being# a# party# to# UNCLOS,# China# agreed# to# have# relinquished# all# their# laws,# in# (aggravated"the"issue)""
conflict#with#UNCLOS,#governing#the#sea.#Technicalities#of#measurements#were#clearly# • How"did"we"do"it?"Submitted"historic"maps"dating"
for#the#Philippines.# 1136" like" Hua" Yi" Tu" and" Yu" Ji" Tu," which" shows"
# Hainan"as"the"southern"most"territory"of"China"
HISTORY" • Throughout" all" the" dynasties," Hainan" still" the"
" Before"WW2,"china"did"not"have"a"single"soldier"or"sailor"stationed"in"any"SCS"island" southern" most" territory" of" China;" never" reached"
outside"Hainan"island." spratleys"or"scarborough"
" With" the" defeat" of" Japan," China" moved" outside" of" Hainan" and" took" over" the" ! Our" own" narrative:" 1595" Ortelius" Map" (Champa" Kingdom"
Amphitrite"Group"of"Parcels"and"Itu"Aba"in"the"Spratlys"following"the"defeat"of"the" and" Champa" Sea)" –" For" centuries," the" SCS" was" known" by"
Japanese." In" m1974," China" forcibly" dislodged" the" South" Vietnamese" from" the" navigators"as"the"Champa"Sea,"named"after"a"great"empire"
Crescent"Group"of"Islands" that"controlled"all"of"Central"Vietnam"
" Only"in"1946"–"when"it"started"the"move"out." ! Father"Murillo"Veralde"(1734)"made"an"official"Spanish"Map"
• Included" the" Spratlys" and" Scarborough" were" part"
CONCEPTS of"their"territory"
Maritime"zones"under"UNCLOS" • Panaot"–"first"name"of"Scarborough"Shoal"
" Common"Heritage"of"Mankind"–"cannot"mine"without"permit;"china"has"technology," o No"geologic"feature"in"the"Spratlys"is"capable"of"human"habitation"or"
got"3"permits" economic" life" of" its" own," so" as" to" generate" a" 200NM" EEZ," that"
" Low"tide"elevation"vs"Rock/island"[go"to"page"9]" overlaps"with"Palawan’s"EEZ."Itu"Aba"not"capable"of"habitation"
" o Scarborough"is"a"rock"entitled"only"to"12NM"territorial"sea;"fishermen"
1995,"China"Seized"Mischief"Reef" have"traditional"fishing"
" Lowtide"elevation" o Caused"severe"harm"to"marine"envi"
" Under"the"unclos,"only"Phils"can"put"up"a"shelter,"but"china"did" "
" We"did"not"have"the"military"capability"to"take"it"back" Status"of"Geologic"Features"in"the"Spratlys"
" " Tribunal:" None" of" the" geologic" features" are" capable" of" human" habitation" or"
2012,"China"seized"Scarborough"Shoal" economic"life"on"its"own;"thus,"not"entitled"to"200NM"EEZ"
" we"had"no"military"capability"to"take"it"back" " Defined" HABITABLE" for" the" first" time:" consider" ONLY" its" natural" condition." If"
" Thus,"we"brought"the"issue"to"a"forum"–"UNCLOS"tribunal" there"is"no"historical"record"of"a"feature"or"human"habitation555"
" Raised#5#Major#issues:## o Itu"Aba,"largest"geologic"feature"in"the"Spratlys,"does"not"satisfy."Only"
entitled"to"12NM"EEZ"
N""U""N""E""Z"
" Of"the"7"reefs"China"occupied,"5"are"high"tide"elevations" China" claimed" Reed" Bank" in" 2010;" Coast" Guard" vessels" harassed" a" Phil" survey" ship" in"
" Phils" wanted" ruling" on" Mischief" Reef" and" Subi" Reef" –" these" are" low" tide" Reed"bank"in"2011"
elevations,"not"entitled"to"territorial"sea;"formed"part"of"the"Phils"submerged" " presurvey"activities"show"there"is"gas"there"
continental"shelf" " Malampaya"will"run"out"of"gas"in"10"years"(and"will"cause"rotating"brown"outs"
" Reed"Bank"is"entirely"submerged"and"like"low5tide"elevations,"form"part"of"the" in"Luzon),"and"that"substitute"is"in"Reed"Bank;"very"important"that"we"develop"
Phils"EEZ"as"it"is"within"the"200NM"from"the"Phils"baselines"""impt"bec"filled" Reed"Bank"
with"oil" "
" Tribunal"upheld"the"Phils"position"EXCEPT"for"Gaven"Reef"and"McKennan"Reef"
" ENFORCEMENT OF RULING
Scarborough"Shoal" Art."11,"Annex"VII,"UNCLOS:"award"is"final"and"without"appeal"
" Hightide"elevation"(literally"a"rock!)" BUT"china"refuses"to"accept."2"aspects"in"enforcement"of"ruling"(interests"of"state):"
" Entitled"only"to"a"12NM"territorial"sea,"not"200NM"EEZ" " Enforcement" of" the" ruling" by" the" world’s" powers" with" respect" to" freedom" of"
" Common"fishing"ground"of"China"Vietnam"and"Phils" navigation"and"overflight"for"military"vessels"and"aircraft"int"eh"high"seas"and"EEZs"
" UNCLOS"tribunal"only"have"jurisdiction"over"MARITIME,"not"territory:" in"SCS"
o Thus," Phils" only" have" rights" over" the" blue# zone# except" 3" dots," o US" Navy" will" continue" to" conduct" the" routine" and" lawful" operations" around"
Scarborough," Johnson" South" Reef," McKennan" Reef" (which" remain" the"world,"include"SCS,"in"order"to"protect"rights"and"freedoms;"goods"travel"
disputed)" here"
o BUT" traditional" fishing" rights" are" an" exception" to" territorial" sea" o French" will" invite" neighbors" to" coordinate" naval" patrols" in" SCS" to" ensure" a"
exclusivity" regular"and"visible"presence"""otherwise,"will"encourage"other"countries"to"
" claim"Arctic"Ocean"or"Medi"Sea"(like"Russia)"and"will"wage"war!!"
Phils"EEZ"is"bigger"than"Phils"itself" o British" Ambassador" that" British" Tornado" fight5bombers" visiting" Japan—will"
" chuvaekek"
Tribunal"also"ruled"on"harm"to"the"Marine"Envi" o WHY"of"paramount"interest?""
" China"caused"permanent"and"irreparable"harm"on"the"marine"envi" " Enforcement"of"the"ruling"by"Phils"with"respect"to"its"exclusive"right"to"exploit"the"
" resources"of"its"EEZ"in"SCS"
Mischief"Reef" o We"have"no"aircraft"or"blue"vessels"available"
" Almost"as"big"as"San"Juan"City" "
" Have"Hangars"and"Unknown"Structures"(for"flight"landing)"
" Very"ideal"for"warships"""Pearl"Harbor"of"SCS" WHAT WILL PHILS DO TO ENFORCE?
" How"did"China"build"the"7"artificial"islands?"" Civil"enforcement"of"exclusive"rihgts"to"the"EEZ"
o Largest"dredger"" "
o Pulvorize" the" corals" and" dumbed" in" the" submerged" reef" –" all" corals" Look"for"friendly"jurisdiction,"like"CANADA:"
are"dead" " If"China"installs"a"gas"platform"in"the"Reed"Bank"
o China"destroyed"a"total"of"17"REEFS"–"including"Tubbataha" " Recovery"of"damages"from"China"for"sever"harm"to"the"marine"envi"in"the"Spratlys"
" Worse:" Tanmen" Fishermen" from" China" harvest" the" giant" clams" by" using" " Suspension"of"China’s"exploration"permits"for"the"seabed"until"China"complies"with"
propellers"of"the"boats"which"grind"the"corals"to"pull"out"of"the"giant"clams"–" the"ruling"
hundreds"of"coral"reefs"are"barren" o UNCLOS" is" a" package" deal," must" accept" all." Wants" benefits" from" seabed"
o Highend"clam"shop"in"Tanmen,"Hainan"–"can"price"up"to"100,000USD"" provisions"but"not"accepting"555chuavekek"
" " Suspension"of"China’s"application"for"an"outer"continental"shelf"in"the"East"China"
Severe" harm" to" the" fragile" marine" ecosystem:" Although" SCS" only" 2.5%" of" the" world’s" Sea"until"China"complies"with"the"ruling"
total"ocean"surface"BUT"home"to"34%"of"the"world’s"total"coral"reefs"""Impt:"reefs"are" "
where"fishes"lay"eggs;"will"cause"tremendous"decline"of"fishes" Judicial"Awards,"State"Practice"and"International"Agencies"
" 1. Ruling"will"be"followed"by"other"arbitral"tribunals;"cases"will"be"filed"and"it"will"
cement"the"rulings"as"principles"of"intelaw"
N""U""N""E""Z"
o ex."Domincan"Republic"may"sue"Venezuela" o But" Phils" had" nothing" to" do" with" colonization;" we" had" our" own"
2. Coastal"states"stand"to"benefit"from"the"rulings"will"invoke"and"apply"the"ruling" colonization""
3. Phils"can"sign"sea"boundary"agreements"with"other"countries"now"" o Tribunal:"Immaterial."
o Initially" except" Malaysia" because" of" Sabah;" but" recently" decided" can" "
sign"already"because"chuvaekek" 3. Psychological" Warfare" –" Display" overwhelming" military" might," like" the"
o But"need"consent" installation"of"several"air"and"naval"bases"in"the"disputal"waters,"to"intimidate"
4. Extended"continental"shelf"from"Luzon" the"adverse""
o If"no"opposition,"claim"will"be"granted" o Tried" to" intimate" everyone" with" huge" naval" and" air" bases" will"
o But"China"will"oppose:"part"of"9"dash"line"and"overlaps"with"its"EEZ" intimidate" other" claimant" states" not" to" question" the" 9" dash" lines"
o Commission" to" rule" case" is" sister" of" Tribunal," will" follow" UNCLOS" anymore"
ruling." o They"have"more"warships"daw"to"control"the"SCS"
o If"China"does"not"do"anything,"we"get"our"claim" o Pres."Ma:"realigned"the"9"dash"line"to"fit"into"China’s"position;"never"
5. Military"Enforcemnet"of"Exclusive"Right"to"the"EEZ" intended"to"claim"SCS"as"a"whole,"just"its"islands"(smartypants)"
o Invoke" Phil5US" Mutual" Defense" Treaty:" bring" our" ships" and" park" it" o Tribunal:"9"dash"line"have"no"legal"basis"
there;"if"attacked,"US"will"save"uzzz" o How"to"fix"this?""
o Anti5access,"area"denial"military"strategy"(i.e."Vietnam’s"mobile"EXTRA" ! Ask" Taiwan" to" help" us" convince" the" Chinese" people" to"
rocket"artillery"system"from"Israel)" abandon"that"thinking"
6. Declare"the"Spratlys"an"International"Marine"Peace"Park" ! Intergenerational;"will"take"a"long"time"
o Must" find" a" win5win" scenario;" cannot" humiliate" a" sovereign" state" ! Convince"other"countries"that"they"have"an"interest"as"well"
otherwise" they" will" not" comply." So" that" they" can" explain" to" their" "
peeps." [ttlG]"
o Must"preserve"the"Spratlys"as"a"nursery"of"the"SCS:"where"fish"spawn;" "
eggs" and" larvae" of" fish" that" spawn" in" the" Spratlys" are" carried" by" "
currents" to" the" coasts" of" States" =" fish" food" chain" and" fisheries" "
collapse"could"lead"to"mass"starvation" "
o Benefit"for"China"is"immense"bec"they"need"fish" "
"
China" knows" that" any" war" on" the" SCS" will" lead" to" a" nuclear" war;" annihilation" of" the"
Chinese"people"
" Thus,"war"is"a"no"no"in"the"SCS"
" Know"Phils"has"a"defense"agreement"with"a"US"
" Not"an"option"for"phils"as"well:"we"die"
"
Thus,"3"Warfares"strategy"of"China:"
1. Public"Opinion"Warfare"–"repeatedly"assert"a"historical"narrative"so"the"world"
will"accept"it"as"true"even"if"no"historical"basis:"9"dash"line"
o Tribunal:" No" evidence" that" prior" to" the" Convention," China" has"
established"a"historic"right"to"the"exclusive"use"of"the"resources"of"the"
SCS;"Phils"destroyed"the"argument"(boom)"
"
2. Legal"Warfare"–"Assert"legal"basis"for"historical"claim"to"justify"the"claim"as"an"
exception"to"the"prevailing"legal"norms"
o Even" introduced" century" of" humiliation:" Western" powers" occupied"
and"made"China"suffered"a"lot"
N""U""N""E""Z"
United Nations Framework on Climate Change Convention (UNFCCC)
SYLLABUS OUTLINE
A. The"Global"Phenomenon"of"Climate"Change" SUMMARY OF THE CONVENTION
B. Common"but"differentiated"responsibilities:"Climate"Justice/Equity" A. Recognized"that"there"was"a"problem"
C. Climate"Change"Mitigation"and"Climate"Change"Adaptation" 5 This"was"remarkable"for"its"time."In"1994,"when"the"UNFCCC"took"effect,"there"was"
D. Vulnerability"of"Low"Lying"Islands"and"Developing"States" less"scientific"evidence"than"there"is"now."The"UNFCCC"borrowed"a"very"important"
E. Disaster"Risk"Reduction"and"Management" line"from"one"of"the"most"successful"multilateral"environmental"treaties"in"history"
• Prevention"&"Mitigation" (the"Montreal"Protocol,"in"1987):"it"bound"member"states"to"act"in"the"interests"of"
• Preparedness" human"safety"even"in"the"face"of"scientific"uncertainty."
• Response,"Rehabilitation"&"Recovery" "
" B. Sets"a"lofty"but"specific"goal"
" 5 The"ultimate#objective#(Art.#2)"of"the"Convention"is"to"stabilize"GHG"concentrations"
UNFCCC "at" a" level" that" would" prevent" dangerous" anthropogenic" (human" induced)"
interference"with"the"climate"system."""
The"UNFCCC"entered"into"force"on"21"March"1994."It"is"a"“Rio"Convention”,"one"of"three"
5 "Such"a"level"should"be"achieved"within"a"time5frame"sufficient"to"allow"ecosystems"
adopted" at" the" “Rio" Earth" Summit”" in" 1992." Today," it" has" near5universal" membership."
to" adapt" naturally" to" climate" change," to" ensure" that" food" production" is" not"
The" 197" countries" that" have" ratified" the" Convention" are" called" Parties# to# the#
threatened," and" to" enable" economic" development" to" proceed" in" a" sustainable"
Convention." manner.""
" "
Ultimate#aim:"Preventing"“dangerous”"human"interference"with"the"climate"system" C. Puts"the"onus"on"developed"countries"to"lead"the"way"
" 5 The" idea" is" that," as" they" are" the" source" of" most" past" and" current" greenhouse" gas"
Parties"to"the"Convention:" emissions," industrialized# countries" are" expected" to" do" the" most" to" cut" emissions"
(1) Annex"I:"There"are"43"Parties"to"the"UNFCCC"listed"in"Annex"I"of"the"Convention," on" home" ground." They" are" called" Annex# I# countries" (43" countries)" and" belong" to"
including" the" EU." These" Parties" are" classified" as" industrialized," developed" the"Organization"for"Economic"Cooperation"and"Development"(OECD).""
countries"and"“economies"in"transition”"(EITs);"14"EITs"are"former"Soviet"Union" 5 They"include"12"countries"with""economies"in"transition""from"Central"and"Eastern"
and"Eastern"Europe." Europe.""
(2) Annex"II:"Of"the"Parties"listed"in"Annex"I"of"the"Convention,"24"are"also"listed"in" 5 Annex" I" countries" were" expected" by" the" year" 2000" to" reduce" emissions" to" 1990"
Annex" II" of" the" Convention," including" the" EU." These" Parties" are" made" up" of" levels." Many" of" them" have" taken" strong" action" to" do" so," and" some" have" already"
members" of" the" Organization" for" Economic" Cooperation" and" Development" succeeded."
(OECD)."Annex"II"Parties"are"required"to"provide"financial!and!technical!support" "
to" the" EITs" developing" countries," to" assist" them" in" climate" mitigation" and" D. Directs"new"funds"to"climate"change"activities"in"developing"countries"
climate"change"adaptation"(see"Synthesis"Report)" 5 Industrialized" nations" agree" under" the" Convention" to" support" climate" change"
(3) Annex"B:"Parties"listed"in"Annex"B"of"the"Kyoto"Protocol"are"Annex"I"Parties"with" activities" in" developing" countries" by" providing" financial# support" for" action" on"
1st"or"2nd"round"Kyoto"GHG"emissions"targets"(see"Kyoto"Protocol)" climate"change—above"and"beyond"any"financial"assistance"they"already"provide"to"
(4) Least" Developed" Countries" (LDCs):" 49" Parties" are" LDCs," and" are" given" special" these" countries." A" system" of" grants" and" loans" has" been" set" up" through" the"
status"under"the"treaty"in"view"of"their"limited"capacity"to"adapt"to"the"effects" Convention" and" is" managed" by" the" Global" Environment" Facility." Industrialized"
countries"also"agree"to"share"technology"with"less5advanced"nations."
of"climate"change"
"
(5) Non5Annex"I:"Parties"to"the"UNFCCC"not"listed"in"Annex"I"of"the"Convention"are"
E. Keeps"tabs"on"the"problem"and"what's"being"done"about"it"
mostly" low5income," developing" countries." Developing" countries" may" volunteer"
5 Industrialized"countries"(Annex"I)"have"to"report"regularly"on"their"climate"change"
to"become"Annex"I"countries"when"they"are"sufficiently"developed."
policies" and" measures," including" issues" governed" by" the" Kyoto" Protocol" (for"
"
countries"which"have"ratified"it)"
5 They" must" also" submit" an" annual" inventory" of" their" greenhouse" gas" emissions,"
N""U""N""E""Z"
including"data"for"their"base"year"(1990)"and"all"the"years"since." Art.#3#Principles#
5 Developing# countries" (NoncAnnex# I# Parties)" report" in" more" general" terms" on" their" (1) COMMON"BUT"DIFFERENTIATED"PRINCIPLE""
actions"both"to"address"climate"change"and"to"adapt"to"its"impacts"5"but"less"regularly" 5 The" Parties" should" protect" the" climate" system" for" the" benefit" of" the"
than"Annex"I"Parties"do,"and"their"reporting"is"contingent"on"their"getting"funding"for" present" and" future" generations," on" the" basis" of" equity" and" with" their"
the" preparation" of" the" reports," particularly" in" the" case" of" the" Least" Developed" common" and" differentiated" responsibilities" and" respective" capabilities."
Countries." Accordingly,"developed"country"parties"should"take"the"lead"in"combating"
" climate"change"and"its"adverse"effects."
F. Charts"the"beginnings"of"a"path"to"strike"a"delicate"balance" (2) Specific"needs"and"circumstances"of"developing"and"vulnerable"country"Parties"
5 Economic" development" is" particularly" vital" to" the" world's" poorer" countries." Such"
should"be"given"full"consideration"
progress" is" difficult" to" achieve" even" without" the" complications" added" by" climate"
(3) The" Parties" should" take" precautionary" measures" to" anticipate," prevent" or"
change.""
minimize"the"causes"of"climate"change"and"mitigate"its"adverse"effects."
5 The" Convention" takes" this" into" consideration" by" accepting" that" the" share" of" GHG"
emissions" produced" by" developing" nations" will" grow" in" the" coming" years." (4) The" parties" should" promote" sustainable" development." Policies" and" measures"
Nonetheless," in" the" interests" of" fulfilling" its" ultimate" goal," it" seeks" to" help" such" should"be"integrated"with"national"development"programmes.""
countries"limit"emissions"in"ways"that"will"not"hinder"their"economic"progress."" (5) The"Parties"should"cooperate"to"promote"a"supportive"and"open"international"
5 One"such"wincwin# solution"was"to"emerge"later,"when"the"Kyoto# Protocol"to" economic" system" that" would" lead" to" sustainable" economic" growth" and"
the"Convention"was"conceived." development"in"all"Parties."
" "
G. Kicks"off"formal"consideration"of"adaptation"to"climate"change" Art.#4#Commitments##
5 The" Convention" acknowledges" the" vulnerability" of" all" countries" to" the" effects" of" Under" this" article," all" Parties," taking" into" account" their" common" but" differentiated"
climate"change"and"calls"for"special"efforts"to"ease"the"consequences,"especially"in" responsibilities" and" their" specific" national" and" regional" development" priorities,"
developing"countries,"which"lack"the"resources"to"do"so"on"their"own."" objectives" and" circumstances," make" general" commitments" to" address" climate" change"
5 In" the" early" years" of" the" Convention," adaptation" received" less" attention" than" through"different"means."
mitigation," as" Parties" wanted" more" certainty" on" impacts" of" and" vulnerability" to" "
climate"change."" Examples#of#means:"R&D,"formulate"and"implement"measures"to"mitigate"and"adapt"to"
5 When" IPCC's" Third" Assessment" Report" was" released," adaptation" gained" traction," climate" change," promote" sustainable" development," minimize" adverse" effects;" as" to"
and"Parties"agreed"on"a"process"to"address"adverse"effects"and"to"establish"funding" developed"countries:"limit"emissions"and"remove"GHG"sinks,"provide"financial"resources,"
arrangements"for"adaptation."" transfer"of"technology,"burden"sharing,"
5 Currently,"work"on"adaptation"takes"place"under"different"Convention"bodies."The" "
Adaptation" Committee," which" Parties" agreed" to" set" up" under" the" Cancun"
Article# 4(7)# states:" The" extent" to" which" developing" country" Parties" will" effectively"
Adaptation"Framework"as"part"of"the"Cancun"Agreements,"is"a"major"step"towards"
implement" their" commitments" under" the" Convention" will" depend" on" the" effective"
a"cohesive,"Convention5based"approach"to"adaptation."
implementation" by" developed" country" Parties" of" their" commitments" under" the"
"
Convention"related"to"financial"resources"and"transfer"of"technology,"and"will"take"fully"
SOME RELEVANT PORTIONS into"account"that"economic"and"social"development"and"poverty"eradication"are"the"first"
and"overriding"priorities"of"the"developing"country"Parties."
Art.#1.#Definitions##
"
(1) Climate!change!–"change"of"climate,"attributed"directly"or"indirectly"to"human"
"
activity"that"alters"the"composition"of"the"global"atmosphere,"IN"ADDITION"to"
natural"climate"variability"observed"over"comparable"time"periods""
(2) Emissions!–"release"of"GHG"into"the"atmosphere"over"a"period"of"time"
(3) Greenhouse! gases! (GHG)" –" gaseous" constituents" of" the" atmosphere," both"
natural"and"anthropogenic"(human"induced),"that"absorb"and"re5emit"infrared"
radiation"
"
Art.#2#Objective:#See#supra*#
"
N""U""N""E""Z"
CLIMATE CHANGE 2014: SYNTHESIS REPORT; SUMMARY C. Impacts"of"Climate"Change"
5 Changes"in"climate"have"caused"impacts"on"natural"and"human"systems"on"all"
FOR POLICY MAKERS continents" and" across" the" oceans," indicating" the" sensitivity" of" natural" and"
(See!footnote!for!brief!background27)! human"systems"to"climate"change"
" 5 Changing" precipitation" or" melting" snow" and" ice" are" altering" hydrological"
OBSERVED CHANGES AND THEIR CAUSES systems,"affecting"water"resources"in"terms"of"quality"and"quantity"
5 Terrestrial,"freshwater"and"marine"species:"changes"in"the"geographical"ranges,"
Human"influence"on"the"climate"system"is"clear,"and"recent"anthropogenic"emissions"of" seasonal"activities,"migration"patters,"and"specie"interaction""
green" house" gases" (GHG)" are" the" highest" in" history." Recent" climate" changes" have" had" 5 Negative"impacts"on"crop"yields"
widespread"impacts"on"human"and"natural"systems." 5 Ocean"acidification"impacting"marine"organisms"
" "
A. Observed"changes"in"the"climate"system" D. Extreme"Events"
Each"of"the"last"three"decades"has"been"successively"warmer"at"the"Earth’s"surface"" Human" influences" have" contributed" to" changes" in" extreme" weather" and" climate"
Effects" events:"
(1) Ocean"Warming" 5 Decrease"in"cold"temperature"and"increase"in"warm"temperature""
o Ocean"warming"dominates"the"increase"in"energy"stored"in"the"climate" o Human" influence" has" more" than" doubled" the" probability" of" occurrence"
system"(more"than"90%)" of"heat"waves"in"some"locations"
o Ocean" warming" is" largest" near" the" surface." Thus," ocean" surface" salinity" 5 Increase"in"extreme"high"sea"levels"
provide"indirect"evidence"for"changes"in"the"global"water"cycle"over"the" o Results"in"greater"risks"of"flooding"and"storm"surges"
ocean:" regions" of" high" salinity" with" higher" evaporation" become" more" 5 Increase"in"heavy"precipitation"events"in"some"regions"
saline;"regions"of"low"salinity"with"higher"precipitation"become"fresher" "
o The"ocean"has"absorbed"30%"of"the"C02,"resulting"in"acidification"of"the" Impacts" from" recent" climate5related" extremes" (such" as" heat" waves," droughts,"
ocean"(26%"increase"in"acidity)" floods,"cyclones"and"wildfires)"reveal"significant"vulnerability"and"exposure"of"some"
(2) Melting"of"glaciers"and"ice"sheets"" ecosystems"and"many"human"systems"to"climate"change"
(3) Sea"level"has"risen" "
"
B. Causes"of"Climate"Change" FUTURE CLIMATE CHANGES, RISKS AND IMPACTS
" Anthropogenic"GHG"emissions"have"increased"since"the"pre5industrial"era." Continued" emission" of" GHG" will" cause" further" warming" and" long" lasting" changes" in" all"
" About"40%"of"these"emissions"remain"in"the"atmosphere;"the"rest"is"stored"on" components"of"climate"system."Increase"severe"and"irreversible"impacts"for"people"and"
land"and"in"the"ocean."" ecosystems."Limiting"climate"change"will"require"substantial"and"sustained"reduction"of"
" Driven" largely" by" economic" and" population" growth" (Emissions" of" C02" from" GHG"emissions"and"adaptation"
fossil"fuel"combustion"and"industrial"processes"contributed"to"78%"of"the"GHG" "
increase)" A. Key"drivers"of"future"climate"
" This" has" led" to" atmospheric" concentrations" of" C02," methane," and" nitrous" 5 GHG" emissions" vary," depending" on" socio5economic" development" and" climate"
oxide." policy"
" 5 GHG" emissions" are" mainly" driven" by" population," size," economic" activity,"
Anthropogenic" influences" (pollutants" through" human" activity)" "" affect" global" lifestyle,"energy"use,"land"use"patters,"technology"and"climate"policy""
water" cycle" "" caused" retreat" of" glaciers" and" surface" melting" of" ice" sheets" "" sea" o Representative!Concentration!Pathways!(RCPs)"are"wide"range"scenarios"
levels"to"rise" used" for" making" projections" based" on" these" factors." They" describe" 4"
" different" pathways" of" GHG" emissions" and" atmospheric" concentrations,"
"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""""""" air"pollutant"emissions"and"land"use:"(1)"a"stringent"mitigation"scenario"
27
"Since" the" 1990s," 2°C" has" been" the" threshold" temperature" of" this" planet;" if" we" go" beyond" that," the" Earth" risks" (RCP2.6)," (2)" two" intermediate" scenarios" (RCP4.5" and" 6.0)," and" (3)" a"
catastrophic" climate" chaos." Yet," the" planet’s" average" temperature" is" already" 0.8°" over" preindustrial" levels," and"
atmospheric"CO2"soared"past"400"ppm"last"year."Many"scientists"are"arguing"that"more"realistically,"the"Earth"is"looking" scenario"with"very"high"GHG"emissions"(RCP8.5)."#
at"an"increase"of"3°54°"by"the"end"of"the"century."Even"with"the"most"ambitious"global"agreement"to"curb"emissions"–"
still"far"away"–"they"say"it"is"probably"too"late"to"prevent"global"warming."
N""U""N""E""Z"
! RCP2.6"""represents"a"scenario"that"aims"to"keep"global"warming" (3) Human" health:" Aggravate" health" problems;" increase" ill5health" in"
likely"below"2˚C"above"pre5industrial"temperatures"(goalz"itey)# countries"with"low"income;"high"temperature"and"humidity"compromise"
# growing"food"and"outdoor"activities"
B. Projected"changes"in"the"climate"system" (4) Urban" areas:" increase" risks" for" people," assets," economies," and"
5 Under"all"assessed"RCPs"scenarios:" ecosystems;" risks" from" heat" stress," storms" and" extreme" precipitation,"
o Surface"temperature"is"projected"to"rise"" inland" and" coastal" flooding," landslides," pollution," drought," water"
o Heat"waves"will"occur"more"often"and"last"longer" scarcity," sea" level" rise" and" storm" surges" –" worse" for" those" lacking"
o Extreme"precipitation"events"more"intense"and"frequent."But"changes"in" essential"infrastructure"and"services"or"living"in"exposed"areas"
precipitation"will"not"be"uniform"depending"on"location/region" (5) Rural" areas:" major" impacts" on" water" availability" and" supply," food"
o Ocean"will"continue"to"warm"and"acidify" security,"infrastructure,"and"agricultural"incomes"
! Strongest" warming" in" tropical" and" Northern" Hemisphere" (6) Economic" losses:" from" a" poverty" perspective," impacts" will" slow" down"
subtropical"regions" economic"growth,"prolong"poverty,"erode"food"security""
o Sea"level"will"continue"to"rise" (7) Increase"displacement"of"people"and"violent"conflicts"
! By"the"end"of"the"21st"century,"sea"level"will"rise"in"more"than"95%" "
of"the"ocean"area"(whew)" D. Irreversibility"and"abrupt"changes"
o Year5round"reductions"in"arctic"sea"ice" Shifting" biomes," soil" carbon," ice" sheets," ocean" temperature" and" sea" level" rise" all"
" result" in" changes" that" continue" for" centuries," even" after" anthropogenic" GHG"
C. Future"risks"and"impacts"caused"by"a"changing"climate" emissions"have"stopped"
5 Amplify"existing"risks"and"create"new"risks"for"human"and"natural"systems" "
5 Risks"are"unevenly"distributed"and"generally"greater"for"disadvantaged"people" Risks" of" abrupt" or" irreversible" changes" increase" as" the" magnitude" of" warming"
and"communities"in"countries"at"all"levels"of"development." increases"
5 Effects" of" climate5related" hazards" depend" on" vulnerability" and" exposure" of" "
human"and"natural"systems,"and"ability"their"to"adapt"
5 Can" be" reduced" by" limiting" the" rate" and" magnitude" of" climate" change," FUTURE PATHWAYS FOR ADAPTATION, MITIGATION AND
including"ocean"acidification" SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
5 Precise" levels" of" climate" change" that" cause" irreversible" change" remain" Adaptation" and" mitigation" are" complementary" strategies" for" reducing" and" managing"
uncertain,"but"the"risk"in"crossing"thresholds"increases"with"rising"temperature" risks"of"climate"change"
Impacts!on!nature:" "
(1) Risk"of"extinction"of"species" A. Foundations"of"decision5making"about"climate"change"
(2) Plants" cannot" naturally" shift" their" geographical" ranges" sufficiently" fast" 5 Analytical"approaches"for"evaluating"expected"risks"and"benefits"
enough"to"keep"up"" 5 Importance" of" governance," ethical" dimensions," equity," value" judgments,"
(3) Small"mammals"and"freshwater"cannot"keep"up" economic" assessments" and" diverse" perceptions" and" responses" to" risk" and"
(4) Coral"reefs"and"polar"ecosystems"are"highly"vulnerable" uncertainty"
(5) Coastal"systems"and"low5lying"areas"are"at"risk"from"sea"level"rise" 5 Limiting" effects" of" climate" change" is" necessary" to" achieve" sustainable"
(6) Undermine"food"security" development"and"equity,"including"poverty"eradication"
(7) Global"marine"species"distribution"and"marine"biodiversity"reduction"" 5 Mitigation"and"adaptation"raise"issues"of"equity,"justice,"and"fairness"
" o Many"of"those"most"vulnerable"to"climate"change"have"contributed"little"
Impacts!on!humans:! to"GHG"emissions"
(1) Food" security:" Production" of" wheat," rice" and" maize" in" tropical" regions" 5 Climate"change"is"a"collective"action"problem"at"a"global"scale"
affected"by"temperature"increase" o GHGs" accumulate" over" time" and" mix" globally," and" emissions" by" any"
(2) Reduction" of" renewable" surface" and" groundwater" in" dry" subtropical" agent"affect"other"agents"
regions;"competition"for"water"among"sectors" o Effective" mitigation" will" not" be" achieved" if" individual" agents" advance"
their"own"interests"independently"
o Need"for"cooperative"responses"and"international"cooperation"
N""U""N""E""Z"
" 5 Implementing"reductions"poses"substantial"technological,"economic,"social"and"
B. Reducing"climate"change"risks"by"mitigation"and"adaptation" institutional" challenges," which" increase" with" delays" and" technology"
5 Without" efforts" to" reduce," there" will" be" high" risk" of" severe," wide5spread" and" unavailability"
irreversible"impacts"globally" 5 The"growth"of"GHG"emissions"is"expected"to"persist,"driven"by"growth"in"global"
5 Mitigation" does" involve" co5benefits" and" risks" due" to" adverse" side" effects," but" population"and"economic"activities,"if"there"are"no"efforts"to"reduce"now"
lesser"gravity"than"the"adverse"effects"of"climate"change" 5 Although"long"term"warming"is"mainly"driven"by"C02"emissions,"reducing"non5
5 5"Reasons"For"Concern"(RFCs)"that"aggregate"climate"change"risks"(relevant"to" C02" emissions" is" an" important" element" of" mitigation." Emissions" of" non5C02"
Art"2,"UNFCCC):" forcers"are"often"expressed"as"‘C02Oequivalent!emissions.’""
1. Unique"and"threatened"systems" 5 Economic"costs"of"mitigation:"
2. Extreme"weather"events" o Losses"in"global"consumption"
3. Distribution"of"impacts" o Reduction"of"consumption"growth""
4. Global"aggregate"impacts" o Devalue"fossil"fuel"assets"and"reduce"revenues"for"fossil"fuel"exporters"
5. Large5scale"singular"events"" o Reduced"revenues"from"coal"and"oil"trade"for"major"exporters"
" 5 Delaying" mitigation" to" 2030" will" substantially" increase" challenges" in" limiting"
C. Characteristics"of"adaptation"pathways"(Adapting"to"Climate"Change)" warming"to"below"2˚C"relative"to"pre5industrial"levels;"the"longer"we"mitigate,"
5 Adaptation"can"reduce"the"risks"of"climate"change"impacts,"but"there"are"limits" the"higher"the"cost"
to" its" effectiveness," especially" with" greater" magnitudes" and" rates" of" climate" 5 Mitigation"cost"increases"with"limited"technology"
change" 5 Solar!Radio!Management!(SRM):# large5scale"methods"that"seek"to"reduce"the"
5 Taking" a" longer" term" perspective" increases" likelihood" that" more" immediate" amount"of"absorbed"solar"energy"in"the"climate"system#
adaptation"actions"will"also"enhance"future"options"and"preparedness" o Untested"and"not"a"mitigation"scenario"due"to"uncertainties,"side"effects,"
5 Adaptation"can"contribute"to"the"well5being"of"populations,"security"of"assets," risks"and"shortcomings#
and"maintenance"of"ecosystem" #
5 Adaption"is"place"and"context5specific""
5 Adaptation" planning" and" implementation" can" be" enhanced" through:" actions" ADAPTATION AND MITIGATION
across"levels,"from"individuals"to"governments"" Many"of"these"options"can"help"address"climate"change,"but"no"single"one"is"sufficient"
o Local" government" and" private" sector" are" critical" to" progress" in" by"itself."Effective"implementation"depends"on"policies"and"cooperation"at"all"scales""
adaptation" "
o Societal" values," objectives" and" risk" perceptions;" recognition" of" diverse" Enhanced"through"integrated"responses"that"link"adaptation"and"mitigation"with"other"
interests," circumstances," social5cultural" contexts" and" expectations" can" societal"objectives"
benefit"decision5making"processes" "
o Knowledge"about"indigenous,"local"and"traditional"systems"and"practices"" Basic#difference:#
5 Common"constraints"(biophysical/socio5economic):" Adaptation"""Managing"or"coping"with"the"impacts"of"climate"change"
o Limited"tools,"financial"and"human"resources"" Mitigation"""Reducing"or"avoiding"GHG"emissions""
o Limited"integration"or"coordination"of"governance"and"leaders" "
o Uncertainties"about"projected"impacts"and"risks;"overemphasizing"short" A. Supported"by"common"enabling"factors"and"constraints""
term"outcomes"and"failing"to"anticipate"consequences" 5 Effective"institutions"and"governance"
o Insufficient"research,"monitoring,"observation" 5 Innovation" and" investments" in" environmentally" sound" technologies" and"
o Poor"planning"or"implementation" infrastructure"
" 5 Sustainable"livelihood,"behavioral"and"lifestyle"choices"(change"in"lifestyle"and"
D. Characteristics"of"mitigation"pathways"(Mitigating"Climate"Change)" behavior)"
5 Must" cause" substantial" emissions" reductions" over" the" next" few" decades" and" "
near"zero"emissions"of"CO2"and"other"long5lived"GHG" B. Response"options"for"adaptation"
5 Adaptation" options" exist" in" all" sectors," but" implementation" and" potential" to"
reduce"risks"differ"across"sectors"and"regions"
N""U""N""E""Z"
5 Some" adaptation" responses" involve" significant" co5benefits," synergies" and" o Kyoto" Protocol"–"lessons"towards"achieving"the"ultimate"objective"of"the"
trade5offs" UNFCCC," particularly" with" respect" to" participation," implementation,"
5 Effective" strategies" and" actions" consider" wider" strategic" goals" and" flexibility"mechanisms"and"environmental"effectiveness"
development"plans" o Policy" linkages" among" regional," national" and" subnational" climate" policies"
5 Overlapping" approaches" for" managing" risks" of" climate" change" through" offer"potential"climate"change"mitigation"benefits"
adaptation28:" o International" cooperation" and" support" for" adaptation" has" received" less"
o Vulnerability" and" exposure" reduction" (through" development," planning" attention" than" mitigation," but" is" increasing" and" has" assisted" in" the"
and"practices)" creation" of" adaptation" strategies," plans" and" actions" at" the" national," sub5
o Adaptation"(includes"incremental"and"transformational"adjustments)" national,"and"local"level"
o Transformation" o National" governments" –" play" key" roles" in" adaptation" planning" and"
" implementation" through" coordinating" actions" and" providing" frameworks"
C. Response"options"for"mitigation" and"support"
5 Mitigation"options"are"available"in"every"major"sector" o Local" government" and" private" sector" –" adaptation" of" communities,"
5 More"cost5effective"to"use"an"integrated"approach"that"combines"measures"to" households"and"civil"society"
reduce"energy"use"and"GHG"intensity"of"end5users,"decarbonize"energy"supply," o Institutional" dimensions" play" a" key" role" in" promoting" the" transition" from"
reduce"net"emissions,"and"enhance"carbon"sinks"" planning"to"implementation"(i.e."laws"and"regulations)"
5 Intersect" with" other" societal" goals," creating" the" possibility" of" co5benefits" or" o Economic"instruments,"such"as"subsidies,"tax"rebates"and"exemptions"(i.e."
adverse"side"effects" renewable"energy"subsidies)"
5 Key"measures"to"achieve"mitigation"goals:" "
o Decarbonizing"(reduce"carbon"intensity"of"electricity)" 5 Potential"side"effects"on"energy"access:""
o Efficiency" enhancements" and" behavioral" changes" (reduce" energy" o Co5benefits" and" adverse" side" effects" of" mitigation" could" affect"
demand)" achievement" of" other" objectives" (i.e." human" health," food" security,"
o Cost5effective" options" in" forestry" (i.e." afforestration," sustainable" forest" biodiversity,"energy"access,"livelihood,"etc.)"
management,"reducing"deforestration)" o Some" policies" raise" prices" of" energy" services" and" hamper" ability" of"
o Behavior," lifestyle" and" culture" have" a" considerable" influence" on" energy" societies"to"expand"access"to"modern"energy"services"
use"and"associated"emissions;"change"in"consumption"patterns,"adoption" o Can" be" avoided" by" adoption" of" complementary" policies," such" as" tax"
of"energy"saving"measures,"dietary"change,"and"reduction"in"food"wastes" rebates"and"benefit"transfer"mechanisms"
" "
D. Policy"approaches"for"adaption"and"mitigation,"technology"and"finance" 5 Substantial"reductions"in"emissions"would"require"large"changes"in"investment"
5 Effective" adaptation" and" mitigation" responses" will" depend" on" policies" and" patterns:" investment" in" low" carbon" electricity" supply" and" energy" efficiency" in"
measures" across" multiple" scales:" international," regional," national" and" key"sectors"
subnational" "
5 Policies" across" all" scales" supporting" technology" development," diffusion," E. Trade5offs,"synergies"and"interactions"with"sustainable"development"
transfer,"and"finance"can"make"policies"more"effective"" 5 Climate"change"is"a"threat"to"sustainable"development."Nonetheless,"may"use"
5 International" cooperation" is" critical" for" mitigation# to" be" effective;" although" it" integrated" responses" to" link" mitigation," adaptation," and" other" societal"
can"also"have"local"co5benefits" objectives""
5 Meanwhile,"adaptation"focuses"primarily"on"local"to"national"scale"outcomes;" 5 Successful" implementation" relies" on" relevant" tools," suitable" governance"
although" its" effectiveness" can" be" enhanced" through" coordination" across" structures"and"capacity"to"respond"
governance"scales,"including"international"cooperation" 5 Causes"other"threats"to"social"and"natural"systems,"particularly"the"poor"
o UNFCCC"5"main"multilateral"forum"focused"on"addressing"climate"change," 5 Integrated" responses" are" especially" relevant" to" energy" planning" and"
with"nearly"universal"participation."" implementation;"interactions"among"water,"food,"energy"and"biological"carbon"
sequestration;" and" urban" planning," which" provides" substantial" opportunities"
for"enhanced"resilience,"reduce"emissions"and"more"sustainable"development""
"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""""""" "
28
"See"p.27"for"detailed"chart"and"examples"
N""U""N""E""Z"
" 5 Several"mechanisms"have"been"set"up"for"this"purpose"
KYOTO PROTOCOL "
(See!footnote!for!brief!background29)! Reasons"why"Kyoto"Protocol"is"slow"in"the"coming"
5 The"Protocol"not"only"has"to"be"effective"against"a"worldwide"problem—it"also"has"
SUMMARY OF THE PROTOCOL to"be"politically"acceptable"
The"Kyoto"Protocol"has"2"commitment"periods,"the"first"of"which"lasted"from"200852012." 5 As" a" result," panels" and" committees" have" multiplied" to" monitor" and" referee" its"
The" second" one" runs" from" 201352020" and" is" based" on" the" Doha" Amendment" to" the" various"programmes,"and"even"after"the"agreement"was"approved"in"1997,"further#
negotiations! were" deemed" necessary" to" hammer" out" instructions" on" how" to"
Protocol,"which"has"not"entered"into"force."
" "operate""it."These"rules,"adopted"in"2001,"are"called"the""Marrakesh"Accords.""
The"Protocol's"major"feature"is"that"it"has"mandatory#targets#on#GMG#emissions"for"the" "
The"Protocol"is"a"delicate#balance"to"international"treaties"
world's"leading"economies"(developed"countries),"which"have"accepted"it."(Art."3)"
5 Targets" range" from" 58%" to" 10%" of" the" countries'" individual" 1990" emissions" levels" 5 Those"appealing"enough"to"gain"widespread"support"aren't"strong"enough"to"solve"
"with"a"view"to"reducing"their"overall"emissions"of"such"gases"by"at#least#5%#below" the"problems"they"focus"on"
existing"1990"levels"in"the"commitment"period"200852012.""" 5 Because"the"UNFCCC"was"judged"to"have"this"weakness,"despite"its"many"valuable"
provisions,"the"Protocol"was"created"to"supplement"it."
5 In" almost" all" cases," the" limits" call" for" significant" reductions" in" currently"
projected"emissions" 5 Yet" treaties" with" real" "teeth"" may" have" difficulty" attracting" enough" widespread"
5 Future" mandatory" targets" are" expected" to" be" established" for" "commitment" support"to"be"effective."
#
periods"" after" 2012." These" are" to" be" negotiated" well" in" advance" of" the" periods"
concerned." Some" mechanisms" of" the" Protocol" had" enough" support" that" they" were" set" up" in"
" advance"of"the"Protocol's"entry"into"force"
5 Ex."Clean"Development"Mechanism"–"industrialized"countries"can"partly"meet"their"
Commitments" under" the" Protocol" vary" from" nation" to" nation." Developed" countries"
committed" to" make" %" cuts" from" the" 1990" levels" in" order" to" achieve" the" 5%" overall" binding" emissions" targets" through" "credits"# earned" by" sponsoring" GHG5reducing"
target." projects"in"developing"countries."The"mechanism"already"had"an"executive"board"
before"the"Kyoto"Protocol"entered"into"force"
"
All" Annex" I" Parties," excluding" the" US," have" participated" in" the" 1st" Kyoto" commitment" "
period."37"Annex"I"countries"and"the"EU"have"agreed"to"2nd"Kyoto"targets."" "
5 Including" Australia," all" members" of" the" EU," Belarus," Croatia," Iceland," Kazakhstan," PARIS AGREEMENT
Norway,"Switzerland,"and"Ukraine" (See!footnote!for!brief!background30)!
5
US"didn’t"ratify;"Australia"subsequently"withdrew;"Canada"withdrew"in"2012" "
5
Belarus," Kazakhstan" and" Ukraine" have" stated" that" they" may" withdraw" from" the" The" threshold" for" entry" into" force" is" ratification" by" atleast" 55" Parties" accounting" for"
Protocol"or"not"put"into"legal"force"the"Amendment"with"2nd"round"targets" atleast" 55%" of" the" total" global" GHG" emissions" (Art." 21)." This" was" achieved" on" October"
5
Japan,"New"Zealand,"and"Russia"have"participated"in"the"1st"but"have"not"taken"on" 2016"when"116"out"of"197"parties"have"ratified."The"Paris"Agreement"entered"into"force"
the"2nd"round"targets"" on"November"4,"2016."
" "
Agreement"offers"flexibility"in"how"countries"may"meet"their"targets" The" Paris" Agreement" builds" upon" the" UNFCCC" and" brings" all" nations" into" a" common"
5 Ex." May" partially" compensate" for" their" emissions" by" increasing" "sinks"—forests," cause" to" undertake" take" ambitious" efforts" to" combat" climate" change" and" adapt" to" its"
which"remove"C02"from"the"atmosphere" effects,"with"enhanced"support"to"assist"developing"countries"to"do"so."
5 May"be"accomplished"either"on"their"own"territories"or"in"other"countries,"or"may" #
pay"for"foreign"projects"that"result"in"GHG"cuts." """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""""""""
30
"In" 2011," parties" adopted" the" "Durban" Platform" for" Enhanced" Action."" As" such," parties" have" agreed" to" "develop" a"
"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""""""" protocol," another" legal" instrument" or" an" agreed" outcome" with" legal" force" under" the" Convention" applicable" to" all"
29 "
"One" year" after" the" implementation" of" the" UNFCCC," member" countries" decided" that" the" Convention" had" to" be" Parties.""At"Durban and"Doha,"parties"noted""with"grave"concern""that"current"efforts"to"hold"global"warming"to"below"2"
augmented"by"an"agreement"with"stricter# demands"for"reducing"GHG"emissions."The"Convention"took"effect"in"1994," or"1.5"°C"relative"to"the"pre5industrial"level"appear"inadequate."Thus,"in"2015,"all"196"parties"came"together"for"the"UN"
and" by" 1995," governments" had" begun" negotiations" on" a" protocol—an" international" agreement" linked" to" the" existing" Climate"Change"Conference"in"Paris"and"adopted"by"consensus"the"Paris"Agreement,"aimed"at"limiting"global"warming"
treaty,"but"standing"on"its"own."The"text"of"the"Kyoto"Protocol"was"adopted"unanimously"in"1997;"it"entered"into"force" to"less"than"2˚C,"and"pursue"efforts"to"limit"the"rise"to"1.5˚C.""
on"16"February"2005." "
N""U""N""E""Z"
Art.#2#Objective# Sec.#1##Title."–"This"Act"shall"be"known"as"the"“Climate#Change#Act#of#2009”#
(1) To"strengthen"the"global"response"to"the"threat"of"climate"change,"in"the"context" "
of"sustainable"development"and"efforts"to"eradicate"poverty:"" Sec.#2#Declaration#of#Policy##
5 By" holding" the" increase" in" global" average" temperature" to" well" below" 2˚C" 5 To" afford" full" protection" and" the" advancement" of" the" right" of" the" people" to" a"
above"pre5industrial"levels"and"to"pursuing"efforts"to"limit"the"temperature" healthful"ecology"in"accord"with"the"rhythm"and"harmony"of"nature."In"this"light,"
increase"to"1.5˚C"above"pre5industrial"levels"(temperature"goalzz)" the" State" has" adopted" the" Philippine" Agenda" 21" framework," which" espouses"
5 Increase"the"ability"of"countries"to"adapt"to"the"impacts"of"climate"change"" sustainable"development,"to"fulfill"human"needs"while"maintaining"the"quality"of"
(2) To" reflect" equity" and" principle" of" common" but" differentiated" responsibilities," in" the" natural" environment" for" current" and" future" generations." Towards" this" end,"
the"light"of"national"circumstances" the"State"adopts"the"principle"of"protecting"the"climate"system"for#the#benefit#of#
" humankind," on" the" basis" of" climate# justice# or# common# but# differentiated#
Art.#4#&#5#enumerates#ways#to#achieve#said#temperature#goal,#including:# responsibilities# and" the" Precautionary# Principle" to" guide" decision5making" in"
5 Aim" to" reach" global" peaking" of" GHG" emissions" asap" and" undertake" rapid" climate" risk" management." As" a" party" to" the" UNFCCC," the" State" adopts" the"
reductions"" ultimate"objective"of"the"Convention"which"is"the"stabilization"of"greenhouse"gas"
5 Continue" to" undertake" emission" reduction" targets" and" enhance" mitigation" concentrations" in" the" atmosphere" at" a" level" that" would" prevent" dangerous"
efforts" anthropogenic" interference" with" the" climate" system" which" should" be" achieved"
5 Put"into"place"appropriate"financial"flows,"a"new"technology"framework"and"an" within"a"time"frame"sufficient"to"allow"ecosystems"to"adapt"naturally"to"climate"
enhanced"capacity"building"framework;"" change," to" ensure" that" food" production" is" not" threatened" and" to" enable"
5 Support" action" by" developing" countries" and" the" most" vulnerable" countries," in" economic"development"to"proceed"in"a"sustainable"manner."
line"with"their"own"national"objectives;"" 5 To" cooperate" with" the" global" community" in" the" resolution" of" climate" change"
5 Enhanced" transparency" of" action" and" support" through" a" more" robust" issues," including" disaster" risk" reduction," recognizing" the" vulnerability" of" the"
transparency"framework" Philippine"archipelago"and"its"local"communities,"particularly"the"poor,# women,#
" and# children," to" potential" dangerous" consequences" of" climate" change" such" as"
Art.# 6" Recognizes" that" some" Parties" choose" to" pursue" voluntary# cooperation# in" such" rising" seas," changing" landscapes," increasing" frequency" and/or" severity" of"
implementation:" droughts," fires," floods" and" storms," climate5related" illnesses" and" diseases,"
5 Requires" all" Parties" to" put" forward" their" best" efforts" through" “nationally# damage" to" ecosystems," biodiversity" loss" that" affect" the" country’s" environment,"
determined# contributions”" (NDCs)" and" to" strengthen" these" efforts" in" the" years" culture,"and"economy."
ahead" 5 To" enjoin" the# participation" of" national" and" local" governments," businesses,"
5 This" includes" requirements" that" all" Parties" report" regularly" on" their" emissions" nongovernment"organizations,"local"communities"and"the"public"to"prevent"and"
and" on" their" implementation" efforts." There" will" be" a" global" stocktake" every" 5" reduce"the"adverse"impacts"and"maximize"the"benefits"of"climate"change."
years"to"assess"collective"progress."" 5 To" incorporate" a" gender5sensitive," pro5children" and" pro5poor" perspective" in" all"
" climate"change"and"renewable"energy"efforts,"plans"and"programs"
RA 9729 (Climate Change Act of 2009) 5 Further" recognizing" that" climate" change" and" disaster# risk# reduction" are" closely"
" interrelated" and" effective" disaster" risk" reduction" will" enhance" climate" change"
adaptive" capacity," the" State" shall" integrate" disaster" risk" reduction" into" climate"
RA 10174 (People’s Survival Fund; which amended RA change"programs"and"initiatives"
9729) 5 To" systematically" integrate" the" concept" of" climate" change" in" various" phases" of"
RA" 9729:" An" Act" mainstreaming" climate" change" into" government" policy" formulations," policy" formulation," development" plans," poverty" reduction" strategies" and" other"
establishing" the" framework" strategy" and" program" on" climate" change," creating" for" this" development" tools" and" techniques" by" all" agencies" and" instrumentalities" of" the"
purpose"the"climate"change"commission,"and"for"other"purposes" government."
" "
RA" 10174:" An" Act" establishing" the" people’s" survival" fund" to" provide" long5term" finance" Sec.#3#Definition#of#Terms#
streams"to"enable"the"government"to"effectively"address"the"problem"of"climate"change," (1) “Adaptation”"refers"to"the"adjustment"in"natural"or"human"systems"in"response"to"
amending"for"the"purpose"RA"9729." actual" or" expected" climatic" stimuli" or" their" effects," which" moderates" harm" or"
" exploits"beneficial"opportunities;"ability"to"adjust"to"climate"change"
N""U""N""E""Z"
(2) “Anthropogenic# causes”"refer" to" causes" resulting" from" human" activities" or" Sec.#14#Local#Climate#Change#Action#Plan33##
produced"by"human"beings." 5 The" LGUs" shall" be" the" frontline" agencies" in" the" formulation," planning" and"
(3) “Climate#Change”"refers"to"a"change"in"climate"that"can"be"identified"by"changes"in" implementation" of" climate" change" action" plans" in" their" respective" areas,"
the" mean" and/or" variability" of" its" properties" and" that" persists" for" an" extended" consistent" with" the" provisions" of" the" Local" Government" Code," the" Framework,"
period"typically"decades"or"longer,"whether"due"to"natural"variability"or"as"a"result" and"the"National"Climate"Change"Action"Plan."
of"human"activity." 5 Barangays" shall" be" directly" involved" with" municipal# and# city# governments" in"
(4) “Climate# Variability”"refers" to" the" variations" in" the" average" state" and" in" other" prioritizing" climate" change" issues" and" in" identifying" and" implementing" best"
statistics"of"the"climate"on"all"temporal"and"spatial"scales"beyond"that"of"individual" practices" and" other" solutions." Municipal" and" city" governments" shall" consider"
weather"events." climate" change" adaptation," as" one" of" their" regular" functions." Provincial#
(5) “Disaster# risk# reduction”"refers" to" the" concept" and" practice" of" reducing" disaster" governments" shall" provide" technical" assistance," enforcement" and" information"
risks" through" systematic" efforts" to" analyze" and" manage" the" causal" factors" of" management"in"support"of"municipal"and"city"climate"change"action"plans."Inter5
disasters,"including"through"reduced"exposure"to"hazards,"lessened"vulnerability"of" local" government" unit" collaboration" shall" be" maximized" in" the" conduct" of"
people" and" property," wise" management" of" land" and" the" environment," and" climate5"related"activities."
improved"preparedness"for"adverse"events." 5 It"shall"be"the"responsibility"of"the"national#government"to"extend"technical"and"
(6) “Global#Warming”"refers"to"the"increase"in"the"average"temperature"of"the"Earth’s" financial" assistance" to" LGUs" for" the" accomplishment" of" their" Local" Climate"
near5surface"air"and"oceans"that"is"associated"with"the"increased"concentration"of" Change"Action"Plans."
greenhouse"gases"in"the"atmosphere." "
(7) “Greenhouse# gases# (GHG)”"refers" to" constituents" of" the" atmosphere" that" Sec.#15#Role#of#Government#Agencies34#
contribute" to" the" greenhouse" effect" including," but" not" limited" to," carbon" dioxide," 5 Enumerates"the"functions"to"be"performed"by"the"agencies"to"ensure"effective"
methane," nitrous" oxide," hydrofluorocarbons," perfluorocarbons" and" sulfur" implementation"of"the"framework"strategy"and"program"on"climate"change"
hexafluoride." "
(8) “Mitigation”"in" the" context" of" climate" change," refers" to" human" intervention" to" Sec.#16#Coordination#with#Various#Sectors35#
address" anthropogenic" emissions" by" sources" and" removals" by" sinks" of" all" GHG," 5 In"the"development"and"implementation"of"the"National"Climate"Change"Action"
including"ozone5"depleting"substances"and"their"substitutes." Plan,"and"the"local"action"plans,"the"Commission"shall"consult"and"coordinate"
(9) “Sea# level# rise”"refers" to" an" increase" in" sea" level" which" may" be" influenced" by" with"the"nongovernment#organizations#(NGOs),"civic"organizations,"academe,"
factors"like"global"warming"through"expansion"of"sea"water"as"the"oceans"warm"and" people’s"organizations,"the"private"and"corporate"sectors,"and"other"concerned"
melting"of"ice"over"land"and"local"factors"such"as"land"subsidence." stakeholder"groups."
" "
Sec.#4#and#5#Climate#Change#Commission#(CCC)31#
5 Characteristics:"(1)"Independent"and"autonomous"body;"(2)"same"status"as"that" NEW PROVISIONS UNDER RA 10174
of"a"national"government"agency;"(3)"Attached"to"the"Office"of"the"President" Sec.#18#Creation#of#the#People’s#Survival#Fund#(PSF)#
5 Duty:"It"is"the"LEAD"policy5making"body"of"the"government;"tasked"to"coordinate," 5 A"PSF"is"hereby"established"as"a"special"fund"in"the"National"Treasury"for"the"
monitor"and"evaluate"the"programs"and"action"plans"of"the"government,"in"order" financing"of"adaptation"programs"and"projects"based"on"the"National"Strategic"
to" ensure" the" mainstreaming" of" climate" change" into" the" national," sectoral" and" Framework"
local"development"plans"and"programs32" "
5 Composition:"(1)"President"of"the"Republic"of"the"Philippines"who"shall"serve"as" Sec.#19#Sources#of#the#PSF##
the"Chairperson,"(2)"three"Commissioners"to"be"appointed"by"the"President,"one" 5 One"billion"pesos"(P1B)"shall"be"appropriated"under"the"General"Appropriation"
of" whom" shall" serve" as" the" Vice" Chairperson" of" the" Commission," (3)" Advisory" Act"(GAA),"as"an"opening"balance,"and"may"be"augmented"by"donations,"
Board" (composed" of" representatives" from" different" sectors;" atleast" 1" of" them" endowments,"grants"and"contributions"
should"come"from"the"disaster"risk"reduction"community)" "
" #
"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""""""""
"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""""""" 33
"Not"amended"
31 34
"As"amended"by"RA"10174" "As"amended"by"RA"10174"
32 35
"As"amended"by"RA"10174" "As"amended"by"RA"10174"
N""U""N""E""Z"
Sec.#21#and#22#People’s#Survival#Fund#Board##
5 The"PSF"Board,"lodged"under"the"CCC,"shall"manage"and"provide"overall"strategic" RA 10639 (THE FREE MOBILE DISASTER ALERT ACT)
guidance"in"the"management"and"use"of"the"PSF"fund" An"act"mandating"the"telecommunications"service"providers"to"send"free"mobile"alerts"
" in"the"event"of"natural"and"man5made"disasters"and"calamities."
Sec.#23#Role#of#the#CCC#in#the#Utilization#of#the#People’s#Survival#Fund# "
5 The"CCC"evaluates"and"reviews"project"proposals"for"funding"and"recommends" Sec.#2#Declaration#of#Policy!
approval"of"the"proposal"to"the"PSF"Board" 5 To"protect"its"citizenry"in"the"events"of"natural"or"man5made"disasters"and"
" calamities"
Sec.#24#Prioritization#of#Fund#Allocation# 5 To"exhaust"all"possible"means"to"notify"and"inform"its"constituents"of"the"
5 The"fund"is"used"to"support"adaptation"activities"of"local"governments"and" impending"disasters"to"prevent"injuries,"destruction"and"loss"of"lives"and"property"
communities."" "
5 Fund"allocation"are"prioritized"based"on"projects"that"has,"but"not"limited"to"the" SEC.#4.#Mobile#Disaster#Alerts!
following:" 5 In"the"event"of"an"impending"tropical"storm,"typhoon,"tsunami,"or"other"calamities,"
(1)" level" of" risk" and" vulnerability" to" climate" change," (2)" participation" from" the" mobile"phone"service"providers"are"mandated"to"send"out"alerts"at"regular"
affected" communities" in" the" design" of" the" project," (3)" poverty" reduction" intervals,"as"required"by"NDRRMC,"PAGASA,"PHILVOCS,"etc"
potential,"(4)"cost"effectiveness"and"sustainability,"(5)"responsiveness"to"gender5 5 Consist"of"up5to5date"info"from"the"relevant"agencies,"and"shall"be"sent"directly"to"
differentiated"vulnerabilities,"and"(6)"availability"of"climate"change"action"plan." the"mobile"phone"subscribers"located"near"and"within"the"affected"areas"
" 5 Include"contact"information"of"LGUs"and"other"agencies"required"to"respond"to"the"
" situation"
5 May"include"relevant"information"such"as"evacuation"areas,"relief"sites"and"pick5up"
points"
5 NO"COST"for"the"alerts"
"
Sec.#6#Penalties#
5 Anyone"who"gives"false"or"misleading"information"or"conceals"or"falsifies"a"
material"fact"will"be"punished"
5 Imprisonment"of"256mos"and"fine"of"P1,000510,000."
"
"
[ihsyap]"
N""U""N""E""Z"

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United Nations Framework on Climate Change Convention

Article#XII,#Section#2#(see##3)# 8. INDIGENOUS PEOPLE’S RIGHT AND ANCESTRAL DOMAINS

DENR OTHER AGENCIES THAT EXERCISES ENR FUNCTIONS

Countryside and Barangay business enterprises (CBBE)

Pollution#Adjudication#Board# Has"exclusive"original"jurisdiction"over"pollution!cases" An"ordinance"was"approved"by"then"Mayor"Duterte"which"provides"for"the"ban"against"

Republic v. Marcopper Mining

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT (EIS) V. WASTE MANAGEMENT

DIDIPIO EARTH SAVERS’ MULTI-PURPOSE ASSOCIATION, ET. AL. V.

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A. Solid waste & pollution issues in the Philippines “Hazardous#wastes”#

GENERAL"RULE:"State"has"absolute"sovereignty"over"internal"and"archipelagic"waters." """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""""""""

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