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Project memo AN 02.12.

56

Active front-end-converter,
model verifications
and design challenges

SINTEF Energy Research 1


Objectives

„ Verify simulation model against measurement on


laboratory set-up.

„ Summarize challenges related to active front-end


converters that need further attention

„ NOTE: The model is intended for investigation of


phenomena in the frequency range from DC to well above
switching frequency (not including radio frequency
phenomena)

SINTEF Energy Research 2


Principal drawing of power circuit

ia ia,mains
Optionally
connected to + ib
DC-source / uDC Connected
DC-load to AC-grid
ic
+ + +
ua ub uc

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Case description

„ DC-link voltage reference: 400 V


„ AC-network line voltage: 230V rms
„ Reactive current reference: Initially +35A peak and then
stepped to –35A peak (momentarily reversal of reactive
power flow from lag to lead )
„ No other load or source connected to the DC-link. Only a
small active current component is needed to cover the
power losses in the converter.

SINTEF Energy Research 4


Illustration of the verification case
Untitled
no name
VR I mains R
+0.2

+0.12

+0.04

-0.04

-0.12

-0.2
0.195 0.2112 0.2274 0.2436 0.2598 0.276
Time (sec)

Filter capacitor voltage


AC grid current

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Capacitor voltage

Simulated
Measured

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Converter current
and current reference

Simulated
Measured
Simulated refernce

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Zoom of previous slide

Simulated
Measured
Simulated refernce

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Conclusions model verification

„ Good agreement between simulated and measured


quantities
„ The converter model is sufficient accurate for its intended
use for future investigation and improvement of active
front-end converters
„ NOTE: Intended use is the frequency range from DC
quantities up to well above switching frequency (not the
radio frequency range)

SINTEF Energy Research 9


Challenges that need further attention
„ Oscillations between supply network inductance and AC-
side filter capacitor.
„ Consequences of AC-side filter capacitor working as a
filter for other components connected to the AC-side
network (typically diode rectifiers).
„ Design of AC-side filter.
„ Common mode interference (to AC-network)
„ Possible dangerous constant power load behaviour.
„ Converter response to transients and failures in AC-
network
„ Active damping of filter oscillations
„ Optimal use of measurements

SINTEF Energy Research 10


Illustration of challenges
Untitled
no name
VR I mains R
+0.3

+0.18

+0.06

-0.06

-0.18

-0.3
0.07 0.0794 0.0888 0.0982 0.1076 0.117
Time (sec)

Simulated filter capacitor voltage (kV / black / squares) and AC-network


current (kA, red /triangles). A single-phase peak diode rectifier injects
harmonics that flows into the AC-filter of the active front-end converter

SINTEF Energy Research 11


PROJECT MEMO
MEMO CONCERNS

Active front-end-converter,
SINTEF Energy Research model verifications and design challenges
Address: NO-7465 Trondheim,
NORWAY
DISTRIBUTION
Reception: Sem Sælands vei 11
Telephone: +47 73 59 72 00 Magnar Hernes
Telefax: +47 73 59 72 50 Kjell Ljøkelsøy
www.energy.sintef.no
Nils Arild Ringheim
Olve Mo
Enterprise No.:
NO 939 350 675 MVA

AN NO. CLASSIFICATION REVIEWED BY

AN021256 Unrestricted Magnar Hernes


ELECTRONIC FILE CODE AUTHOR(S) DATE

020801Mo74729 Olve Mo 2002-08-01


PROJECT NO. NO. OF PAGES

12X127 Olve.Mo@energy.sintef.no 22
DIVISION LOCATION LOCAL FAX

Energy Systems Sem Sælands Vei 11 +47 73 59 72 50

This memo present results of the Strategic Institute Programme (SIP) “Power electronics and
energy storage technologies for cost- and energy efficient power systems” funded by The
Research Council of Norway.

A simulation model of the active front-end converter prototype has been established and has been
documented in [1]. Simulated behaviour has now been compared to measurements taken on the
laboratory prototype. These comparisons are presented in this memo as a verification of the
simulation model.

The agreement between simulated and measured quantities is considered to be good. Proposals for
further model refinement are included, although the model is already sufficient for its intended
use in future investigation and improvement of active front-end converters. This includes effect in
the frequency range from DC quantities up to well above switching frequency. The model is
however not developed and suited for analysis of phenomena in the radio frequency range.

This memo also outlines challenges that need further attention:

· Oscillations between supply network inductance and AC-side filter capacitor.


· Consequences of AC-side filter capacitor working as a filter for other components
connected to the AC-side network (typically diode rectifiers).
· Design of AC-side filter.
· Common mode interference (to AC-network)
· Possible problematic constant power load behaviour.
· Converter response to transients and failures in AC-network
· Active damping of filter oscillations
· Optimal use of measurements

12X127 AN021256
2

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
1 THE SIMULATION MODEL.......................................................................................... 3
2 MEASUREMENTS ON THE PROTOTYPE .................................................................. 4
2.1 The converter prototype ........................................................................................ 4
2.2 Case description .................................................................................................... 4
2.3 Laboratory equippment ......................................................................................... 4
3 COMPARISON OF MEASURED AND SIMULATED RESULTS ............................... 5
3.1 Illustration of the selected case ............................................................................. 5
3.2 Simulated versus measured quantities .................................................................. 6
4 DISCUSSION AND CONLUSIONS ON MODEL VERIFICATION .......................... 10
4.1 Compliance between simulation and measurement ............................................ 10
4.2 Likely explanations to observed deviations ........................................................ 10
4.3 Conclusion........................................................................................................... 10
5 FURTHER INVESTIGATION ...................................................................................... 11
5.1 Resonance between AC network and AC filter capacitor................................... 11
5.2 Oscillations due to other harmonic sources ........................................................ 12
5.3 AC-filter design................................................................................................... 13
5.4 Active damping ................................................................................................... 13
5.5 Common mode interference................................................................................ 13
5.6 DC-link voltage controller bandwidth ................................................................ 14
5.7 Response to failure and transients in AC-network.............................................. 14
5.8 Reliability and cost of measurements ................................................................. 14
6 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................... 15
APPENDIX A EMTDC/PSCAD MODEL ................................................................... 16

12X127 AN021256

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