dfsfaewfrwegrgf I would like to thank my chemistry teacher

Mrs. Amudhafor herconstant guidance, motivation, moralencouragement and sympathetic attitude

towards thesuccess of this project.I also want to thank the principal and the institution forproviding the
necessary materials.I would also like to extend my gratitude towards thelab attendant, my parents and
everyone who hashelped me in completing the project successfully.
DRUPAD P

ii
Bonafide certificate
This is to certify that DRUPAD P of class XII hassuccessfully completed the investigatory project on“TO
STUDY VARIATION OF CURRENT USING ALDR" under the guidance ofMrs. Amudha.This project is
absolutely genuine and doesn't notinvolve in any kind of plagiarism.This is in partial fulfillment of Physics
practicalexamination AISSCE 2013.Department of Physics

(AMUDHA)

iii
INDEX
A C K N O W L
E D G E M E N
T i B O N A F I
D E C E R T I F I
C A T E i i
I N T R O D U
C T I O N 0
1 A P P L I
C A T I O N
S 0 2 A I M
& A P P A R
A T U S 0 3 THEORY 04
P R O C E
D U R E
0 9 O B S E
R V A T I O N
S 1 0 R E S U L
T & C O N C L U S I
O N 1 2 S O U R C
E S O F E R R
O R 1 3 B I B
L I O G R A
P H Y 1 4
 1
INTRODUCTION
The general purpose photoconductive cell is alsoknown as LDR –light dependent resistor. It is a
typeof semiconductor and its conductivity changes withproportional change in the intensity of
light.There are two common types of materials used tomanufacture the photoconductive cells. Theyare
Cadmium Sulphide (CdS)
and
C a d m i u m S e l e n i d e (CdSe).
Extrinsic devices have impurities added, which havea ground state energy closer to the conduction band
-since the electrons don't have as far to jump, lowere n e r g y p h o t o n s ( i . e . l o n g e r w a v e l e n g t h s
a n d l o w e r frequencies) are sufficient to trigger the device. Twoof its earliest applications were as part
of smoke andfire detection systems and camera light meters.Thestructure is covered with glass
sheet to protect it frommoisture and dust and allows only light to fall on it.

2
Applications

Lead sulfide(PbS)
and
indium antimonide(InSb)
LDRsare used for the mid infrared spectralr e g i o n . G e C u p h o t o c o n d u c t o r s a r e a m o n g t h e
best far-infrareddetectors available, and are used
forinfrareda s t r o n o m y a n d i n f r a r e d s p e c t r o s c o p y .
Analog Applications
· Camera Exposure Control· A u t o S l i d e F o c u s - d u a l c e l l · Photocopy Machines -density of
toner· Colorimetric Test Equipment· Densitometer· Electronic Scales -dual cell· Automatic Gain
Control –modulated light source· Automated Rear View Mirror
D i g i t a l A p p l i c a t i o n s
· Automatic Headlight Dimmer· Night Light Control· Oil Burner Flame Out· Street Light Control· Position
Sensor
*LDR has a disadvantage that when its temperature changes, its resistancechangesdrastically for a
particular light intensity.

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