INTRODUCTION

Induction machines are the main work force in industry today and about 75% of installations
are based on them one way or another, either in motoring or generating mode. Although it is
possible to achieve variable speed operation using power electronics, many general-purpose
drives or fixed speed wind turbines require a fixed voltage and frequency supply for the
machine. In these systems, 3-phase induction machines are indispensable due to their unique
self-starting ability and possibility of direct on-line operation unlike any other 3-phase AC
machine.

This inherent property represents a significant advantage over its counterparts, and it is mainly
for this reason that they are difficult to beat on the market in a wide range of applications. The
proper understanding of the machine fundamental operating characteristics and testing methods
used in practice is therefore of extreme importance, especially if the students wish to continue
their further professional career in power companies, electric machines and drives industry or
renewable energy sector (e.g. wind turbine manufacturers). The main objective of this
assignment is to allow the students to gain the necessary practical experience and basic
knowledge in this area.

1
Experiment 1

Objective :
To study the running and reversing of three phase induction motor.

Equipments used :
1. Connecting leads
2. Tachometer
3. NV 7006 ( Three Phase Induction Motor trainer )

Circuit Diagram :

2
Procedures :

1. First of all, we made sure that the earthing of the laboratory is proper and it is
connected to the terminal provided on the back side of the panel.
2. Before starting the experiment, we kept in mind that the belt of motor must be loose
so that motor can run freely.
3. We made sure that the Three Phase Mains and the MCB of panel is at off position.
4. Terminal R of the Three Phase Outputs was connected to terminal 1 and the terminal
B was connected to terminal 2.
5. The terminal Y was directly connected to terminal 11 of motor connection.
6. Next, terminal 1 was connected to terminal 3 and terminal 2 was connected to
terminal 12.
7. Terminal 4 was connected to terminal 10.
8. Terminals 10, 11 and 12 were connected to R, Y and B terminals of the motor
respectively.
9. Then, meters were inserted. For this, terminals V1 and V2 of the meters were
connected to terminals 1 and 2 respectively and terminals A1 and A2 were connected
to terminals 3 and 4 respectively.
10. Connections that were setup is shown in Figure 1.1.
11. Connections that were setup was compared with the connections in the given circuit
diagram. The Three Phase Mains as well as the MCB were switched on as all the
connections were proper.
12. As observed, the motor suddenly starts running in a particular direction.
13. The direction of rotation was observed whether it is clockwise or anticlockwise.
14. Now the MCB was switched off and two of the connection terminals ( Y and B ) on
the motor were interchanged.
15. Connections that were setup is shown in Figure 1.2.
16. The MCB was switched on and change in the direction of rotation was observed. The
direction of rotation was reversed.
17. The MCB was switched off.
18. Terminal R of motor was connected to its terminal Y, terminal Y was connected to
terminal B and terminal B was connected to terminal R and the connections that were
setup is shown in Figure 1.3.
19. In this case, the direction of rotation was observed with no change because the phase
reversal doesn’t occur. Only the supply terminals have been rotated.

3
Figure 1.1

Figure 1.2

4
 Figure 1.3

Results :

Phase Sequence of Three Phase Induction Direction of Rotation

Motor
( Step 10 ) R – Y - B Clockwise
( Step 13 ) R – B – Y Anticlockwise
( Step 16 ) B – R – Y Clockwise

R = Red
Y = Yellow
B = Blue

5
Discussion :

(a)

Stator of three phase induction motor is made up of numbers of slots to construct a 3 phase
winding circuit which is connected to 3 phase AC source. The three phase winding are
arranged in such a manner in the slots that they produce a rotating magnetic field after 3Ph.
AC supply is given to them.
The stator of the motor consists of overlapping winding offset by an electrical angle of 120°.
When the primary winding or the stator is connected to a 3 phase AC source, it establishes a
rotating magnetic field which rotates at the synchronous speed.
According to Faraday’s law an emf induced in any circuit is due to the rate of change of
magnetic flux linkage through the circuit. As the rotor winding in an induction motor are
either closed through an external resistance or directly shorted by end ring, and cut the stator
rotating magnetic field, an emf is induced in the rotor copper bar and due to this emf a current
flows through the rotor conductor. Here the relative speed between the rotating flux and static
rotor conductor is the cause of current generation; hence as per Lenz's law the rotor will
rotate in the same direction to reduce the cause i.e. the relative velocity.

6
(b)

The windings in a 3 phase motor, when activated by a 3 phase supply produce a rotating
magnetic field in the rotor area of the motor. Swapping phase A with phase B re-orders the
fluxes so that the flux rotates in the opposite direction. Swapping B with C does exactly the
same thing as does swapping A with C. Think of it like a triangle with corners called A, B
and C. If you swap any two corners and follow the points A, B and C you'll go in an opposite
direction. Swap two more corners and you're back to the original rotation.

This is what it looks like. The black arrow is the flux produced by the three phase windings: -

Yellow phase were swapped with blue phase and the rotation is clearly to be opposite. ( Step
13 )

In step 16, when we changed all three connection of the terminal, there is no change in the
direction of rotation of motor. This is because the polarity has not be changed. When two
terminals have been interchanged, the polarity of one of the rotor or stator, and the motor will
go the other way. But if all three terminals have been changed, the polarity does not change
hence there is no difference.

7
Experiment 2

Objective :
To study the no load test in the three phase induction motor.

Equipments used :
1. Connecting leads
2. Tachometer
3. NV 7006 ( Three Phase Induction Motor trainer )

Circuit Diagram :

8
 Circuit Diagram of no load test

Procedures :

1. First of all, we made sure that the earthing of the laboratory is proper and it is
connected to the terminal provided on the back side of the panel.
2. Before starting the experiment, we kept in mind that the belt of motor must be loose
so that motor can run freely.
3. We made sure that the Three Phase Mains and the MCB of panel is at off position.
4. Terminal R of the Three Phase Outputs was connected to terminal 1 and terminal Y to
terminal 7.
5. Terminal B was connected to terminal 2.
6. Terminal 1 was connected to terminal 3 and terminal 2 was connected to terminal 8.
7. Additionally, terminal 4 was connected to terminal 5.
8. Terminal 6 to terminal 10, terminal 9 to terminal 12 and terminal 7 to terminal 11
were connected.
9. Motor was connected to the trainer by connecting terminals 10, 11 and 12 to terminals
R, Y and B on the motor respectively.
10. Now, meters was inserted in the circuit by connecting terminals V1 and V2 to
terminals 1 and 2 respectively.
11. Similarly the ammeter terminals A1 and A2 were connected to terminals 3 and 4
respectively.
12. Then wattmeter was connected. The terminal W1 was connected to terminal 5,
terminal W2 to terminal 6 and terminal W3 was connected to terminal 7.

9
13. Similarly the second wattmeter. The terminal W4 was connected to terminal 8,
terminal W5 was connected to terminal 9 and terminal W6 was connected to terminal
7.
14. Connections that were setup is shown in Figure 2.1.
15. All the connections were compared with the connections in the given circuit diagram.
The Three Phase Mains and the MCB of the panel were switched on after ensuring all
the connections were proper.
16. We observed that the motor starts running and the meters show some readings.
17. The readings of Voltmeter, Ammeter and both Wattmeters were observed and
readings were recorded in the observation table as 𝑉0 ( 𝑉𝐿 ), 𝐼0 ( 𝐼𝐿 ), 𝑊𝐴 and 𝑊𝐵
respectively.
18. The supply was switched off.
19. The measurements were repeated for two other phases.

Figure 2.1

10
 Observation Table :

Measured value of the speed of rotor : 1495rpm

Number of poles : 4

Discussion :

Poles 𝑁𝑆 ( rpm )
2 3000
4 1500
6 1000
8 750

Table 2.1

Table above shows the synchronous speed for the respective number of poles.

In this experiment, we found out the number of poles by measuring the rotor speed ( rpm )
with no load which would be slightly lower than the synchronous speed. The value we
measured was 1495 rpm and it is sure that the number of poles would be 4 where the
synchronous speed would be 1500 rpm.

When motor is not loaded, the power input is just for losses only. This is because there is no
output power. Hence the current would be very low because the voltage is standard.
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑉𝐼 cos 𝜃, where cos 𝜃 is the power factor

11
Rotor frequency would be very low. ( if slip is almost 0, the rotor frequency would be almost
0 too )
𝑓𝑅 = 𝑠𝑓𝑒
where, 𝑓𝑅 = rotor frequency
𝑓𝑒 = frequency supplied
S = slip

Figure 2.2

Figure above shows the schematic diagram the short circuit with voltage supply of 415V and
50 Hz.

If frequency is very low, the reactance would be also very low. When rotor is not loaded,
whatever power that goes into the machine is just to handle the losses like windage losses,
core losses and vibration losses. All losses are mainly at the stator because the machine is not
loaded. In open circuit/ no load test, we are measuring the fixed losses of the motor.
Vibration losses, core losses and windage losses are independent of the load.

12
 Figure 2.3

Figure above shows the schematic diagram for the connection with no load.

Figure 2.4
Figure above shows the schematic diagram for the connection with no load connected with
two wattmeter to measure real power.

13
 Figure 2.5
Figure above shows the schematic diagram where we have connected the wattmeters to red
phase and blue phase and yellow phase is set as common.

𝑊𝑇 = 𝑊1 + 𝑊2
= 𝑒𝑅𝑁 𝐼𝑅 ∗ − 𝑒𝑌𝑁 𝐼𝑅 ∗ + 𝑒𝐵𝑁 𝐼𝐵 ∗ − 𝑒𝑌𝑁 𝐼𝐵 ∗

∗
𝑊𝑇 = 𝑒𝑅𝑁 𝐼𝑅 ∗ + 𝑒𝐵𝑁 𝐼𝐵 ∗ − 𝑒𝑌𝑁 ( 𝐼𝑅 ∗ + 𝐼𝐵 )

∗
Since 𝐼𝑅 ∗ + 𝐼𝐵 + 𝐼𝑌 ∗ = ∅
∗
𝐼𝑅 ∗ + 𝐼𝐵 = −𝐼𝑌 ∗

𝑾𝑻 = 𝒆𝑹𝑵 𝑰𝑹 ∗ + 𝒆𝑩𝑵 𝑰𝑩 ∗ − 𝒆𝒀𝑵 𝑰𝒀 ∗

14
 Figure 2.6

Figure above shows the schematic diagram where we have connected the wattmeters to red
phase and blue phase and yellow phase is set as common.

𝑊1 = 𝑉𝑅𝑌 𝐼𝑅 ∗ = (𝑉𝑅𝑁 − 𝑉𝑌𝑁 )𝐼𝑅 ∗ = 𝑉𝑅𝑁 𝐼𝑅 ∗ − 𝑉𝑌𝑁 𝐼𝑅 ∗

𝑊2 = 𝑉𝐵𝑌 𝐼𝐵 ∗ = (𝑉𝐵𝑁 − 𝑉𝑌𝑁 )𝐼𝐵 ∗ = 𝑉𝐵𝑁 𝐼𝐵 ∗ − 𝑉𝑌𝑁 𝐼𝐵 ∗

𝑊𝑇 = 𝑊1 + 𝑊2 = 𝑉𝑅𝑁 𝐼𝑅 ∗ + 𝑉𝐵𝑁 𝐼𝐵 ∗ − 𝑉𝑌𝑁 𝐼𝑅 ∗ − 𝑉𝑌𝑁 𝐼𝐵 ∗

= 𝑉𝑅𝑁 𝐼𝑅 ∗ + 𝑉𝐵𝑁 𝐼𝐵 ∗ − 𝑉𝑌𝑁 (𝐼𝑅 ∗ + 𝐼𝐵 ∗ )

𝐼𝑅 + 𝐼𝑌 + 𝐼𝐵 = ∅
𝐼𝑅 ∗ + 𝐼𝑌 ∗ + 𝐼𝐵 ∗ = ∅
𝐼𝑅 ∗ + 𝐼𝐵 ∗ = −𝐼𝑌 ∗

∴ 𝑾𝑻 = 𝑽𝑹𝑵 𝑰𝑹 ∗ + 𝑽𝑩𝑵 𝑰𝑩 ∗ + 𝑽𝒀𝑵 𝑰𝒀 ∗

15
 (b)

Constant losses are those losses which are considered to remain constant over normal
working range of induction motor. The fixed losses can be easily obtained by performing no-
load test on the three phase induction motor. These losses are further classified as-

1. Core losses,
2. Mechanical losses,
3. Friction losses.

Core Losses

Core losses are further divided into hysteresis and eddy current losses. Eddy current losses
are minimized by using lamination on core. Since by laminating the core, area decreases and
hence resistance increases, which results in decrease in eddy currents. Hysteresis losses are
minimized by using high grade silicon steel. The core losses depend upon frequency of the
supply voltage. The frequency of stator is always supply frequency, f and the frequency of
rotor is slip times the supply frequency, (sf) which is always less than the stator frequency.
For stator frequency of 50 Hz, rotor frequency is about 1.5 Hz because under normal running
condition slip is of the order of 3 %. Hence the rotor core loss is very small as compared to
stator core loss and is usually neglected in running conditions.

Mechanical and Friction Losses

Mechanical losses occur at the bearing and brush friction loss occurs in wound rotor
induction motor. These losses are zero at start and with increase in speed these losses
increases. In three phase induction motor the speed usually remains constant. Hence these
losses almost remains constant.

Variable Losses

These losses are also called copper losses. These losses occur due to current flowing in stator
and rotor windings. As the load changes, the current flowing in rotor and stator winding also
changes and hence these losses also changes. Therefore these losses are called variable
losses. The copper losses are obtained by performing blocked rotor test on three phase
induction motor.

16
Experiment 3

Objective :
To study the measurement of the slip in the three phase induction motor.

Equipments used :
1. Connecting leads
2. Tachometer
3. NV 7006 ( Three Phase Induction Motor trainer )

Circuit Diagram :

17
Procedures :

1. First of all, we made sure that the earthing of the laboratory is proper and it is
connected to the terminal provided on the back side of the panel.
2. Before starting the experiment, we kept in mind that the belt of motor must be loose
so that motor can run freely.
3. We made sure that the Three Phase Mains and the MCB of panel is at off position.
4. Terminal R of the Three Phase Outputs was connected to terminal 1 and the terminal
B was connected to terminal 2.
5. The terminal Y was directly connected to terminal 11 of motor connection.
6. Next, terminal 1 was connected to terminal 3 and terminal 2 was connected to
terminal 12.
7. Terminal 4 was connected to terminal 10.
8. Terminals 10, 11 and 12 were connected to R, Y and B terminals of the motor
respectively.
9. Then, meters were inserted. For this, terminals V1 and V2 of the meters were
connected to terminals 1 and 2 respectively and terminals A1 and A2 were connected
to terminals 3 and 4 respectively.
10. Connections that were setup was compared with the connections in the given circuit
diagram. The Three Phase Mains as well as the MCB were switched on as all the
connections were proper.
11. As observed, the motor suddenly starts running in a particular direction.
12. The speed of motor was measured using Tachometer. The speed as 𝑁𝑅 (Rotor Speed)
was recorded.
13. The MCB was switched off.

18
Discussion :

120𝑓
𝑁𝑆 =
𝑃
120 ( 50 )
=
4
= 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝐫𝐩𝐦

The synchronous speed of the machine is 1500 rpm. The machine has 4 number of poles.
During half of a cycle of the power frequency, the position of a rotor pole moves from one
stator pole to the opposite pole of the same pair. If the motor has only two poles, that rotor
pole moves back to the original position during the next half cycle. So there is one revolution
per cycle of the power frequency. If there are more than two poles, the rotor moves from one
pair of poles to another pair of poles during one cycle of the power frequency. Thus
Speed(RPM) = 120 f(Hz) / P(poles).
Hence, when the number of Poles increases, the speed of the Induction motor decreases.

𝑁𝑆 − 𝑁𝑅
𝑠𝑙𝑖𝑝 =
𝑁𝑅
1500 − 1495
=
1495
= 0.0033 𝑝. 𝑢. and 0.334 %

When motor load increases, the rotor slip decreases.

Torque developed by induction motor is proportional to the slip. At synchronous speed, slip
is zero and hence torque developed by the motor is zero. In case of ideal motor having zero
friction and zero losses, motor can rotate at synchronous speed, because motor need not
develop any torque to sustain rotation. However for practical motor, there will be some
friction and other losses, which motor has to overcome by developing some torque. And to
develop that torque, motor must have slip. Therefore Motor cannot run at synchronous speed,
but at slightly lower speed.

19
CONCLUSION

The rotor of an induction motor consists of a laminated steel core with slots and some type
of winding. The two most common types of winding are the squirrel cage rotor and the
wound rotor (using copper windings). The squirrel cage rotor will be discussed in a later
section of the experiment. In the wound rotor, three sets of windings are set in the slots of
the core material. Each winding is brought out to a slip ring on the shaft of the rotor.
Terminating the windings on slip rings allows flexibility in the manner in which the
windings are configured by allowing resistors to be placed in WYE or DELTA across them.
The resistors are sized to accurately control the magnitude of currents in the rotor windings.

The rotating three-phase magnetic field produced by the stator induces an alternating
voltage on each of the rotor windings. If the rotor is not turning, the rate at which each
rotor winding cuts the lines of flux produced by the magnetic field will be equal to the
synchronous speed and the induced voltages in the rotor will be at the same frequency as
the source voltage. This condition is called 100% slip. As the rotor is turned in the same
direction as the rotating magnetic stator field, the rate at which the rotor windings cut lines
of flux will decrease and the induced voltages in the rotor windings will decrease in
frequency and magnitude. If the rotor is turned at a rate equal to the synchronous speed,
its windings will not cut any lines of flux and the induced voltages will be zero in magnitude
and frequency. This condition is called 0% slip. The torque produced by the motor drops
to zero at 0% slip and thus, for all practical purposes, an induction motor cannot actually
achieve synchronous speed. Conversely, if the rotor is turned in the opposite direction with
respect to the stator field, but at synchronous frequency, the induced voltages will have
twice the magnitude and frequency as compared to the 100% slip condition.

20
REFERENCES

Electrical Engineering Portal , Production of a rotating magnetic field , accessed 10 January 2017 ,

< http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/three-phase-induction-motors-operating-principle >

Electrical4U , Working Principle of Three Phase Induction Motor , accesses 12 January 2017 ,

< http://www.electrical4u.com/working-principle-of-three-phase-induction-motor >

Electrical4U , Losses and Effiiciency of Induction Motor , accessed 12 January 2017,

< http://www.electrical4u.com/losses-and-efficiency-of-induction-motor >

21