Experience nature

New products
Aquatic plants
Dennerle - Experience nature……

Dennerle - Experience nature……

….for 50 years already! In one of his first catalogues, company founder Ludwig Dennerle used the following words to de-
scribe it:
“The hustle and bustle in this day and age makes us restless and unhappy, which is why we urgently need to find a good
work-life balance.
You have made the right choice: after work and on weekends your hobby helps you to relax. It can give you so much joy to
sit in front of your aquarium and just watch the interesting activities of its inhabitants; or to talk shop and discuss some
topics with a couple of friends.”
This may be a text back from the 60s, but its core statement is still true. There’s nothing more relaxing than to watch the
plants and animals in an aquarium after a stressful day in today’s fast-moving and overstimulated world. To us, the ecolo-
gical balance plays a crucial role in such a confined habitat.
To experience nature is also our motivation for our Plantahunter tours – regardless of whether we travel local waters
or tropical habitats far away. This years’ tour took us to India – a huge country with extreme contrasts. The fascinating
photos don’t always show the truth of such a journey: overpopulation, poverty and environmental degradation dominate
the image of this unfortunately no longer ideal part of the world. Nevertheless, this journey had been full of unbelievable
botanical impressions and we are proud to be able to present many new plant species from India. One of many highlights
is the endemic miniature fern Crepidomanes malabaricum – a true gem from the mountains of Western Ghats in south-
western India.
Enjoy viewing and reading the stories

Yours Stefan Hummel

2 | Foreword
Plants from A – Z
Water is the origin of all life. Aquatic plants are the origin of our company.

Aquarium plants are at the heart of our work. They are the most sensitive element in the water. They are not only an indi-
cator of water quality and a requirement for healthy fish, but also the key to well-functioning aquatic worlds. Those who
look into the secrets of aquatic plants, gain access to the universe of the aquatic world.
In January 2016, we travelled the federal state of Kerala in Southwestern India. A particular highlight was the exploration
of the miniature fern Crepidomanes malabaricum in its natural habitat. However, we were also thrilled and enchanted by
Eriocaulon breviscapum or a small-growing species of Microsorum pteropus. Be ready for interesting Cryptocorynes for
the background, endemic stem plants of the Hygrophila and Rotala species, new plantit-species, plant pads and attractive
decorative items and much more that will grab your attention on the next pages, both in text and image.
And now enjoy reading about your and our “favourites”.

Item key:

Suitable for cichlids

Easy-care, low-maintenance plant

Recommended for Nano Cubes

High-maintenance plant

Ideal for aquascaping

A rarity for plant connoisseurs

New products from A - Z Legende | 3

Bucephalandra spec. ´Broad Wavy´ Order No. 30149 PG5 | 30167 plant it PG5 | B43
As far as diversity is concerned, the endemic Bucephalandra species from Borneo are second to
none – however, it will still take a while until the exact scientific classification is determined. As the
name suggests, the leaves of the species ´Broad Wavy´ are a bit broader than of the species ´Wavy
Leaf´. The leaves are of bright medium-green colour with slightly reddish brown stalks. Bucepha-
landra are reophytes and thus grow best when they are attached to stones or root wood. Due to its
slow growth and minor size, this plant is ideal for Nano Cubes and other small aquaria.

Genus: Bucephalandra
Species: spec. ´Broad Wavy´
Family: Araceae
Native to: Borneo
Area / Height: Foreground up to 6 cm
Light: medium – low
Temperature: 20 – 28°C
Growth: slow
pH: 5-8
Water hardness: soft to medium
CO2: 0 to 20 mg/l
Propagation: Rhizome cutting

Bucephalandra spec. ´Brownie´ Order No. 30148 • PG 5 | B42

This Bucephalandra was one of the first species introduced from West Kalimantan, the Indonesian
part of Borneo. The designation “Brownie” refers to its small size and slow growth. The leaves are
narrow-elliptic and have entire margins. The colour of the leaves can vary from dark olive green to
reddish brown, depending on the intensity of light. Bucephalandras belong to the Araceae family,
just like the Anubias and Cryptocorynes. From time to time, the typical flower heads may also deve-
lop under water.

Genus: Bucephalandra
Species: spec. ´Serimbu´
Family: Araceae
Native to: Borneo
Area/Height: Foreground up to 8 cm
Light: medium – low
Temperature: 20 – 28°C
Growth: slow
pH: 5-8
Water hardness: soft to medium
CO2: 0 to 20 mg/l
Propagation: Rhizome cuttings

Crepidomanes cf. malabaricum Order No. 30086 • PG 7 | C100

The new fern Crepidomanes cf. malabaricum is a real rarity. It belongs to the bristle fern family and
rather resembles a moss than a fern. In its natural habitat it grows terrestrially on large rocks and
is only covered by water in the rainy season. There is only a small amount of cultivation experience;
however, it also grows when permanently under water. In this case, growth can be classified as
extremely slow. Crepidomanes is an especially good feature for delicate aquascaping layouts. The
fragile rhizomes should ideally be attached to stones or roots.

Genus : Crepidomanes
Species : malabaricum
Family : Hymenophyllaceae
Native to : Kerala / India
Area / height: Foreground up to 2 cm
Light : medium - low
Temperature : 22-28°C
Growth: extremely slow
pH : 5-7
Water hardness : soft to medium
CO2 : 0 to 20mg/l
Propagation : Division

4 | New products from A - Z

Jewel from the mountains of Western Ghats
Crepidomas malabaricum is an endemic miniature fern that grows hidden
in shady areas of streams, cascades and waterfalls in splashing waters. It
only grows a few centimetres high and usually lives in a confined area with
different mosses on rocks and stones. Supported by our Indian friends we
were able to observe and photograph this gem in its natural habitat.
The variety name malabaricum refers to its native region Malabar in India.
This miniature fern is a true “must-have” for all Aquascapers and other
“plant freaks”!

New products from A - Z | 5

Cryptocoryne crispatula Order No. 30162 • PG 5 | C366
The grass-leaved water trumpet is a very attractive plant for the background. The species crispatula is very
variable, just like the varieties balansae or tonkinensis. Particularly striking are the more or less nubby
leaves with wavy edges. The leaf blades may develop wonderful colours, depending on the intensity of illu-
mination. This water trumpet is especially recommendable for cichlid aquaria with higher water hardness.
However, the plant is also a great feature in a larger community aquarium together with other plants.

Genus: Cryptocoryne
Species: crispatula
Family: Araceae
Native to: India, Thailand
Area/Height: Background up to 60 cm
Light: medium - low
Temperature: 20 – 28°C
Growth: medium
pH: 6-9
Water hardness: medium hard to very hard
CO2: 5 to 30 mg/l
Propagation: Runners

Cryptocoryne retrospiralis Order No. 30141 • PG 4 | C227

The name C. retrospiralis is by mistake often used for other species which are spread among the
Asian Region. However, the “true” C. retrospiralis solely exists in India. We found this species in the
shore areas of larger and smaller rivers where they live together with Cryptocoryne spiralis. The
particularity of this water trumpet is that it forms short “winter leaves” in an aquarium when it is
exposed to a short period of lighting. Therefore, a period of lighting of at least 10 hours per day is
recommended.

Genus: Cryptocoryne
Species: retrospiralis
Family: Araceae
Native to: India
Area/Height: Background up to 40 cm
Light: high - medium
Temperature: 22 – 28°C
Growth: slow
pH: 5-8
Water hardness: very soft to hard
CO2: 5 to 30 mg/l
Propagation: Runners

Cryptocoryne sivadasanii Order No. 30142 • PG 7 | C228

Cryptocoryne sivadasanii is a real novelty and also a rarity. The extraordinary long and narrow leaf
blades are strongly reminiscent of Vallisnerias. This endemic species is spread across the Indian
federal states of Karnataka and Kerala. However, on our Plantahunter Tour in India we only found few
specimens in flat river beds due to the heavy dry season. Christel Kasselmann has already reported
on this new beauty and gained very good experience regarding its growth in the aquarium. Cryptoco-
ryne sivadasanii is particularly well suited for bigger and broader aquaria.

Genus: Cryptocoryne
Species: sivadasanii
Family: Araceae
Native to: Southwest India
Area/Height: Background up to 100 cm
Light: medium – low
Temperature: 22 – 28°C
Growth: slow
pH: 5-8
Water hardness: very soft to hard
CO2: 20 to 30 mg/l
Propagation: Runners

6 | New products from A - Z

Cryptocoryne spiralis Order No. 30140 • PG 4 | C223
Cryptocoryne spiralis is a low-maintenance water trumpet for the background. The leaves are linear
with partly ruffled edges. The fresh green colour provides a wonderful contrast to the colourful
background plants such as Alternantheras or Ludwigias. Due to its height, this species is recom-
mendable for aquaria from 100 cm. Provide for nutrient-rich substrate and sufficient CO2-supply in
order to guarantee lush growth. The sometimes encountered “Crypt melt” does not occur with this
variety.

Genus: Cryptocoryne
Species: spiralis
Family: Araceae
Native to: India, Bangladesh
Area/Height: Background, up to 70 cm
Light: high – medium
Temperature: 22 – 28°C
Growth: moderate
pH: 5-8
Water hardness: very soft to hard
CO2: 5 to 30 mg/l
Propagation: Runners

Didiplis diandra Order No. 30159 plant-it • PG 5 | D10

Didiplis diandra is a particularly colourful stem plant from the eastern part of the USA. The submerged
needle-like leaflets are arranged crosswise in opposition to each other, which gives the plant a very delicate
look. Provide for good lighting and sufficient fertilization to ensure wonderful colours in all shades of
orange and red. A good supply of CO2 promotes considerably better and faster growth. In order to support
the colourful growth, please also supply the plants with iron and micronutrients. Didiplis beautifully con-
trasts with purely green stem plants such as Rotala spec. Green or when added to other colourful plants.

Genus: Didiplis
Species: diandra
Family: Lythraceae
Native to: Eastern North America
Area/Height: Mid-ground, up to 30 cm
Light: high – medium
Temperature: 22 – 26°C
Growth: moderate
pH: 5-7
Water hardness: very soft to medium hard
CO2: 20 to 30 mg/l
Propagation: Head cuttings, side shoots

Eriocaulon breviscapum Order No. 30150 • PG 5 | E360

The genus Eriocaulon includes more than 400 species, some of which growing very well submerged.
The plants often form rosette-looking flowers which highly resemble Tillandsias. We found speci-
mens of Eriocaulon breviscapum in fast-flowing streams of a river in the federal state of Kerala / India.
The lush shrubs grow between rocks having strong and long roots. In an aquarium, this rarity requi-
res a nutrient-rich substrate, plenty of light and sufficient CO2-supply. It is particularly eye-catching
as solitary plant between flat-growing species.

Genus: Eriocaulon
Species: breviscapum
Family: Eriocaulaceae
Native to: Southwestern India
Area/Height: Mid-ground, up to 15 cm
Light: high - medium
Temperature: 20 – 28°C
Growth: slow
pH: 5 -7
Water hardness: soft
CO2: 20 to 30 mg/l
Propagation: Division

New products from A - Z | 7

 Eriocaulon – unique beauties in the marshes
We have explored numerous Eriocaulon during our trip in India – some
of which look very promising for the aquatic hobby!

8 | New products from A - Z

Fissidens crispulus Order No. 30168 • PG 6 | F01
Also known by the name “Zipper Moss”, this moss is very decorative when planting in the foreground. How-
ever, the name Fissidens zippelianus is often used erroneously. In its natural habitat, this delicate moss
variety is often found in shady areas of springs and streams, where it prefers to grow on stones and roots in
splash water areas. Fissidens crispulus is particularly well suited for Nano Cubes; due to its slow growth it
is easy to care for. As with many mosses, frequent water changes are favourable – mosses love fresh water!

Genus: Fissidens
Species: crispulus
Family: Fissidentaceae
Native to: Africa, Asia
Area/Height: Foreground, up to 5 cm
Light: medium – low
Temperature: 22 – 28°C
Growth: slow
pH: 5-8
Water hardness: soft to hard
CO2: 10 to 30 mg/l
Propagation: Division

Helanthium bolivianum Order No. 30166 PG5 | H205

This plant is still known by its old name Echinodorus bolivianus. All dwarf Echinodorus meanwhile
belong to the new genus Helanthium. Tending to form runners, this plant is very popular for being
planted in the foreground of medium to large-sized aquaria. Almost immediately a dense carpet
will form with numerous lanceolate leaves. We found some beautifully red-coloured varieties in the
crystal-clear water of Rio Sucuri in Brasil – a spectacle of nature due to extreme direct sunlight
shining on the shallow waters.

Genus: Helanthium
Species: bolivianum
Family: Alismataceae
Native to: South America
Area/Height: Foreground, up to 15 cm
Light: high – medium
Temperature: 22 – 28°C
Growth: fast
pH: 5-8
Water hardness: soft to hard
CO2: 20 to 30 mg/l
Propagation: Runners

Helanthium bolivianum ´Angustifolius´ Order No. 30077 • PG 4 | H188

Unlike other Helanthium species, this plant is tall-growing with very narrow leaf blades. It may
grow up to 50 cm in height and is reminiscent of Vallisneria nana. Under strong lighting, it can also
be planted in the mid-ground. The emerged form is considerably shorter and very much resembles
other Helanthium varieties. Only after a couple of weeks in the aquarium, this delicate plant will
reveal its true size and beauty. Nutrient-rich substrate and regular iron fertilization promote lush
growth.

Genus: Helanthium
Species: bolivianum ´Angustifolius´
Family: Alismataceae
Native to : Brasil
Area/Height: Background, up to 50 cm
Light : high – medium
Temperature: 22-28°C
Growth: fast
pH: 5-8
Water hardness: soft to hard
CO2: 10 -30 mg/l
Propagation: Runners

New products from A - Z | 9

Hygrophila spec. ´Green Olive´ Order No. 30147 • PG 3 | H90
This is a new endemic Hygrophila species from the Goa / Maharashtra region in India. There they grow in
boggy flooded areas with less or no sunlight. In an aquarium, the leaves will become a bit slimmer – under
good lighting the shoots turn a reddish-brown to dark olive green colour. Hygrophila spec. ´Green Olive´
should always be planted in a larger group to create a beautiful harmonious effect. Early trimming promo-
tes the formation of side shoots – head cuttings can easily be re-integrated into the plant group.

Genus: Hygrophila
Species: spec. ´Green Olive´
Family: Acanthaceae
Native to: India
Area/Height: Background up to 50 cm
Light: high - low
Temperature: 22 – 28°C
Growth: fast
pH : 5-8
Water hardness: very soft to hard
CO2: 20 to 30 mg/l
Propagation: Head cuttings, side shoots

Limnophila aromatica Order No. 30146 • PG 3 | L40

Also known as “rice paddy herb“, this plant is distributed widely across Southeast Asia and is very po-
lymorphic with regards to its habitus. Under intense lighting in the aquarium, the leaflets will develop
different red colour hues, depending on the nutrients available. As with all stem plants, Limnophila
aromatica should be planted in larger groups. The cascade-like arrangement of the leaflets makes
for a harmonious appearance. This Asian stem plant can be particularly recommended for planting
into an aquarium “Dutch”-style.

Genus: Limnophila
Species: aromatica
Family: Scrophulariaceae
Native to: Southeast Asia
Area/Height: Background up to 50 cm
Light: high – medium
Temperature: 22 – 28°C
Growth: medium
pH: 5-8
Water hardness: soft to hard
CO2: 20 to 30 mg/l
Propagation: Head cuttings, side shoots

Ludwigia spec. ´Dark Orange´ Order No. 30078 • PG 4 | L80

A new, attractive stem plant is Ludwigia spec. ´Dark Orange´. The variety name refers to the colour
of the underwater leaves it develops in the aquarium. Depending on the light intensity, the coloura-
tion varies from a yellow-orange to a deep, dark orange. A further feature is the striking venation of
the leaves above water, but this is also clearly visible when it is submerged. As with all stem plants,
this colourful novelty should be planted in large numbers to achieve a nice effect. Intense lighting
and sufficient CO2-supply guarantee a strong growth.

Genus : Ludwigia
Species : spec. ´Dark Orange´
Family : Onagraceae
Native to : Cultivar
Area/Height : Background up to 50 cm
Light : high – medium
Temperature : 18 – 26°C
Growth : medium
pH : 5-8
Water hardness : soft to hard
CO2 : 20 -30 mg/l
Propagation : Head cuttings

10 | New products from A - Z

Shape shifters.
Most aquarium plants are cultivated above water and often only
develop their full blaze of colours once they are in the aquarium
– just like the new Ludwigia spec. ´Dark Orange´ with its yellow-
green emerged leaves. After a couple of weeks it will reveal the
intensive submerged leaf colours.

New products from A - Z | 11

Microsorum pteropus ´Green Gnome´ Order No. 30174 • PG 6 | M48
This type of Java fern is polymorphic, which means it has many different leaf forms and growing sizes. In
the Western Ghats, a mountain range in Southwestern India, our attention was drawn to a very compact
growing variety. It settles in shady areas in splash water regions of streams and cascades. When living
emerged, it grows a bit larger, but under water it remains compact and short. Attractive features are the
strong venation and the slightly bullous leaf blades. This new variety is perfectly suited for Nano Cubes and
Aquascaping!

Genus: Microsorum
Specie : pteropus ´Green Gnome´
Famil : Polypodiaceae
Native to: Southwestern India
Area/Height: Mid-ground up to 15 cm
Light: medium – low
Temperature: 22 – 28°C
Growth: slow
pH: 5-8
Water hardness: soft to hard
CO2: 10 to 30 mg/l
Propagation: daughter plants from leaves and roots

Pilotrichaceae spec. ´Pilo moss´ Order No. 30169 • PG 5 | P100

This new moss is known only to a few “plant freaks” and is not yet identified for sure. Even the natural
habitat of this beautiful moss still remains to be clarified – but it is certainly native to the tropics and
subtropics. The flattened shoots show an overhanging growth habit and have fine rhizoids (root-like
structure) which easily cling to the substrate. Due to the flat growing and overhanging growth habit,
this moss can be used variably for nature-like aquarium designs.

Genus: probably Cyclodictyon

Species: spec. ´Pilo moss´
Family: Pilotrichaceae
Native to: unknown
Area/Height: Foreground up to 2 cm
Light: medium – low
Temperature: 22 – 28°C
Growth: slow
pH: 5-8
Water hardness: soft to hard
CO2: 10 to 30 mg/l
Propagation Division

Proserpinaca palustris Order No. 30158 • PG 5 | P20

In the emerged stage, this stem plant originating from Cuba, looks rather unimpressive with its
simple green leaves. After a period of acclimatisation under water, the plant will gradually reveal its
feathery and magnificently colourised underwater leaves. Proserpinaca grows slowly and is
recommended for Nano Cubes. The stalks do not branch out too much, which is why the head
cuttings should be put back on the same spot. The lower, no longer nice-looking part of the stalk
should be removed.

Genus: Proserpinaca
Species: palustris
Family: Haloragaceae
Native to: North and Central America, West Indies
Area/Height: Mid-ground up to 30 cm
Light: high – medium
Temperature: 10 - 28 °C
Growth: moderate
pH: 5-8
Water hardness: very soft to medium
CO2: 20-30 mg/l
Propagation: side shoots

12 | New products from A - Z

In the shade of the trees
The plant Microsorum pteropus is a quite variable fern variety with
numerous leaf forms and sizes. During our Plantahunter tour in
India, we have discovered a very compact-growing variety, which
develops very short leaflets when under water – just perfect for
smaller aquaria and Nano Cubes. We called this small type
Microsorum pteropus ´Green Gnome´, which is above all suited for
creating natural-looking aquascapes.

New products from A - Z | 13

Rotala macrandra ´Narrow Red´ Order No. 30144 • PG 3 | R16
Rotala macrandra is a very decorative stem plant with variable growth habits. Besides the known red
variety with broad, elliptical leaves, this narrow-leaved red variety may be an interesting alternative
in an underwater landscape. The rather upright growth is really ideal for aquaria in Dutch style. In
this case, the individual stalks should be arranged in terraces. This Indian beauty is grateful for a
good supply of macronutrients and a high supply of CO2 which it rewards with a blaze of colours.

Genus: Rotala
Species: macrandra ´Narrow Red´
Family: Lythraceae
Native to: South India
Area/Height: Background up to 60 cm
Light: high – medium
Temperature: 22 – 28°C
Growth: fast
pH: 5-7
Water hardness: very soft to medium hard
CO2: 20 to 30 mg/l
Propagation: Head cuttings, side shoots

Rotala spec. ´Coin Leaf´ Order No. 30145 • PG 3 | R17

An Indian hobbyist discovered this interesting Rotala species in a rice field. Distinctive are the circular
leaflets, which are tightly arranged around the plant stalk. Under water, this new and unknown Rotala
species develops wonderful leaf colours – however, this requires intense lighting. As with many
coloured stem plants, a high supply of nutrients promotes colouration. Providing a nutrient-rich
substrate as well as sufficient CO2 is essential as basic supply.

Genus: Rotala
Species: spec ´Coin Leaf´
Family: Lythraceae
Native to: India
Area/Height: Background up to 50 cm
Light: high – medium
Temperature: 22 – 28°C
Growth: fast
pH: 5-8
Water hardness: soft to hard
CO2: 20 to 30 mg/l
Propagation: Head cuttings, side shoots

Rotala wallichii Order No. 30161 plant-it • PG 5 | R30

Rotala wallichii is a particularly delicate and slender stem plant. It has been known to aquatics for quite
a while, but due to its high demands it is only suited for true plant lovers. High light intensity and an ideal
supply of nutrients as well as a high supply of CO2 are a must. Clear water is also crucial for this filigree
stem plant. Under good conditions, Rotala wallichii will display an impressive blaze of colours in all hues
of Red and Pink. In Aquascaping, this plant is often used when wanting to add a splash of colour to the
aquarium.

Genus: Rotala
Species: wallichii
Family: Lythraceae
Native to: Southeast Asia
Area/Height: Mid-gound up to 40 cm
Light: high
Temperature: 22 – 28°C
Growth: fast
pH: 5-7
Water hardness: very soft to medium hard
CO2: 20 to 30 mg/l
Propagation: Head cuttings, side shoots

14 | New products from A - Z

Plant pads – foreground planting the easy way
Hemianthus callitrichoides ´Cuba´ and Eleocharis pusilla are absolute top sellers when it comes to foreground planting in
an aquarium! These two popular species are now also available in pad format 9 x 9 cm: Place onto gravel, press in gently,
and you’re done!

30151 Hemianthus ´Cuba´ | PG 7

30152 Eleocharis pusilla | PG 7

sCAPER PADS| 15
Decorative novelties - for a natural look
Roots with suction cups are exciting decoration elements in an aquarium. The new Nanowood suckers are the logical
further development for Nano Cubes and other small aquaria. Another highlight is Bucephalandra spec.´Wavy Leaf´ on a
root – an endemic aroid from Borneo. This little beauty just loves to grow on roots or stones.

30170 30171 30191

Anubias Bonsai on Nanowood with suction cup Anubias Pinto on Nanowood with suction cup Bucephalandra spec. ´Wavy Leaf´on root
| PG 8 | PG 8 | PG 8

30155 moss root | PG 5 30173 Anubias barteri glabra on stone | PG 8 30172 Anubias nana Gold on root | PG 9

16 | Decorative elements
 Near-natural design with mosses
The new moss portions are perfectly suited for individual and
natural-looking layouts. Thus, stones, roots and other decora-
tive elements can be grassed in an attractive way. Spread the
moss pads across the surface and tie them with a thin fishing
line – and you’re done!
30192 Taxiphyllum barbierii
Portion | PG 4

30195 Taxiphyllum spec. Flammenmoos

Portion | PG 4

30193 Monosolenium tenerum

Portion | PG 4

30194 Vesicularia spec. Triangelmoos

Portion | PG 4

Scaper Pads | 17
 The plant of the future

Active contribution to nature conservation

The “plantit“-series is becoming increasingly popular and meanwhile forms an integral part in aquatics. Here, also the
contribution to nature preservation plays a big role for many plant lovers.
We have complemented our assortment of In-Vitro plants by 10 more species to create even more beautiful and individual
underwater landscapes. Besides the true classics, it now includes one or more colourful collector’s plants as well.

18 | PLANT-IT
Novelties

30160 Bacopa australis | PG 5 30167 Bucephalandra spec. ´Broad Wavy Leaf´ | PG 5 30162 Cryptocoryne crispatula | PG 5

30159 Didiplis diandra | PG 5 30166 Helanthium bolivianum | PG 5 30165 Hygrophila corymbosa ´Stricta´ | PG 5

30163 Limnophila sessiliflora | PG 5 30164 Lobelia cardinalis ´Mini´ | PG 5 30158 Proserpinaca palustris | PG 5

30161 Rotala wallichii | PG 5

PLANT-IT | 19
 Professional Aquarium Tools
Scaping. Shaping. Forming. Trimming.
2510/0516