The Cell Multicellular Organism

Characteristics of Life Organ System

Organ
1. Organization: They are highly organized compared Tissue
to natural inanimate objects. Cell
2. Homeostasis: They maintain a relatively constant a) smallest living unit
internal environment. b) may be free living
- Extracellular fluid = internal environment of c) may live as part of multicellular organisms
multicellular organisms Organelle
- Environment outside the organism = external Molecule
environment of multicellular organisms Atom
- Unicellular organism = no internal environment Subatomic Particle
- Homeostasis = nutrients comes in and waste
goes out The Cell Theory
- It should be equal in the number of ions inside 1. All known living things are made up of cells.
and outside the cell 2. The cell is structural & functional unit of all living
3. Reproduction: They reproduce themselves to things.
preserve their kind 3. All cells come from pre-existing cells by division.
4. Growth: They grow in size and develop from simple Modern Tenets of The Cell Theory
beginnings. 4. Cells contain hereditary information which is passed
5. Metabolism: They take energy and matter from the from cell to cell during cell division.
environment and transform it. 5. All cells are basically the same in chemical
- Anabolism - chemical reactions in which simpler composition.
6. All energy flow (metabolism & biochemistry) of life
substances are combined to form more complex
occurs within cells.
molecules. By product is enzyme (tertiary
Cell Classification
protein) Based on complexity of structural organization:
- Catabolism - reactions usually release energy Prokaryotic, Eukaryotic (animal), Eukaryotic (plant).
that is used to drive chemical reactions. From
complex to simple molecule. From
macromolecule to functional unit.
6. Adaptation: They respond to stimuli and adjust to
the environment

Basic Properties of the cell

1. Cells are highly complex and organized

2. Cells possess a genetic program and the means to
use it
3. Cells are capable of producing more of themselves
4. Cells acquire and utilize energy (plasma membrane
of prokaryotic is the one who utilizes ATP)
5. Cells carry out a variety of chemical reactions
6. Cells engage in numerous mechanical activities
7. Cells are able to respond to stimuli (senses)
8. Cells are capable of self-regulation (no wastage of
energy)

Levels of Organization of Life:

Biosphere
Ecosystem
Community
Population
Where do Eukaryotes come from? Organization of the Cell

Comparison of cells: Cell membrane = same composition of all the other

Parameter Prokaryotic Eukaryotic membranes
Average 0.1-10 um 10-100 um Nucleus
size
Complexity Simple More complex
Organelle Not bounded Double membrane
(outer covering) bound
Nucleus naked DNA with histones
(genetic
material)
Organisms Monera Protista, Fungi,
(eubacteria, blue Animalia, Plantae,
green algae algae
archaebacteria) Mitochondria

 Smooth outer
Differences between Plant and Animal Cells Membrane
 Folded inner
Plant cells Animal cells membrane
Usually larger in size and Usually smaller in size and  Folds called Cristae
regular in shape irregular in shape  Space inside cristae
Presence of cellulose cell Absence of cellulose cell
called the Matrix
wall outside the cell wall
membrane
Presence of chloroplasts Absence of chloroplasts
containing chlorophyll The Intracellular Compartments
Presence of large Vacuoles are absent, or Characteristics of the Intracellular compartments
vacuoles containing cell when
sap present, they are small  Membrane-bounded compartments
containing excretory or  House various cellular activities
secretory products  Biosynthesis of secretory products
Nucleus usually found Nucleus usually found at  Breakdown of long-chain fatty acids
just beneath the cell wall the center of the cell  Other metabolic processes occurring within the
Have starch granules are Have glycogen granules are eukaryotic cells
food reserves food reserves  Regulation of trafficking within the cell

Made of the Organelles:

 Endoplasmic reticulum
  Golgi complex 1960 Kendrew describes the first detailed protein
 Endosomes structure (sperm whale myoglobin) to a
 Lysosomes and Peroxisomes resolution of 0.2 nm using x-ray crystallography.
Perutz proposes a lower-resolution structure for
hemoglobin
1965 Christian de Duve and his colleagues use a cell
fractionation technique to separate
peroxisomes, mitochondria, and lysosomes from
a preparation of rat liver
1968 Petran and collaborators make the first confocal
microscope
1974 Lazarides and Webur use fluorescent antibodies
to stain the cytoskeleton
1994 Chalfie and collaborators introduce green
fluorescent protein (GFP) as a marker to follow
the behavior of proteins in living cells

Why is the cell the structural

Historical landmarks in determining cell structure Because all the living organisms are made up of cells
1665 Hooke uses a primitive microscope to describe and It is the smallest unit of an organism that is
small pores of cork that he calls “cells” classified as living, and is sometimes called the building
1674 Leeuwenhoek reports his discovery of protozoa. block of life
9 years later, he sees the bacteria for the firsts
Why is the cell the fundamental
time
1833 Brown publishes his microscopic observations of Also all the functions taking place inside the body of
orchids, clearly describing the cell nucleus organisms are performed by cells. Because all organs
1838 Schleiden and Schwann propose the cell theory, and tissues are made up of cell.
stating that the nucleated cell is the universal
building block of plant and animal tissues
1857 Kolliker describes mitochondria in muscle cells
1879 Flemming describes with great clarity
chromosome behavior during mitosis in animal
cells
1881 Cajal and other histologist develop staining
methods that reveal the structure of nerve cells
and organization of neural tissue
1898 Golgi first sees and describes the golgi apparatus
by staining cells with silver nitrate
1902 Boveri links chromosome and heredity by
observing chromosome behavior during sexual
reproduction
1952 Palade, Porter, and Sjostrand develop methods
of electron microscopy that enable many
intracellular structures to seen for the first time.
in one of the first applications of these
technique, Huxley shows that muscle contains
arrays of protein filaments – the first evidence of
cytoskeleton
1957 Robertson describe the bilayer structure of the
cell membrane, seen for the first time in the
electron microscope