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STRESS-STRAIN-
TEMPERATURE
RELATIONSHIP
BITS PILANI GOA
Contents:
Introduction
• Stress- Strain diagram
• Tensile test
Idealizations of Stress-Strain Curves
Elastic Stress- Strain Relations
Thermal Strain
Complete Equations of Elasticity
Strain Energy in an Elastic Body
Criteria for Initial Yielding
σ
• Visco -elasticity:
Viscoelastic behavior demonstrates a strain that is
changing with time under a constant applied stress
In last class we have seen
Stress- Strain diagram
Tension Compression
Tension Compression
Creep Deformation
Failure modes
• Excessive deformation
• Plastic deformation
• Fracture
• Fatigue
• corrosion
• Wear
Idealized models of material behaviour
P
Geometric compatibility:
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
3-Dimentional State of Stress OR
Triaxial State of Stress
x xy xz
yx y yz (4.4)
zx zy z
A knowledge of the nine stress components is
necessary in order to determine the components
of the stress vector T acting on an arbitrary
plane with normal n.
3-D Elastic stress-strain relations:
Assumptions:
Materials are linearly elastic and Isotropic
Strains are small compared to unity
Poisson’s Ratio
• For a slender bar subjected to axial loading:
x
x y z 0
E
• The elongation in the x-direction is accompanied
by a contraction in the other directions.
Assuming that the material is isotropic (no
directional dependence),
y z 0
• Poisson’s ratio is defined as
lateral strain y
z
axial strain x x
Initially consider an element on which only σx is
acting
x
x
E
y
y
E
y
y
x z
E
Similar results are obtained for the strain due to σz
Is their any possibility of normal strains resulting
from shear stress zx ?
Shear Modulus :
The ratio of shearing stress to shearing
strain g within the proportional limit of a
material.
Hence for material with all stress component
present, stress strain relations are
The relation between the two elastic constants
is given by
E
1
2G
Thermal Strain:
• The strain due to temperature change in
the absence of stress is called thermal
strain and is denoted by the superscript t
on the strain symbol thus: t
(T T )
t t t
x y z 0
g g g 0
t t t
xy yz zx
For linear elastic material strains may be added
TOTAL
e t
Useful steps:
Force equilibrium
Geometric Compatibility
Stress- Strain- Temperature relations
(4.33)
[mechanical strain, Thermal]
(5.2)
x y z
x
E E E
1 1
12 ksi 0 20 ksi
10 10 6 psi 3
0.533 10 3 in./in.
x y z
y
E E E
1.067 10 3 in./in.
x y z
z
E E E
1.600 10 3 in./in.
• Evaluate the deformation components.
B A x d 0
.533 10 3
in./in. 9 in.
3
B A 4.8 10 in.
C D z d 1
.600 10 3
in./in. 9 in.
3
C D 14 .4 10 in.
t y t 1.067 10 in./in. 0.75 in.
3
(1)
(2)
After simplification
(3)
But strain in x,y and z direction in traxial
stress system are
(4)
Substituting 4 in 3
In last class we have seen
3-D Elastic stress- strain relations
• Normal stress produces only normal strains and
no shear strains
• Shear stress produces only shear strain and not
normal strains
Poisson’s ratio
Relation between two elastic constant
E
1
2G
Ex. 3
Assumptions:
Uniformly distributes normal stress
Z
0
y
0
Friction force at the wall is negligible
Normal stress of contact between the plate and wall is
uniform
Idealized model
Equilibrium:
(a)
Geometric Compatibility
(b)
Stress- Strain relations
(c)
Solving a,b and c we find
(d)
Strain- Displacement Relations
(e)
In the last class we have seen
Thermal strain
Complete equations of elasticity.
Exact solution to the elasticity problem on plate for
the idealized model
Ex.4
(3.31)
Answer:
x
137.2MPa
D 0.1107mm
EX. 5
x
54.1MPa
y
34.5MPa
xy
21MPa
z
317 microns
Strain energy in an elastic body:
The energy stored in a body due to deformation is
called strain energy.
Strain energy density
Engineering structures are designed to function
without per meant deformation.
(5.14)
The strain energy stored in the element is
(5.15)
Consider Gradual loading of element with all six
component of stresses
(5.17)
Assignment:
1
1 2 2 3 3 1
2 2 2
3