Engineering Material

Ir.Soeweify, M.Eng

Head of Strength and Structure Groups

Department of Shipbuilding Engineering
Surabaya Institute of Technology

Welding Engineer 1980 Hiroshima University

Welding Inspector 1984 Hamburg University
Fracture Mechanic 1990 Bandung Institute of Technology
Engineering Materials

• Metals
• Polimers
• Ceramics
• Glasses
• Elastomers
• Composite
Metal

• High moduli Elastisity

• Can be made strong by alloying,
mechanical process, and heat treatment,
but they remain ductile.
• Least resistance to corrosion
• High strength still use, even the ductility
decrease more than 2 %
• Easy to machining and joining.
Ceramic and glases
• High moduli
• But unlike metal they are brittle
• The tension strength is the fracture strength, in
compression is brittle crushing strength which is
about 15 time larger.
• Low tolerance of stress concentration
( hole, crack ) and high contact stress ( Clamp )
• Stiff and hard abrasion resistance so used in
bearing and cutting tools.
• Retain their strength to high temperatur and low
corrosion well
Polimer and Elastomer
• The moduli from low to high
• Elastic deflection can be large
• Creep in the room temperature
• No have useful strength above 200º C
• Easy to shape, complicated part can be
moulded.
• Making assembly fast and cheap
• Corrosion resistance, low coef friction,
• Good design exploits these properties
Composite
• Combine the attractive properties of other
classes of material while avoiding some of
drawbacks ( demerit )
• They are light,stiff and strong,and can be tought.
• Most of composite available to the engineering
reinforce by fibre glas, carbon or kevlar.
• Cannot be use more than 250º C because
polimer matrix will soften.
• Expensive and relative difficult to form and joint
 Material Properties
• Phisically properties
– Melting temperatur
– Conductifity
– Density etc
• Processable properties
– Machinability
– Castability
– Weldability etc
• Mechanical properties
– Strength
– Fracture toughness
– Hardness etc
Definition of material properties

• Density ρ units Kg/m3

• Elastic modulus GN/m2 or GPa The slope
of the linear elastic part of the stress
strain curve Young Modulus E for the
tension and compression, Shear Modulus
G for shear loading.Bulk Modulus K for
hydrostatic pressure
• Poison’s ratio ν it is negative ratio of the
lateral strain ε2 / ε1 in axial loading
 Steel selection for Boiler and
Pressure vessel
• Strength and ductility
– Mechanical Properties
• Tensile strength
• Yield Strength
• Elongation
• Reduction 0f Area
• Fracture Strength
– Fracture Toughness
• K Parameter
– Noch toughness
• Impact value
• Transition brittle to ductile .
 Steel selection for Boiler and
Pressure vessel
• Fatigue Strength
– Fatigue limit
• S-N Diagram
– Crack grow rate
• dA/dN
• Corrosion Resistance
– Rate of corrosion
– Stress corrosion cracking
 Stress Strain Diagram

• Mechanical Properties
Stress strain diagram
 Mechanical properties

• σ, ultimate = P ultimate / Ao [ N/mm2 ]

• σ, Yield = P yield /Ao [ N/mm2 ]
• ε, Elongation = ( Li – Lo ) / Lo [ % ]
• Ra, Reduc.of Area = ( Ao – Ai ) /Ao [ % ]
• E,modulus Elastisity σ / ε [ N/mm2]
• R, Resilience = ½ σ ε [ J/mm3 ]
Stress strain for britlle material
 Stress Strain curve

• For ceramic
 Stress Strain Diagram

• Polimer
• Glasses
 Operation Load
• Static Load
– Tension σ, tensile
– Bending σ, bending
– Shear G shear stength
– Torsion
• Dynamic Load
– Impact load Impact value
– Fatigue Load Fatigue strength
• Combine load
– Static load, tension and bending
– Dynamic load, fatigue in tension and bending
 Impact value

• Dynamic test ( load )

• Impact value [ Joule ] ( 3 specimens )
– Parameter for fatigue strength
– Parameter for ductile material
• Transition temp ( 10 specimens )
– 50 % Brittle, 50 % Ductile
– Low temp to high temperature
– More higher transition temp more better
Standard Charpy Impact Specimen
Placement of charpy specimen
Impact testing machine
Transition temperature
Ductile and brittle fracture
 Ductile and Brittle charactristic
• Brittle material
– Fracture by cleveage
– Fracture surface Perpendiculair to the force
– No deformation
– High hardness
– High crack growth rate
• Ductile material
– Fracture by micro voit coalesence
– Fracture surface 45 degree to the force
– Some deformation
– Lower hardness
– Lower crack growth rate
 Fracture Toughness Test

• Centre crack specimen

Specimen for fracture test
Specimens extracted from plate
Specimens extracted from disk
 Hardness brinell test

Hardness brinell used steel ball HB

Hardness Vickers use diamont HV
Hardness Rockwell used ball and diamont HRB,HRC
 Parameters of fatigue strength
• S-N Diagram
– Fatigue strength
– Final fracture
– Unfracture
– Some amount specimens
– No calculation just plotted
• dA/dN versus Stress intensity ( Δ K )
– Crack growth rate
– Crack propagation
– A certain cyrcle
– Only one specimen
– Need some calculation to the final diagram
 Fatigue Crack Growth Under
CA Loading

N.E.Dowling, Mechanical Behaviour of Materials, F-11.7,P-465

 Modulus of Rupture

• Tri point bending test

Loss coeffisient in Stress Strain cycle
 Thermal conductivity

• Flux heat
 Thermal expansion Coef

• Heating the sample

 Creep rupture

• Statically and constant loading

 Wearing test

• Archard wear contant

 Corrosion test
• Surface corrosion
 Heat treatment terms
• Annealing
– A generik term denoting the threatment, consisting of
heating to and holding at suitable temperature
followed by cooling at suitable rate, used primary to
soften metalic material but also to simultanuously
produce desire change in other properties or in
microstructure to improve of machineability,cold
work, mechanical or electrical or increase in stability
of dimension
• Annealing time
– Time elapsing while holding a piece at annealing
temperatur
Several heat treatment of steel
• Quenching
– Rapid cooling after heating to harden the steel
• Tempering
– Reheating a quench hardened or normalized ferro alloy to e
temperature bellow the transformation rangeand than cooling at
any desired rate.
• Normalizing
– Heating a ferrous alloy to suaitable temp above the
transformation temp range and than cooling in air to a
temperature substantially bellow the temp trans temp range
• Annealing
– Heating to and holding at a suitable temp followed by cooling to
soften material or to change the other properties