Guides To Thesis Writing-Chapter 4

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3RI [E] XLEX [SVOW JSV E PSX SJ WXYHIRXW MW XS [VMXI E JI[ WLSVX
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XLI JMVWX HVEJX
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8S EGGSQTPMWL [LEX ]SY [ERX XS HS [LEX WXITW [MPP ]SY LEZI XS
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GSQI FEGO ERH VIVIEH MX 1EOI [LEXIZIV EQIRHQIRXW ]SY XLMRO MX
RIIHW JSV MRGVIEWIH GPEVMX]
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8EOI XLI XMQI XS IRXIV ERH WEZI SR ]SYV GSQTYXIV [LEX ]SY LEZI MR
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XYEXMSR EVI GSVVIGX 0IEVR XS YWI WTIPPMRK GLIGOW ERH KVEQQEXMGEP
LIPTW JVSQ GSQTYXIV WSJX[EVI %R SYXPMRI TVSKVEQ WYGL EW XLEX SJ
1MGVSWSJX ;SVH LIPTW SRI XS XLMRO MR SVHIVP] ERH HIHYGXMZI WIUYIRGI
(SYFPI WTEGI ]SYV [SVO [MXL [MHI QEVKMRW 7IX XLI TVSKVEQ XS TYX
]SYV REQI ERH HEXI SR IEGL WLIIX 1EOI EX PIEWX XLVII GSTMIW SRI JSV
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XEPOMRK [MXL ]SYV EHZMWSV 7EZI ]SYV [SVO MR E GSQTYXIV JMPI
;L] WS QYGL HIXEMPIH IQTLEWMW SR XLMW TSMRX# -X MW IWWIRXMEP XS
WIX XLI WXEKI WS XLIVI MW RSXLMRK XS HMWXVEGX XLI EHZMWSVtW EXXIRXMSR JVSQ
XLI GSRXIRX SJ [LEX ]SY LEZI [VMXXIR % FYWMRIWWPMOI FIKMRRMRK F] XLI
WXYHIRX IRGSYVEKIW ER] EHZMWSV XS XV] ZIV] LEVH XS FI LIPTJYP 3J
GSYVWI MX MW XLI EHZMWSVtW SFPMKEXMSR XS EWWMWX XLI WXYHIRX MR ER] IZIRX
&YX E GPIEVP] TVITEVIH ERH IVVSVJVII WXEXIQIRX IZIR SRI XLEX RIIHW
QYGL QSVI WYFWXERXMZI [SVO [MPP LIPT XLI EHZMWSV XS JIIP XLEX KYMH
ERGI [MPP FI XEOIR WIVMSYWP] F] XLI WXYHIRX
1SVISZIV XLMW MW SJXIR XLI GVYGMEP JMVWX WXIT MR XLI WXYHIRXtW S[R
JMPMRK ERH VIGSVH OIITMRK -X WLSYPH WIX E QSHIP JSV E GSRXMRYMRK TEX
XIVR SJ RIEXRIWW ERH SVHIVPMRIWW 1ER] WXYHIRXW LEZI XSPH YW XLEX TEVX
[E] XLVSYKL XLI 8( TVSGIWW XLI] HMWGSZIVIH XLEX WPSTT] RSXI XEOMRK
ERH GEVIPIWW WXSVEKI QEHI MRJSVQEXMSR VIXVMIZEP ER EPP FYX MQTSWWMFPI
XEWO )EVP] EXXIRXMSR XS HIXEMPW [MPP WLEVTP] VIHYGI XLI GLERGIW SJ PSWWIW
ERH QMWTPEGIQIRXW 8LYW XLI JMVWX WXEKI MR [VMXMRK XLI TVSTSWEP MW SRI
XLEX GER FI UYMXI MRJSVQEP EW XS WX]PI FYX MX MW SRI XLEX WLSYPH FI ZIV]
HIPMFIVEXIP] SVKERMÎH XS MRXVSHYGI E FYWMRIWWPMOI XSRI MRXS FSXL XLI
MRMXMEP GSRJIVIRGI [MXL XLI EHZMWSV ERH XLI VIGSVHW SJ XLI WXYHIRX (I
ZIPST E VIKYPEV W]WXIQ XS WEZI ERH JMPI EPP [SVO SR XLI [SVH TVSGIWWSV
SV GSQTYXIV MR E 8( HMVIGXSV] EP[E]W TVSTIVP] GMXIH MR XLI JSVQ XS
FI YWIH IZIRXYEPP] MR XLI JMREP HSGYQIRX IK %4% 10% )RHRSXIW
JSSXRSXIW ERH GMXEXMSR W]WXIQW GER MQQIEWYVEFP] LIPT WXSVI ERH PEXIV
JMRH RSXIW ERH XLIMV GMXEXMSRW
8LIVI EVI ;IF WMXIW XLEX [MPP LIPT ]SY MR XLMROMRK EFSYX WIPIGXMRK
]SYV XSTMG 3RI MW JMPEQIRXEPMX] [[[ORTEGFIPPGSQ *MPEQIRXEPMX]
LIPTW ]SY MR WIPIGXMRK E XSTMG F] TVSZMHMRK ;IF WIEVGLMRK XMTW -X PIXW
]SY qJMPP MR XLI FPEROWr XS KEXLIV KSSH ;IF WMXIW ERH KYMHIW ]SY [MXL
MRXIVEGXMZI TEKIW XLEX LIPT ]SY WLETI ]SYV MHIEW EVSYRH ]SYV KSEPW
(MWWIVXEXMSRW %FWXVEGXW LXXT[[[HMWWIVXEXMSREFWXVEGXWGSQ
MW E KYMHI XS EFWXVEGXW SR EPP HMWWIVXEXMSR XSTMGW SR PMRI MX MRGPYHIW
XLIWMW LIPT ERH JVII GSRWYPXEXMSR 8LMW KYMHI [EW TVITEVIH XS LIPT
KVEHYEXI WXYHIRXW MR TVITEVMRK XLIWIW ERH HMWWIVXEXMSRW
9WI 9RMZIVWMX] +YMHIPMRIW ERH 6IKYPEXMSRW

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XLEX JEQMPMEVMX] [MXL JSVQEP KYMHIW ERH VIUYMVIQIRXW JSV XLI 8( [MPP
TE] HMZMHIRHW JSV XLI WXYHIRX 4VSFPIQW EVI PIWW PMOIP] XS SGGYV MJ
KYMHIPMRIW SR TVSGIHYVEP ERH IHMXSVMEP QEXXIVW EVI WXYHMIH EX XLI SYXWIX
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F] XLI WXYHIRX ERH XLI EHZMWSV XSKIXLIV 7YGL NSMRX WXYH] SYKLX XS FI
HSRI MR E WTMVMX SJ YRHIVWXERHMRK 'PEVMJ]MRK XLI VEXMSREPI JSV IEGL SJ
XLI KYMHIPMRIW ERH HIXIVQMRMRK LS[ XLI] GER FI QSWX LIPTJYP XS XLI
WXYHIRX [LMPI XLI] EPWS WIVZI XLI FVSEHIV TYVTSWIW SJ MQTVSZMRK GSQ
QYRMGEXMSR EQSRK XLI TVSJIWWMSRW ERH SXLIV WGLSPEVP] KVSYTW MW XLI
KSEP
*MKYVI GSRXEMRW ER EPTLEFIXMÎH PMWX SJ XSTMGW EFSYX [LMGL
YRMZIVWMXMIW SJXIR LEZI WTIGMJMG VIKYPEXMSRW TIVXEMRMRK XS 8( TVSGI
HYVIW ERH JSVQEX ;I YVKI WXYHIRXW XS YWI *MK EW E GLIGOPMWX
[LMPI HIZIPSTMRK XLI 8( JMVWX HVEJX ERH EW RIIHIH PEXIV -J JSV MR
WXERGI ]SY XLMRO ]SY QE] RIIH XS MRGPYHI E HVE[MRK MR ]SYV QERY
WGVMTX MJ ]SY QE] RIIH XS TVIWIVZI XLI GSRJMHIRXMEPMX] SJ GIVXEMR HEXE
SV MJ ]SY LEZI UYIWXMSRW EFSYX ER] SXLIV SJ XLI MXIQW MR XLI JMKYVI
MX MW FIWX XS EWGIVXEMR XLI JEGXW IEVP] =SYV EHZMWSV ]SYV HITEVXQIRX
GLEMVTIVWSR SV I\IGYXMZI SJJMGIV ]SYV HIERtW SJJMGI ERH XLI KVEHYEXI
SJJMGI SJ ]SYV YRMZIVWMX] EVI XLI TPEGIW XS KS JSV HIXEMPW EFSYX ER] SJ
XLI GLIGOPMWX MXIQW
1ER] TVSJIWWSVW FIPMIZI E YWIJYP ETTVSEGL MW JSV XLI WXYHIRX XS
FIGSQI JEQMPMEV [MXL XLI GSRXIRXW SJ XLI YRMZIVWMX] TVSGIHYVEP KYMHI
EX XLI WEQI XMQI XLEX XLI 8( TVSFPIQ MW FIMRK GSRGITXYEPMÎH *SP
PS[MRK XLEX JVIUYIRX VIJIVIRGI XS XLI YRMZIVWMX] QERYEP GER LIPT XLI
WXYHIRX SVKERMÎ RSXIW ERH VSYKL HVEJXW WS XLEX QMRMQEP XMQI MW PSWX MR
QSZMRK XS[EVH ER EGGITXEFPI JMREP QERYWGVMTX
9WI SJ 7X]PI 1ERYEPW

*EGYPX] QIQFIVW ERH WXYHIRXW RIIH WX]PI QERYEPW 8LI JSVQIV YWI
XLIQ XS UYMGOP] VIJVIWL XLIMV QIQSVMIW EFSYX UYIWXMSRW XS PSSO YT
VIGSQQIRHEXMSRW EFSYX RI[ TVSFPIQW MR [VMXMRK EW XLI] EVMWI ERH XS
QSRMXSV KIRIVEPP] XLI GSRWMWXIRG] SJ XLIMV S[R [VMXMRK *VIUYIRXP]
JEGYPX] QIQFIVW [VMXI JSV QSVI XLER SRI GSPPIEKYI EYHMIRGI XLI EG
GITXIH WX]PIW SJ XLI X[S QE] ZEV] *SV MRWXERGI XLI %QIVMGER )HYGE
XMSREP 6IWIEVGL %WWSGMEXMSR XLI %QIVMGER -RWXMXYXI SJ 4L]WMGW XLI
%QIVMGER 4W]GLSPSKMGEP %WWSGMEXMSR ERH XLI 7SGMEP ;SVO =IEVFSSO
EPP LEZI WSQI[LEX HMJJIVIRX WX]PIW TVIWGVMFIH
7SQI WX]PI KYMHIW EWWSGMEXIH [MXL EGEHIQMG HMWGMTPMRIW EVI
EZEMPEFPI SR PMRI *SV I\EQTPI XLI LSQI TEKI SJ XLI %QIVMGER -RWXM
XYXI SJ 4L]WMGW [[[EMTSVK PIEHW ]SY XS XLIMV 7X]PI 1ERYEP EZEMP
*MKYVI %HQMRMWXVEXMZI ERH XIGLRMGEP QEXXIVW MRGPYHIH MR XLIWMW ERH

HMWWIVXEXMSR VIKYPEXMSRW
*MKYVI 'SRXMRYIH
*MKYVI 'SRXMRYIH
EFPI SR PMRI +VEHYEXI WXYHIRXW WLSYPH FIGSQI JEQMPMEV [MXL XLI EG
GITXIH WX]PI QERYEP MR XLIMV HMWGMTPMRI ERH YWI MX JVSQ XLI HE] SJ
EHQMWWMSR XS XLI HE] SJ KVEHYEXMSR /RS[MRK XLI WX]PI W]WXIQ JSV GMXE
XMSRW MR WGLSPEVP] TETIVW [MPP WEZI E KVIEX HIEP SJ XMQI MR KVEHYEXI
WGLSSP EW [IPP EW PEXIV MR TVSJIWWMSREP PMJI 8LI %4% WX]PI QERYEP
GSQQSRP] YWIH MR XLI WSGMEP ERH FILEZMSVEP WGMIRGIW MW ERSXLIV I\
EQTPI SJ E WX]PI W]WXIQ JSV [LMGL XLIVI MW SRPMRI MRJSVQEXMSR ERH
LIPT 8LI LSQI TEKI LXXT[[[ETESVK [MPP PIEH [VMXIVW XS LIPT MR
YRHIVWXERHMRK ERH YWMRK %4% WX]PI MR [VMXMRK TETIVW ERH EVXMGPIW
8LIVI MW EPWS LIPT %4% SR LS[ XS JSVQEX VIJIVIRGIW
GMXEXMSRW LIEHMRKW WXEXMWXMGW XEFPIW ERH -RXIVRIX HSGYQIRX GMXEXMSRW
%R I\GIPPIRX XI\X XS LIPT RI[ [VMXIVW MW 1EWXIVMRK %4% 7X]PI 7XY
HIRXtW ;SVOFSSO ERH 8VEMRMRK +YMHI +IPJERH ERH ;EPOIV
8LI QSWX GSQQSRP] YWIH WX]PI QERYEPW EVI PMWXIH MR XLMW FSSOtW
VIJIVIRGI PMWX )EGL JEGYPX] QIQFIV ERH WXYHIRX WLSYPH MRUYMVI EFSYX
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XLI WGLSSPtW WX]PI VIUYMVIQIRXW ERH EFMHI F] XLIQ *SVIMKR WXYHIRXW

WXMPP HIZIPSTMRK WOMPP MR WGMIRXMJMG ERH TVSJIWWMSREP )RKPMWL [VMXMRK
SJXIR RIIH XS FI EXXIRXMZI XS XLI GLEVEGXIVMWXMGW SJ 8( TVSWI +MFEPHM
ERH %GLXIVX 0ERH 8YVEFMER
7X]PI QERYEPW HS RSX RIGIWWEVMP] LIPT MQTVSZI [VMXMRK WOMPPW SV
FI PSKMGEP ERH GPIEV MR XLMROMRK ERH [VMXMRK 8LIVI EVI FSSOW TYFPMWLIH
XS HS XLMW ERH WSQI EVI UYMXI VIEHEFPI ERH YWIJYP )ZERW ERH )ZERW
*S[PIV +IPJERH ERH ;EPOIV 2I[QER
7XVYRO ERH ;LMXI >MRWWIV 3RGI EHIUYEXI KIRIVEP [VMX
MRK WOMPP MW EXXEMRIH LS[IZIV XLI WX]PI QERYEP MJ YWIH XLSYKLXJYPP]
GER FI E QEXIVMEP EMH XS TVSHYGMRK LMKLUYEPMX] TVSWI MR E JSVQ EGGITX
EFPI JSV TVSJIWWMSREP TYFPMGEXMSRW
3980-2-2+ 8,) 463437%0

-R HIZIPSTMRK XLI TVSTSWEP ]SY GER YWI XLI -RXIVRIX XS JMRH I\EQTPIW
SJ SYXPMRIW XLEX QE] LIPT ]SY XLMRO XLVSYKL MR ER SVHIVP] JEWLMSR XLI
GSRXIRXW SJ E HMWWIVXEXMSR SV XLIWMW TVSTSWEP % WMQTPI [E] XS JMRH
SYXPMRI LIPT MW XS IRXIV XIVQW WYGL EW SYXPMRI SYXPMRMRK SV SYXPMRMRK
WOMPPW MRXS WIEVGL IRKMRIW IK [[[KSSKPIGSQ ERH JMRH E WMXI PMOI
%GXMSR3YXPMRI [[[KVIIRTEVVSXWGSQ 8LMW MW WSJX[EVI XLEX PIXW ]SY
SVKERMÎ ]SYV FMXW SJ MRJSVQEXMSR MR E XVII SYXPMRI JSVQ 8LMW WSJX[EVI
MW JSV WEPI FYX XLIVI MW E JVII XVMEP HS[RPSEH XLEX QE] LIPT ]SY GSR
WXVYGX E YWIJYP SYXPMRI
1ER] YRMZIVWMXMIW ERH GSPPIKIW QEMRXEMR ;IF WMXIW XLEX LEZI SYX
PMRI WEQTPIW ERH EWWMWX MR MQTEVXMRK SYXPMRMRK WOMPPW ERH KYMHIW XS
KVEQQEV ERH [VMXMRK *SV I\EQTPI 'ETMXEP 'SQQYRMX] 'SPPIKI LEW
E WMXI XLEX LIPTW [IFWXIVGSQQRIXIHY EW HSIW XLI 4YVHYI 9RMZIVWMX]
3RPMRI ;VMXMRK 0EF LXXTS[PIRKPMWLTYVHYIIHY 8LMW WMXI LEW WEQ
TPI SYXPMRIW MRJSVQEXMSR EFSYX [VMXMRK VIWIEVGL TETIVW WIEVGL IR
KMRIW WIEVGL LIPTW LIPT [MXL KVEQQEV WTIPPMRK ERH TYRGXYEXMSR VIJ
IVIRGI QEXIVMEPW ERH VIWSYVGIW ERH TVSJIWWMSREP [VMXMRK EMH
*SVQEX SJ XLI 4VIWIRXEXMSR

7SQI EHZMWSVW VIGSQQIRH XLEX XLI WXYHIRX TVITEVI SRP] E X[S SV
XLVIITEKI TVSWTIGXYW XS XEOI XS XLI GSQQMXXII JSV ETTVSZEP 3XLIVW
KS QYGL JYVXLIV VIUYMVMRK RSX SRP] E HIXEMPIH VIWIEVGL TPER FYX EPWS
E WYQQEV] SJ TVIPMQMREV] VIWIEVGL VIWYPXW 1ER] WGLSSPW ERH HITEVX

QIRXW LEZI MR VIGIRX ]IEVW TVMRXIH MRJSVQEXMSR SR TVSTSWEP VIUYMVI
QIRXW MR E &YPPIXMR SR 1EWXIVtW ERH (SGXSVEP 7XYH] SV WSQIXLMRK
WMQMPEV %PWS EWO ]SYV EHZMWSV XS PIX ]SY VIEH X[S SV XLVII VIGIRX
TVSTSWEPW XLEX [IVI GSRWMHIVIH SJ KSSH UYEPMX] XS LIPT ]SY TPER ]SYVW
%X XLMW WXEKI [VMXMRK QYWX FIGSQI QSVI JSVQEP -X [MPP WEZI
XMQI MJ HVEJXW ETTVS\MQEXI XLI JSVQ ERH WX]PI SJ ER EGXYEP TVSTSWEP
EW MX [MPP ETTIEV [LIR GSQTPIXIH 8LIR IEGL HVEJX [MPP FI E GPSWIV
ETTVS\MQEXMSR SJ XLI IRH KSEP =SY [MPP JMRH XLMW WXITF]WXIT HIZIP
STQIRX LIPTW ]SY XS VIEGL GPSWYVI SR [LEX EX XLI FIKMRRMRK QMKLX
ETTIEV EW ER SZIV[LIPQMRK XEWO 9WI SJ E [SVHTVSGIWWMRK TVSKVEQ
GER KVIEXP] JEGMPMXEXI XLI TVITEVEXMSR SJ IEGL ETTVS\MQEXMSR ERH VIHYGI
XLI XEWO XS QSVI QEREKIEFPI TVSTSVXMSRW
-R 8(W SJXIR E WYFWXERXMEP EQSYRX SJ JMVWXLERH SFWIVZEFPI HEXE
EVI KEXLIVIH ERH EREP]ÎH =IX QER] SXLIV 8(W XEOI XLI JSVQ SJ E
TSPMG] GSRGITXYEPMÊXMSR EREP]WMW ERH MRXIVTVIXEXMSR SV SJ E XLISV]
FEWIH GVMXMGEP I\EQMREXMSR ERH W]RXLIWMW SJ E WTIGMJMG FSH] SJ ORS[P
IHKI SR E TEVXMGYPEV MWWYI SV XSTMG
)ZIV] 8( SJ GSYVWI VIPMIW SR XLI EWWIQFPMRK SJ W]WXIQEXMG IZM
HIRGI XS JSGYW SR XLI TVSFPIQ EX LERH 8LI WSYVGIW SJ IZMHIRGI ERH
XLI REXYVI SJ HEXE ZEV] XLSYKL ERH WS HS XLI QIXLSHW SJ EGUYMVMRK
ERH EREP]^MRK QEXIVMEP 8LISVIXMGEP W]RXLIWIW SVHMREVMP] HITIRH LIEZ
MP] SR FSXL TVMQEV] ERH WIGSRHEV] WSYVGIW 1YGL SJ XLI QEXIVMEP WXYH
MIH [MPP FI QSVI UYEPMXEXMZI XLER UYERXMXEXMZI -X MW MR XLI YRMJSVQMX]
XLI GSRWMWXIRG] ERH XLI W]WXIQEXMG ETTVSEGL XS WYGL HEXE XLEX XLI
XLISVIXMGEP W]RXLIWMW HMWTPE]W MXW SFNIGXMZMX] ERH MXW STIRRIWW XS VITPM
GEXMSR 4SPMG] EREP]WIW XIRH XS VIP] PEVKIP] SR PMFVEV] WSYVGIW WYGL EW
EVXMGPIW FSSOW HSGYQIRXW IWWE]W MRJSVQERXW SJJMGMEP XVERWGVMTXMSRW
WTIGMEP WYVZI]W ERH VITSVXW 8LI EVVE]MRK ERH SVHIVMRK SJ TIVXMRIRX
MRJSVQEXMSR JVSQ WYGL WSYVGIW JSV EREP]XMGEP EWWIWWQIRX MW E QENSV
GLEPPIRKI XS XLI MRZIWXMKEXSV ERH XLI WOMPP GPEVMX] ERH WSTLMWXMGEXMSR
[MXL [LMGL XLEX MW HSRI MW E TVMQI GSRWMHIVEXMSR MR NYHKMRK XLI QIVMXW
SJ XLI [SVO )QTMVMGEP WXYHMIW IQTLEWMÎ GSRXVSP MR XLI WIRWI XLEX XLI
MRZIWXMKEXSV WIXW YT XLI GSRHMXMSRW SJ XLI MRZIWXMKEXMSR ERH WTIGMJMIW
HIXEMPIH UYIWXMSRW XLEX [MPP FI ERW[IVIH SV L]TSXLIWIW XLEX [MPP FI
XIWXIH 8LI MHIRXMJMGEXMSR ETTPMGEXMSR SV SFWIVZEXMSR SJ E XVIEXQIRX
IJJIGX MW E GSQQSR TEVX SJ WYGL WXYHMIW EW MW XLI EREP]WMW SJ HEXE
)EGL SJ XLIWI 8( JSVQW MW TVSFEFP] FIWX TVIWIRXIH F] JSPPS[MRK
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E WSQI[LEX HMJJIVIRX WXVYGXYVI SV SYXPMRI -R XLMW GLETXIV XLI 8EFPI SJ

'SRXIRXW SJ XLI QSWX JVIUYIRX JSVQ SJ TVSTSWEP XLI IQTMVMGEP WXYH]
MW LMKLPMKLXIH *MK %TTIRHM\ & SJJIVW I\TERHIH SYXPMRIW XLEX
QMKLX FI LIPTJYP JSV SXLIV 8( X]TIW 8LI] EVI WYKKIWXIH KYMHIW TVI
WGVMTXMSRW GERRSX FI [VMXXIR FIGEYWI RS X[S TVSNIGXW [MPP FI I\EGXP]
EPMOI
%HETX XLI *SVQEX XS XLI 4VSFPIQ

8LI KSEPW ERH QIXLSHW SJ E WXYH] WLETI XLI TVSTSWEP HMJJIVIRX WXYHMIW
[MPP IQTLEWMÎ HMJJIVIRX XLMRKW 7SQI QE] JMX XLI WXERHEVH JSVQEX FYX
SXLIVW QE] VIUYMVI EHETXEXMSR /VEXL[SLP
8LI WEQI TSMRX EFSYX YWMRK XLI SFNIGXMZIW ERH XLI TVSGIHYVIW SJ
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8LYW MX MW ZMXEP XLEX XLI WXYHIRX ORS[W SV EWGIVXEMRW XLI RSVQW

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MRZIWXMKEXMSR
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SJ VILEFMPMXEXMRK GVMQMREPW JSV [LMGL E ZEVMIX] SJ TEVXW SJ XLISVMIW

SJ GVMQMREP NYWXMGI WSGMEP PIEVRMRK TYRMWLQIRX ERH QSVEPMX] QE] FI
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8[S IWWIRXMEP TSMRXW SYKLX XS FI MRGPYHIH MR XLMW WIGXMSR SJ IZIV]
TVSTSWEP *MVWX MX WLSYPH FI QEHI GPIEV [LIXLIV XLI JVEQI[SVO SJ XLI
MRZIWXMKEXMSR MW TVEKQEXMG IGPIGXMG SV JSGYWIH SR E WMRKPI XLISV] [MXL
E FVMIJ I\TPEREXMSR SJ [L] ERH LS[ 7IGSRH XLI JVEQI[SVO [LMGL
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8LI 7XEXIQIRX SJ XLI 4VSFPIQ MW E WLSVX WIGXMSR FYX TIVLETW XLI QSWX
MQTSVXERX MR XLI TVSTSWEP -X PE]W HS[R E KYMHI XS JSPPS[ MR EPP XLEX
GSQIW EJXIV %X XLI WEQI XMQI MX MW E WIVMSYW EKVIIQIRX FIX[IIR XLI
TVSTSWIV ERH XLI JEGYPX] 7SQI MRWXMXYXMSRW IZIR VIJIV XS MX EW LEZMRK
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[MPP FI GEVIJYPP] WGVYXMRMÎH F] XLI JEGYPX] ERH SRGI EGGITXIH [MPP
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QMWWMSR MW GSQTPIXIH SV EFSVXIH
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MRMXMEP TEVEKVETL SJ XLI WXEXIQIRX SJ XLI TVSFPIQ &I FVMIJ &YMPH SR
XLI MRXVSHYGXMSR XS TVSZMHI MRJSVQEXMSR GSRGIVRMRK XLI VIEWSRW [L]
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XMQI 8LI TVSFPIQ WXEXIQIRX LEW XS JSPPS[ PSKMGEPP] XLI TYVTSWI WXEXI
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XLI VIWIEVGL ERH XLI REXYVI SJ XLI XSTMG 8LI WXEXIQIRX KMZIW HMVIGXMSR
XS XLI WXYH] KMZIW IWWIRXMEP MRJSVQEXMSR EFSYX XLI WGSTI SJ XLI WXYH]
ERH WYKKIWXW [MXLSYX KMZMRK HIXEMPW LS[ XLI WXYH] [MPP FI GEVVMIH
SYX 8LI WXEXIQIRX QYWX FI GPIEV GSRGMWI ERH YREQFMKYSYW
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)PIQIRXW EVI WXEXIH MR WXYHMIW XLEX HS RSX VIUYMVI L]TSXLIWIW 7SQI
XMQIW IPIQIRXW MR 8( TVSTSWEPW EVI GEPPIH VIWIEVGL UYIWXMSRW SV GSQ
TSRIRXW &] [LEXIZIV REQI XLI] EVI XLI WTIGMJMG TEVXW SJ XLI TVSFPIQ
WXYHMIH EW STTSWIH XS SXLIV TEVXW YWYEPP] YRREQIH RSX WXYHMIH 8LYW
XLI IPIQIRXW LIPT HIJMRI ERH QEOI QSVI WTIGMJMG XLI TVSFPIQ WXEXI
QIRX
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8LI L]TSXLIWMW MW WXEXIH EW E WYKKIWXIH WSPYXMSR XS E TVSFPIQ SV EW
XLI VIPEXMSRWLMT SJ WTIGMJMIH ZEVMEFPIW -X VIXEMRW XLI GLEVEGXIV SJ E
KYIWW YRXMP JEGXW EVI JSYRH XS GSRJMVQ SV HMWGVIHMX MX
%W SRI QMKLX I\TIGX JVSQ XLI WTIPPMRK XLI [SVH GSQIW JVSQ XLI
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TPYVEP MW L]TSXLIWIW -X LEW GSQI XS LEZI E QIERMRK WMQMPEV XS SRI SJ
XLI +VIIO QIERMRKWhWYTTSWMXMSR -X GSYPH FI GEPPIH E WYTTSWMXMSR
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JSV SFWIVZIH JEGXW SV TLIRSQIRE
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[LEX XLI] WIIQ XS WII 8LI] SJXIR YWI XLIWI I\TPEREXMSRW EW E FEWI JSV
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MR XLI 9RMXIH 7XEXIW# *MVWX XLI] VIZMI[ XLI VIWIEVGL ERH XLI WTIGYPE
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[LEX MW GSRXVMFYXMRK XS XLI VMWI SJ XLI HMZSVGI VEXI
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QMRMRK STIVEXMSR SV PE]MRK SYX E VSEH[E] QEOIW MRJIVIRGIW FEWIH SR
JEGXW ERH SFWIVZIH GSRHMXMSRW MR GSQMRK XS E HIGMWMSR 8LI IRKMRIIV
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KMVPW 8LI WTIGMEPMWX KYIWWIW XLEX MW L]TSXLIWMÎW XLEX XLI HMJJIVIRGI
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VIPIZERX E L]TSXLIWMW QYWX ERW[IV TEVX SV EPP SJ XLI QEXXIV FIMRK
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PIQ WXEXIQIRX
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KIRIVEXI GMXEXMSRW MR QSVI XLER TYFPMWLMRK WX]PIW TPYW [VMXI JSSX
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8LI XIVQ PMXIVEXYVI MW IQTPS]IH XS MRGPYHI ER]XLMRK ETTVSTVMEXI
XS XLI XSTMG WYGL EW XLISVMIW PIXXIVW HSGYQIRXW LMWXSVMGEP VIGSVHW
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UYMXI HMJJMGYPX XS PSGEXI 8LMW MW ERSXLIV TSMRX EX [LMGL E TVSJIWWMSREP
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VIWYPXW 7SQI VIWIEVGLIVW LEZI EXXIQTXIH XS FYMPH XEFPIW SV GLEVXW SJ

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IQTMVMGEP WXYHMIW [MXL XVIEXQIRX QIERW ERH GSRXVSP KVSYT QIERW GSQ
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SV XLI XLISVIXMGEP GSRWXVYGXW QE] RSX ]IX FI EZEMPEFPI XS KYMHI ERH
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FIIR HSRI
/IIT E PMWX SJ XLI UYIWXMSRW ERH L]TSXLIWIW XLEX GSQI XS ]SYV
QMRH SV XLEX EVI QIRXMSRIH MR [LEX ]SY VIEH -R XLI PEXXIV GEWI FI
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IVP] GMXI XLIMV WSYVGIW PEXIV MJ ]SY [MWL -R TEVXMGYPEV XLEX PMWX [MPP
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ERH XLI EHHMXMSREP VIWIEVGL HMVIGXMSRW ]SYV [SVO WYTTSVXW SV WYKKIWXW
7M\XL XLI XSTMG FIMRK VIWIEVGLIH RS[ GSYPH WXEVX E PSRKXIVQ
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GSRWMWXIRX GMXEXMSR W]WXIQ MR E GSQTYXIV JMPI 3FZMSYWP] XLEX QEOIW MX
IEWMP] EZEMPEFPI JSV JYVXLIV EVXMGPIW ERH JSPPS[YT MRZIWXMKEXMSRW
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WYFNIGX LIEHMRKW XLEX VIPEXI XS XLIQIW SJ MRXIVIWX ;I VIGSQQIRH
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WTIGMJMG 8LYW E VIWIEVGLIV QMKLX WXEVX [MXL GYVVIRX VIJIVIRGI WSYVGIW
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KMJXIH LERHMGETTIH GLMPHVIR 8LIR [SVOMRK FEGO XLVSYKL XLI IEVPMIV

VIWIEVGL [MPP TVSZMHI E HITXL GSRXI\X ERH YRHIVWXERHMRK SJ GYVVIRX
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EVIEW SJ MRXIVIWX ERH LIPT HIZIPST ER YRHIVWXERHMRK JSV XLI MRXIVVIPE
XMSRWLMTW SJ VIWIEVGL *SV I\EQTPI XLI VIPEXMSRWLMT FIX[IIR IHYGEXMSR
SJ KMJXIH GLMPHVIR LERHMGETTIH GLMPHVIR QIRXEP XIWXW TYFPMG TSPMG]
IUYEP IHYGEXMSREP STTSVXYRMX] MRGPYWMSR WITEVEXMSR ERH QEMRWXVIEQ
MRK [SYPH FI GEWIW SJ MRXIVVIPEXMSRWLMTW GYVVIRXP] XSTMGEP MR TW]GLSP
SK] ERH MR XLI TYFPMG EJJEMVW PIKEP WSGMEP [SVO ERH IHYGEXMSR TVSJIW
WMSRW
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*SV XLSWI MR XLI WXEKI SJ VIZMI[MRK PMXIVEXYVI VIGIRX NSYVREP MWWYIW
SJXIR TVSZMHI PIEHW XS GSRXIRX XLEX WLSYPH FI MR XLI VIZMI[ 8LI TE
VEQIXIVW SJ EGEHIQMG SV TVSJIWWMSREP EVIEW XLI GYVVIRX XLMROMRK MR XLI
JMIPH XLI MRZIWXMKEXSVW [LS EVI [VMXMRK MR XLI JMIPH XLI MHIEW FIMRK
HMWGYWWIH ERH XLI VIJIVIRGIW XLEX EVI QSWX GMXIH ERH VIWTIGXIH MR XLI
JMIPH EVI EPP HMWTPE]IH MR VIGIRX MWWYIW SJ MQTSVXERX NSYVREPW %X ER
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JMIH EW GIRXVEP XS XLI XSTMG QE] FI ZIV] GSWXIJJIGXMZI
3RI [SVH SJ EHZMGI EFSYX NSYVREPW 8LIVI MW [MHI ZEVMEXMSR MR
UYEPMX] 7SQI NSYVREPW EVI ZIV] GEVIJYP EFSYX [LEX XLI] TYFPMWL SXL
IVW EVI RSX 7SQI EVI VIJIVIIH F] XST I\TIVXW SXLIVW EVI LYRKV] JSV
ER] QERYWGVMTX XLEX XYVRW YT MR XLI QEMP 7SQI EVI VIEH F] SYXWXERHMRK
WGLSPEVW SXLIVW [SYPH LEZI HMJJMGYPX] JMRHMRK XLIMV [E] MRXS E WGLSP
EVtW [EWXIFEWOIX ,S[ HSIW SRI XIPP XLI HMJJIVIRGI# %WO TVSJIWWSVW
GSPPIEKYIW [LS ORS[ XLI JMIPH ERH PMFVEVMERW [LS WTIGMEPMÎ MR XLI
JMIPH ERH PSSO XLVSYKL NSYVREPW 6IEH E GST] SJ XLI NSYVREP PSSO EX MXW
JSVQEX MXW TYFPMWLIV MXW FSEVH SJ IHMXSVW I\EQMRI XLI UYEPMJMGEXMSRW SJ
[VMXIVW ERH VIZMI[ XLI TVSGIHYVIW JSV HIXIVQMRMRK [LEX KIXW TYF
PMWLIH MR XLI NSYVREP =SY GER EPWS ZMWMX XLI ;IF SJ /RS[PIHKI LSQI
TEKI LXXT[[[MWMRIXGSQ [LMGL [MPP TVSZMHI EGGIWW XS XLI QENSV
GMXEXMSR MRHI\IW IK 7SGMEP 7GMIRGIW 'MXEXMSR -RHI\ 7GMIRGI 'MXEXMSR
-RHI\ ERH ,YQERMXMIW 'MXEXMSR -RHI\
% WMQMPEV GSQQIRX GSYPH FI QEHI EFSYX XLI PMFVEV]tW FSSO GSP
PIGXMSR ERH XLI PMFVEV]tW HEXEFEWIW XLEX KMZI EGGIWW XS XLI GSPPIGXMSRW
SJ SXLIV PMFVEVMIW %W E VIWIEVGLIV TYXXMRK XSKIXLIV E VIZMI[ SJ XLI
PMXIVEXYVI ]SY HS RSX LEZI XS EKVII [MXL XLI QENSV GSRXVMFYXSVW XS XLI
JMIPH FYX ]SY HS LEZI XS ORS[ XLIMV [SVO ERH GMXI MX 3JXIR XLMW [SVO
I\MWXW MR FSSOW 8LI WIQMREP [SVO MR EPQSWX ER] JMIPH MW PMOIP] XS FI
MR XLI YRMZIVWMX] PMFVEV] FSSO GSPPIGXMSR ERH XLEX MW ER ETTVSTVMEXI
TPEGI XS WTIRH E KSSH HIEP SJ XMQI HSMRK E VIZMI[ SJ XLI PMXIVEXYVI SV
VIWIEVGL 8LIVI MW RS WYFWXMXYXI JSV XLI LSYVW SRI QYWX WTIRH FVS[WMRK
XLI FSSOWLIPZIW ERH GSQTYXIVMÎH HEXEFEWIW SJ XLI PMFVEV] ERH VI
ZMI[MRK XLI QENSV [SVOW MR XLI WIPIGXIH JMIPH SJ MRUYMV]
-R WLSVX XLMW TEVX SJ XLI TVSTSWEP WLSYPH TVIWIRX MRJSVQEXMSR
EFSYX XLI IZSPYXMSR ERH TVIWIRX WXEXI SJ XLISV] ERH WTIGYPEXMSR ERH
VIWIEVGL SR XLI XSTMG TVSTSWIH JSV MRZIWXMKEXMSR 8LI VIZMI[ WLSYPH
GSRGPYHI F] WLS[MRK LS[ XLI TVSTSWIH WXYH] [MPP EHH XS XLI WYFNIGXtW
ORS[PIHKI FEWI 8LI VIZMI[ WLSYPH QEOI YRQMWXEOEFP] GPIEV XS XLI
VIEHIV XLEX XLIVI EVI WSQI QMWWMRK TMIGIW XS XLI FSH] SJ VIWIEVGL ERH
[LEX XLSWI TMIGIW EVI ERH XLEX XLI TVSTSWIH WXYH] MW HMVIGXP] EMQIH EX
JMPPMRK MR SRI SV QSVI SJ XLSWI QMWWMRK TMIGIW
6)7)%6', ()7-+2
%W [I YWI XLI XIVQ VIWIEVGL HIWMKR MW E XSXEP TPER JSV GEVV]MRK SYX ER
MRZIWXMKEXMSR 6IWIEVGL QIXLSHSPSK] VIWIEVGL X]TI SV KIRIVEP
QIXLSH EVI GSRWMHIVIH W]RSR]QW JSV VIWIEVGL HIWMKR % GSQTPIXIH
VIWIEVGL HIWMKR WLS[W XLI WXITF]WXIT WIUYIRGI SJ EGXMSRW MR GEVV]MRK
SYX ER MRZIWXMKEXMSR IWWIRXMEP XS SFXEMRMRK SFNIGXMZI VIPMEFPI ERH ZEPMH
MRJSVQEXMSR 8LI GSQTPIXIH HIWMKR EPWS MRHMGEXIW LS[ XLI VIWYPXERX
SFNIGXMZI MRJSVQEXMSR MW XS FI YWIH XS HIXIVQMRI GSRGPYWMSRW EFSYX XLI
EGGYVEG] SJ E L]TSXLIWMW E XLISV] SV XLI GSVVIGX ERW[IV XS E UYIWXMSR
(MPPQER )MWRIV ERH 4IWOOMR 0IIH] ERH 3VQVSH
1MPPIV ERH 7EPOMRH
%HZERGIH WXYH] MR XLI 9RMXIH 7XEXIW MW XVIQIRHSYW MR WGSTI ERH
GSQTPI\MX] %PWS MX MW KVS[MRK ERH GLERKMRK 4VSFEFP] RS SXLIV WIG
XSV SJ LMKLIV IHYGEXMSR KIRIVEXIW WS QER] I\GMXMRK ERH HMJJMGYPX UYIW
XMSRW 8LI ZEVMIH REXYVI SJ XLI UYIWXMSRW GEPPW MR XYVR JSV XLI ETTPMGE
XMSR SJ QER] HMJJIVIRX JSVQW SJ VIWIEVGL
8S EWWMWX WXYHIRXW JVSQ E ZEVMIX] SJ EGEHIQMG ERH TVSJIWWMSREP
HMWGMTPMRIW IRZMWMSR XLI SZIVEPP GSRGITX SJ VIWIEVGL HIWMKR [I MRGPYHI
*MK EW E KIRIVEP QSHIP 8LI QSHIP MX MW LSTIH [MPP WYTTP] ER
'LETXIV
*MKYVI +IRIVEP QSHIP JSV VIWIEVGL HIWMKRW

EHHMXMSREP GSRGITXYEP WXVYGXYVI JSV WXYHIRXW XS WYTTPIQIRX XLI SYXPMRIW

MR %TTIRHM\ & 8LI KIRIVEP QSHIP HSIW RSX TEVEPPIP I\EGXP] XLI GLET
XIV SV XLI XSTMG HIZIPSTQIRX SJ XLMW FSSO FYX EPP XLI MXIQW MR XLI
FS\IW MR XLI JMKYVI EVI XVIEXIH -J VIJIVVIH XS MR HMWGYWWMSRW [MXL ER
EHZMWSV ERH SXLIV GSQQMXXII QIQFIVW SV GSRWYPXERXW XLI QSHIP GER
FI YWIJYP MR QEMRXEMRMRK XLI JSGYW SJ E GSRJIVIRGI SR WTIGMJMG TVSFPIQ
EVIEW ERH MR [SVOMRK SYX WSPYXMSRW XS XLIQ
6)7)%6', 1)8,3(303+=
8LI VIWIEVGL QIXLSHSPSK] TEVX SJ XLI TVSTSWEP WLSYPH MHIRXMJ] JSV XLI
VIEHIV XLI SRI SV QSVI VIWIEVGL QIXLSHW XLI WXYHIRX TPERW XS YWI MI
STMRMSR TSPPMRK GEWI WXYH] I\TIVMQIRXEP SV SXLIV 8LI WXYHIRXtW SF
NIGXMZI WLSYPH FI XS KMZI XLI VIEHIV E GETWYPI WXEXIQIRX EFSYX XLI
GSRXIQTPEXIH VIWIEVGL QIXLSHSPSK] [LMPI MRHMGEXMRK XLEX HIXEMPW EVI
XS FI JSYRH MR WYGGIIHMRK TSVXMSRW SJ XLI TVSTSWEP
%JXIV XLI VIWIEVGL UYIWXMSRW ERHSV L]TSXLIWIW LEZI FIIR HI
GMHIH XLI WMRKPI QSWX MQTSVXERX GLSMGI XS FI QEHI F] XLI MRZIWXMKEXSV
MW XLI VIWIEVGL QIXLSHSPSK] XS IQTPS] 3RGI WIPIGXIH XLI VIWIEVGL
QIXLSHSPSK] XIRHW XS KSZIVR SV EX PIEWX PMQMX XLI VERKI SJ GLSMGIW EW
XS LS[ XLI HEXE [MPP FI GSPPIGXIH LS[ MX [MPP FI EREP]ÎH LS[ VIWYPXW
[MPP FI VITSVXIH ERH IZIR XLI REXYVI SJ XLI GSRGPYWMSRW XLEX QE] VIE
WSREFP] FI HVE[R JVSQ XLI VIWYPXW
;I JSYRH RS KIRIVEPP] EGGITXIH GPEWWMJMGEXMSR SJ X]TIW SJ VI
WIEVGL *SV I\EQTPI X[S XI\XW +E] 7PEZMR IEGL PMWX
JMZI VIWIEVGL X]TIW FYX XLI] EKVIIH SR SRP] XLVII SJ XLIQ 1SVISZIV
SRI XI\X GSRWMHIVW UYEPMXEXMZI SV IXLRSKVETLMG VIWIEVGL E HMWXMRGX ERH
QENSV GPEWWMJMGEXMSR [LMPI XLI SXLIV WYFWYQIW UYEPMXEXMZI MRZIWXMKE
XMSRW YRHIV ERSXLIV KIRIVEP GEXIKSV] SJ VIWIEVGL =IX XLI] FSXL EKVII
XLEX UYEPMXEXMZI VIWIEVGL HIZIPSTIH TVMQEVMP] MR ERXLVSTSPSK] ERH [EW
FSVVS[IH EW E QIXLSHSPSK] F] SXLIV JMIPHW 8LI] EPWS EKVII MR HIJMR
MRK UYEPMXEXMZI VIWIEVGL EW HIWGVMFMRK E WMXYEXMSR EW MX I\MWXW [MXLSYX
MRZSPZMRK JSVQEP L]TSXLIWIW FYX JSGYWMRK SR I\TPEMRMRK WSGMEP TVS
GIWWIW MR KVIEX HIXEMP
&IGEYWI XLIVI HSIW RSX WIIQ XS FI ER]XLMRK GSQTEVEFPI XS E
XE\SRSQ] MR XLI GPEWWMJMGEXMSR SJ VIWIEVGL X]TIW [I GLSWI MRWXIEH XS
WMQTP] PMWX ERH FVMIJP] MPPYWXVEXI E ZEVMIX] SJ JVIUYIRXP] YXMPMÎH ET
TVSEGLIW XS VIWIEVGL
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8]TIW SJ 1IXLSHSPSK]
*SV QSVI WTIGMJMG EMH XS XLI WXYHIRX [I MRXIVVYTX SYV SVHIVP] HIZIPST
QIRX SJ XLI SYXPMRI MR *MK XS MRWIVX XLI WIGXMSR FIPS[ 8]TIW SV
QIXLSHW EVI REQIH ERH MPPYWXVEXIH % VIZMI[ SJ XLI X]TIW QE] TVSZI
YWIJYP MR LIPTMRK XLI WXYHIRX HIGMHI [LEX [MPP FI [VMXXIR YRHIV XLI
6IWIEVGL 1IXLSHSPSK] LIEHMRK MR XLI 8( TVSTSWEP
%GGITXIH VIWIEVGL QIXLSHSPSK] PIKMXMQEXIP] IQFVEGIW E [MHI
ZEVMIX] SJ JSVQW
-R JEGX XLIVI EVI QER] EGXMSRW XLEX GER EWWMWX MR HMWGSZIVMRK
ORS[PIHKI ERH LYQERMX] PIEVRIH QYGL EFSYX LYQER REXYVI
PSRK FIJSVI XLIVI [EW ?JSVQEP VIGSKRMXMSR SJA WGMIRGI ERH WGMIR
XMJMG QIXLSH %R] EGXMSRW XLEX PIEH XS EGGYVEXI WXEXIQIRXW EFSYX
REXYVI QYWX FI GSRWMHIVIH EW LEZMRK WSQI QIXLSHSPSKMGEP PIKMXM
QEG] XLI GLEVEGXIVMÊXMSRW SJ GSRXVEWXMRK QIXLSHW EVI WMQTP]
EVKYQIRXW XLEX WSQI WGMIRXMJMG EGXMSRW EVI QSVI IJJIGXMZI XLER
SXLIVW EX TVSHYGMRK WXEXIQIRXW SJ KSSH KIRIVEPMX] .SLRWXSR ERH
4IRR]TEGOIV TT i
8LI QIXLSHW GLSWIR JSV E WXYH] GIVXEMRP] LEZI TVSJSYRH IJJIGXW
SR XLI SYXGSQIW 8LI WEQI LSPHW JSV LS[ WYFNIGXW EVI WIPIGXIH ERH
JSV LS[ HEXE EVI GSPPIGXIH ERH EREP]ÎH 1SWX MQTSVXERX XLSYKL MW
XLI QEXGL FIX[IIR QIXLSHW ERH XLI XLISVIXMGEP SV L]TSXLIXMGEP TVSTS
WMXMSRW YRHIV WGVYXMR] MR XLI MRZIWXMKEXMSR -X MW XLI WXEXIQIRX SJ XLI
TVSFPIQ XLEX TVSTIVP] WIVZIW EW E PEYRGLTEH JSV EPP XLI WYFWIUYIRX
WXITW 8LI GSVVIGX VIWIEVGL QIXLSHSPSK] WLSYPH JMX WQSSXLP] MRXS MXW
TPEGI MR XLI VIWIEVGL TPER WIUYIRGI XS QSZI JVSQ [LEX SRI WIIOW F]
HSMRK VIWIEVGL XS LS[ SRI KSIW EFSYX WIIOMRK MX
8LIWI MRUYMVMIW WLSYPH KSZIVR WIPIGXMSR SJ E VIWIEVGL QIXLSHSP
SK] q;LEX MW E XLI QSWX TVEGXMGEP F XLI QSWX IJJMGMIRX G XLI
QSWX TVSQMWMRK ERH H XLI QSWX VIEHMP] EZEMPEFPI [E] XS WSPZI XLI
VIWIEVGL TVSFPIQ SV ERW[IV XLI VIWIEVGL UYIWXMSR#r 6EVIP] [MPP SRI
QIXLSH TVSZMHI E q=IWr ERW[IV SR EPP JSYV TSMRXW 1SVI SJXIR E GSQ
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XLI VIWIEVGL ;LEX QEXXIVW QSWX MW XLEX XLI WXYHIRX ORS[W ERH EG
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WIPIGXMRK XLI WEQTPI# -W MX TSWWMFPI XS HIXIVQMRI XLI VITVIWIRXEXMZIRIWW
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ER] WLSYPH XMI MR ZIV] GPIEVP] [MXL XLI WXEXIQIRX SJ XLI TVSFPIQ -J
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FVEVMIW 9RMZIVWMX] SJ 1MRRIWSXE 0MFVEVMIW 7IZIVEP GSR
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E WMQTPI WIVMIW SJ UYIWXMSRW EFSYX XLI HEXE XLIR QEOIW VIGSQQIRHE
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[SVO SYX FYKW -X MW MQTSVXERX XLIR XLEX XLI TMPSX LEZI E TVSZMWMSR
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8IPP XLI VIEHIV MJ ERH LS[ XLI TMPSX TSTYPEXMSR HMJJIVW JVSQ XLI
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WXYHMIWhEVI XLSWI XLEX YREGGITXEFP] MRZEHI XLI TVMZEG] SJ VIWTSR
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ERH FILEZMSV % PETXST GSQTYXIV QE] FI YWIH XS GSPPIGX ERH WXSVI HEXE
ERH XLIR XS KIRIVEXI E ZEVMIX] SJ XEFPIW ERH VITSVXW MRGPYHMRK ERW[IVMRK
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8VIEXQIRX SJ XLI (EXE

%JXIV XLI TVSTSWIH HEXE EVI GSPPIGXIH [LEX [MPP FI HSRI# ;MPP XEFPIW
ERH GLEVXW FI GSRWXVYGXIH ERH MJ WS [LEX [MPP XLI] HMWTPE]# -J XLI
HEXE HIQERH EREP]WMW HIWGVMFI XLEX EREP]WMW ;MPP XLI EREP]WMW FI HSRI
MR GSRGIVX [MXL WSQI XLISVIXMGEP GSRWXVYGX# -J WS TVSZMHI E HIWGVMT
XMSR 8LI GSQQMXXII I\TIGXW XS JMRH WYGL GSRXIRX MR XLI 8VIEXQIRX SJ
XLI (EXE WIGXMSR
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KYMHI XLI VIWIEVGLIV MR WMJXMRK XLVSYKL E QEWW SJ HEXE 8LI] JSGYW XLI
WIEVGL ERH TVSZMHI MQTPMGMX GVMXIVME JSV XLI IZMHIRGI WIEVGL % WMQTPI
EREPSK] QMKLX FI QEHI XS EVGLEISPSKMWXW EX E HMK 8LIVI MW E QSYRXEMR
SJ WXYJJ XS WMJX XLVSYKL ERH TIVLETW EPP SJ MX MW MRXIVIWXMRK FYX [MXLSYX
XLISV] UYIWXMSRW SV L]TSXLIWIW KYMHMRK XLI WIEVGL MX MW TSWWMFPI XLEX
WSQI MQTSVXERX EVXMJEGXW [MPP FI KPSWWIH SZIV ERH WSQI GVMXMGEP VIPE
XMSRWLMTW QMWWIH
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XS XLI VIWIEVGL TVSGIWW 1ER] GSPPIKIW ERH YRMZIVWMXMIW QEMRXEMR GIR
XIVW XLEX JYVRMWL GSRWYPXEXMSR XS WXYHIRXW ERH JEGYPX] SR XLI WIPIGXMSR
ERH YWI SJ XLI QSWX ETTVSTVMEXI WXEXMWXMGEP TVSGIHYVIW JSV ERW[IVMRK
UYIWXMSRW SV XIWXMRK L]TSXLIWIW JVSQ E KMZIR WIX SJ HEXE 7YGL GIRXIVW
EVI QYGL PMOI XLI PMFVEVMIW MR XLI [E] XLI] STIVEXI FIMRK XLIVI JSV YWI
EW RIIHIH -R WSQI MRWXERGIW XLI] [MPP WXSVI HEXE JSV XLI VIWIEVGLIV
ERH VYR EREP]WIW EW VIUYIWXIH
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WSJX[EVI TEGOEKIW SR XLI QEVOIX 7477 ERH 7% EVI TSTYPEV WSYVGIW
JSV E PEVKI ZEVMIX] SJ WXEXMWXMGEP ERH KVETLMG EREP]WMW TEGOEKIW -R EHHM
XMSR XLIVI EVI SXLIVW 7XEXMWXMGEP ERH 7XEXMWXMGEP +VETLMG 6IWSYVGIW
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VIXVMIZIH 1E] JVSQ LXXT[[[QEXL]SVOYGE7'77XEX

6IWSYVGIWLXQP TVSZMHIW VIWSYVGIW JSV WXEXMWXMGW WXEXMWXMGEP KVETLMGW
GSQTYXEXMSRW VIPEXIH XS VIWIEVGL HEXE EREP]WMW ERH XIEGLMRK -X GSR
XEMRW SZIV PMROW
8LI 8( WXYHIRX QYWX VIQIQFIV XLSYKL XLEX YWI SJ E WXEXMWXMGEP
TVSGIHYVI GEVVMIW [MXL MX XLI VIWTSRWMFMPMX] SJ YRHIVWXERHMRK ERH FIMRK
EFPI XS I\TPEMR XLI VIEWSRW XLEX XLI TVSGIHYVI MW ETTVSTVMEXI %R
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IRGI T VIGIRXP] VIIQTLEWMÎH XLI RIIH JSV YRHIVWXERHMRK
q'SQTYXIV TVSKVEQW LEZI TPEGIH E QYGL KVIEXIV HIQERH SR VIWIEVGL
IVW XS YRHIVWXERH ERH GSRXVSP XLIMV EREP]WMW ERH HIWMKR GLSMGIWr 8LMW
MW TEVX SJ XLI TVIZEMPMRK IXLMGW SJ VIWIEVGL MR EGEHIQMG ERH TVSJIW
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IV]XLMRK MR XLI QERYWGVMTX
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FVMIJW SJ VIPEXIH VIWIEVGL EW [IPP EW HVEJXW SJ UYIWXMSRREMVIW ERHSV
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% QENSV TYVTSWI SJ XLI FMFPMSKVETL] MW XS IREFPI XLI VIEHIV XS

YWI XLI [SVOW GMXIH 8LIVIJSVI IEGL IRXV] QYWX FI GSQTPIXI WS XLI
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HMWXMRKYMWLIW X[S OMRHW SJ GMXEXMSRW 3RI VIJIVW XLI VIEHIV WMQTP] XS E
WSYVGI SJ MRJSVQEXMSR ERH XLI SXLIV OMRH KMZIW WYTTSVX XS E GPEMQ ,I
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E XS ER STMRMSR SJ ER EYXLSV F XS GSRGPYWMSRW HIVMZIH JVSQ E
REVVEXMZI VIZMI[ SJ IQTMVMGEP WXYHMIW G XS XLI QIXLSH ERH VI
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E UYERXMXEXMZI VIZMI[ SJ IQTMVMGEP WXYHMIW QIXEEREP]WMW
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EFSYX XLI FEWMW JSV E GMXEXMSR WS EW XS EZSMH QMWPIEHMRK XLI VIEHIV EW
XS XLI [IMKLX EXXEGLIH XS E GMXIH VITSVX
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WSYVGI -J ER EVXMGPI ]SY EVI VIEHMRK GSRXEMRW E TIVXMRIRX UYSXEXMSR
JVSQ ERSXLIV WSYVGI XLIVI MW E XIQTXEXMSR WSQIXMQIW XS YWI XLI UYSXE
XMSR MR ]SYV S[R QERYWGVMTX EW XLSYKL ]SY LEH JSYRH MX ]SYVWIPJ MR
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HYI GVIHMX XS XLI EYXLSV SJ XLI EVXMGPI MR [LMGL ]SY VIEPP] JSYRH MX ERH
MX [SYPH KMZI XLI MQTVIWWMSR JEPWIP] XLEX ]SY LEH VIEH XLI SVMKMREP
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SVMKMREP WSYVGI ]SY VMWO IQFEVVEWWQIRX MJ SRI SJ ]SYV GSQQMXXII
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1%/) 73*8;%6) =396 7)6:%28

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SRI FIKMRW XS XLMRO EFSYX TSWWMFPI XSTMGW YRXMP XLI 8( MW GSQTPIXIH
ERH FIMRK VIEHMIH JSV NSYVREP SV FSSO TYFPMGEXMSR
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WIEVGL PMFVEVMER %PWS WIEVGL XLI ;IF *SV I\EQTPI XLI %WWSGMEXMSR
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E FYMPXMR WIEVGL JEGMPMX] -RJSVQEXMSR MRGPYHIW WXEXMWXMGEP HIWMKR HI
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QSHIPW ERH WYVZI] WEQTPMRK VSYXMRIW %PWS JSPPS[ SXLIV WMXIW PMWXIH
MR XLI VIJIVIRGIW 'PEVOI ERH 3\QER *PSVMHE 'SQQYRMX] 'SP
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SJ 1MEQM 0MFVEVMIW 8S WIEVGL JSV ETTVSTVMEXI WSJX[EVI SRI
GER EPWS YWI WIEVGL IRKMRIW WYGL EW =ELSS %PXE:MWXE SV +SSKPI
8]TI FY]IVtW KYMHI ERH GLSSWI GSQTYXIV -RXIVRIX WSJX[EVI XS JMRH
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Guides To Thesis Writing-Chapter 4

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