Outline of

economics

The following hierarchical outline is

provided as an overview of and topical
guide to economics:

Economics – analyzes the production,

distribution, and consumption of goods
and services. It aims to explain how
economies work and how economic
agents interact.

Description of economics
Description of economics
Economics can be described as all of the
following:

Academic discipline – body of

knowledge given to, or received by, a
disciple (student); a branch or sphere
of knowledge, or field of study, that an
individual has chosen to specialize in.
Field of science – widely recognized
category of specialized expertise
within science, and typically embodies
its own terminology and nomenclature.
Such a field will usually be represented
by one or more scientific journals,
where peer reviewed research is
 published. There are many economics-
related scientific journals.
Social science – field of academic
scholarship that explores aspects
of human society.

Branches of economics
Macroeconomics – branch of
economics dealing with the
performance, structure, behavior, and
decision-making of an economy as a
whole, rather than individual markets.
Microeconomics – branch of
economics that studies the behavior of
individuals and firms in making
decisions regarding the allocation of
limited resources.
Subdisciplines of economics

Attention economics
Behavioral economics
Bioeconomics
Classical economics
Comparative economic systems
Contract theory
Development economics
Econometrics
Economic geography
Economic history
Economic sociology
Education economics
Energy economics
Entrepreneurial economics
Environmental economics
Feminist economics
Financial economics
Georgism
Green economics
Health economics
Industrial organization
Information economics
International economics
Institutional economics
Islamic economics
Labor economics
Law and economics
 Managerial economics
Mathematical economics
Monetary economics
Public finance
Public economics
Real estate economics
Regional science
Resource economics
Socialist economics
Welfare economics

Methodologies or approaches

Behavioural economics
Classical economics
Computational economics
 Econometrics
Evolutionary economics
Experimental economics
Praxeology (used by the Austrian
School)
Social psychology

Multidisciplinary fields
involving economics

Bioeconomics
Constitutional economics
Econophysics
Neuroeconomics
Political economy
Socioeconomics
 Thermoeconomics
Transport economics

Types of economies
Economy – system of human activities
related to the production, distribution,
exchange, and consumption of goods
and services of a country or other area.

Economies, by political &

social ideological structure

Economic ideology
Capitalist economy
Communist economy
Consumer economy
(consumerism)
 Corporate economy
Fascist economy
Laissez-faire
Mercantilism
Natural economy
Primitive communism
Social market economy
Socialist economy

Economies, by scope

Anglo-Saxon economy
American School
Hunter-gatherer economy
Information economy
New industrial economy
 Palace economy
Plantation economy
Token economy
Traditional economy
Transition economy
World economy

Economies, by regulation

Closed economy
Dual economy
Gift economy
Informal economy
Market economy
Mixed economy
Open economy
 Participatory economy
Planned economy
Subsistence economy
Underground economy
Virtual economy

Economic elements
Economic activities

Business
Business cycle
Collective action
Commerce
Competition
Consumption
Distribution
Employment
Entrepreneurship
Export
Government spending
Finance
Import
Investment
Mergers and acquisitions
Pricing
Geographical pricing
Production
Trade
Balance of trade
Fair trade
Free trade
 International trade
Safe trade
Tax, tariff and trade
Terms of trade
Trade bloc
Trade pact
Trader Ethic

Economic forces

Aggregate demand
Aggregate supply
Deflation
Economic activity (see above)
Economies of agglomeration
Economies of scale
 Economies of scope
Incentive
Inflation
Hyperinflation
Invisible hand
Preference
Profit motive

Economic problems

Depression
Financial crisis
Hyperinflation
Poverty
Recession
List of recessions
 Stagflation
Unemployment

Trends and influences

Decentralization
Globalization
Industrialisation
Internationalization

Economic measures

Consumer price index

Economic indicator
Human Development Index
Measures of national income and
output
Gross domestic product
 Natural gross domestic
product
Gross national product
National income
Net national income
Poverty level
Standard of living
UN Human Development Index
Value
Cost-of-production theory of value
Labor theory of value
Surplus value
Time value of money
Value added
Value of Earth
 Value of life
Measuring well-being

Economic participants

Employer
Employee
Entrepreneur
Central bank
Reproductive labor

Economic politics

Antitrust
Cartel
Government-granted monopoly
Reaganomics
 Taxation
Income tax
Land value tax
Sales tax
Tariff
Tax, tariff and trade
Value-added tax

Economic policy

Economic policy

Agricultural policy
Fiscal policy
Incomes policy
Price controls
Price ceiling
 Rent control
Price floor
Minimum wage
Industrial policy
Infrastructure-based development
Investment policy
Monetary policy
Disinflation
Inflation targeting
Monetary hawk and dove
Monetary reform
Quantitative easing
Reflation
Policy mix – combination of a
country's monetary policy and fiscal
 policy. These two channels influence
growth and employment, and are
generally determined by the central
bank and the government (e.g., the
United States Congress) respectively.
Stabilization policy
Tax policy

Infrastructure

Infrastructure

Markets

Market

Types of markets
Black market
Commodity markets
Financial market
Bond market
Money market
Spot market
Secondary market
Third market
Fourth market
Stock market
Free market
Labor market
Mass market
Media market
Regulated market
Aspects of markets

Market failure
Market power
Market share
Market structure
Market system
Market transparency
Market trend
Market dominance

Market forms

Market form

Perfect competition, in which the

market consists of a very large number
of firms producing a homogeneous
product.
Monopolistic competition, also called
competitive market, where there are a
large number of independent firms
which have a very small proportion of
the market share.
Monopoly, where there is only one
provider of a product or service.
Monopsony, when there is only one
buyer in a market.
Natural monopoly, a monopoly in
which economies of scale cause
efficiency to increase continuously
with the size of the firm.
 Oligopoly, in which a market is
dominated by a small number of firms
which own more than 40% of the
market share.
Oligopsony, a market dominated by
many sellers and a few buyers.

Market-oriented activities

Market analysis
Marketing
Market segmentation
Market intelligence
Market research

Money

Money
 Currency
Community currency
Dollar
Local currency
Petrocurrency
Reserve currency
Time-based currency
Yen
United States dollar
Monetary reform
Monetary system
Money supply

Resources

Resource management
Resource management

Natural resource management

Resource allocation

Factors of production

Factors of production

Land

Land

Natural resources

Labor

Capital

Capital
 Capital asset
Capital intensity
Financial capital
Human capital
Individual capital
Natural capital
Social capital
Wealth

Economic theory
Consumer theory
Efficiency wage hypothesis
Efficient market hypothesis
Marginalism
Prospect theory
 Public choice theory
Rational choice theory

Economic ideologies

Consumerism
Monetarism
Productivism
Utilitarianism

History of economics
History of economic thought

History of economic thought

Ancient economic thought

Aristotle
Nicomachean Ethics
Economics of the Age of
Enlightenment
Mercantilism
British Enlightenment
John Locke
Dudley North
David Hume
French Enlightenment:
Physiocracy
François Quesnay
Tableau économique
Anne Robert Jacques
Turgot, Baron de Laune
Reflections on the
Formation and
Distribution of Wealth
Classical economics, political
economy
Adam Smith
Wealth of Nations
David Ricardo
Socialist economics
Marxian economics
Labour theory of value
Anarchist economics
Austrian School of Economics
Carl Menger
Friedrich Von Hayek
Ludwig Von Mises
Neoclassical economics
Leon Walras
 John Bates Clark
Alfred Marshall
Keynesian economics
John Maynard Keynes
Cambridge capital
controversy
New Keynesian economics
Paul Samuelson
John Hicks (economist)
Neoclassical synthesis
Post-Keynesian economics
Hyman Minsky
Joan Robinson
Michal Kalecki
The Chicago School of Economics
 Milton Friedman
Monetarism

Economic history

Economic history

Economic events
Economic history of the world
Economics in the Middle
Ages: feudalism and
manorialism
Economics of the
Renaissance: mercantilism
Industrial Revolution
Economic history of World
War I
 Nixon shock
Economic history by region
Economic history of Africa
Economic history of Morocco
Economic history of Nigeria
Economic history of Somalia
Economic history of South
Africa
Economic history of
Zimbabwe
Economic history of the Arab
world
Economic history of Asia
Economic history of
Cambodia
Economic history of China
Economic history of
China before 1912
Economic history of
China (1912–49)
Economic history of
China (1949–present)
Economic history of the
Republic of China
Economic history of India
Economic history of
Indonesia
Economic history of Iran
Economic history of Japan
Economic history of Malaysia
 Economic history of Pakistan
Economic history of Taiwan
Economic history of Turkey
Economic history of the
Ottoman Empire
Economic history of Vietnam
Economic history of the
Philippines
Economic history of Australia
Economic history of Europe
Economic history of France
Economic history of Germany
Economic history of the
German reunification
Economic history of Greece
and the Greek world
Economic history of Iceland
Economic history of Ireland
Economic history of Italy
Economic history of Portugal
Economic history of Scotland
Economic history of Spain
Economic history of Sweden
Economic history of Venice
Economic history of the
Netherlands (1500–1815)
Economic history of the
Republic of Ireland
 Economic history of the
Russian Federation
Economic history of the
United Kingdom
Economic history of North
America
Economic history of Canada
Economic history of Mexico
Economic history of the
United States
Economic history of Central
America
Economic history of South
America
Economic history of
Argentina
 Economic history of Brazil
Economic history of Chile
Economic history of Colombia
Economic history of Ecuador
Economic history of
Nicaragua
Economic history of Peru
Economic history by subject
History of banking
History of money
History of stock markets

General economic concepts

Keynesian economics
Classical economics
Neo-Keynesian economics
Neoclassical economics
New classical economics
New Keynesian economics
Participatory economics
Home economics
Goods
Complement good
Coordination good
Free goods
Inferior goods
Normal goods
Public good
Substitute good
isms
 Capitalism
Natural Capitalism
Economic subjectivism
Socialism
Modern portfolio theory
Game theory
Human development theory
Production theory basics
Time preference theory of interest
Agent
Arbitrage
Big Mac Index
Big push model
Cash crop
Canadian and American economies
compared
Catch-up effect
Chicago school
Collusion
Commodity
Comparative advantage
Competitive advantage
complementarity
Consumer and producer surplus
Cost
Cost-benefit analysis
Cost-of-living index
Debt
Devaluation
Disposable income
Economic
Economic data
Economic growth
Economic profits
Economic modeling
Economic reports
Economic system
Ecosystem services
Elasticity
Environmental finance
Euro
Event study
Experience economy
Externality
Factor price equalization
Federal Reserve
Financial instruments
Fiscal neutrality
Full-reserve banking
General equilibrium
Gold standard
Import substitution
Income
Income elasticity of demand
Income velocity of money
Induced demand
Industrial organization
Input-output model
Interest
Keynes, John Maynard
Knowledge-based economy
Laissez-faire
Land
Living wage
Local purchasing
Lorenz curve
Marginal Revolution
Means of production
Mental accounting
Menu costs
Missing market
Model - economics
Model - macroeconomics
Monopoly profit
Moral hazard
Moral purchasing
Multiplier (economics)
Neo-classical growth model
Network effect
Network externality
Operations research
Opportunity cost
Output
Parable of the broken window
Pareto efficiency
Price
Price discrimination
Price elasticity of demand
Price points
Outline of industrial organization
Production function
Productivity
Profit (economics)
Profit maximization
Public bad
Public debt
Purchasing power parity
Rahn curve
Rate of return pricing
Rational expectations
Rational pricing
Real business cycle
Real versus nominal in economics
Regression analysis
Returns to scale
Risk premium
Saving
Scarcity
Seven-generation sustainability
Slavery
Social cost
Social credit
Social welfare
Specialization
Stock exchange
Subsidy
Subsistence agriculture
Sunk cost
Supply and demand
Supply-side economics
Sustainable competitive advantage
Sustainable development
Sweatshop
Technostructure
The Theory of Moral Sentiments by
Adam Smith
Transaction cost
Triple bottom line
Trust
 Utility
Utility maximization problem
Uneconomic growth
U.S. public debt
Virtuous circle and vicious circle
Wage rate
X-efficiency
Yield
Zero sum game

Economics organizations
American Economic Association
American Institute for Economic
Research
American Law and Economics
Association
Association for Comparative Economic
Studies
Association for Evolutionary
Economics
Association for Social Economics
Canadian Economics Association
Centre for Economic Policy Research
Center for Popular Economics
China Center for Economic Research
Eastern Economic Association
Econometric Society
European Economic Association
 International Association for Feminist
Economics
International Economic Association
Latin American and Caribbean
Economic Association
National Association for Business
Economics
National Bureau of Economic Research
Royal Economic Society
Southern Economic Association
Western Economic Association
International

Economics publications
List of economics journals
 List of important publications in
economics

Persons influential in the

field of economics
List of economists

Nobel Memorial Prize–

winning economic historians

Milton Friedman won the Nobel

Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences
in 1976 for "his achievements in the
fields of consumption analysis,
monetary history and theory and for
his demonstration of the complexity of
stabilization policy".
 Robert Fogel and Douglass North won
the Nobel Memorial Prize in 1993 for
"having renewed research in economic
history by applying economic theory
and quantitative methods in order to
explain economic and institutional
change".
Merton Miller, who started his
academic career teaching economic
history at the LSE, won the Nobel
Memorial Prize in 1990 with Harry
Markowitz and William F. Sharpe.
Other notable economic
historians

Moses Abramovitz
T. S. Ashton
Roger E. Backhouse
Correlli Barnett
Jörg Baten
Maxine Berg
Ben Bernanke
Fernand Braudel
Rondo Cameron
Sydney Checkland
Carlo M. Cipolla
Gregory Clark
Thomas C. Cochran
Nicholas Crafts
Louis Cullen
Peter Davies
Brad DeLong
Barry Eichengreen
Stanley Engerman
Charles Feinstein
Niall Ferguson
Ronald Findlay
Roderick Floud
Claudia Goldin
John Habakkuk
Earl J. Hamilton
Eli Heckscher
Eric Hobsbawm
Leo Huberman
Thomas M. Humphrey
Harold James
Ibn Khaldun
Charles P. Kindleberger
John Komlos
Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie
David Laidler
David Landes
Tim Leunig
Friedrich List
Robert Sabatino Lopez
Angus Maddison
Karl Marx
Peter Mathias
Ellen McArthur
Deirdre McCloskey
Joel Mokyr
Cormac Ó Gráda
Henri Pirenne
Karl Polanyi
Erik S. Reinert
Christina Romer
W. W. Rostow
Murray Rothbard
Larry Schweikart
Ram Sharan Sharma
Adam Smith
Anna Jacobson Schwartz
Robert Skidelsky
 Graeme Snooks
R. H. Tawney
Peter Temin
Richard Timberlake
Adam Tooze
Eberhard Wächtler
Jeffrey Williamson
Tony Wrigley

See also
Index of accounting articles
Index of economics articles
Index of international trade topics
JEL classification codes
List of business theorists
 List of economic communities
List of economics films
List of free trade agreements
Outline of business management
Outline of commercial law
Outline of community
Outline of finance
Outline of marketing
Outline of production

External links
Wikiversity has learning resources
about School:Economics

History of Economic Thought and

Critical Perspectives (NSSR)
 The Joy of Economics , chapter 1 of
Surfing Economics by Huw Dixon

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