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THE CELL CYCLE

Meiosis
Meiosis Is Essential in
Sexual Reproduction

Gametes, like the


sperm and egg cells in
this image, are haploid
sex cells. A haploid cell
has only one set of
chromosomes.
Meiosis Is Essential in
Sexual Reproduction

When two haploid


cells fuse at
fertilization, one
diploid zygote is
formed. A zygote is
the first cell of a new
organism.
Meiosis Is Essential in
Sexual Reproduction

The organism
grows by
mitotic
cell division.
Meiosis Is Essential in
Sexual Reproduction

During gamete
formation,
specialized
diploid cells
called germ
cells divide by
meiosis.
Overview of Meiosis

In meiosis I, pairs of homologous chromosomes separate


to produce 2 haploid daughter cells. In meiosis II, the sister
chromatids separate. The result is 4 haploid daughter cells
that can function as gametes.
Unlike mitosis, meiosis involves two complete
rounds of cell division, called meiosis I and
meiosis II, and it generates four haploid (n)
daughter cells.

Meiosis I Meiosis II
Prophase I Prophase II

Metaphase I Metaphase II

Anaphase I Anaphase II

Telophase I Telophase II
Where does meiosis occur?
• Meiosis occurs in the germ
cells of sexually reproducing
organisms.
• Germ cells are diploid (2n),
but they are found only in the
gonads (ovaries and testes)
• A germ cell prepares for
meiosis as it does for mitosis,
by replicating its DNA. (S phase
of Interphase)
Prophase I

• Chromosomes condense
• Spindle fibers form
• Nuclear membrane dissolves
• Synapsis occurs
During synapsis, the homologous
chromosomes find each other and line up
close together, so that the 4 chromatids form a
structure called a tetrad.

Homologous
chromosomes – a
pair of chromosomes,
one from each parent
(maternal and
paternal), that have
the same genes in
the same location but
may have different
alleles
Crossing over occurs in X-shaped regions
called chiasmata (singular, chiasma)
Chromosomes
Crossing Over

During Prophase I,
chromatids from
homologous
chromosomes
swap segments,
creating new allele
combinations.
Metaphase I

• Homologous chromosomes (tetrads) line up at metaphase


plate (center/equator of cell).
• No pairing of homologous chromosomes occurs in mitosis.
Anaphase I

• Homologous chromosomes separate.


• Sister chromatids remain attached (unlike mitosis).
Telophase I

• Nuclear membranes form around the separated chromosomes.


• Each daughter nucleus contains half the number of
chromosomes that were originally present, so they are haploid
(n).
• Cytokinesis separates the daughter cells.
• Meiosis is also known as “reductive division”.
• Meiosis reduces the number of chromosome sets
from diploid (2n) to haploid (n).
• Typically there is no pause between meiosis I and meiosis
II.
Prophase II
• Chromosomes
condense.
• Nuclear
membrane
dissolves.
• Duplicated
centrosomes
duplicate and
move to opposite
poles.
• Spindle fibers
form.
Prophase II

Events in Prophase II are similar to mitosis.


Metaphase II

• Chromosomes line up at the center of the cell.


• Metaphase II is equivalent to metaphase of mitosis.
Anaphase II

• Sister chromatids separate and are pulled toward


opposite ends of the cell.
• Anaphase II is equivalent to anaphase of mitosis.
Telophase II
• Following
telophase II and
cytokinesis, there
are a total of 4
haploid (n)
daughter cells,
each containing
one chromatid
from each
homologous
chromosome pair
in the original
parent cell.
Meiosis (Summary)

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