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EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Week 6 – Fourier Transform

(Textbook: Ch. 5)

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EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Fourier Series for Periodic Signals

•  A periodic function x(t) with a fundamental period of T0 can
be expressed as follows:
∞
jnω0t
x(t ) = ∑D e n
n = −∞

where the exponential coefficients Dn are calculated as:

1 − jnω0t
Dn =
T0 ∫ x(t )e
<T0 >
dt

•  How about aperiodic or non-periodic signals?

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EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

CTFT for Aperiodic Signals

•  If we have an aperiodic signal x(t):
x(t )

t
−L 0 L

•  Let’s consider several repetitions of x(t) uniformly spaced

from each other by duration To such that
lim xT~ (t ) = x (t )
T0 →∞

~x (t )
T

t
3
− T0 −L 0 L T0 3

EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Fourier Transform
•  The Fourier transform of an arbitrary signal x(t) :
∞
− jω t
X (ω ) = ∫ x (t ) e dt
−∞

•  The magnitude spectra of X(ω) is given by:

∞
− jωt
X (ω ) = ∫ x(t )e dt
−∞

•  The phase spectra of X(ω) is given by:

⎡∞ ⎤
∠X (ω ) = ∠⎢ ∫ x(t )e − jωt dt ⎥
⎣ −∞ ⎦ 4
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EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Inverse Fourier Transform

•  Given the frequency domain of the signal x(t), the original
signal x(t) is:
∞
1 jω t
x(t ) = ∫ X (ω )e dω
2π −∞

CTFT
•  Fourier transform pair: x(t) ←⎯⎯ → X(ω )

Given x(t), its CTFT is: X ω = x t e− jωt dt

∞

( ) ∫ ()
−∞

Given X(ω), the ICTFT is:

∞
1 jω t
x(t ) = ∫ X (ω )e dω
2π −∞ 5
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EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Activity 1
Determine the Fourier transform of the impulse signal δ(t).

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EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Activity 2
Determine the Fourier transform of the decaying exponential
x(t),

x(t ) = e − at u(t )

where a is a real number.

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EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Activity 3
Determine the aperiodic signal g(t) if the Fourier transform
of g(t) is given by G(ω) = δ(ω).

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EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Activity 4
Determine the signal x(t) if the Fourier transform is a
frequency-shifted impulse function X(ω) = δ(ω – ω0).

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EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Fourier Transform of Elementary Signals

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EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Fourier Transform of Elementary Signals

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EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Fourier Transform of Elementary Signals

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EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Evaluate Inverse Fourier Transform

•  Evaluation of the inverse CTFT is an important step in
analysis of LTIC systems. Three ways to evaluate IFT.
•  The synthesis equation:
∞
1 jω t
x (t ) =
2π
∫ X (ω ) e dω
−∞

•  Using a look-up table

Simplify the given X(ω) such that a corresponding
inverse CTFT can be found in Table 5.2

•  Using partial fraction expression

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EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Activity 5 Table Look-up Method

Using the look-up table method, calculate the inverse CTFT of
the following function:
2 ( jω ) + 24
X (ω ) =
( jω )2 + 4( jω ) + 29

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EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Partial Fraction Expression

Consider the CTFT:
N (ω ) bm ( jω )m + bm−1 ( jω )m−1 +... + b1 ( jω ) + b0
X (ω ) = =
D(ω ) ( jω )n + an−1 ( jω )n−1 +... + a1 ( jω ) + a0
(1)  Factorize D(ω) into n first-order factors and express X(ω)
as follows:
bm ( jω )m + bm−1 ( jω )m−1 +... + b1 ( jω ) + b0
X (ω ) =
( jω − p1 )( jω − p2 )!( jω − pn )
(2)  If there are no repeated or complex roots in D(ω), X(ω) is
expressed in terms of n partial fractions:
k1 k2 kn
X (ω ) = + +!+
( jω − p1 ) ( jω − p2 ) ( jω − pn )
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EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Partial Fraction Expression (2)

The partial fraction coefficients are calculated using the
Heaviside formula:

kr [( jω − pr )X(ω )] jω =pr for 1 ≤ r ≤ n

The inverse CTFT can then be calculated as follows:

x (t ) = [k1e p1t + k2 e p2t +!+ kn e pnt ]u(t)

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EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Activity 6 Partial fraction expression method

Using the partial fraction expression method, calculate the
inverse CTFT of the following function:
5 ( jω ) + 30
X (ω ) =
( jω + 2)( jω + 5)( jω +10)

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EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Magnitude and Phase Spectra of Elementary Signals

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EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Magnitude and Phase Spectra of Elementary Signals

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EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Magnitude and Phase Spectra of Elementary Signals

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EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Magnitude and Phase Spectra of Elementary Signals

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EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Magnitude and Phase Spectra of Elementary Signals

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EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Magnitude and Phase Spectra of Elementary Signals

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EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Magnitude and Phase Spectra of Elementary Signals

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EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Magnitude and Phase Spectra of Elementary Signals

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EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Magnitude and Phase Spectra of Elementary Signals

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EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Magnitude and Phase Spectra of Elementary Signals

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EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

CTFT of Real-Valued Functions

•  Hermitian symmetry property:
The CTFT X(ω) of a real-valued signal x(t) satisfies the
following:
X (−ω ) = X * (ω )
where X*(ω) denotes the complex conjugate of X(ω).
•  Alternative form for Hermitian symmetry property.
1. Real component is even, imaginary component is odd.
Re ⎡⎣ X (−ω )⎤⎦ = Re ⎡⎣ X (ω )⎤⎦ and Im ⎡⎣ X (−ω )⎤⎦ = − Im ⎡⎣ X (ω )⎤⎦
2. Magnitude spectrum is even, phase spectrum is odd.
X (−ω ) = X (ω ) and ∠X (−ω ) = −∠X (ω )
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EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

CTFT of Real-Valued Functions

•  CTFT X(ω) of a real-valued, even function x(t) is also real
and even, i.e.
Re ⎡⎣ X (−ω )⎤⎦ = Re ⎡⎣ X (ω )⎤⎦ and Im ⎡⎣ X (ω )⎤⎦ = 0
•  CTFT X(ω) of a real-valued, odd function x(t) is also
imaginary and even, i.e.

Re ⎡⎣ X (ω )⎤⎦ = 0 and Im ⎡⎣ X (−ω )⎤⎦ = − Im ⎡⎣ X (ω )⎤⎦

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EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Activity 7 CTFT of Real-valued functions

Consider a function g(t) whose CTFT is given by:

G (ω ) = 1+ 2πδ (ω − ω 0 )

Determine if g(t) is a real-valued function.

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EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Properties of Fourier Transform

•  Linearity: if x1(t) and x2(t) are 2 signals with the following
Fourier transform:

x1 (t ) ⎯FT
⎯→ X1 (ω ) and x2 (t ) ⎯FT
⎯→ X 2 (ω )
then
FT
a1 x1 (t ) + a2 x2 (t ) ⎯⎯→ a1 X 1 (ω ) + a2 X 2 (ω )

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EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Properties of Fourier Transform

•  Time scaling:
if x (t ) ⎯FT
⎯→ X (ω )

1 ⎛ω ⎞
then x ( at ) ⎯FT
⎯→ X⎜ ⎟
a ⎝a⎠

for “a” can be any real numbers where a ≠ 0

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EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Properties of Fourier Transform

•  Time shifting: Given a signal x(t), the time-shifted signal is
given by x(t – t0), the Fourier transform of x(t – t0) is:
FT
x(t − t0 ) ⎯⎯→ e − jωt0 X (ω )

•  Frequency shifting:

CTFT
If x(t) ←⎯⎯ → X(ω ), then
e jω0t x(t) ←⎯⎯
CTFT
→ X(ω − ω 0 ), for ω 0 ∈ ℜ

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EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Properties of Fourier Transform

•  Time differentiation: Given a signal x(t), the Fourier
transform of the time-differentiated signal dx/dt:
if x (t ) ⎯FT
⎯→ X (ω )

dx FT
then ⎯ ⎯→ jω X (ω )
dt
•  Time integration: Given a signal x(t), the Fourier transform
of the time-integrated signal:

if x (t ) ⎯FT
⎯→ X (ω )
t
FT X (ω )
then ∫ x (τ ) dτ ⎯⎯→ jω
+ π X ( 0 ) δ (ω )
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EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Activity 8
Determine the Fourier transform of the sine function cos(ω0t).

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