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Analytic Geometry
4. Parabola
Equation of a Parabola in Standard Form
Classifying Parabola
Graphing a Parabola
Determining the Standard Form of the Equation of a Parabola
Course Outline
5. Circles
Equation of a Circle in Standard Form
Graphing a Circle
Determining the Standard Form of the Equation of a Circle
6. Ellipses
Equation of an Ellipse in Standard Form
Classifying Ellipses
Graphing an Ellipse
Determining the Standard Form of the Equation of an Ellipse
Course Outline
7. Hyperbola
Equation of a Hyperbola in Standard Form
Classifying Hyperbola
Graphing a Hyperbola
Determining the Standard Form of the Equation of a Hyperbola
I S(−4, 7)
I T (−9, 1)
I U (−6, 0)
I V (2, 7)
Distance Formula
Remarks
If we want to find the distance between two points in a coordinate
plane we use a formula that is based on the Pythagorean Theorem
were (x1 , y1 ) and (x2 , y2 ) are the coordinates and d marks the dis-
tance:
p
d = (x2 − x1 )2 + (y2 − y1 )2
Remarks
However, if the location of the point relative to the other is either
vertical or horizontal, then we use the given formula.
Answer
The distance is 28.
Example 1.2
Solve the distance between the points
Answer
The distance is 26.
Example 1.3
Solve the distance between the points
43 17
, −3 and − , −3
2 2
Example 1.3
Solve the distance between the points
43 17
, −3 and − , −3
2 2
Answer
The distance is 30.
Example 1.4
Solve the distance between the points
Answer
The distance is 9.
Example 1.5
Solve the distance between the points
Answer
√
The distance is 61.
Example 1.6
Solve the distance between the points
Answer
√
The distance is 74.
Example 1.7
Solve the distance between the points
Answer
√
The distance is 58.
Example 1.8
Solve the distance between the points
Answer
√
The distance is 2 5.
Example 1.9
Solve the distance between the points
Example 1.9
Solve the distance between the points
Answer
√
The distance is 13.
Example 1.11
Solve the distance between the points
Example 1.11
Solve the distance between the points
Answer
The distance is 5.
Example 1.12
Solve the distance between the points
Example 1.12
Solve the distance between the points
Answer
√
The distance is 3 13.
Midpoint Formula
Definition
The midpoint is the middle point of a line segment. To find the
coordinates of the midpoint between points (x1 , y1 ) and (x2 , y2 ), we
use the formula
x1 + x2 y1 + y2
,
2 2
Example 1.7
Find the midpoint of the points
Answer
Answer
Answer
13
The midpoint is at , −3 .
2
Example 1.10
Find the midpoint of the line given by the graph
Example 1.10
Find the midpoint of the line given by the graph
Answer
3
The midpoint is at − , −2
2
Example 1.11
Find the midpoint of the line given by the graph
Example 1.11
Find the midpoint of the line given by the graph
Answer
Answer
3
The midpoint is at ,0
2
Example 1.13
Find the other endpoint of the line segment with the given endpoint
and midpoint.
Answer
Answer
Answer
Answer
Answer
Remark
The slope of a line is a number that measures its ”steepness”, usually
denoted by the letter m. It is the change in y for a unit change in x
along the line.
Example 1.18
Find the slope of the line that passes through the pair of points.
Answer
3
The slope is − .
5
Example 1.19
Find the slope of the line that passes through the pair of points.
Answer
2
The slope is − .
15
Example 1.20
Find the slope of the line that passes through the pair of points.
Answer
1
The slope is .
18
Example 1.21
Find the slope of the line that passes through the pair of points.
Answer
7
The slope is .
11
Example 1.22
Find the slope of the line that passes through the pair of points.
Answer
1
The slope is − .
4
Example 1.23
Find the slope of the line.
Example 1.23
Find the slope of the line.
Answer
The slope is 2.
Example 1.24
Find the slope of the line.
Example 1.24
Find the slope of the line.
Answer
1
The slope is − .
6
Example 1.25
Find the slope of the line.
Example 1.25
Find the slope of the line.
Answer
3
The slope is − .
2
Example 1.26
Find the slope of the line.
Example 1.26
Find the slope of the line.
Answer
3
The slope is .
4
Example 1.27
Find the slope of the line.
Example 1.27
Find the slope of the line.
Answer
6
The slope is − .
5
Chapter II
Linear Equations
Standard Form of Linear Equation
Definition
The standard form of a line is in the form
Ax + By = C
where A, B, C ∈ Z and A, B 6= 0
Example 2.1
Standard Form Non-Standard Form
I 3x + 4y = 0 I 0.25x + 4y = 0
I 5x − 9y = 2 I 5x = 3y − 2
I −3x + 2y = −4 I 2y = −4
Slope-intercept Form
Definition
The slope-intercept form of a linear equation has the following form
y = mx + b
3x + 4y = 0
Example 2.2
Convert the equation to its slope-intercept form
3x + 4y = 0
Answer
3
y=− x
4
Example 2.3
Convert the equation to its slope-intercept form
5x − 9y = 2
Example 2.3
Convert the equation to its slope-intercept form
5x − 9y = 2
Answer
5 2
y = x−
9 9
Point-Slope Form
Definition
The point-slope form of a linear equation has the following form
y − y1 = m(x − x1 )
where m is the slope and (x1 , y1 ) are the coordinates of a given point
on the line.
Writing Linear Equations
Example 2.4
Based on the given information, what is the standard form of the
linear equation?
Slope = 3 y−intercept = −5
Example 2.4
Based on the given information, what is the standard form of the
linear equation?
Slope = 3 y−intercept = −5
Answer
3x − y = 5
Example 2.5
Based on the given information, what is the standard form of the
linear equation?
Slope =2 y−intercept = −3
Example 2.5
Based on the given information, what is the standard form of the
linear equation?
Slope =2 y−intercept = −3
Answer
2x − y = 3
Example 2.6
Based on the given information, what is the standard form of the
linear equation?
1
y + 5 = (x + 1)
4
Example 2.6
Based on the given information, what is the standard form of the
linear equation?
1
y + 5 = (x + 1)
4
Answer
x − 4y = 19
Example 2.7
Based on the given information, what is the standard form of the
linear equation?
y+1=x+1
Example 2.7
Based on the given information, what is the standard form of the
linear equation?
y+1=x+1
Answer
x−y =0
Example 2.8
Based on the given information, what is the standard form of the
linear equation?
3
Slope = − through: (−2, 0)
7
Example 2.8
Based on the given information, what is the standard form of the
linear equation?
3
Slope = − through: (−2, 0)
7
Answer
3x + 7y = −6
Example 2.9
Based on the given information, what is the standard form of the
linear equation?
6
Slope = through: (3, 2)
5
Example 2.9
Based on the given information, what is the standard form of the
linear equation?
6
Slope = through: (3, 2)
5
Answer
6x − 5y = 8
Example 2.10
Based on the given information, what is the standard form of the
linear equation?
Answer
6x + y = −13
Example 2.11
Based on the given information, what is the standard form of the
linear equation?
Answer
2x + y = 1
Example 2.12
Based on the given information, what is the standard form of the
linear equation?
Answer
4x − y = 0
Graphing Linear Equations
Example 2.13
Based on the given information, sketch the graph of the line.
x−intercept = 5 y−intercept = 1
Example 2.14
Based on the given information, sketch the graph of the line.
x−intercept = −3 y−intercept = 1
Example 2.15
Based on the given information, sketch the graph of the line.
3x + 4y = 16
Example 2.16
Based on the given information, sketch the graph of the line.
5x − 3y = −15
Example 2.17
Based on the given information, sketch the graph of the line.
7x + 4y = −16
Example 2.18
Based on the given information, sketch the graph of the line.
7
y = x−3
3
Example 2.19
Based on the given information, sketch the graph of the line.
y = −5x − 1
Example 2.20
Based on the given information, sketch the graph of the line.
4
y =− x+1
5
Example 2.21
Based on the given information, sketch the graph of the line.
−2y = −10x − 10
Example 2.22
Based on the given information, sketch the graph of the line.
−25 + 2x = 5y
Example 2.23
Based on the given information, sketch the graph of the line.
−4y + 8 = −6x
Linear Inequalities
Definition
A linear inequality is an inequality which involves a linear function.
A linear inequality contains one of the symbols of inequality:
<, >, ≤, ≥
Graphing Linear Inequalities
Remarks
The graph of an inequality in two variables is the set of points that
represents all solutions to the inequality. A linear inequality divides
the coordinate plane into two halves by a boundary line where one
half represents the solutions. The boundary line is dashed for > and
< and solid for ≤ and ≥.
Example 2.24
Sketch the graph of the linear equality.
y < −2
Example 2.24
Sketch the graph of the linear equality.
y < −2
Answer
Example 2.25
Sketch the graph of the linear equality.
y > −x − 5
Example 2.25
Sketch the graph of the linear equality.
y > −x − 5
Answer
Example 2.26
Sketch the graph of the linear equality.
1
y ≥ x−2
2
Example 2.26
Sketch the graph of the linear equality.
1
y ≥ x−2
2
Answer
Example 2.27
Sketch the graph of the linear equality.
3x + y < −1
Example 2.27
Sketch the graph of the linear equality.
3x + y < −1
Answer
Example 2.28
Sketch the graph of the linear equality.
5x + 4y ≤ 12
Example 2.28
Sketch the graph of the linear equality.
5x + 4y ≤ 12
Answer
Example 2.29
Sketch the graph of the linear equality.
5x − y > 0
Example 2.29
Sketch the graph of the linear equality.
5x − y > 0
Answer
Example 2.30
Sketch the graph of the linear equality.
x+y ≥4
Example 2.30
Sketch the graph of the linear equality.
x+y ≥4
Answer
Chapter II
Introduction to Conic Sections
Definition
Definition
A conic section is a curve obtained as the intersection of the surface
of a cone with a plane. The three types of conic section are the
hyperbola, the parabola, and the ellipse.
ax2 + bx + c = 0
x2 + 10x − 39 = 0
Example 1.1
Solve the following equation using completing the square
x2 + 10x − 39 = 0
Answer
(x + 5)2 = 64
Example 1.2
Solve the following equation using completing the square
x2 + 4x + 1 = 0
Example 1.2
Solve the following equation using completing the square
x2 + 4x + 1 = 0
Answer
(x + 2)2 = 3
Example 1.3
Solve the following equation using completing the square
5x2 − 4x − 2 = 0
Example 1.3
Solve the following equation using completing the square
5x2 − 4x − 2 = 0
Answer
(x − 0.4)2 = 0.56
Chapter III
Parabola
Equation of a Parabola in Standard Form
Definition
A parabola is the locus of all points in the plane whose distances
from a fixed point F and a fixed line l (directrix) are the same.
Remarks
If x has a degree of 1,
then it’s horizontal.
If y has a degree of 1,
then it’s vertical.
Example 2.1
Identify whether the given parabola is vertical or horizontal
x = 2y 2
Example 2.1
Identify whether the given parabola is vertical or horizontal
x = 2y 2
Answer
The parabola is horizontal.
Example 2.2
Identify whether the given parabola is vertical or horizontal
x2 + y = 0
Example 2.2
Identify whether the given parabola is vertical or horizontal
x2 + y = 0
Answer
The parabola is vertical.
Example 2.3
Identify whether the given parabola is vertical or horizontal
−x2 + 12x + y − 32 = 0
Example 2.3
Identify whether the given parabola is vertical or horizontal
−x2 + 12x + y − 32 = 0
Answer
The parabola is vertical.
Graphing a Parabola
Steps to Follow
1. Identify if the parabola is vertical or horizontal.
2. Locate the coordinates of the vertex of the parabola. The
coordinate is (h, k).
3. Choose values for x or y. If it is vertical, then choose values
for x. Otherwise, choose values for y.
4. Connect the vertex and the points you have to form a parabola.
1
5. Identify the focus. If it is vertical, then h, k + 4a . If it is
1
horizontal, then h + 4a , k .
1
6. Identify the directrix. If it is vertical, then y = k − 4a . If it is
1
horizontal, then x = h − 4a .
7. Plot your directrix.
Example 2.4
Sketch the graph of the given parabola.
x = 2y 2
Example 2.5
Sketch the graph of the given parabola.
x2 + y = 0
Example 2.6
Sketch the graph of the given parabola.
−x2 + 12x + y − 32 = 0
Determining the Standard Form of the
Equation of a Parabola
Steps to Follow
Answer
The equation is
y = −x2 + 6
Example 2.8
Find the equation of a parabola in standard form that satisfies the
given conditions:
37
Vertex: (1, 9), Focus: 36 ,9
Example 2.8
Find the equation of a parabola in standard form that satisfies the
given conditions:
37
Vertex: (1, 9), Focus: 36 ,9
Answer
The equation is
x = 9(y − 9)2 + 1
Steps to Follow
Answer
The equation is
y = 5(x − 5)2 + 1
Example 2.10
Find the equation of a parabola in standard form that satisfies the
given conditions:
23
Vertex: (−3, 9), Directrix: x = −
8
Example 2.10
Find the equation of a parabola in standard form that satisfies the
given conditions:
23
Vertex: (−3, 9), Directrix: x = −
8
Answer
The equation is
x = −2(y − 9)2 − 3
Steps to Follow
Answer
The equation is
y = −(x − 8)2 − 9
Example 2.12
Find the equation of a parabola in standard form that satisfies the
given conditions:
15
17
Focus: 2 ,0 , Directrix: x =
2
Example 2.12
Find the equation of a parabola in standard form that satisfies the
given conditions:
15
17
Focus: 2 ,0 , Directrix: x =
2
Answer
The equation is
1
x = − y2 + 8
2
Chapter IV
Circles
Equation of a Circle in Standard Form
Definition
A circle is the locus of all points in the plane having the same fixed
positive distance, called the radius, from a fixed point, called center.
(x − h)2 + (y − k)2 = r2
(x − 2)2 + (y + 5)2 = 9
Example 3.2
Sketch the graph of the given equation.
x2 + (y − 1)2 = 4
Example 3.3
Sketch the graph of the given equation.
x2 + y 2 + 4x + 6y − 23 = 0
Determining the Standard Form of the
Equation of a Circle
Example 3.4
Find the equation of the circle which satisfies the given conditions.
Center is at (−7,√
13) and
the Radius is 15.
Example 3.4
Find the equation of the circle which satisfies the given conditions.
Center is at (−7,√
13) and
the Radius is 15.
Answer
The equation is
(x + 7)2 + (y − 13)2 = 15
Example 3.5
Find the equation of the circle which satisfies the given conditions.
Answer
The equation is
(x + 10)2 + (y − 9)2 = 8
Example 3.6
Find the equation of the circle which satisfies the given conditions.
Answer
The equation is
Answer
The equation is
(x + 2)2 + (y + 13)2 = 36
Example 3.8
Find the equation of the circle which satisfies the given conditions.
Ends of a diameter
(7, 13) and (3, 3).
Example 3.8
Find the equation of the circle which satisfies the given conditions.
Ends of a diameter
(7, 13) and (3, 3).
Answer
The equation is
(x − 5)2 + (y − 8)2 = 29
Chapter V
Ellipses
Equation of an Ellipse in Standard Form
Definition
An ellipse is the locus of all points in the plane and which the sum
of whose distance from two fixed points F and F 0 is constant.
Horizontal Ellipse: Vertical Ellipse:
(x − h)2 (y − k)2 (x − h)2 (y − k)2
+ =1 + =1
a2 b2 b2 a2
where (h, k) is the center of the ellipse, a is the distance from the
center to the vertex, b is the distance from the center to one end of
the minor axis, and a > b.
Ellipses
Parts of an Ellipse
Classifying Ellipses
Classifying Ellipses
Remarks
If x has the largest denominator,
then it’s horizontal.
Answer
The given ellipse is horizontal.
Example 4.2
Identify whether the given ellipse is vertical or horizontal.
(x − 2)2 (y + 4)2
+ =1
36 100
Example 4.2
Identify whether the given ellipse is vertical or horizontal.
(x − 2)2 (y + 4)2
+ =1
36 100
Answer
The given ellipse is vertical.
Example 4.3
Identify whether the given ellipse is vertical or horizontal.
(x − 2)2 (y + 4)2
+ =1
25 4
Example 4.3
Identify whether the given ellipse is vertical or horizontal.
(x − 2)2 (y + 4)2
+ =1
25 4
Answer
The given ellipse is horizontal.
Example 4.4
Identify whether the given ellipse is vertical or horizontal.
Answer
The given ellipse is horizontal.
Graphing an Ellipse
Steps to Follow
1. Identify if the given ellipse is horizontal or vertical. Check your
denominator.
2. Locate the coordinates of the center of the given ellipse. The
coordinate is (h, k).
3. Identify the length of the semi-major axis. This is your a.
4. Identify the length of the semi-minor axis. This is your b.
5. Identify the distance
√ between the center and the focus. Use
the given formula a2 − b2 .
6. Plot the center, the two ends of the major and minor axis, and
the foci of the ellipse.
7. Connect the ends of your axes in an elliptical way.
Example 4.5
Sketch the graph of the given ellipse.
x2 y 2
+ =1
25 16
Example 4.6
Sketch the graph of the given ellipse.
(x − 2)2 (y + 4)2
+ =1
36 100
Example 4.7
Sketch the graph of the given ellipse.
Answer
The equation is
(x + 7)2 (y + 9)2
+ =1
169 196
Example 4.10
Find the equation of an ellipse in standard form that satisfies the
given conditions.
Vertices: 43 17
2 , −3 , −
13 2 , −3
13
Co-vertices: 2 , 6 , 2 , −12
Example 4.10
Find the equation of an ellipse in standard form that satisfies the
given conditions.
Vertices: 43 17
2 , −3 , −
13 2 , −3
13
Co-vertices: 2 , 6 , 2 , −12
Answer
The equation is
2
x − 13
2 (y + 3)2
+ =1
225 81
STEPS TO FOLLOW:
Case 2: Given the vertices and foci
1. Identify if the given ellipse is horizontal or vertical. Check the
movements of your vertex.
2. Identify the center using midpoint formula. Choose between
the coordinates of your vertices or foci.
3. Identify the length of the semi-major axis. Choose a vertex and
pair it with the center. Then, use distance formula (Absolute
Value).
4. Identify the length of the focus. Choose a focus and pair it
with the center. Then, use distance formula (Absolute value)
5. p
Identify the length of the semi-minor axis. Use the formula
a2 − f 2 .
Example 4.11
Find the equation of an ellipse in standard form that satisfies the
given conditions.
Vertices:
√ (4, 2), (−12, 2)
√
Foci: (−4 + 55, 2), (−4 − 55, 2)
Example 4.11
Find the equation of an ellipse in standard form that satisfies the
given conditions.
Vertices:
√ (4, 2), (−12, 2)
√
Foci: (−4 + 55, 2), (−4 − 55, 2)
Answer
The equation is
(x + 4)2 (y − 2)2
+ =1
64 9
Example 4.12
Find the equation of an ellipse in standard form that satisfies the
given conditions.
Answer
The equation is
(x − 5)2 (y + 4)2
+ =1
49 144
STEPS TO FOLLOW:
Case 3: Given the co-vertices and foci
1. Identify if the given ellipse is horizontal or vertical. Check the
movements of your vertex.
2. Identify the center using midpoint formula. Choose between
the coordinates of your co-vertices or foci.
3. Identify the length of the semi-minor axis. Choose a co-vertex
and pair it with the center. Then, use distance formula
(Absolute Value).
4. Identify the length of the focus. Choose a focus and pair it
with the center. Then, use distance formula (Absolute value)
5. p
Identify the length of the semi-major axis. Use the formula
b2 + f 2 .
Example 4.13
Find the equation of an ellipse in standard form that satisfies the
given conditions.
√ √
Foci: (10, −8 + 65), (10, −8 − 65)
Co-vertices: (14, −8), (6, −8)
Example 4.13
Find the equation of an ellipse in standard form that satisfies the
given conditions.
√ √
Foci: (10, −8 + 65), (10, −8 − 65)
Co-vertices: (14, −8), (6, −8)
Answer
The equation is
(x − 10)2 (y + 8)2
+ =1
16 81
Example 4.14
Find the equation of an ellipse in standard form that satisfies the
given conditions.
√ √
Foci: (−2 + 21, 4), (−2 − 21, 4)
Co-vertices: (−2, 14), (−2, −6)
Example 4.14
Find the equation of an ellipse in standard form that satisfies the
given conditions.
√ √
Foci: (−2 + 21, 4), (−2 − 21, 4)
Co-vertices: (−2, 14), (−2, −6)
Answer
The equation is
(x + 2)2 (y − 4)2
+ =1
121 100
STEPS TO FOLLOW:
Case 4: Given the center, focus, and co-vertex
1. Identify if the given ellipse is horizontal or vertical. Check the
movements of your co-vertex relative to the center.
2. Identify the length of the semi-minor axis. Refer to the
coordinates of the co-vertex and center. Then, use the
distance formula (Absolute Value).
3. Identify the length of the focus. Refer to the coordinates of
the focus and center. Then, use the distance formula
(Absolute Value).
4. p
Identify the length of the semi-major axis. Use the formula
b2 + f 2 .
Example 4.15
Find the equation of an ellipse in standard form that satisfies the
given conditions.
Center: (10, −2)
Co-vertex: (12, −2)
√
Focus: (10, −2 + 2 15)
Example 4.15
Find the equation of an ellipse in standard form that satisfies the
given conditions.
Center: (10, −2)
Co-vertex: (12, −2)
√
Focus: (10, −2 + 2 15)
Answer
The equation is
(x − 10)2 (y + 2)2
+ =1
4 64
Example 4.16
Find the equation of an ellipse in standard form that satisfies the
given conditions.
Center: (0, −10)
Co-vertex:√(0, −2)
Focus: (4 5, −10)
Example 4.16
Find the equation of an ellipse in standard form that satisfies the
given conditions.
Center: (0, −10)
Co-vertex:√(0, −2)
Focus: (4 5, −10)
Answer
The equation is
x2 (y + 10)2
+ =1
144 64
Chapter VI
Hyperbola
Equation of a Hyperbola in Standard
Form
Definition
A hyperbola is the locus of all points in the plane; the absolute
difference of whose distances from two fixed points F and F 0 is
constant.
Horizontal Hyperbola: Vertical Hyperbola:
(x − h)2 (y − k)2 (y − k)2 (x − h)2
− =1 − =1
a2 b2 a2 b2
where (h, k) is the center of the hyperbola, a is the distance from
the center to the vertex, and b is the distance from the center to one
end of the conjugate axes.
Parts of a Hyperbola
Horizontal Hyperbola
Vertical Hyperbola
Classifying Hyperbola
Classifying Hyperbola
Remarks
If x is the minuend,
then it’s horizontal.
If y is the minuend,
then it’s vertical.
Example 5.1
Identify whether the given hyperbola is vertical or horizontal.
y 2 x2
− =1
9 16
Example 5.1
Identify whether the given hyperbola is vertical or horizontal.
y 2 x2
− =1
9 16
Answer
The hyperbola is vertical.
Example 5.2
Identify whether the given hyperbola is vertical or horizontal.
(x + 1)2
− (y − 4)2 = 1
4
Example 5.2
Identify whether the given hyperbola is vertical or horizontal.
(x + 1)2
− (y − 4)2 = 1
4
Answer
The hyperbola is horizontal.
Example 5.3
Identify whether the given hyperbola is vertical or horizontal.
x2 − 2x − 3 = 4y 2
Example 5.3
Identify whether the given hyperbola is vertical or horizontal.
x2 − 2x − 3 = 4y 2
Answer
The hyperbola is horizontal.
Example 5.4
Identify whether the given hyperbola is vertical or horizontal.
0 = 9x2 + 72 − 4y 2 − 36x
Example 5.4
Identify whether the given hyperbola is vertical or horizontal.
0 = 9x2 + 72 − 4y 2 − 36x
Answer
The hyperbola is vertical.
Graphing a Hyperbola
Steps to Follow
1. Identify the type of the hyperbola. Check the minuend.
2. Locate the coordinates of the center of the given hyperbola.
The coordinates is (h, k).
3. Identify the length of the semi-conjugate axis. This is your b.
4. Identify the length of the semi-transverse axis. This is your a.
5. Identify the
√ distance between the center and the foci. Use the
formula a2 + b2 .
6. Use the lengths of your semi-conjugate and semi-transverse
axis to create a rectangle.
7. Draw the diagonal lines of the rectangle and extend it with an
arrowhead.
8. Sketch the curve asymptotic to the diagonal lines.
Equation of the Asymptotes
Horizontal Hyperbola
b
y = ± (x − h) + k
a
Vertical Hyperbola
a
y = ± (x − h) + k
b
Example 5.5
Sketch the graph of the given hyperbola. Then, identify the coordi-
nates of the vertices and focus; and the equation of the asymptotes.
y 2 x2
− =1
9 16
Example 5.6
Sketch the graph of the given hyperbola. Then, identify the coordi-
nates of the vertices and focus; and the equation of the asymptotes.
x2 − 2x − 3 = 4y 2
Example 5.7
Sketch the graph of the given hyperbola. Then, identify the coordi-
nates of the vertices and focus; and the equation of the asymptotes.
0 = 9x2 + 72 − 4y 2 − 36x
Determining the Standard Form of the
Equation of a Hyperbola
Steps to Follow:
Case 1: Given the coordinates of the vertices and length of the
conjugate axis
1. Identify if the given hyperbola is horizontal or vertical. Check
the movements of the vertices.
2. Identify the center using midpoint formula. Use the
coordinates of your vertices.
3. Identify the length of the semi-transverse axis. Choose a vertex
and pair it with the center. Then, use distance formula
(Absolute Value).
4. Identify the length of the semi-conjugate axis. Divide the
length of the conjugate axis by 2.
Example 5.8
Find the equation of a hyperbola in standard form that satisfies the
given conditions:
Answer
The equation is
(y + 2)2 (x + 4)2
− =1
25 121
Example 5.9
Find the equation of a hyperbola in standard form that satisfies the
given conditions:
Answer
The equation is
(x − 3)2 (y − 9)2
− =1
36 64
Steps to Follow
Case 2: Given the coordinates of the vertices and foci
1. Identify if the given hyperbola is horizontal or vertical. Check
the movements of the vertices.
2. Identify the center using midpoint formula. Use the
coordinates of your vertices or foci.
3. Identify the length of the semi-transverse axis. Choose a vertex
and pair it with the center. Then, use distance formula
(Absolute Value).
4. Identify the length of the focus. Choose a focus and pair it
with the center. Use the distance formula (Absolute Value).
5. p
Identify the lenght of the semi-conjugate axis. Use the formula
f 2 − a.
Example 5.10
Find the equation of a hyperbola in standard form that satisfies the
given conditions:
Answer
The equation is
(y + 10)2 (x + 6)2
− =1
144 25
Example 5.11
Find the equation of a hyperbola in standard form that satisfies the
given conditions:
Answer
The equation is
(x + 5)2 (y + 1)2
− =1
9 16
Steps to Follow
Case 3: Given the coordinates of the foci and length of conjugate
axis
1. Identify if the given hyperbola is horizontal or vertical. Check
the movements of the foci.
2. Identify the center using midpoint formula. Use the
coordinates of your foci.
3. Identify the length of the focus. Choose a focus and pair it
with the center. Use distance formula (Absolute Value).
4. Identify the length of the semi-conjugate axis. Divide the
length of the conjugate axis by 2.
5. p
Identify the length of the semi-transverse axis. Use the formula
f 2 − b2 .
Example 5.12
Find the equation of a hyperbola in standard form that satisfies the
given conditions:
√ √
Foci: (1, −8 + 5 2), (1, −8 − 5 2)
Conjugate Axis is 14 units long.
Example 5.12
Find the equation of a hyperbola in standard form that satisfies the
given conditions:
√ √
Foci: (1, −8 + 5 2), (1, −8 − 5 2)
Conjugate Axis is 14 units long.
Answer
The equation is
2 (x − 1)2
(y + 8) − =1
49
Example 5.13
Find the equation of a hyperbola in standard form that satisfies the
given conditions:
√ √
Foci: (10 + 2 34, 8), (10 − 2 34, 8)
Conjugate Axis is 20 units long.
Example 5.13
Find the equation of a hyperbola in standard form that satisfies the
given conditions:
√ √
Foci: (10 + 2 34, 8), (10 − 2 34, 8)
Conjugate Axis is 20 units long.
Answer
The equation is
(x − 10)2 (y − 8)2
− =1
36 100
Chapter VII
Classifying Conic Section
Classifying Conic Sections
Are the Are the
Are both Squared coefficients
Yes No
START variables variables of the
squared? being squared
subtracted? term equal?
No No
Yes Yes
−x2 = 13 − 4y 2 + 8y + 2x
Example 6.1
Classify the given conic section
−x2 = 13 − 4y 2 + 8y + 2x
Answer
The equation is a hyperbola.
Example 6.2
Classify the given conic section
2x + y 2 + x2 + 4 = 4y
Example 6.2
Classify the given conic section
2x + y 2 + x2 + 4 = 4y
Answer
The equation is a circle.
Example 6.3
Classify the given conic section
Answer
The equation is a circle.
Example 6.4
Classify the given conic section
x − 10y + 24 = −y 2
Example 6.4
Classify the given conic section
x − 10y + 24 = −y 2
Answer
The equation is a parabola.
Example 6.5
Classify the given conic section
Answer
The equation is a ellipse.
Chapter VIII
Application of Conic Sections
Application of Conic Sections
Example 7.1
A satellite dish has a shape called paraboloid, where each cross-
section is a parabola. Since radio signals (parallel to the axis) will
bound off the surface of the dish to the focus, the receiver should be
placed at the focus. How far should the receiver be from the vertex,
if the dish is 12 feet across, and 4.5 feet deep at the vertex?
Example 7.1
A satellite dish has a shape called paraboloid, where each cross-
section is a parabola. Since radio signals (parallel to the axis) will
bound off the surface of the dish to the focus, the receiver should be
placed at the focus. How far should the receiver be from the vertex,
if the dish is 12 feet across, and 4.5 feet deep at the vertex?
Answer
The receiver should be 2 feet away from the vertex.
Example 7.2
The cable of a suspension bridge hangs in the shape of a parabola.
The towers supporting the cable are 400 feet apart and 150 feet high.
If the cable, at its lowest, is 30 feet above the bridge at its midpoint,
how high is the cable 50 feet away (horizontally) from either tower?
Example 7.2
The cable of a suspension bridge hangs in the shape of a parabola.
The towers supporting the cable are 400 feet apart and 150 feet high.
If the cable, at its lowest, is 30 feet above the bridge at its midpoint,
how high is the cable 50 feet away (horizontally) from either tower?
Answer
The cable is 97.5 feet high 50 feet away from either tower.
Example 7.3
A tunnel has the shape of a semiellipse that is 15 feet high at the
center, and 36 feet across at the base. At most how high should a
passing truck be, if it is 12 feet wide, for it to fit through the tunnel?
Round off your answer to two decimal places.
Example 7.3
A tunnel has the shape of a semiellipse that is 15 feet high at the
center, and 36 feet across at the base. At most how high should a
passing truck be, if it is 12 feet wide, for it to fit through the tunnel?
Round off your answer to two decimal places.
Answer
The truck should be at most ≈ 14.14 feet.
Example 7.4
The orbit of a planet has the shape of an ellipse, and on one of the
foci is the star around which it revolves. The planet is closest to the
star when it is at one vertex. It is farthest from the star when it is
at the other vertex. Suppose the closest and farthest distances of
the planet from this star are 420 million kilometers and 580 million
kilometers, respectively. Find the equation of the ellipse, in standard
form, with center at the origin and the star at the x-axis. Assume
all unites are in millions of kilometers.
Example 7.4
The orbit of a planet has the shape of an ellipse, and on one of the
foci is the star around which it revolves. The planet is closest to the
star when it is at one vertex. It is farthest from the star when it is
at the other vertex. Suppose the closest and farthest distances of
the planet from this star are 420 million kilometers and 580 million
kilometers, respectively. Find the equation of the ellipse, in standard
form, with center at the origin and the star at the x-axis. Assume
all unites are in millions of kilometers.
Answer
x2 y2
The equation is + =1
250000 243600
Chapter IX
Systems of Nonlinear Equation
Definition
A system of equations where at least one equation is not linear is
called a nonlinear system. There are several ways to solve systems
of nonlinear equations
I Substitution
I Elimination
I Graphical Method
1. Solve for the value of one of the variable. Choose the simpliest
equation you have in the given.
2. Substitute the value you have from the first step on the other
equation and perform the operations.
3. Substitute the value(s) you obtain on the second step to either
of the equation.
Example 8.1
Solve the given system of nonlinear equations.
2x2 − 2y 2 − 73x + y − 63 = 0
3x + y = 1
Example 8.1
Solve the given system of nonlinear equations.
2x2 − 2y 2 − 73x + y − 63 = 0
3x + y = 1
Answer
The solution is
(−2, 7)
Example 8.2
Solve the given system of nonlinear equations.
2x2 − 5y 2 − 7x − y + 5 = 0
3x + y − 3 = 0
Example 8.2
Solve the given system of nonlinear equations.
2x2 − 5y 2 − 7x − y + 5 = 0
3x + y − 3 = 0
Answer
The solution is
(1, 0)
Example 8.3
Solve the given system of nonlinear equations.
−2x2 + 3y 2 − 2x − 7y − 36 = 0
x+y =0
Example 8.3
Solve the given system of nonlinear equations.
−2x2 + 3y 2 − 2x − 7y − 36 = 0
x+y =0
Answer
The solution are
Answer
The solution are
3x2 − 36x + y + 99 = 0
3x2 + 12y 2 − 36x − 35y − 117 = 0
Example 8.5
Solve the given system of nonlinear equations.
3x2 − 36x + y + 99 = 0
3x2 + 12y 2 − 36x − 35y − 117 = 0
Answer
The solution are
Answer
The solution are
Answer
There is no solution.
Solving Systems of Nonlinear Equation
using Computer Application
Chapter X
Application of Systems of Nonlinear
Equation
Application of Systems of Nonlinear
Equation
Example 9.1
The screen size of television sets is given in inches. This indicates
the length of the diagonal. Screens of the same size can come in
different shapes. Wide-screen TVs usually have screens with aspect
ratio 16 : 9, indicating the ratio of the width to the height. Older TV
models often have aspect ratio 4 : 3. A 40-inch LED TV has screen
aspect ratio 16 : 9. Find the length and the width of the screen.
Example 9.1
The screen size of television sets is given in inches. This indicates
the length of the diagonal. Screens of the same size can come in
different shapes. Wide-screen TVs usually have screens with aspect
ratio 16 : 9, indicating the ratio of the width to the height. Older TV
models often have aspect ratio 4 : 3. A 40-inch LED TV has screen
aspect ratio 16 : 9. Find the length and the width of the screen.
Answer
A 40-inch TV with aspect ratio 16 : 9 is about 35.86 inches wide
and 19.61 inches high.
Example 9.2
From a circular piece of metal sheet with diameter 20 cm, a rectan-
gular piece with perimeter 28 cm is to be cut. Find the dimension of
the rectangular piece.
Example 9.2
From a circular piece of metal sheet with diameter 20 cm, a rectan-
gular piece with perimeter 28 cm is to be cut. Find the dimension of
the rectangular piece.
Answer
The dimension is 6 cm × 8cm.
References
Garces, I. J., Bacani, J., Eden, R., Estrada, G. R., Francisco, F., &
Vidallo, M. A. (2016). Precalculus. Diliman, Quezon City:
Commission on Higher Education.
Gilman, M. R., Burger, C., & Neal, K. (2009). Pre-Calculus
Workbook For Dummies. 111 River St. Hoboken, NJ 07030-
5774 Wiley Publishing, Inc.
Pelias, J. G. P. (2016). Pre-Calculus (First Edition ed.). 856 Nicanor
Reyes Sr. St., Sampaloc, Manila: Rex Book Store.
Stitz, C., & Zeager, J. (2011). Precalculus.