11

11
- Ethernet, Token-Ring, ATM
Ethernet
Ethernet
CSMA/CD - Ethernet -
LAN ! 1000 100 10 Mbps Ethernet
5000 100
! ! !

IP - IP- Ethernet-
Connectionless oriented Ethernet 1
circuit " " Packet-switched Ethernet 2
Quality of IP Ethernet 3
Service

Ethernet-

Ethernet

preamble 1
2
3
4
Data payload 5
! – CRC 6

! bit 64 8 – 1
HEX "AA AA AA AA AA AB" # Ethernet
" " ! " ! Ethernet
! " # ! #

1 - 16
 11

! bit 48 6 MAC - 2-3

!
# broadcast -
–

bit 16 2 – 4
0806 ARP Hex 0800 IP encapsulated
!

! 46-1500 – 5
1500-
! 46

-CRC ! bit 32 4 -CRC 6

!
CSMA\CD ! Ethernet

1
2
! 3
! ! 4
48
back off exponential $ 5
m- !
{0,1,2,...,2(m-1)} K
! 512%K
2# !

! ! 1

K K ! !
m

1 2 {0,1} 0.5 256

2 4 {0,1,2,3} 1.5 768
3 8 {0,1,2,...,7} 3.5 1792
4 16 {0,1,2,...,15} 7.5 3840
5 32 {0,1,2,...,31} 15.5 7936
6 64 {0,1,2,...,63} 31.5 16128
7 128 {0,1,2,...,127} 63.5 32512

2 16
 11

0.00001 Ethernet 10Mbps ! 2

jam signal 3
" ! !
! & &
!

! – !
! !

–
"

1
! !
!

! !

tprop = max signal propagation time ( in T)

B ! ! ! !
A

2 tprop ! A "
tA ! A

B A tA + tprop " " B

tA+ tprop ! ! B

3 16
 11

tA+ ! A " ! tprop ! B ! A

A ! 2 tprop tprop + tprop

Ethernet

k
p 2tprop !
A=kp(1-p)k-1
# #
-

k*p
(1-p)k-1

p=1/k
– !

# - k 1/e A

limk-->inf (A) = limk-->inf (kp(1-p)k-1)

= limk-->inf (k*(1/k)*(1-(1/k))k-1)
= limk-->inf (1-(1/k))k-1 = 1/e

d=-1 limx-->inf(1+(d/x))x = ed : !

time slots ! - j

A(1-A) j-1 ! j

(time slots) ! j " !

A j ! (1-A) j-1 ! j-1

!
jA(1 A) j 1

j 0

A !
! A(1-A) j-1 ! j

4 16
 11

# 0- j A(1-A) j-1
# 0- j-
0*p0 + 1*p1 + 2*p2 + ….) / (p0+p1+p2+…)
1- ! j pj = A(1-A) j-1
!
1- 0- p
1
1- # 0- -j-
jA(1 A) j 1

j 0

!
jA(1 A) j 1
A1 (i 1)(1 A) i
j 0 i 1

j 1 j 1
jA 1 A A j1 A
j 0 j 0

j 1 j 1
A j1 A A 1 j1 A
j 0 j 2

j 1 j 1
A 1 j1 A A 1 j 1 1 A
j 2 j 1

Taylor series of f(x)=1/x2 ; f (i)(x)=(-1)i mod 2 x-2-i (i+1)!

f(x)=1/x2 -i- !
f(x)=1/x 2 ! i=2
f ( i ) (1)( A 1) i
f ( A) f (1) f (1) (i 1)(1 A) i
i 1 i! i 1

x=A x0 = 1 f(x)=1/x2 !

! x0 ' # ! f(x) !
f i x0 i
x x0
j 0 i!

f(x) !
i
f x0 i
f x x x0
j 0 i!

x0 = 1 ' # ! f(x)=1/x2

5 16
 11

Hence avg. number of slots till success = 1/A=e

1
(i ) i
f (1)( A 1)
f ( A) f (1) f (1) (i 1)(1 A)i
i 1 i! i 1

2
jA(1 A) j 1
A 1 (i 1)(1 A)i
j 0 i 1

f(1) = 1/12 ( 1 , f(x)=1/x2 3

1 1 1 1
jA(1 A) j A f a A 1/ e
j 0 A2 A e

time slots !
1
jA(1 A) j e
j 0

Time till success: 2etpro

2etprop !
time slot ! e A- !
2tprop !
ttrans
efficiency
ttrans 2et prop

! – ttrans
(LAN) nodes ! - tporp

! !

Ethernet CSMA/CD efficiency

CSMA/CD Ethernet

6 16
 11

1
efficiency
1 5t prop / ttrans

! – ttrans
(LAN) nodes ! - tporp

ALOHA
!

0- # tprop
! ! 1- #

1– # # # ttrans
!

Ethernet
Ethernet

- *thick-net) 10Base5 Ethernet

500

– "thin-net" 10Base2
185

" " 10Base5 10Base2 !

BNC

7 16
 11

BUS !

terminator !
! terminator
#

30 10Base2 100 10Base5

# ! repeater
! repeater "

5 repeaters 4 10Base2 10Base5

! ! 2500 10Base5

T Twisted pair 100BaseT 10BaseT

100Mbps Fast Ethernet 100BaseT

RJ45 STP - Shielded Twisted UTP - Unshielded

Pair Twisted Pair

HUB ! !

8 16
 11

repeater # repeater HUB

! port
HUB
100 #

repeater HUB ! repeater HUB

! - CSMA/CD

! !

Gbps Ethernet # Ethernet

10Gbps Ethernet

! !
same collision #
domain

! !
separate collision domain
! Bridge Switch

Switch Bridge
Store and forward -

CSMA/CD

9 16
 11

o
o
CSMA/CD

Multiple Port Bridge Switch Switch Bridge

Switch Bridge

Switch ! Bridge

D C G F E

Bridge H Switch D

A B A B C
D B C A G C D A

cut-thru forwarding Switch

switch
Switch WWW
#
10Mb/100Mb/1000Mb Switches

cut-thru forwarding
Store and forward cut-thru forwarding -switch
!
! ! #

10 16
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bridge/switch table
!

MAC MAC

! TTL
" " !

– MAC

MAC
1 !
TTL ! 2
multicast broadcast # 3

BackBone 1

Bridge !
- ' ' - ' " "
' ' '
- ' ! ' ' ' - '
'

BackBone 2

+ !
Bridge –
!

11 16
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Bridges Spanning Tree Bridges

Bridges !

Bridges ' ' ' - '

' ' Bridge '

' ' Bridge '

' ' –

Bridges !
!

Bridge
Bridge

store & forward cut thru store & forward

switch
IP MAC

subnet mask
Spannig Tree

12 16
 11

TTL " "

Bridges

Bridge

Bridges
–

broadcast Bridges

TTL ! " "

broadcast

IP

Bridges

Switch Bridge HUB

Cut-Through

Ethernet

Infrastructured wireless LANs

Ad-Hoc LANs

13 16
 11

Infrastructured
access Base station
AP–poit
BBS - Basic Service Set
distribution system (DS) BBS

Ad-Hoc LAN
AC
!

" " o
palm pilot o
o
IETF MANET (Mobile Ad hoc Networks) working group " !

IEEE 802.11: multiple access

! !
CSMA
#
#

hidden terminal problem

! !

C A CA

14 16
 11

Ethernet CSMA/CD Ethernet

!

IEEE 802.11: CSMA/CA Collision Avoidance

DIFS
Distribute Inter Frame Space
!

"
binary backoff

ACK !
Short DIFS SDIFS

ACK
–

!
! ! – # !
+ !

network ! ! reservation !
(NAV) allocation vector

Collision Avoidance: RTS-CTS exchange

request RTS " "

! for send

CTS " "

clear to send

15 16
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NAV !

! CTS RTS ! !
– ! ! !
CSMA/CD !

16 16