Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
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CHAPTER 1
Introduction
The idea of a government has long been present in the world, from the primitive people
to the modern civilizations. The primitive people used to select the strongest, wisest and
richest one of their group to be their leader which proves that even from the start, humans
already did what they might to have a leader and live peacefully. From the different parts of the
Earth, systems of government are seen and there is a great variety of them, from the Vikings in
Europe to the tribes of South America, from the monarchs of the United Kingdom to the
A leader who is elected, selected or ascended has the control over his or her state,
kingdom or country. Their purpose is to make the lives of their country’s citizens, peaceful yet
flourishing with the help of technology and advancements made in the modern world. Despite
having the knowledge of their duty, some disputes are still created by these leaders which
causes arguments and disagreements within the country and with other countries as well.
Politics is, with no doubt, one of the highly studied and critiqued topic in the present world
whether it may be the government, the leaders or the idea of politics itself. This is why the
researchers wanted to study and compare the government of Japan and Philippines in order to
The Problem
The main purpose of this study is to assess and compare the political set-up and
governments of Philippines and Japan in terms of its political ideology, globalization, civil
society and citizenship and other concepts of politics and governance in both Philippines and
Japan.
Objectives:
1. Is the concept of politics and governance of Japan similar to the Philippine set-up?
2. What are the differences that Japan and Philippines exhibit in their governance and
politics?
3. What possible concepts could the Philippines get from the politics and governance
2. Japan and Philippines differ in social movements and the government set-up such as the
3. Japan and Philippines’ history and culture influenced the present situation of their
The researchers have agreed to compare Japan with Philippines for they believe that analyzing
As students, the researchers can improve their research, writing and communication
This research will also help the teachers especially those who are in line to the subject
matter for there will be more input on the topic and they can learn as well.
The government officials of the Philippines, both in local and national levels, will also
benefit from this study for they can get ideas that they may use for the improvement of the
The students, teachers and government officials are educated to be of better service to
the community.
4
Definition of Terms
6. Decentralization – the transfer of authority, responsibility and resources from the center
7. Executive – the head of the government who is responsible for the implementation of
laws
especially by free trade, free flow of capital and the tapping of cheaper foreign labor
markets
10. Governance – refers to the various ways through which a state is controlled by the
11. Government – the group of people or a particular system who control and make
12. Ideology – usually refers to a system of beliefs about how society should function
13. Judiciary – the branch of government that is empowered to decide legal disputes and
interpret law
15. Liberalism – a set of political beliefs emphasizing individual rights and liberty
5
psychological factors
17. Politics – may be defined as the art of government, public affairs, compromise and
18. Power - the ability to achieve a desired outcome and is usually thought of as a
relationship
20. State – a politically organized body of people occupying a definite territory especially
CHAPTER 2
The word “governance” came from the Latin verb “gubernare,” or more originally from
the Greek word “kubernaein,” which means “to steer.” Basing on its etymology, governance
refers to the manner of steering or governing, or of directing and controlling, a group of people
Tamayao (2014) wrote in his article “What is Governance” that governance is essentially
related to politics, in that politics is often defined as the art of governance. Just as politics talks
about governments, institutions, power, order, and the ideals of justice, governance also deals
with the public sector, power structures, equity, and ideals of public administration.
Nevertheless, they are distinct from each other in the sense that politics is broader than
governance. Traditionally, the study of politics entails the concept of the “good life” and the
“ideal society,” which are so broad they include a web of subjects and every possible form of
government. The study of governance, on the contrary, is generally attuned to the concept of
democracy, and on how the government and the civil society arrive at a decision in meeting
their needs.
Many authors also distinguish the two by associating government with “control and
domination,” and governance with “decentralization and relational management.” On the one
hand, government refers to a central institution which wields power over its subjects. It is the
instrument patterned after the model of “command and control,” the government being in
command over the affairs of the people. On the other hand, governance is closely associated
with the concept of decentralization of power and the need for inter-sectoral management.
Governance is based on the realization that the government cannot do everything for the
people, so that in order to survive the state should not only rely on government but also on the
used interchangeably. But in the 1980s, political scientists broadened the meaning of
governance as including, not just government actors, but also civil-society actors. Today,
governance includes three sectors: the public sector (state actors and institutions), the private
sector (households and companies), and the civil society (non-governmental organizations).
These three sectors are said to work hand in hand in the process of governance. This new use of
the term focuses on the role of “networks” in the achievement of the common good, whether
governance is broader than government in that other sectors are included in it. (Tamayao,
2014)
In broad terms, decision-making refers the process by which a person or group of persons,
guided by socio-political structures, arrive at a decision involving their individual and communal
needs and wants. Implementation is the process that logically follows the decision; it entails
the actualization or materialization of the plan or decision. Governance is not just decision-
implementation because there is nothing to implement without a decision or plan. Thus, the
two processes necessarily go hand-in-hand in, and are constitutive of, governance. (Tamayao,
2014)
Tamayao (2014) also stressed out that the Philippines is plagued by bad governance.
Based on the six dimensions of governance in the Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI), it
ranks in the lower half of the percentile. In 2010-2011, the Philippines ranked only 85th in the
Global Competitive Index (GCI), lagging behind most of its Southeast Asian neighbors. The
decline of trust on the actors of governance and the consequential poor economic condition
were brought about by the systemic corruption among and between public officials and private
organizations. In 2013, it ranked 94th among 177 countries in the Corruption Perception Index.
8
Among the key institutions in the Philippines perceived to be most corrupt based on the Global
Corruption Index are “political parties,” “judiciary,” “police,” “public officials and civil servants,”
and “legislature.” This means all branches of the Philippine government are now challenged.
Bad governance is the root cause of all evils. It is what prevents the Philippines from
achieving its Millennium Development Goals. Rising above such state of governance is
a political imperative and the ideal solution to a wide range of politico-economic problems.
While the Philippines has already created “islands of good governance” in some national
agencies and local government units, its overall state is still miserable.
As perceived and experienced by the common Filipino masses, the foremost indicators
of bad governance in the Philippines are the unending cycle of poverty, the huge gap between
the rich and the poor, the deep-seated tradition of corruption, mistrust on formal government
institutions, yawning cynicism on the true motive of political actions, instability of the economic
environment, constant threats to the authority of the established government, and questions
on accountability and transparency. These are the usual content of everyday broadcast media,
so common that there perceived to be the normal state of affairs in the Philippines.
The history of the Philippines is believed to have begun with the arrival of the first
humans using rafts or boats at least 67,000 years ago as the 2007 discovery of Callao Man
suggested. Negrito groups first inhabited the isles. Groups of Austronesians later migrated to
the islands.
Scholars generally believe that these social groups eventually developed into various
settlements or polities with varying degrees of economic specialization, social stratification, and
political organization. Some of these settlements (mostly those located on major river deltas)
achieved such a scale of social complexity that some scholars believe they should be considered
early states. This includes the predecessors of modern-day population centers such as Maynila,
Tondo, Pangasinan, Cebu, Panay, Bohol, Butuan, Cotabato, Lanao, and Sulu as well as some
polities, such as Ma-i, whose possibly location are still the subject of debate among scholars.
9
These politics were either greatly influenced by the Indian Hindu religion, language,
culture, literature and philosophy from India through many campaigns from India including the
South-East Asia campaign of Rajendra Chola I, Islam from Arabia or were Sinified tributary
states allied to China. These small maritime states flourished from the 1st millennium. These
kingdoms traded with what are now called China, India, Japan, Thailand, Vietnam, and
Indonesia. The remainder of the settlements were independent barangays allied with one of
The first recorded visit by Europeans is the arrival of Ferdinand Magellan. He sighted
Samar Island on March 16, 1521 and landed the next day on Homonhon Island, now part of
Guiuan, Eastern Samar. Spanish colonization began with the arrival of Miguel López de Legazpi's
expedition on February 13, 1565 from Mexico. He established the first permanent settlement in
Cebu. Much of the archipelago came under Spanish rule, creating the first unified political
structure known as the Philippines. Spanish colonial rule saw the introduction of Christianity,
the code of law and the oldest modern university in Asia. The Philippines was ruled under the
Mexico-based Viceroyalty of New Spain until Mexican independence. After which, the colony
was directly governed by Spain. Spanish rule ended in 1898 with Spain's defeat in the Spanish–
American War. The Philippines then became a territory of the United States.
American rule was not uncontested. The Philippine Revolution had begun in August
1896 against Spain, and after the defeat of Spain in the Battle of Manila Bay began again in
the First Philippine Republic. The Philippine–American War ensued, with extensive damage and
The United States established the Insular Government to rule the Philippines. In 1907,
the elected Philippine Assembly was convened as the lower house of a bicameral legislature
and in 1916 the U.S. Federal Government formally promised independence in the Jones Act.
The Philippine Commonwealth was established in 1935, as a 10-year interim step prior to full
10
independence. Before independence, World War II began and Japan occupied the Philippines.
After the end of the war, the Treaty of Manila established an independent Philippine Republic.
In 1972, Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos imposed martial law. Following the
assassination of Ninoy Aquino, Marcos held snap elections in 1986 and subsequently fled the
country during the People Power Revolution which installed Cory Aquino as president and
reestablished democracy.
In the 21st century, the Philippines is the 12th most populous country of the world, part
of ASEAN, a key ally of the United States, with an economy dombinated by fishing and
agriculture with a growing business process outsourcing (BPO) industry and nearly 10% of the
Recorded Japanese history begins in approximately A.D. 400, when the Yamato clan,
eventually based in Kyoto, managed to gain control of other family groups in central and
western Japan. Contact with Korea introduced Buddhism to Japan at about this time. Through
the 700s Japan was much influenced by China, and the Yamato clan set up an imperial court
similar to that of China. In the ensuing centuries, the authority of the imperial court was
At the same time, warrior clans were rising to prominence as a distinct class known as
samurai. In 1192, the Minamoto clan set up a military government under their leader,
Yoritomo. He was designated shogun (military dictator). For the following 700 years, shoguns
from a succession of clans ruled in Japan, while the imperial court existed in relative obscurity.
First contact with the West came in about 1542, when a Portuguese ship off course
arrived in Japanese waters. Portuguese traders, Jesuit missionaries, and Spanish, Dutch, and
Japanese revolt, the shoguns of the Tokugawa period (1603–1867) prohibited all trade with
foreign countries; only a Dutch trading post at Nagasaki was permitted. Western attempts to
renew trading relations failed until 1853, when Commodore Matthew Perry sailed an American
11
fleet into Tokyo Bay. Trade with the West was forced upon Japan under terms less than
favorable to the Japanese. Strife caused by these actions brought down the feudal world of the
shoguns. In 1868, the emperor Meiji came to the throne, and the shogun system was abolished.
Japan’s constitution was promulgated in 1946 and came into force in 1947, superseding
the Meiji Constitution of 1889. It differs from the earlier document in two fundamental ways:
the principle of sovereignty and the stated aim of maintaining Japan as a peaceful and
democratic country in perpetuity. The emperor, rather than being the embodiment of all
sovereign authority (as he was previously), is the symbol of the state and of the unity of the
people, while sovereign power rests with the people (whose fundamental human rights are
explicitly guaranteed). Article 9 of the constitution states that Japan “forever renounces war as
a sovereign right of the nation”—a clause that has been much debated since the constitution’s
promulgation.
The government is now based on a constitution that stipulates the separation of powers
between the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. The emperor’s major role now
consists of such formalities as appointing the prime minister—who is first designated by the
Diet (Kokkai)—and appointing the chief justice of the Supreme Court (Saikō Saibansho),
convoking sessions of the Diet, promulgating laws and treaties, and awarding state honours—
“If our concept of ideology remains the classic one in which the illusion is located in
knowledge, then today's society must appear post-ideological: the prevailing ideology is that of
cynicism; people no longer believe in ideological truth; they do not take ideological propositions
seriously. The fundamental level of ideology, however, is not of an illusion masking the real
state of things but that of an (unconscious) fantasy structuring our social reality itself. And at
this level, we are of course far from being a post-ideological society. Cynical distance is just one
way [...] to blind ourselves to the structuring power of ideological fantasy: even if we do not
12
take things seriously, even if we keep an ironical distance, we are still doing them.” (Žižek,
1989)
Power is frequently defined by political scientists as the ability to influence the behavior
of others with or without resistance. The term authority is often used for power perceived as
legitimate by the social structure. Power can be seen as evil or unjust, but the exercise of power
is accepted as endemic to humans as social beings. The use of power need not involve coercion,
force or the threat of force. At one extreme, power closely resembles what English speakers call
“influence”, although some authors make a distinction between the two. (Boundless Sociology)
The role of the nation-state in globalization is a complex one in part due to the varying
definitions and shifting concepts of globalization. While it has been defined in many ways,
social and cultural borders between nation-states. Some scholars have theorized that nation-
states, which are inherently divided by physical and economic boundaries, will be less relevant
According to Investopedia (2015), The role of the nation-state in a global world is largely
a regulatory one as the chief factor in global interdependence. While the domestic role of the
nation-state remains largely unchanged, states that were previously isolated are now forced to
engage with one another to set international commerce policies. Through various economic
imbalances, these interactions may lead to diminished roles for some states and exalted roles
for others.
As a country progresses, one can’t help but wonder as to how the people live in a
country. There might be citizens who live in a communist country which are oppressed and
deprived of freedom whereas there are citizens that live in democracy and are given equality
just like Philippines, Japan and other countries who declare democracy. Communism and
Democracy are two political ideologies or philosophies that dictate how political systems should
be managed. Both systems are considered to be 'left-wing' on the political spectrum and more
13
liberal in nature than some other political ideological alternatives (i.e. fascist or conservative
ideologies).(Glen, 2013)
In reality there are no truly communist states in existence, regardless of the names that
certain governments have historically given to their system of government. Cuba, the Soviet
Union, and China have typically referred to themselves as communist but private property and
ownership were never fully established. At best they were/are all countries with a dictatorship
that borrows to an extent from communist ideology. Democratic countries span the world and
the majority of developed nations have democratic political systems. North America and
Europe are both almost fully democratic in terms of the government system used by countries
Political decentralization, a process that involves moving power from national authority
It is based on the idea that local representatives are better able to understand and respond to
local needs. Decentralizing is a difficult process that is not supported by all political groups, but
One of the greatest benefits to a decentralized political system is its ability to address
inevitable that the interests of some groups are compromised or are not addressed at all. A
problems of an area and to appropriately legislate and fund the resolutions to those issues.
Unlike national governments, regional governments are also able to represent the cultural
result, can experience serious problems when individuals become corrupted or fail to do their
jobs. A decentralized political system that is composed of many local governments provides a
local governments that become corrupted or that fail to respond to local residents are easier
Different kinds of electoral system are likely to encourage different kinds of party
organization and party system. While it is important for party systems to be as representative
as possible, most experts favor systems which encourage the development of parties based on
broad political values and ideologies and specific policy programs, rather than narrow ethnic,
racial, or regional concerns. As well as reducing the threat of societal conflict, parties which are
based on these broad ‘crosscutting cleavages’ are more likely to reflect national opinion than
between electors, elected members, and political parties are affected not only by the electoral
system but also by other provisions of the political legislative framework such as term limits,
provisions regulating the relationship between parties and their members who are also elected
representatives, or provisions barring elected members from changing parties without resigning
The freedom for voters to choose between candidates as opposed to parties is another
aspect of accountability. Many countries in recent years have therefore introduced a greater
element of candidate-centered voting into their electoral systems, for example, by introducing
open lists in PR elections. Just as electoral system choice will affect the way in which the
political party system develops, the political party system in place affects electoral system
choice. Existing parties are unlikely to support changes that are likely to seriously disadvantage
them, or changes that open the possibility of new, rival parties gaining entry to the political
party system, unless there is a strong political imperative. The range of options for electoral
Civil society organisations (CSOs) can provide both immediate relief and longer-term
directly engaging in service delivery; and challenging prejudice. In this way, excluded groups can
represent group interests. CSOs also play an important role in conducting research to raise the
However, these activities can be constrained by institutional factors, such as the type of
regime they are operating in, the level of decentralization of state institutions and various other
aspects of governance. New research is recognizing the importance of building alliances and
platforms across the state and civil society, to connect champions of change.
Case studies have shown that social movements can act as the first steps towards
developing a sense of self-identity and citizenship, which does not necessarily emerge initially
through engagement with the state. They allow individuals to turn grievances into a sense of
collective injustice, and then action. The paper below argues: ‘A sense of citizenship normally
starts with people’s own agendas – they create a political identity around a matter that
immediately affects their lives… Group membership amongst those who are marginalized and
the sense of dignity and solidarity that comes with this can stimulate people to aspire as a
Throughout history, citizenship has maintained strong ethical links to justice, democracy
and liberty and to debates about what a person’s conduct should be in society. Aristotle
describes the citizen as ‘one who has a share in both the ruling and being ruled’ where
citizenship confers some form of status with rights and duties. A general definition used in
political philosophy sees citizenship as a series of rights and responsibilities that relate to the
individual as a member of a political community, including civic, political, social and economic
Montersen (2016) wrote on his article “Why is politics important?” that “It is very
important to care about politics because you should know what is going on around you. Also, it
is important to have a say in what is going on around you. The political decisions people make
will affect many lives. Many people see politics as the government and the laws being made,
and that is true, but it is way more complicated than that. Every law that is made will impact
many. Sometimes the decisions will affect people in a bad way. Every vote that you make will
“One reason you should care about politics is because you should always know what is
going on around you. For example, if a new law is made is made in your area, you might want to
make sure that you and the people around you know that a new law has been made so that no
one breaks the law without even knowing it. Also, if something dangerous is happening around
you or someone you know, you want to be aware if someone is breaking the law. It is very
“Another reason you should care about politics is because you should have a say in what
will happen. Everyone should have a say in what will happen, because we all live side by side
with each other, and it would not be fair if someone was left out. Also, each vote makes a
difference in the ways that we live. It is always important to share your opinion. The way you
“Finally, you should care about politics because the decisions people make will affect
many lives. For example, if someone wanted to build on land, it might be good for the people
who worked in the area, but residents who lived nearby and loved the land and relied on the
land for water and food, might be devastated. Sometimes things that sound like good ideas
CHAPTER 3
Research Methodology
Research Environment
The researchers gathered and collected data from the web sources as cited in the
Bibliography.
The researchers gathered data from the sources and cited them and these data were
CHAPTER 4
This chapter presents analyzed and interpreted data gathered from web sources,
Table 1
PHILIPPINES JAPAN
Liberalism as there is individualism, freedom stance, certainly. This is seen in how rarely the
and equality to its citizens. Liberalism is a regime changes. Since 1955, Japan has had
political philosophy that limits authority only had four changes in the main governing
through the enshrinement of rights. party with no change in the main ruling party
Liberalism for everyone is called liberal from 1955 to 1993. Secondly, the main and
neoliberalism call for free markets. The Democratic Party (LDP), has a conservative
Philippines has a long liberal tradition that slant. For example, while most of the other
cannot be limited to the Liberal Party. major political parties support some legal
The Philippines and Japan are following different political ideologies as the Philippines is
Table 2
Philippines Japan
The Philippines is a democratic and Japan's Constitution, which came into force
sovereignty resides in the People and all sovereignty of the people, respect for
government authority emanates from them. fundamental human rights, and renunciation
Our people have accepted this notion and of war. The Constitution also stipulates the
decided to delegate the basic state authority independence of the three branches of
— the Executive, the Legislative, and the (the cabinet), and judicial (the courts).
Table 2. 1
vote of the people. The term of office of Britain and Canada. Unlike the
all laws are enforced by the officials and prime minister forms and leads
to the Diet.
the Congress is composed of the Senate and the sole law-making organ
and the House of Representatives. The of the state. The Diet comprises
term of office of the Senators is six years. Councilors (upper house). All
other hand, is composed of not more than elections once they reach the
Supreme Court and in such lower courts as the Supreme Court and lower
assert any superiority over the other cases are handled by district
departments; it does not in reality nullify courts. There are also summary
only asserts the solemn and sacred problems like traffic violations.
claims of authority under the Constitution this system, six adult citizens (20
and to establish for the parties in an actual or over) are chosen at random
them.”
Both Philippines and Japan have an executive, legislative and judiciary body but the
power of the Executive is different as the President in the Philippines can implement laws and
enforce them and lead a country whereas Japan’s Emperor holds little to no power since he is
Table 3
Philippines Japan
The Philippines is one of the countries in Asia This is a topic that the OECD picked up a
where the country has been affected by couple of years ago, and is of even greater
globalization. The country is taking part in relevance today. The steady rise in its share
the process of globalization ever since the of world trade until the 1990s was a key
country signed agreements with WTO (World aspect of its rapid post-war
Trade Organization) in 1995. Since then, the development. But, contrary to what you
nation had hope for WTO to bring would think, the OECD basically concludes
developments within the nation’s poor that Japan is perhaps the least globalized of
economy and also to have a role within the its 30 member countries. There is no country
global economy and trade. Now, which needs globalization more than
globalization is very effective in the Japan. With its ageing and declining
the nation like more labor, and more productivity to maintain its prosperity. Labor
Filipino and foreign companies has emerged productivity in foreign affiliates in Japan was
in the nation in order to help the country’s 60% higher than the national average in the
developing economy. Generally, the manufacturing sector and 80% higher in the
Philippines is one of the developing countries service sector in 2002. And migration can be
that is rapidly dealing with globalization ever very helpful in filling labor shortages,
since the influence of the US during particularly for health care where demand is
Both Philippines and Japan are globalized countries and both of their economy is rising
Table 4
Philippines Japan
Philippine Constitution, Article Japan to the Philippines sanguinis state, which means
following are citizens of the Filipinos who meet certain blood, not by location of
1. Those who are citizens of may also be naturalized to Japan and either of its
time of the adoption of or she meets the national, then the baby will
elect Philippine
naturalized in
accordance of law
24
Filipinos need their VISA in order to enter Japan however, both countries offer dual-
citizenship.
Table 5
Philippines Japan
Philippines comes from the Filipino concepts deficiencies in Japan’s status quo, notably the
others) and kapwa (shared inner self). With government at every stage and the resulting
organizations have erupted in the society. consumers of public services, as well as the
came from NGO’s. There are also NGO’s who government in responding to society’s needs.
support candidates or party-lists for the At the same time, the image of ordinary
elections. NGO’s function as an independent citizens coming together in the face of great
institution to carry out certain movements to hardship to create their own public sphere
make the citizens’ life safer, healthier and demonstrated that civil society existed in
better. The Philippines has the largest Japan as a reality, not simply an abstract
(NGOs) per capita in Asia be compared to the changes that took place
Berlin Wall.
they function to the societal changes of the country in order for the country to become better.
25
Table 6
Philippines Japan
On 21 September 1972 Ferdinand Marcos However, in Japan, many people would think
signed Presidential Proclamation No. 1081 social movements are a bad thing and they
declaring martial law. Under the dictatorial avoid doing it. One of the biggest reasons
regime of Marcos, the following decades why Japanese people do not join social
witnessed widespread human rights movement is that they fear the bizarre eyes
violations. The brutality of the regime drew toward people those who join movements
strong opposition from variety social groups such as demonstration march. It is not say
and movements, especially from the National there is no social movements at all in Japan,
Democratic Front (NDF). Opposition to the but the understanding toward social
Marcos regime escalated after the killing of movements is lower than other countries.
popular uprising widely known as EDSA 1 that important to find the suitable social
toppled the Marcos regime in February 1986. movement instead to change our society
Filipinos are more eager to participate in Social Movements such as Revolutionary and
Reformative whereas the Japanese are not very particular with Social Movements.
26
Table 7
Philippines Japan
Philippines often called local government Japan consists of two teirs: prefectures and
units or LGU’s, are divided into three levels – the municipalities that make up the
municipalities and component cities, and are both local public entities of equal status
are sitios and puroks. These LGU’s elect their comprising municipalities and are in charge
governors in the province, mayors in the made up of 47 prefectures and 790 cities,
cities and municipalities and barangay 745 towns and 183 villages as of January 1,
divided into three – provinces and cities, municipalities and barangays while the LGU of Japan is
CHAPTER 5
Summary of Findings
Conservatism.
2. Both countries exhibit sovereignty for the people and fundamental rights of its citizens.
3. Both countries have three branches in their government which is the Executive,
Legislative and Judiciary however, these branches are interdependent in the Philippines
4. The Executive is the President in the Philippines which is elected by the people while the
Executive in Japan is the Prime Minister which is selected from the Diet. The Emperor of
Japan holds little to no power instead, the Emperor hosts the gatherings and is only a
representation or a symbol.
however, Japan’s lower house of the Diet is called the House of Councilors. Only
6. Both countries’ Judiciary branch consists of the Supreme Court and lower courts. The
President appoints the chief justice in the Philippines while the cabinet appoints the
7. Both Philippines and Japan are in need of Globalization in order to fight poverty and
9. The Filipinos had social movements that are revolutionary and reformative while the
10. Both countries have Local Government Units but the LGU of the Philippines is divided
into three – provinces and cities, municipalities and barangays while the LGU of Japan is
Conclusions
From the Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data and the Findings, the
2. Japan and Philippines differ in social movements and the government set-up such as the
3. Japan and Philippines’ history and culture influenced the present situation of their
Recommendations
From the Findings and Conclusion, the researchers would like to recommend the
following:
1. More research shall be conducted to prove further the similarities and differences of the
2. A case study shall be conducted to investigate the present situation of both countries in
3. Government officials of both countries should always find ways for improving their ways
in the government especially for those officials involved in criminal and administrative
cases.
30
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