COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL & ARCHITECTURAL

ENGINEERING

CVEN 214: STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

Chapter 4: AXIAL LOADS
Dr Mohammed Elshafie

Fall, 2017
Saint Venant’s Principle

• The stress distributions at different cross sections are

different. However, at locations far enough away from
the support and the applied load, the stress
distribution becomes uniform.
ELASTIC DEFORMATION OF AN AXIALLY
LOADED MEMBER

•From Hooke’s Law:

σ P
σ = Eε ε= =
E AE
•From the definition of strain:
δ
ε=
L
•Equating and solving for the deformation,
PL
δ =
AE
•With variations in loading, cross-section or
material properties,
Pi Li
δ =∑
i Ai Ei
 EXAMPLE

SOLUTION:
• Divide the rod into components at
the load application points.

• Apply a free-body analysis on each

−6
E = 29 × 10 psi component to determine the
D = 1.07 in. d = 0.618 in. internal force

• Evaluate the total of the component

Determine the deformation deflections.
of the steel rod shown
under the given loads.
 EXAMPLE 1-SOLUTION

• Divide the rod into three • Apply free-body analysis to each

components: component to determine internal forces,
P1 = 60 × 103 lb

P2 = −15 × 103 lb

P3 = 30 × 103 lb

• Evaluate total deflection,

Pi Li 1  P1L1 P2 L2 P3 L3 
δ =∑ =  + + 
i Ai Ei E  A1 A2 A3 

=
1 ( ) ( ) ( )
 60 × 103 12 − 15 × 103 12 30 × 103 16 
+ +
6 
29 × 10  0 . 9 0. 9 0.3 
L1 = L2 = 12 in. L3 = 16 in.
= 75.9 × 10−3 in.
A1 = A2 = 0.9 in 2 A3 = 0.3 in 2

E = 29 ×106
lb δ = 75.9 ×10−3 in.
in 2
 ELASTIC DEFORMATION OF AN AXIALLY
LOADED MEMBER (CONT’D)

• Provided these quantities do not exceed the proportional

limit, we can relate them using Hooke’s Law, i.e. σ = E ε
P(x )  dδ 
= E 
A( x )  dx 
P( x )dx
dδ =
A( x )E
P( x )dx
L
δ =∫
0
A( x )E

SIGN CONVENTION:
EXAMPLE
Find the total displacement of the tip
Unit weight = 27kN/m3, E = 70GPa

20mm

100mm
 EXAMPLE 2

SOLUTION:
• Apply a free-body analysis to the bar
BDE to find the forces exerted by
links AB and DC.
• Evaluate the deformation of links AB
The rigid bar BDE is supported by two and DC or the displacements of B
links AB and CD. and D.

Link AB is made of aluminum (E = 70 • Work out the geometry to find the

GPa) and has a cross-sectional area deflection at E given the deflections
of 500 mm2. Link CD is made of steel at B and D.
(E = 200 GPa) and has a cross-
sectional area of (600 mm2).
For the 30-kN force shown, determine
the deflection a) of B, b) of D, and c) of
E.
 EXAMPLE 2-SOLUTION

Free body: Bar BDE Displacement of B:

PL
δB =
AE
(− 60 × 103 N )(0.3 m )
=
(500 ×10-6 m2 )(70 ×109 Pa )
= −514 × 10− 6 m
∑MB = 0
δ B = 0.514 mm ↑
0 = −(30 kN × 0.6 m ) + FCD × 0.2 m
Displacement of D:
FCD = +90 kN tension
PL
δD =
∑ MD = 0 AE
0 = −(30 kN × 0.4 m ) − FAB × 0.2 m (90 × 103 N )(0.4 m )
FAB = −60 kN compression
=
(600 ×10-6 m2 )(200 ×109 Pa )
= 300 × 10− 6 m

δ D = 0.300 mm ↓
EXAMPLE 2-SOLUTION (CONT’D)

Displacement of D:
BB′ BH
=
DD′ HD
0.514 mm (200 mm ) − x
=
0.300 mm x
x = 73.7 mm

EE ′ HE
=
DD′ HD
δE
=
(400 + 73.7 )mm
0.300 mm 73.7 mm
δ E = 1.928 mm

δ E = 1.928 mm ↓