Advanced 3

Additional Grammar
Unit 1
Subjunctives
Pag 3

Unit 2
Prepositions Following Verbs and Adjectives
Pag 5

Unit 3
Subjunctives Mood
Pag 9

Unit 4
Parallel Structures
Pag 11

Unit 5
Negation
Pag 13

Unit 6
Subjunctives After Adjectives
Pag 20

Unit 7
Common Errors Like vs. Mind
Pag 22

Unit 8
Infinitives as Connectors
Pag 24

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 Unit 1

Unit 1
SUBJUNCTIVE
I wish I
The SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD is used for
had money a number of purposes, including:
wishes, hopes, doubts, desires or
actions which we want to happen.

It expresses preference or
emphasizing the importance of
something.

Subjunctives After verbs

When the main verb in the sentence
indicates the subject's opinion about,
or wish or intention for the action of
a second subject, or of an event
described in the subordinate clause.

Note:
The SUBJUNCTIVE We insist that he stay for dinner.
usually accompanies a
change in subject in the The doctor advised that she lose weight .
subordinate clause. The
verb in the subordinate
clause is in the base form.

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Subjunctives after adjectives
When an adjective in the main clause indicates the speaker's (or another subject's)
reaction to the verb in the subordinate clause.

The subjunctive is used

following certain
adjective phrases, when It is essential that she have the operation.
these phrases are
followed by a new It is important that we be there on time.
sentence. The verb in
the subordinate clause is
in the base form.
Subjunctives after other expressions
The SUBJUNCTIVE can be used after other
expressions, such as IF, UNLESS, I'D
RATHER, IT'S TIME, I WISH, IF ONLY, to
describe states or events which are
impossible or hypothetical, and therefore
unreal.

I'd rather you didn't go out tonight.

We use the normal SIMPLE
PAST form, affirmative and
I wish she were here.
negative. to form the Past
Subjunctive. When the verb
It's time we went home.
is BE, WAS is replaced by
WERE, especially in formal
If only he were here with us now. and written English.

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 Unit 2
PREPOSITIONS
FOLLOWING VERBS
AND ADJECTIVES

Many verbs and adjectives are normally

used with particular prepositions. A
common lexical error consists of using the
wrong preposition.

The following list includes some other

common verbs with their associated
prepositions. Notice that some of the

Could you please look after my

verbs can take an object before the
preposition.

dog while I'm on vacation?

Accuse + object + of He was accused of stealing the necklace.

Apologize + for Andrew apologized for his bad behavior.
Ask + for We asked for another plate of french fries.
Believe + in Some people don't believe in democracy.
Blame + for Tom was blamed for starting the fire
Borrow + object + from Jane wants to borrow fifty dollars from me.
Compare +object + with It isn't fair to compare him with a professional athlete.
Consist + of A Rugby team consists of fifteen players.
Depend + on His success in the exams will depend on how hard he works.
Feel + like His handshake feels like a dead fish.
Hope + for She hopes for better luck next year.
Insist + on The angry customer insisted on a complete refund.
Live + on He found it hard to live on his salary as a teacher.

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 I've been waiting for this moment…

Look + at Look at me when I speak to you!

Object + to I strongly object to being called a liar.
Pay + for George never offers to pay for the meal.
Prefer +object + to John prefers to eat meat when he's in a restaurant.
Prepare + for Susan needed more time to prepare for the party.
Quarrel + about We often quarrel about stupid little things.
Refer + to His last letter referred to his promotion at work.
Rely + on You shouldn't rely on him; he's always late.
Remind + object + of Mike was reminded of his mother when he saw the photo.
Succeed + in He finally succeeded in persuading her to marry him.
Suspect + object + of I was suspected of being a spy.
Think + of/about I suddenly thought of the answer.
We thought about the problem for hours.
Wait + for I've been waiting for Joe for twenty minutes.
Warn + object + about I was warned about the dog.
They warned me about the dog next door.
Wish + for Most people wish for health and happiness.

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 PREPOSITIONS FOLLOWING
ADJECTIVES

Specific prepositions are used after

certain adjectives. There is no definite
rule to ascertain which preposition
should be used with which adjective.
Jack is afraid of being lost in the jungle...

Adjectives and prepositions are commonly used in phrases. The adjective goes usually before the
preposition.
Sentences use adjectives + prepositions to make statements
about a person´s attitude towards something.
Preposition OF usually follows: afraid, ashamed, aware,
Remember:
certain, conscious, jealous, proud, and sure.
Note.
Some adjectives are
Example:
followed
The Subjunctive
can also be
by specified prepositions.
formed with
That is, a speaker uses Susan is jealous of her Little brother…
SHOULD + BASE
oneFORM.
particular preposition
This form
withisan adjective
less common to
express a particular
and more formal.
meaning.

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 Michael is afraid of being alone.

The teacher is aware of her students' individual needs.

Susan is jealous of all the attention her new baby brother is getting from their parents.

The Preposition AT is usually follows Clever, good, and talented.

 Mario is good at math.

As you can see in
 Javier is talented at computers. the examples the
preposition AT
 Dania is clever at science.
make statements
about a person´s
aptitude towards
something.

Prepositions OF or TO usually follow Kind, Nice, polite

and rude.

 How kind of her to make dinner for us.

 He was nice to his brother and nephews.

 My family is nice to me.

My mom is nice to me every moment…

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 Unit 3

SUBJUNCTIVE
MOOD
When the main verb in the
sentence indicates the subject's
opinion about, or wish or
intention for the action of a
second subject, or of an event
described in the subordinate
clause. The doctor suggested that I live near the sea…

The subjunctive usually accompanies a change in subject in the subordinate clause.

The following are some of the verbs that may appear in the main clause for this construction:
advise, agree, decide, insist, propose, recommend, suggest.

It is also possible to express the subjunctive using should + base verb. This form is more
formal and less common.

The doctor suggested that I live near the sea.

We agreed that the report never be published.

Charles proposed that the prisoners be released immediately.

They insisted that we should stay the night.

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 SO vs. SUCH
It is easy to confuse SO with SUCH when they are used with adjectives and nouns.
The normal constructions are as follows:
She was so kind that everybody loved her.

The book was so boring that I fell asleep while reading it.

His last concert was such a disaster that he never played piano again.

I have never seen such courage.

It was such a strange noise that he was frightened.

When we use
We were surprised he turned out to be such a fine scholar. SUCH…THAT, we
write a noun with
It was so horrible a film that we left before the end. an adjective
between them or
just a noun.

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 Unit 4
PARALLEL STRUCTURES

Unit 4

I like swimming, reading and studying languages…

Parallel structure or parallelism is the rule that words or phrases in a series should be in the
same from.
When several subordinate phrases or clauses in a sentence are governed by the same verb
they should all take the same form.
Failure to observe this rule often leads to grammatical error.

I want you to sweep the floor, wash the dishes, make the bed, and feed the canary.

I want you to sweep the floor, wash the dishes, make the bed, and feeding the canary.

I like swimming, riding and studying languages…

I like swimming, riding, and to study languages.

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Correct parallel structure is important because it makes a sentence easier to read and understand.
Correct parallel structure allows for essays and paragraphs to flow more smoothly for the reader.

To fix an error in parallel structure, the

writer must put all the words or phrases
in a series in the same form.
Here are some examples of errors in
parallel structure and how these errors
can be fixed.

Marissa stopped at the coffee shop, the bank and the library.

Marisa stopped at the coffee shop, the bank and ran to the library.

In this sentence, the words in the series are all nouns with the word the before the noun.
For this sentence to be correct, the last part ran to the library should be changed to the
library.

This weekend I have to write an essay, do a book report and complete a lab.

This weekend I have to write an essay, do a book report and a lab.

In this example, each noun in the series comes in a phrase with a verb before it. The last
part of the series a lab does not match because it lacks a verb. This can be fixed by
adding a verb to come before a lab. The verb complete has been added to make the
phrase parallel to the others.

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 Unit 5

NEGATION
English, unlike many other languages,
normally allows only one negative
expression in a negative sentence.
A sentence with two negative expressions
has a positive meaning, because one
negative cancels out the other.
Thus the sentence "Nobody does not like
John." means "Everybody likes John."

No dogs are allowed

in the house…

NEGATION OF NOUNS
Both the subject and the object of sentences can be preceded by the negative quantifiers no
(the negative equivalent of a or some) or neither (when there are only two.)

 I have no time today. Note:

Although possible,
 Neither of the twins likes vegetables. there are limitations
to noun phrase
 No dogs are allowed in my house.
negation. Only plural,
non-count, and
 Neither half of the audience could see the other
collective nouns can
be negated with the
quantifier no.

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The subject can be preceded by the negative quantifiers not many or not much

Umm….. He
Don’t you isn’t much to
think he is look at.
attractive?

 Despite all the efforts, not much has been achieved.

 There were not many people who would have predicted this outcome.

 Not much has been achieved in the field of fight against drugs.

 Not many musicians, artists or people creating works of art are aware of the
importance of copyright.

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 Did you lose None of your
your girl? business…

If the noun is preceded by the

article the or by a possessive my,
your, his, etc. or john's, peter's, etc.
we use the negative quantifiers
none of or neither of.

None of my friends eats garlic.

Until they got married, she had met none of his brothers or sisters.

Neither of my parents can speak English.

Since the accident, she can use neither of her hands

None of is used
before nouns or
objects pronouns
follow by a verb
either singular or
plural.

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NEGATIVE PRONOUNS
The negative pronouns nobody, no one, and nothing can act as the subject or object of a
sentence.
No one, nobody and nothing are indefinite pronouns.
We use no one, nobody and nothing to refer to an absence
of people, things or places. We use them with a singular verb:
 Nobody ever goes to see her. She’s very lonely.

 You usually have to wait for a long time. Nothing happens quickly.

No one and nobody mean the same. Nobody is a little less formal than no one.
We use no one more than nobody in writing:

 I knew nobody at the party.

 No one moved; no one said anything.

 Nobody liked my new dress.

 No one wanted to be the first to leave the party. Note: The negative
pronouns NOBODY, NO
 Nothing is impossible. ONE, and NOTHING
can act as the subject
 Nothing seems to happen," said Zeb, doubtfully.
or object of a sentence.
 I saw nobody, I heard no one, and I felt nothing.

 No one moved; no one said anything.

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Negation of Verbs
The negative verb forms are made by putting not after an auxiliary verb. Often abbreviated to (n't)

Fred isn’t sleeping. We are not afraid…

Pete doesn’t want to talk with Ann.

James hasn’t got any money.

You mustn’t believe her.

Louis shouldn't be late.

Jack won’t help us.

I haven't seen that movie…

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 The auxiliary do + not, (does + not for
3rd person singular) is used to negate
simple present tense verbs.

is the most common helping

verb for negative sentences.
We use it whenever the affirmative
sentence does not have a helping
verb. ¡I don’t believe you!

She does not have a car.

Mary doesn’t drink coffee.
My brothers don’t speak English.

Nicolle, why you did not call me

yesterday?
The auxiliary did + not is used to negate Simple Past
verbs.
We use didn't (did not) to make a negative sentence in
the past tense. This is for regular and irregular verbs in
English. (Exception to Be and Modal Verbs such as Can)
I didn't want to go to the dentist.
She didn't have time.
You didn't close the door.
He didn't come to my party.
We didn't sleep well last night.

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Verbs can also be negated by using the I neither understand nor listen to the
adverbs ever, hardly ever, almost never, gossip…
and neither, nor. These adverbs are
normally placed immediately before the
main verb.

For example:
I never drink alcohol.
John has never seen the lions at the zoo.
Mary has hardly ever scolded the child.
Tom speaks neither English nor Italian.

Notice that when we use NEITHER...NOR we do not have to repeat the

subject before the second verb.

When the verb has three or more elements should have been done or may have
been doing, the negative adverb is placed between the two first elements.
They should never have released that film.
He may not have been working for long.

Sarah may not have been sleeping a

lot, she is always late…

In most cases we can emphasize the

negation of a verb by adding at all to the
end of the sentence.

I don't like fish at all.

We couldn't understand him at all.

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 Unit 6

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
AFTER ADJECTIVES
The subjunctive mood. Is the verb
form used to express a wish, a
suggestion, a command, or a
condition that is contrary to a
fact.

The subjunctive mood after

Bob was determined that the party adjectives.
It is when an adjective indicates
continue…
in the main clause the speaker´s
or subject reaction to the verb
in the subordinate clause.

FORM
SUBJECT + BE + ADJECTIVE (+ THAT) + SUBJECT

(+ SHOULD) + VERB (BASE FORM)

Fred was determined that the party continue.

We were horrified that the bridge should have collapsed.
We were relieved that so many people should have been saved after the crash.
We were terrified that the car should have crashed.

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The following is a list of adjectives often used in the main clause when we use
the subjunctive mood.

Amazing Amusing Delaightful Embarrassing

Alarming
Annoying Dissapointed Angry

Horrifying Odd Shameful Strange

Interesting Sad Shocking Upset

Worrying Important Urgent Surprising

Essential
Vital Extraordinary Happy

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 Unit 7
COMMON ERRORS
LIKE vs. MIND
A common semantic error is caused
by confusion between the words
like and mind, especially when they
are used in their interrogative
forms with the modal would.

Would you mind if I take a drink?

When we ask somebody to do something in a polite way, we can use this form: Would you
mind + -ing form of verb. We can also ask somebody to not do something in the same way,
using this form:

Examples

Would you mind passing me the salt, please?

Would you mind closing the window?

Would you mind + not + -ing form of verb

Examples:

Would you mind not smoking?

Would you mind not shouting?

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The use of like for offers and requests
We use would like to offer something to someone in a polite way. And to ask them
to do something politely such as a (Requests), or politely to say what we want.

Would you like to take

a coffee with me?

Note:

Would you like + noun?

Are normally used to

make an offer or an
invitation.

The following questions below are common semantic errors that people do.

Incorrect Form Correct Form

Would you mind a banana? Would you like a banana?
Would you mind to dance? Would you like to dance?
Would you like closing that window? Would you mind closing that window?

These examples presenting above are wrong in their semantic structure, because:

“Would you mind” It is used for asking politely for something and “Would you like”
It is used for offering something or inviting someone.

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 Unit 8
Ana opened the window to let
Infinitives as some air into the room…
Connectors
Infinitives are often used to replace clauses which
explain the subject's reason for performing an action.

I went to the kitchen to get some food.

Simple present infinitives can also be used to replace a second main clause, connected to
the first by and or then, without any idea of reason or cause. In this case, the second
(infinitive) verb is normally be told, discover, find, hear, learn, etc.

The infinitive is often preceded by only, this indicates an irritating or disappointing end to
the sentence.

 They reached the top of the mountain at last, only to discover that the other climbers
had got there first.

 They arrived home to find another car parked in their parking space.

 We walk all the way to the station, only to be told that the engineers were on strike.

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 Infinitives After
Passive Voice
It is to describe a general opinion or
belief. Instead of a sentence containing
two clauses, for example:
People think that John is crazy.
We make the subject of the
subordinate clause into the subject of a
These nuts are said to be passive verb. Look in the same
example:
good for health. John is thought to be crazy.
In the second example, we add the
infinitive after the passive verb (to be).

The following verbs are commonly used in this way:

Agree, allege, assume, believe, consider, know, report, say and think.
Let see the structure and some examples about it:

Subject + Be + Past participle + Infinitive + Complement

 Fred is known to love fishing.

 Janet is said to speak five languages

We can also use the progressive, past, and passive forms of the infinitives in this way.
Let see some examples about it:
 Carlos is reported to be building a new type of bomb.
 This language is believed to be spoken by African tribe.
 She is reported to have been kidnapped by her ex-husband.

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