A Project On Production and Selling of

Palmrosa Oil
Prepared By:
Deven J. Odedara
Guided By:
Dr. A. R. Modhwadiya
Academic Year
2017-2018
Botany Department
M.D.Science College,
Porbandar
 MAHARSHI DAYANAND SCIENCE COLLEGE
PORBANDAR

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Project work entitled
"A Project On Production and Selling of Palmrosa Oil"

Prepared By:
Deven J. Odedara

As the partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of Degree

of "Bacheloer of Science" (Majoring in Botany)
at
Botany Department

M.D. Science College - Porbandar

&
Is a record of their own work carried out by them under our
supervision during the academic year 2017-2018.

Date: / /2018 Internal Guide

Place: Porbandar
Dr. B. A. Jadeja
Examiners Signature
 DECLARATION

I Undersigned Deven J. Odedara student of T.Y. B.Sc. Sem.6,

M.D. Science College, Porbandar. Hereby declare that the

project work is my own work and has been carried out under the

guidance of Prof. A. R. Modhwadiya, Lecturer of M.D. Science

College, Porbandar. This has not been submitted to any other

university for securing any other examination.

Date: / /2018

Signature of Student

Deven J. Odedara
 Acknowledgement

"it gives us immense pleasure and deep satisfaction to in

presenting this report of the Project".
We would like to express our special thanks of gratitude to our
Prof. A. R. Modhwadiya, who gave the golden opportunity to do
this wonderful project on the topic Production and Selling of
Palmrosa Oil, which also helped us in doing a lot of Research and
we came to know about so many new things, we are really thankful
to them. Secondly we would also like to thank our parents and
friends who helped us a lot in finishing this project within the
limited time. We are making this project not only for marks but to
also increase our knowledge.
Thanks again to all who helped us.

Thank You,

Deven J. Odedara
 Title: Ornamental Plants
INDEX
1. Introductions

2. Purpose & Objectives

3. Economic Benefit of Ornamental Horticulture

4. Indoor Air Quality Improvement

5. Water Management & Eroison Control

6. Top 10 Ornamental Plants

7. Botany

8. Origin and Adaptation

9. Cultivation

10.Uses

11.Ornamental Plants

12.Result

13.Reference
Introduction
PALM OIL INDUSTRY: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ON THE

MODELING APPROACHES AND POTENTIAL SOLUTION

ABSTRACT

Palm oil industry plays an important role as a backbone to the economy of a

country, especially in many developing countries. Various issues related to the

palm oil context have been studied rigorously by previous researchers using

appropriate modeling approaches. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to present an

overview of existing modeling approaches used by researchers in studying several

issues in the palm oil industry. However, there are still limited numbers of

researches that focus to determine the impact of strategy policies on palm oil

studies. Furthermore, this paper introduces an improved system dynamics and

genetic algorithm technique to facilitate the policy design process in palm oil

industry. The proposed method is expected to become a framework for structured

policy design process to assist the policy maker in evaluating and designing

appropriate policies.
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METHODOLOGY OF WORK

Palmarosa Cultivation

Introduction to Palmarosa Cultivation: Palmarosa is tropical perennial grass which

is being cultivated for its oil that smells like rose fragrance. It is perennial plant

thrives well in tropical and humid climatic conditions. This plant grows wild in

some parts of India. Palmarosa is also known as Indian Rosha or Motia or Tikhadi,

This perennial grass plant is native to South East Asia, especially India. Palmarosa

used in perfumery, food flavouring and pharmaceutical industries. As we know the

fact that the demand for aroma industry increasing day by day, farmers are now

looking for commercial production of Palmarosa crop. By adopting proper crop

cultivation practices, one can obtain decent profits. The following write-up details

about package practices of Palmarosa cultivation.

Family Name of Palmarosa:- Poaceae.

Botanical/Scientific Name of Palmarosa:- Cymbopogon martinii.

Genus of Palmarosa:- Cymbopogon.

Uses and Health Benefits of Palmarosa

The following are some of the health benefits and uses of Palmarosa essential oil

products.

Health Benefits of Palmarosa Essential Oil.

Health Benefits of Palmarosa Essential Oil.

Parts Used in Palmarosa: Oil extracted from flowers, leaves and stems.

Palmarosa essential oil has Antiviral and Antiseptic properties.

Palmarosa essential oil promotes the growth of cells and the recycling of cellular

matter.

Palmarosa essential oil Aids in digestion.

When used in aromatherapy treatments, Palmarosa oil relaxes the muscles and

nerves, fights depression, fatigue, anxiety, anger and nervousness

Palmarosa essential oil helps in retaining body moisture (hydration).

Other uses Palmarosa essential oil includes perfumes, soaps and food industry.

Common Names of Palmarosa:- Indian geranium, ginger grass and rosha or rosha

grass.
Health Benefits of Palmarosa Essential Oil :
1. Augments Skin Health

Palmarosa essential oil is a great antibacterial and antiseptic agent to treat a variety

of skin conditions, such as acne, eczema, psoriasis and boils. It effectively kills off

bacteria that is festering on your skin, thus inhibiting the formation and spread of

pimples, blackheads and whiteheads that can inhibit a smoother complexion.

Furthermore, it is cytophylactic in nature which means it promotes cell

regeneration and the growth of new tissues underneath the skin, thus helping to

heal scars and dark spots obtained from these skin conditions and repairs the

damages done to the body by ageing. It also helps to delay the onset of ageing and

the formation of wrinkles, due to its antioxidant properties.

How to Use it: Apply 2-3 drops of palmarosa oil that is diluted with a carrier oil

(such as coconut and jojoba oil) onto a cotton ball or swab and proceed to dab it

onto the affected areas or massage on your face to counter signs of ageing.

2. Prevents Infections from Forming

Since it is a bactericide as established above, it also helps to inhibit bacterial

growth by killing them on wounds, cuts, fungal conditions and scrapes. If you

suffered an accident and have incurred an injury, just apply palmarosa essential oil

to prevent complications and infections from setting in. This essentially helps to

prevent the wounds from becoming septic or by incurring tetanus if the injury is

made from a sharp, iron object.

As such, it promotes the fast and speedy healing of such external wounds, fungal

infections and cuts, and helps to heal the eventual scars that will result.

Not only that, palmarosa essential oil helps to protect your internal organs and

systems from developing infections and viruses. It can cure internal bacterial

infections like colitis and those found in the colon, stomach, urinary bladder,

kidneys, urethra and urinary tracts. This is because even sepsis can occur in these

vital internal organs and if left untreated, it can result in acute pain, with cramps

and convulsions. Therefore, it is imperative that these organs are kept free from

infections and palmarosa oil helps to accomplish this by inhibiting bacterial growth

within.

In fact, a 2009 study published in the Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

revealed how palmarosa oil exhibited the highest inhibitory activity against various

bacterial strains, such as gram positive and gram negative bacteria, out of the other

essential oils which were tested such as evening primrose, lavender and tuberose

oils. Another study done in 1996 at the Regional Medical Research Centre in India

found that palmarosa essential oil actually inhibited the growth and spread of 21

different types of bacteria!

As such, palmarosa essential oil is a potent antibacterial, antibiotic and antiseptic

agent, used for treating wounds on the outside and preventing bacterial as well as
virus growth internally. This hence helps to boost your immune system and keep

your bodies healthy!

How to Use it: To treat skin infections externally, apply 2-3 drops of palmarosa oil

and dilute it with a carrier oil. Proceed to gently rub it on the affected areas until

the skin heals and the scars fade away.

For a restorative foot soak to get rid of fungal infections, you can try blending 6

drops of palmarosa, 3 drops of lemongrass, 3 drops of patchouli and 2 drops of tea

tree essential oils and pour this mix into a tub of warm water to soak your troubled

foot inside.

To prevent gastrointestinal infections and other types of infections within, you can

add about 2-3 drops of the oil in steam inhalation and breathe in gently and slowly.

You can also consider adding a drop of the oil into a glass of water or to a cup of

tea and take it internally, but be sure to consult your doctor for professional

medical advice before proceeding to ingest it.

3. Helps to Cure Fevers

With its febrifuge attributes, palmarosa essential oil effectively helps to alleviate

fevers, thus serving as a potent, all-natural alternative remedy to the various drug-

prescribed fever medications out there in the market!

Furthermore, coupled with its antiviral and antibacterial properties, it definitely

helps to kill off the viruses and bacteria that are causing such fevers in the first
place. Thus, it soothes and calms down the bodily systems and helps to alleviate

the fevers in the process.

How to Use it: You can distill 2-3 drops of the oil in a diffuser or vaporizer and

proceed to gently breathe in the wafts emanating out. Alternatively, you can also

add about 5-6 drops of the oil in a tub of warm, bathing water and soak for a few

minutes. It will help to induce sweating, which thus brings down our body

temperature and helps to relieve the fever spell.

4. Augments Digestion Process

Being a stomachic, palmarosa oil is also an effective agent to aid your digestive

processes. It is able to facilitate the timely and proper secretion of digestive

enzymes and bile, thus promoting the proper digestion and breakdown of the food.

It also stimulates the absorption of the nutrients from the food into the

bloodstream, allowing it to travel to the different parts of the body efficiently and

in a fast manner. As such, this prevents a whole host of problems such as

indigestion, acid reflux, constipation, diarrhea and many more as it supports the

health of your digestive system.

How to Use it: By diluting it with a carrier oil in a 1:1 ratio, simply massage

diluted palmarosa oil onto your abdominal areas.

5. Provides Mental and Emotional Support

The essential oil of palmarosa is also great for aromatherapy treatments since it is

able to battle against depression, feelings of self-doubt and low self-esteem to

uplift your emotional spirits! It also serves to mentally rejuvenate and revitalise

your mental senses as it alleviates fatigue, tension, stress and anxiety to provide

mental clarity and to refresh your mind.

How to Use it: Simply diffuse palmarosa oil into a diffuser or vaporizer and let the

aromatic, rosy wafts engulf you as you breathe in the goodness. You can also add

lavender oil into the diffuser. Alternatively, you can add about 4-5 drops of

palmarosa oil into a tub of warm, bathing water to relax and soothe your tense

nerves.

Safety Precautions:

According to a 2014 study carried out by Food and Chemical Toxicology, it was

found that palmarosa essential oil is considered safe for human consumption at low

concentrations since it is not toxic. Yet, caution must still be exercised and you

should always consult a doctor to seek for professional health advice before adding

palmarosa oil into a glass of water or to a cup of tea to be taken internally.

Ensure that you only purchase top-quality and high-grade, 100% pure palmarosa

essential oil from a reputable and reliable seller before using the oil, especially for

internal purposes.
When applying it topically, be sure to dilute the oil with a carrier oil of your

choice (such as coconut, jojoba or almond oil) in a 1:1 ratio and perform a skin

patch test first to ascertain for any allergic or sensitive reactions.

If you are pregnant or breastfeeding, it is always wise to consult with your doctor

first before using essential oils as a form of treatment.

Palmarosa Names in India

Palmarosa, Geranium grass, Rose grass, Rosha grass, Rusa grass (English),

Gandhabena, Pamarosa, Rohisa (Bengali), Rauns, Roisa ghas, Rousa ghas

(Gujarati), Gandabel, Gandhej ghas, Makora, Motio, Rosha (Hindi), Anchi hullu,

Bhootika hullu, Chatta hullu, Chippu hullu, Kaachi hullu, Kasavre hullu,

Kaavancha (Kannada), Sambharapullu (Malayalam), Kusatan, Roshegavat,

Roshsagavath, Rusha (Marathi), Dhanvantari, Dhanwantari ghaasa (Oriya),

Kavatham pillu, Kavattampillu, Munkilpul, Kamaksippul, Kavattam pul (Tamil),

Kachi gaddi, Kanchi, Kashy gaddi, Nimma gaddi (Telugu), Rauns, Thisankah

(Urdu).

Varieties (Cultivars) of Palmarosa:- Some of the popular varities include Motia,

Sofia, Tripta, Trishna, PRC-1, IW 31245, IW 3244, OPD-1, OPD-2, Motia, Sofia

and Tripta. Contact your local horticulture department for more improved varieties

which are suitable for your region.

Climate Requirement for Palmarosa Cultivation:- Palmarosa is a tropical plant and

grows well in humid conditions. It requires abundant sunshine during its growing

period. This crop can be cultivated at elevation up to 300 meters. The annual

rainfall required is about 100 to 150 cm. The ideal temperature of 15°C to 38°C

results in good growth of the grass. Palmarosa grass is sensitive to frost conditions,

so avoid frost-prone areas for its cultivation.

Soil Requirement of Palmarosa Cultivation:- Palmarosa grass can be grown in

wide range of soils from poor sandy loam to heavy fertile soils. However, it thrives

best in well-drained loamy soils having good organic matter. The ideal pH range

for its cultivation is 6.5 to 7.5. This plant can tolerate pH up to 9.5. Soils with

water stagnation will result in poor yield and less oil. Commercial producers can

go for soil test to find out the soil fertility.

Propagation in Palmarosa Cultivation:- This can be propagated through both seeds

and slips (sapplings). For commercial farming of Palmarosa, seed are the best

choice of propagation. Use previous year harvested fresh seeds for propagation.

Palmarosa Seeds.

Land Preparation, Planting, and Spacing in Palmarosa Cultivation:- Using local

tractor, plough he land 2 to 3 times until the soil reaches fine-tilth stage, this also

gives better aeration. Remove any weeds, dead branches or unwanted plants from

previous crops. Subsequently, the land should be laid into beds after applying

required manures. Use about 10 tons of manure and 8kgs per 10% B.H.C per acre.

Trowel and level the field so that there will not be any water stagnation.

Rain-fed crop can be planted during monsoon season and irrigated crop can be

planted anytime during the year in non-frost regions.

Palmarosa seeds should be sown directly or seedlings (raised on nursery beds)

should be transplanted in the field during the rainy season. Healthy and established

seedlings or slips of 20-25 cm long should be planted during rainy season in rows

of 30-60 cm apart with plant distance of 30-60 cm within the rows. Planting can be

done on ridges in areas receiving high rainfall to avoid water stagnation in the

field. Seedlings/slips should be planted firmly but not very deep in to the soil.

Transplanting is preferred in evening hours to avoid transplantation shock. Carry

out light irrigation after transplanting. Gap filling should be done within 10 to 12

days of planting. It is recommended to plant 2 seedlings / slips per hill to avoid any

seedling mortality. When it comes seed rate, the optimum seed rate is 2.5 to 3 kg of

seeds/ha. If slips are planted, it requires about 30,000 slips/ha covering the 60 x 60

cm spacing.

Nursery Raising: The seeds are sown in raised nursery beds in lines at 15 – 20 cm

apart. Transplant the seedlings after 3 – 4 weeks in ridges at a spacing of 60 x 60

cm during onset of monsoon.

Irrigation in Palmarosa Cultivation:- Irrigation at right stages gives more yield.

This crop can be grown as rain fed crop as well as under irrigated conditions.

Flood irrigation is best suited for this crop. The frequency of irrigation depends on

the climate and soil moisture holding capacity. In dry and hot climate in summer, it

requires irrigation at 10-12 days interval. Avoid water logging and make sure to
have well-drainage in the field. Stop irrigation 7 to 8 days before harvesting the

grass.

Manures and Fertilizers in Palmarosa Cultivation:- Palmarosa crop responds very

well to manures and fertilizers. Farmyard manure of 10 tonnes/ha (should be

applied during land preparation) and N:P:K of 20:50:40 kg/ha should be applied as

basal dose. Top dressing should be done with “N” (Nitrogen) of 15 kg/ha in 3 split

doses which should be 3, 6, and 9 months after planting.

Intercultural Operations in Palmarosa Cultivation:- Making weed-free field is

important for any crop cultivation. In Palmarosa cultivation, 2 to 3 weedings and

hoeing should be carried during early stages (in first year) to remove any unwanted

material from the field. Subsequent years require 2 intercultural (weeding plus

hoeing) operations. Earthing up should be done after each harvest and top dressing.

Mulching in Palmarosa Cultivation:- Use any mulch material like straw at the plant

base to prevent the moisture loss and soil erosion. Eventually, this muck material

will decompose and work as an organic manure.

Pests and Diseases in Palmarosa Cultivation:- The following are the pests and

disease found in Palmarosa cultivation.

Pests: Aphids, Thrips, White grub, and Termites are common insect pests found in
Palmarosa Cultivation.

Control Measures: Aphids and Thrips can be controlled by spraying Azadirachtin

1% (10,000 ppm) @ 5 ml/liter water. White grub and Termites are controlled by

flooding with irrigation water kills these pests.

Diseases: Ellisiella blight and Curvularia blotch are the common diseases found in

Palmarosa crop.

Control Measures: Ellisiella blight and Curvularia blotch diseases can be

controlled by foliar application of Bordeaux mixture 1% at 2 weeks interval at

initial stages of disease attack.

Note: It is always advised to contact your local horticulture department for

symptoms of diseases and pests and their control measures in Palmarosa

cultivation.
Harvesting in Palmarosa Cultivation

Harvest the Palmarosa grass at right stage for getting high yield of oil. The crop

will be ready for harvesting 3 to months after planting. Subsequent harvesting of

Palmarosa grass should be carried out 3 to 4 months interval up to 5 years (The

crop will be productive up to 5 year). Cutting of grass should be done by leaving

15 cm from the ground level. After harvesting, make the grass to dry in shade for 3

to 4 days and send it for steam distillation for oil extraction.

Yield in Palmarosa Cultivation:- Yield of any crop depends in many factors like

plant age, cultivar, irrigation, soil type, climate and cultivation practices. In case of

Palmarosa cultivation, one can obtain the following average yield under ideal

farming practices.

Fresh herbage yield: 30-40 tonnes/ha/year.

Oil yield: 220-250 kg/ha may be obtained from second year on wards in case of

irrigated crop.

Note: Usually, oil yield is low in first year and it increases during 2-4 years of

planting but gradually decreases thereafter.

Cost and Profits in Palmarosa Cultivation:- The following is the rough estimate of

cost and profits from Palmarosa cultivation.

Cost Involved:

In 0.4 acres (1 Bigha) at a distance of 40 cm x 40 cm around 10,000 sapling can be

grown.
10,000 * Rs.5/- per sapling which includes labour & transport = Rs.50,000/ (Total

cost).

This cost is a one-time investment and the yield is for the next 5yrs as the crop is

productive for 5 years.

Profit Expected:

From 0.4 acres (1 Bigha) plantation, you can get Palmarosa oil within first 6

months and you get about 30 litres of oil and in the next 6 months it goes up to 30

litres.

In the first year of planting Palmarosa you get about 40 litres of Palmarosa Oil.

60 litres * Rs.1200/- per litre = Rs.72, 000/- income per harvest.(This continues for

next five years).

Marketing of Palmarosa Based Products:- Commercial growers of Palmarosa crop

should have proper marketing plan well before maturity of the crop. Local pharma

companies, herbal companies and food industries are the best source for marketing

in whole sale.
SURPRISING BENEFITS OF PALMA ROSA ESSENTIAL OIL

The health benefits of Palma Rosa Essential Oil can be attributed to its properties

as an antiseptic, antiviral, bactericidal, cytophylactic, digestive, febrifuge and

hydrating substance.

Palma rosa is a grass whose botanical name is Cymbopogon martini. It has two

varieties, also called chemotypes, Motia & Sofia, which differ slightly in their

aroma. Different producers give preference to different chemotypes depending on

the demand of the market.

Extraction of this essential oil is done by steam distillation of dried grass which is

harvested before flowering. The chief constituents of this oil are geraniol, geranyl

acetate, dipentene, linalool, limonene, and myrcene. This oil smells like rose oil,

which is how it got the name, Palma rosa. This is also why it is sometimes used in

place of rose oil and is often adulterated with rose oil since it is cheaper.

This oil is widely used as a flavoring agent in the food and beverageindustry, as

well as in soap, perfume, oil and cosmetics industries. It also has many medicinal

uses, which we will explore in greater detail below.

Table of Contents

 Health Benefits of Palma Rosa Essential Oil

o Reduces Fever

o Fights Viral Infections

o Prevents Sepsis

o Cures Bacterial Infections

o Acts as a Cytophylactic

o Improves Digestion

o Heals Wounds

o Treats Dehydration

o Other Benefits

Health Benefits of Palma Rosa Essential Oil

Reduces Fever

The essential oil of palma rosa is capable of reducing fever by virtue of its

antiviral, antibacterial and antiseptic properties. Therefore, whether the fever is due

to either viral or bacterial infection, this oil can help you cool it down and soothe

your system.

Fights Viral Infections

Dealing with viruses is not an easy task, and it is very different than killing

bacteria. Viruses develop a protective coating on them, called a cyst, which

protects them from the extreme conditions of their surroundings, and is so tough
that it can withstand almost anything. Viruses remain dormant within their cyst

until it finds a host, which is when the cyst opens up and the virus comes out of its

dormancy and starts multiplying. It is at this stage that the essential oil of palma

rosa curbs and inhibits the duplication of the virus and successfully eliminates it.

Prevents Sepsis

Septic also occurs in vulnerable internal organs such as the urinary tracts, urinary

bladder, urethra, colon, and kidneys. It does not only trigger sudden, acute and

nearly unbearable pain but also results in cramps and convulsions. Therefore, it is

always advisable to take care of wounds and any type of infection, specifically in

the genito-urinary organs. This can be accomplished with the help of this oil. When

applied externally on wounds, it protects them from infections and also kills the

bacteria that have already grown on them. When taken internally, palma rosa oil

inhibits the bacterial growth in the genito-urinary tracts and provides effective

protection against septic.

Cures Bacterial Infections

The essential oil of palma rosa is bactericidal in nature and inhibits bacterial

growth by killing them. It is also good at curing internal bacterial infections like

colitis and those of the colon, stomach, urinary bladder, prostate, urethra, urinary

tracts, and kidneys. It also prevents external bacterial infections on the skin,

armpits, head, eyebrows, eyelids, and ears.

Acts as a Cytophylactic

Palma rosa oil is cytophylactic in nature, which means that it promotes the growth

of cells and the recycling of cellular matter. Thus, it helps repair the damages done

to the body by aging, like natural wear and tear, as well as from wounds and

various other factors. It also aids in the overall growth of the body. Since it also

promotes the growth of the defensive cells of the body, it is considered a good way

to strengthen the immune system.

Improves Digestion

Aiding digestion is yet another beneficial property of this oil. The secretion of

digestive juices into the stomach is stimulated by this oil, thereby promoting

digestion. It also aids in the absorption of the nutrients from food, making your

digestive process more efficient.

Heals Wounds

Many people are very familiar with the word “septic”, but they do not seem to

understand its gravity, as most of us have not experienced it. It is a very painful

situation caused due to an infection in wounds. Wounds are highly prone to

infections since they are open and unprotected.

Treats Dehydration

This is one of the soothing properties of palma rosa essential oil. It helps your body

retain the moisture in the tissues and maintains the moisture balance throughout
your body. Therefore, this can relieve inflammation and certain other symptoms of

dehydration and is particularly good for the skin. It keeps the skin soft, moist, and

looking young.
OTHER BENEFITS

When used in aromatherapytreatments, palma rosa oil relaxes the muscles and

nerves, fights depression, fatigue, anxiety, anger, and nervousness, while also

having an uplifting effect on the mind. Furthermore, it helps cure sores, cracks in

the skin and Athlete’s Foot.

Word of Caution

Also see

 11 Impressive Benefits of Lime Essential Oil

 17 Surprising Benefits of Sage Essential Oil

This oil is considered completely safe since it is a non-irritant, non-sensitizing, and

non-toxic substance.

Blending: The essential oils of geranium, bergamot, rosemary, limeand ylang-

ylang blend very well with the essential oil of palm rosa.
RESULT

These results indicated that Palm rosa plant contains important chemical

constituents and is suitable for the extraction of essential oil for medicinal and

perfumery purposes on commercial scale.

Reference:

http://studentsrepo.um.edu.my

http://www.agrifarming.in/palmarosa-cultivation/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/palmrosa
RESULT

Ornamental plants are plants that are grown for decorative purposes in gardens and

landscape design projects, as houseplants, for cut flowers and specimen display.

The cultivation of these, called floriculture, forms a major branch of horticulture.