CAPITOLUL 6-INTREBARI RECAPITULATIVE

SECTIUNEA 6.1

R1.What does it mean for a wireless network to be operating in “infrastructure mode”? If the
network is not in infrastructure mode, what mode of operation is it in, and what is the difference
between that mode of operation and infrastructure mode?
R1:
Gazdele associate cu un base station (statie de baza) opereaza in modul infrastructura. Base-
station-ul(statia de baza) este conectat la reteaua de internet printr-un router.
O alta modalitate de organizare a retelei este cea de « retea ad-hoc ». Diferenta dintre cele 2
moduri de organizare este ca modul de « retea ad-hoc » nu are infrastructura la care sa se
conecteze. Prin urmare, hosts (gazdele) trebuie sa ofere singure servicii de routare si translatare
DNS.
R2.What are the four type of wireless networks identified in our taxonomy in Section 6.1. Which
of these types of wireless networks have you used?

R2:Cele 4 tipuri de retele wireless sunt:

1)Single-hop,infrastructure-based-Retele care au un singur base station conectat la o retea mai
mare cu fire.
2)Single-hop,infrastructure-less-Retele care nu base station care sa conecteze la o retea mai mare,
insa un nod coordoneaza transmisia altor noduri(ex:Bluetooth)
3)Multi-hop,infrastructure-based-Retele care au un base station, insa se bazeaza si pe alte noduri
pentru transmiterea informatiei de la un nod.
4)Multi-hop, infrastructure-less-Retele care nu au base station, iar informatia este transmisa mai
multor noduri pana a ajunge la destinatie.(ex:mobile ad hoc networks =MANET)

SECTIUNEA 6.2

R3. What are the differences between the following types of wireless channnel impairments: path
loss, multipath propagation, interference from other sources?

R3:
path loss=descresterea puterii semnalului. Undele electromagnetice se atenueaza datorita distantei
strabatute.
multipath propagation=reflectarea undelor electromagnetice de diferite obiecte ceea ce duce la
neclaritatea semnalului la receptor.
Interference from other sources=surse radio care emit in aceeasi banda de frecvente vor interfera.

R4.As a mobile node gets farther and farther away from a base station, what are two actions that a
base station could take to ensure that the loss probability of a transmitted frame does not increase?
Putem scadea Bit Error Rate (sau BER) prin cresterea puterii de transmisie si folosind modulari
diferite(ex:BPSK,QAM16,QAM256), adica scaderea ratei de transmisie.
SECTIUNEA 6.3

R5.Describe the role of the beacon frames in 802.11.

R5:Beacon frames sunt cadre trimise periodic de catre AP (Acess Point) si contin :
SSID (Service Set Identifier) al AP-ului precum si adresa lui MAC. Host-urile (statiile wireless)
primesc beacon frames, scaneaza cele 11 canale cautand astfel AP-urile care exista, pentru a-si
alege AP-ul la care sa se conecteze.

R6.True or false :Before an 802.11 station transmits a data frame, it must first send an RTS frame
and receive a corresponding CTS frame.

R6:Fals

R7.Why are acknowledgments used in 802.11 but not in wired Enthernet?

R7:Standardul 802.11(WiFi) foloseste evitarea coliziunii, iar standardul 802.3(Enthernet)

utilizeaza detectia coliziunii. De asemenea, standardul 802.11(WiFi) prezinta riscuri mult mai
mari de eroare. La coliziune standardul 802.3(Enthernet) va opri ambele statii de la transmiterea
datelor, in vreme ce la standardul 802.11(WiFi) odata pornita transmiterea datelor, aceasta nu mai
poate fi oprita, iar datele de la ambele host-uri vor fi pierdute fara ARQ(link-layer
acknowledgement retransmission).

R8.True or false:Enthernet and 802.11 use the same frame structure.

R8:Fals. Una din diferentele principal ar fi faptul ca 802.11 are 4 adrese MAC pe 6 octeti, iar
Enthernet doar 2 adrese.

R9.Describe how the RTS threshold works.

R9: Doar daca valoarea de prag a RTS este mai mica decat lungimea frame-ului, atunci se
utilizeaza RTS(Request to send)/CTS(Clear to send).

R10.Suppose the IEE 802.11 RTS and CTS frames were as long as the standard DATA and ACK
frames. Would there be any advantage to using the CTS and RTS frames? Why? Why not?

R10:Nu, deoarece aceste frame-uri RTS si CTS pot intra in coliziune si s-ar pierde informatiile
din ele. Frame-urile cu date evita coliziunea cu ajutorul frame-urilor RTS si CTS.

R11.Section 6.3.4 discusses 802.11 mobility, in which a wireless station moves from one BSS to
another within the same subnet. When the APs are interconnected with a switch, an AP may need
to send a frame with a spoofed MAC address to get the switch to forward the frame properly.
Why?

R11:Acest lucru este necesar deoarece statia wireless este initial interconectata cu primul
AP(Access Point), si prin urmare toate datagramele destinate statiei wireless vor fi dirijate prin
primul AP. Atunci cand statia wireless trece la al doilea AP, router-ul nu va sti sa trimita
datagramele prin al doilea AP, decat daca i se trimite adresa MAC a acelui AP prin intermediul
unui frame (cadru).
R12.What are the differences between a master device in a Bluetooth network and a base station
in an 802.11 network?

R12:Orice nod Bluetooth poate deveni master, in timp ce access points din standardul 802.11 sunt
dispozitive speciale. Host-urile nu pot deveni access points.
Bloototh se transmite la fel ca si 802.11b la o frecventa de 2.4GHz, insa acopera o arie mult mai
mica de transmisie. Un AP al retelei 802.11 poate accesa 11 canale, in vreme ce BlueTooth are 79
de canale. Standardul 802.11 poate transmite 11Mbps sau 54Mbps, in vreme de Bluetooth
transmite doar 4Mbps. La Bluetooth, nodul master este un adevarat conducator al piconet-ului
(retelei de mici dimensiuni).

R13.True or false: In WiMAX, a base station must transmit to all nodes at the same channel rate.

R13:Raspunsul este fals, WiMAX va folosi opportunistic scheduling ,adica va alege un set de
receptori carora le va trimite mesaje, in functie de calitatea canalelor pe care acestia comunica.

R14.What is meant by “opportunistic scheduling” in WiMAX?

R14: Opportunistic scheduling inseamna ca WiMAX va alege un set de receptori carora le va

trimite mesaje, in functie de calitatea canalelor pe care acestia comunica.

R15.We learned in Section 6.3.2. that there are 2 major 3G standards: UMTS and CDMA-2000.
These two standard each owe their lineage to which 2G and 2.5G standards?

R15:UTMS datoreaza infrastructura GSM, iar CDMA-2000 datoreaza infrastructura IS-95.

R16.If a node has a wireless connection to the Internet, does that node have to be mobile?
Explain. Suppose that a user with a laptop walks around her house with her laptop, and always
accesses the Internet through the same access point. Is the user mobile from a network
standpoint? Explain.

R16:Atata timp cat un nod nu iese din perimetrul de actiune al access pointului, nodul nu este
mobil. Daca acees pointul acopera intreaga casa a persoanei in cauza, aceasta se poate plimba
linistita cu laptopul prin casa, fara a deveni un nod mobil. Un nod mobil este acel nod care isi
schimba in timp access pointul care ii face legatura cu reteaua de internet.
R17.What is the difference between a permanent address and a care-of-address? Who assigns a
care-of-adddress?

R17:Adresa permanenta este adresa din home network. Care-of-address sau CAO este adresa
obtinuta de catre un nod mobil intr-o retea straina si este desemnata de agentul strain. Acest agent
poate fi un router sau chiar nodul mobil.

R18.Consider a TCP connection going over MobileIP. True or false: The TCP connection phase
between the correspondent and the mobile host goes through the mobile’s home network, but the
data transfer phase is directly between the correspondent and the mobile host, bypassing the
home network.
R18:Afirmatia este falsa.Nodul mobil poate sa primeasca datagrame care trec pe la adresa lui
permanenta.

R19.What are the purposes of the HLR and VLR in GSM network?What elements of mobile IP
are similar to HLR and VLR?

R19:
The home network in GSM maintains a database called the home location register (HLR), which
contains the permanent cell phone number and subscriber profile information about each of its
subscribers. The HLR also contains information about the current locations of these subscribers. The
visited network maintains a database known as the visitor location register (VLR) that contains an
entry for each mobile user that is currently in the portion of the network served by the VLR. VLR
entries thus come and go as mobile users enter and leave the network.

The edge router in home network in mobile IP is similar to the HLR in GSM and the edge router in
foreign network is similar to the VLR in GSM.

R20.What is the role of the anchor MSC in GSM network?

R20:

Anchor MSC is the MSC visited by the mobile when a call first begins; anchor MSC thus remains
unchanged during the call. Throughout the call’s duration and regardless of the number of inter-MSC
transfers performed by the mobile, the call is routed from the home MSC to the anchor MSC, and then
from the anchor MSC to the visited MSC where the mobile is currently located.

R21. What are three approaches that can be taken to avoid having a single wireless link degrade
the performance of an end-end transport-layer TCP connection?

R21:Pot fi utilizate:
a)recuperarea locala a bitilor de eroare;
b)autosesizarea TCP in cazul erorilor din legaturile wireless;
c)impartirea conexiunilor in 2: parea wireless (fara cablu) si partea wired (cu cablu).

Problems

P1.Consider the single-sender CDMA example in Figure 6.5. What would be the sender’s
output(for the 2 data bits shown) if the sender’s CDMA code were (1,-1,1,-1,1,-1,1,-1)?
Primul bit se va transforma in:
((-1)*1,(-1)*(-1),(-1)*1,(-1)*(-1),(-1)*(1),(-1)*(-1),(-1)*(1),(-1)*(-1))=
(-1,1,-1,1,-1,1,-1,1)
Al doilea bit se va transforma in:
(1*1,1*(-1),1*1,1*(-1),1*1,1*(-1),1*1,1*(-1))=
(1,-1,1,-1,1,-1,1,-1)
P2.Consider sender 2 in Figure 6.6. What is the sender’s output to the channel (before it is added
to the signal from sender 1?
Primul bit se va transforma in:
(1*1,1*(-1),1*1,1*1,1*1,1*(-1),1*1,1*1)=
(1,-1,1,1,1,-1,1,1)
Al doilea bit se va transforma in:
(1*1,1*(-1),1*1,1*1,1*1,1*(-1),1*1,1*1)=
(1,-1,1,1,1,-1,1,1)

P3.Suppose that the receiver in Figure 6.6 wanted to receive the data being sent by sender 2.
Show (by calculation) that the receiver is indeed able to recover sender 2’s data from the
aggregate channel signal by using sender 2’s code.
(1*0+(-1)*(-2)+1*2+1*0+1*0+1*2+1*2)/8=
8/8=1
=>Primul bit al senderului 2 este 1.
(1*2+(-1)*0+1*2+1*0+1*2+(-1)*0+1*2+1*(-2))/8=
8/8=1
=>Al doilea bit al senderului 2 este 1.
Senderul 2 a trimis 11.

P4.For the two sender, two receiver example, give an example of two CDMA codes containing 1
and -1 values that do not allow the two receivers to extract the original transmitted bits from the
two CDMA senders.
P4: Conditia care trebuie respectata pentru ca vectorii sa poata fi coduri CDMA este ca suma
elementelor produsului celor 2 vectori sa dea 0=>Trebuie sa gasim 2 vectori care sa nu respecte
conditia.
V1=(1,1,1,-1,-1,1,-1,1)
V2=(1,1,1,1,1,1,-1,-1)
V1*V2=(1,1,1,-1,-1,1,1,-1)
SUMA=3-2+2-1=2
Demonstratie pentru propozitia de mai sus:
Fie C1=valoarea bitului pe care vrem sa il traducem pentru sender1 si C2=valoarea bitului pentru
sender 2.Fie V1 vectorul de cod 1 si V2 vectorul de cod2.
(C1*V1+C2*V2) este valoarea care se propaga.
Vrem sa decodificam pentru sender1 :
(C1*V1+C2*V2)*(V1)=
C1*V1*V1 + C2*V1*V2
Facem suma pentru elementele expresiei de mai sus
Stim ca suma elementelor V1*V2 este 0.(am stabilit prin cod)=> Suma(C2*V1*V2) este 0.
=>ramanem cu sum(C1*V1*V1)=C1(v1*v1+v2*v2+v3*v3+...v8*v8)
Dar stim ca v1,v2,v3..., v8 pot fi doar 1 sau -1=>
sum(C1*V1*V2)=C1*(1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1)=C1*8.
Daca impartim la 8 => obtinem valoarea lui C1.

P5.Suppose there are two ISPs providing WiFi access in a particular café with each ISP operating
its own AP and having its own IP address block.
a.Further suppose that by accident, each ISP has configured its AP to operate over channel 11.
Will the 802.11 protocol completely break down in this situation? Discuss what happens when
two stations, each associated with a different ISP, attempt to transmit at the same time.
b.Now suppose that one AP operates over channel 1 and the other over the channel 11. How do
your answers change?

P5:a) Protocolul 802.11 va functiona corect chiar daca avem 2 ISP-uri care au configurat AP-uri
care sa functioneze pe canalul 11. Acest lucru se datoreaza faptului ca fiecare statie va fi
interconectata wireless de un anumit AP, iar subreteaua formata va avea propria adresa IP si va
avea propriul canal 11 de comunicare. Prin urmare daca cele doua statii vor transmite informatii
in acelasi timp, ele nu vor interactiona fiercare avand canalul propriu.
b)Daca cele doua AP-uri opereaza pe canale diferite, raspunsul ramane acelasi, statiile nu vor
intreactiona, avand propriul canal.

P6.In step 4 of the CSMA/CA protocol, a station that successfully transmits a frame begins the
CSMA/CA protocol protocol for a second frame at step2, rather than at step1. What rationale
might the designers of CSMA/CA have in mind by having such a station not transmit the second
frame immediately (if the channel is sensed idle)?

P6:Rationamentul este de a evita coliziunea informatiilor atunci cand, canalul de transmitere fiind
liber, se incearca transmiterea simultana a datelor de catre 2 statii diferite. Daca cele 2 statii
asteapta un timp random pana la transmitere, astfel de transmiteri simultane au o probabilitate
mult mai mica de aparitie. Transmiterea simultana de date implica pierderea lor datorita colizunii
deoarece transmiterea odata pornita, nu mai poate fi oprita.

P7.Suppose an 802.11 station is configured to always reserve the channel with the RTS/CTS
sequence. Suppose this station suddenly wants to transmit 1 000 bytes of data, and all stations are
idle at this time. As a function of SIFS and DIFS, and ignoring propagation delay and assuming
no bit errors, calculate the time required to transmit the frame and receive the acknowledgement.

P7:
Data rate pentru 802.11b este de 11Mbps
1 000 bytes=1 000 *8 biti=8kb;
F=DIFS+RTS+SIFS+CTS+DATA+ACK

P8.Consider the scenario shown in Figure 6.33, in which there are 4 wireless nodes A,B,C and D.
The radio coverage of the four nodes is shown via the shaded ovals; all nodes share the same
frequency. When A transmits, it can only be heared/received by B; when B transmits, both A and
C can hear/receive from B;when C transmits, both B and D can hear/receive from C; when D
transmits only C can hear/receive from D.
Suppose now that each node has an infinite supply of messages that is wants to send to each of
the other nodes. If a messager’s destination is not an immediate neigbour, then the message must
be relayed. For example, if A wants to send to D, a message from A must first be sent to B, which
then sends the message to D. Time is slotted, with a message transmission time taking exactly one
time slot, e.g., as in slotted Aloha. During a slot, a node can do one of the following: (i) send a
message (ii)receive a message (if exactly one message is being sent to it) (iii) remain silent. As
always, if a node hears two or more simultaneous transmissions, a collision occurs and none of
the transmitted messages are received successfully. You can assume that there are no bit-level
errors, and thus if exactly one message is sent, it will be received correctly by those within
transmission radius of the sender.

a.Suppose now that an omniscient controller(i.e., a controller that knows the state of envery node
in the network) can command each node to do whatever it(the omniscient controller) wishes, i.e.
to send a message, to receive a message, or to remain silent. Given this omniscient controller,
what is the maximum rate at which a data message can be trandferred from C to A, given that
there are no other messages between any other source/destination pairs ?

a.Un mesaj poate fi transmis in 2 sloturi de timp, A->B primul slot si B->C al doilea slot.

b.Suppose now that A sends messages to B, and D sends messages to C. What is the combined
maximum rate at which data messages can flow from A to B and from C to D.

b. Putem trimite 2 mesaje pe un singur slot de timp, adica in acelasi timp de la A la B si de la C la

D. Nu vor exista coliziuni.

c.Suppose now that A sends messages to B, and C sends messages to D. What is the combined
maximum rate at which data messages can flow from A to C and from C to D?

c.Se va putea trimite un singur mesaj per slot deoarece mesajele lui A pot intra in coliziune cu
mesajele lui C.
d.Suppose now that the wireless links are replaced by wired links. Repeat questions(a) through (c)
again in this weired scenario;

d.Vom avea o conexiune de genul:A-B-C-D

aa)Se va transmite 1 mesaj/slot. (conexiune directa intre A si C prin B)
bb)Vom avea 2 mesaje/slot A->B si D->C
cc)Vor fi tot 2 mesaje/slot deoarece la coneciunile wired este implementat un sistem de collision
avoidance si coliziunile vor fi evitate.

e.Now suppose we are again in the wireless scenario, and that for every data message sent from
source to destination, the destination will send an ACK message back to the source. (eg. as in
TCP) Also suppose that each ACK message take up one slot. Repeat questions (a)-(c) above for
this scenario.

e:
aaa.Vom avea un mesaj/4 sloturi de timp:
Slot 1)C-msg->B
Slot 2)B-ack->C
Slot 3)B-msg->A
Slot 4)A-ack->B

bbb.Vom avea 2 mesaje/3 sloturi de timp:

Slot 1)A-msg->B;D-msg->C
Slot 2)B-ack->A
Slot 3)C-ack->D

ccc)Vom avea 2 mesaje/3 sloturi de timp:

Slot 1) C-msg->D
Slot 2)D-ack->C,A-message>B
Slot3)B-ack->A

P9. Describe the format of the 802.15.1 Bluetooth frame. You will have to do some reading
outside of the text to find this information. Is there anything in the frame format that inheritly
limits the number of active nodes in an 802.15.1 network to eight active nodes? Explain.

P9.Bluetooth functioneaza intr-o maniera TDM (time division manner) si poate transmite doar in
sloturile impare (odd slots). Un TDMA are 16 sloturi de 625 microsecunde=> vor putea fi 8
noduri active.

P10.Consider the following idealized wiMAX scenario. The downstream subframe is slotted in
time, with N slots per subframe, with all time slots of equal length in time. There are four nodes,
A, B,C and D, reachable from the base station at rates of 10 Mbps, 5Mbps, 2.5 Mbps, and 1
Mbps, respectively, on the downstream channel. The base station has an infinite amount of data to
send to each of the nodes, and can send to any one of the four nodes during any time slot in the
downstream sub-frame.

a. What is the maximum rate at which the base station can send to the nodes, assuming it can send
to any node it chooses during each time slot? Is your solution fair? Explain and define what you
mean by "fair."

a. Rata maxima este 10Mbps daca doar A este “servit”. Insa acest lucru nu este correct. Corect ar
fi sa se transmita atat lui A cat si lui B,C si D.

b. If there is a fairness requirement that each node must receive an equal amount of data during
each downstream sub-frame, what is the average transmission rate by the base station (to all
nodes) during the downstream frame? Explain how you arrived at your answer.

b.Notam cu a,b,c si d numarul de sloturi obtinute de A,B,C si D la o transmitere.

Datele transmise de A intr-un slot=10 (Mbps)*t(s)=10*t (Mb)
=>Lui A se vor transmite 10*a*t(Mb) informatii.
Lui B se vor transmite 5*b*t(Mb) informatii
Lui C se vor transmite 2.5*c*t(Mb) informatii
Lui D se vor transmite 1*d*t(Mb) informatii.
Conditia de corectitudine impune ca :
10*a*t(Mb)= 5*b*t(Mb)= 2.5*c*t(Mb)= 1*d*t(Mb)
=>a=10*d
b=5*d
c=2,5*d
Numarul total de sloturi este N=a+b+c+d, adica N=10*d+5*d+2.5*d+d=18.5*d
=>d=N/18.5
a=10*N*t/18.5
b=5*N*t/18.5
c=2.5N*t/18.5
d=N*t/18.5
Rata transmisiei este de:
(10*a*t+5*b*t+2.5*c*t+d)/tN=
(100*N*t+25*N*t+6.25*N*t+1)*N*t/18.5*1/N*t=132.25/18.5=7.14 Mbps

c. Suppose that the fairness criterion is that any node can receive at most twice as much data as
any other node during the sub-frame. What is the average transmission rate by the base station (to
all nodes) during the subframe?
Explain how you arrived at your answer.

c.
Let node A receives twice as much data as nodes B, C, and D during the sub-
frame.

Hence,
10tn1 = 2 * 5tn2 = 2 * 2.5tn3 = 2 * tn4
i.e. n2 = n1
n3 = 2n1
n4 = 5n1
Again,
n1 + n2 + n3 + n4 = N
i.e. n 1+ n1 + 2n1 + 5n1 = N
i.e. n1 = N/9
Now, average transmission rate is given by:
(10t n1+5t n2+ 2.5t n3+t n4)/tN
= 25/9 = 2.78 Mbps
Similarly, considering nodes B, C, or D receive twice as much data as any other nodes, different
values for the average transmission rate can be calculated.