September | October 2010

Feature title: Abalone feed development in South Africa

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The International magazine for the aquaculture feed industry

 F: Abalone F: Abalone

tory phase for commercialisation

include Silver and Dusky Kob
(Argirosomus sp.) and Yellowtail
(Seriola lalandi).

Dynamic growth
The Western Cape Province
show at the most dynamic growth
in aquaculture production and
development and is promoted by
the well-developed agriculture- and
fisheries-infrastructure by means
of diversification, savings on capital
costs and available knowledge.
In terms of value, South African
aquaculture was dominated by
abalone production, which was
R268 million in 2008, representing Commercial abalone small-farmer
81percent of the total rand value (Hondeklip baai abalone project)
of the aquaculture sector.

Abalone feed development in

In addition, exports of South
African aquaculture production were made University support Functionally enriching of aquafeeds
up almost entirely of abalone in 2008, The Western Cape aquafeed industry is towards sustaining feed shelf life, production

South Africa
representing 24 percent of total tonnage technically supported by the Universities of performance and end-product health benefits
and 82 percent of the total value of South Stellenbosch and Rhodes (Grahamstown)
African aquaculture. Supporting this sec- which have good facilities for prototype Abalone production
tor, two Western Cape based aquafeed product development and evaluation. These In terms of South African abalone produc-
by Lourens de Wet1 & Krishen Rana2 manufacturers - NutroScience and Marifeed institutions
1Feed Technology Group, Stellenbosch University, South Africa, Lfdw@sun.ac.za - dominate supply with 77 percent of total also provide
2University of Stirling, Institute of Aquaculture, United Kingdom aquafeed production (see Figure 1a). Both research and
manufacturers also contribute to aquafeed training oppor-
exports. tunities for

S
Total aquafeed sales represent 0.03 per- resident and Since 1998
outh African aquaculture ing survey performed by the Aquaculture of high value imported products by local cent of total animal feed sales (see Figure distance educa-
production, though limited production as well as further extension of
Your supplier of
Institute of South Africa (AISA), total aqua- 1b), and utilises similar major ingredients tion students.
i\n its contribution to Africa's culture production and value in 2008 was local markets. (with the exception of fish oil and fish meal) The Feed
and global production, has 3650 tonnes and R327 million respectively Success in this regard, was achieved with than the monogastric animal feed industry. Te c h n o l o g y
shown a significant increase over the
past decade.
(Britz et al., 2009), growing at a rate of eight
percent in production and 32 percent in
commercially relevant freshwater (rainbow
trout, aquarium fish, koi carp) and marine
South Africa has a well-established feed
industry and related production sector,
Group of the
University of
high quality
Since the lifting of political and economi-
value between 2005 and 2008.
Aquaculture development in South
species (mussels, oysters and abalone).
Mariculture is becoming increasingly
which provides a wide range of raw materi-
als and fine chemicals that can also be used
Stellenbosch
focus on: abalone feed
cal isolation in the early 1990s, South Africa Africa was initially aimed at the replacement important as consumer demand for marine in the formulation of relevant aquafeeds. Reducing
has experienced species will not be However, information on the nutritional the environ-
a rapid increase in replaced by demand value and application of some of these mental impact
the development of for freshwater fish ingredients are often limited with regard to of aquaculture
commercial aquac- as marine catches specific application to indigenous species. through develop-
ulture. The industry decrease. Utilising both hot and cold extrusion ing low pollution
is expected to make In South Africa in production of aquafeeds, the sec- aquafeeds and
a significant con- the development tor is supported by a well-developed environmentally
tribution towards of the mariculture companion animal food and human pasta sustainable feeding
economic growth, industry has being production industries in terms of techni- practices
job creation, foreign spurred on by some cal know-how. Utilization of
exchange earnings, successful aba- However, hot extrusion predominantly food processing
whilst also con- lone (Haliotis midae) utilises conditioner-assisted single screw and industrial by-
tributing towards farms interested in extruders affecting the physical appearance product streams For further details please contact
socio-economic diversifying their of fish feed in high-protein starter and as alternative WWW.nutroscience.com
development and activities into finfish high-energy grower diets formulated with feed ingredients Tel: +27 22 482 4575 • Email: info@nutroscience.com
Figures 1a&b. Aquafeed sales per province (left) and as portion of total
food security. mariculture. The limited carbohydrate content. Irrespective for fishmeal and
animal feed sales in South Africa during 2008/2009 (AFMA MEMBERS ONLY)
According to a indigenous species of appearance, a feed conversion ratio of fish oil in marine
(TONNES) (adapted from Chairmans reports, 2008/2009 www.afma.co.za)
recent benchmark- leaving its explora- below 1:1 is achieved on commercial farms. finfish feeds

28 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | September-october 2010 September-october 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 29

 F: Abalone THE ESSENTIAL GUIDE FOR F: Decontaminated oils
EVERYONE INVOLVED IN THE
GLOBAL AQUAFEED INDUSTRY
removed some mono-ortho PCBs and little of Atlantic salmon of initial weight 0.78kg After the 11-week feeding period the fish
Antheeasy-to-use publication were cultured using one of Your
non-ortho PCBs and PBDEs. natural
the three diets partner
had an averageforweight
aquaculture
of 2.19kg and there
for manufacturers
However, the recentof fish
development of a two- above between July and October 2006 under were no differences between diets.
feed
stepto source
process suppliers.
of activated carbon plus thin-film ambient photoperiod andWe offer
average a range of innovative
temperature SGRs were microbial-based
in the range 1.34-1.35, TGC
Designed to identify
deodourisation can removeall most DL-PCBs of 11.5 ± 2.7oC at solutions for sustainable aquaculture:
aquafeed
and PBDEsingredients,
to provide a FO with very low the Fjord Research
raw material
pollutant feedstuffs,
TEQ levels. 2010Station,
/11
Dønna,
feed additive micro-
The present study investigated the effects e Norway.
dition Probiotics
on diet and flesh pollutant concentrations out no Samples of fish
ingredients, production w
when replacing
machinery, a northern
plant and FO, containing high flesh were col-
levels of pollutants
equipment (cNFO control diet), with
available lected at the start
either the same oil which had been cleaned and end of the Selenium Enriched Yeast
on the world market.
using the two step protocol above (deNFO trial. Nine fish per
decontaminated diet), or with a blend of dietary treatment
Sections include:
southern FO, soya oil and rapeseed oil (4/3/3 were sampled and
■ Extruder & Expander Guide - Technical specification chart Yeast Mannan-Oligosaccharides (MOS)
by volume; FO/VO diet). the Norwegian
■ Product Guide - locate suppliers by products covered
These three diets were fed to triplicate Quality Cut
■ Trade Names index
groups of salmon in 125m3 cages for 11
■ A-Z Company Index with full contact details (NQC) wrapped FOR FISHMEAL REPLACEMENT
weeks. The effects of these dietary treatments in foil and frozen
■ Diary of Events
on dioxin, DL-PCB and PBDE, as well as n-3 at -20oC and
Purified Nucleotides
To request further information or to be included in the next directory,
LC-PUFA concentrations
please contact in feedat and
Barbara Williams flesh are transported to
b.williams@turretgroup.com
reported. Stirlingonwhere they were stored at -70oC until
To obtain copies, please contact our Circulation Department between 3.86 and 3.92 and FCRs in the range
+44 (0) 1923 692674 analysed. The three NQCs/pen were pooled 0.96-0.98. The cNFO diet contained 17.4 ng
FigureFrom Norway
2: Juvenile abalone to Scotland
feeding artificial diets to provide
The International Aquafeed Directory is published three samples/dietary
Lallemand treatment.
Animal Nutrition- 19, TEQ/kg,
rue for the
des Briquetiers BP 5929 WHO
31702 dioxin
Blagnac + France
Cedex − DL-PCBs
e-mail: aqua@lallemand.com Tel.: +33 (0)5 62 74 5555 Fax:+33 (0)5 62 74 5500
Three 9mm dietsbywere Turret prepared
Group Ltd, at the Samples of feed were collected at the start
www.lallemandanimalnutrition.com assigned WHO TEF values and this value is
173 High Street, Rickmansworth, Herts WD3 1AY.
BioMar Tech Centre, Tel: Denmark and contained
+44 (0) 1923 692660 of the trial and wrapped in foil and frozen as significantly above the EU limit value of 7ng
www.lallemand.com

tion, the current feeding practice is feeding 50
percent of produced abalone on wild collected
and harvested macro
quAFeed | September-october 2010algae fed every 48 hours
while the other 50 percent is grown with
artificial dry feed fed every 24 to 48 hours.
Regulations on wild macro algae harvests
are reaching an approaching limit on the
availability thereof and there is a growing trend
to produce more abalone using artificial dry
feed. A feed development strategy was hence
formulated by Stellenbosch University to opti-
mise feed-related production performance and
efficiency for abalone production (see Figure 3),
Figure 3: Abalone feed
development strategy
ing on sexual maturity, animal size 33% protein
and season. Preliminary research at
Stellenbosch University has shown
that a reducing of moisture loss to
levels below five percent can be
achieved through diet intervention.
IAF10-05.indd 23
• Improving gut condition and supporting
digestive function. As no prophylactic
antibiotics AGPs are currently registered
for use in South Africa for use in aqua-
feeds, novel alternatives such as prebiot-
ics, organic acid and phytogenics are
trialled and implemented into abalone
feeds with good success. Utilising cold
extrusion, enzymes specifically hold great
promise to improve nutritional value of
plant proteins often considered to play a
role in temperature-induced bloating.
• Improving feeding behaviour by utilising
chemo-attractants to help stimulate
and support olfactory and gusta-
tory response. Abalone are known slow
without
and 34% cost
lipid.as it is estimated that for flesh. TEQ/kg.
more than R7 million is spent annually
on binding costs for abalone September-october
feed in 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 23
South Africa contributing to 25-45
percent of the cost of various feeds.
In addition direct feed loss represents 07/09/2010 14:56
an unrealized production of abalone
worth more than R23 million. Efforts
to either reducing binding cost or
further improve water stability will
Your reliable source of
micro algae
have a direct impact on the cost-
effectiveness of abalone production.
• The successful implementation this
strategy has resulted in a reduction in
abalone feed price by more than 20
1.
percent to below R14 per kg in the
2.
past three years without compromis-
ing production performance.
However, further optimisation of the
functional and nutritional value of abalone 3. 4.
feed and improving feeding strategies is
critical to ensure competitiveness of the

focussing on four key aspects:
• Increasing muscle yield: by means of
reducing handling- and processing-
related moisture loss. The costly
loss of moisture from the muscle of
abalone during live exports may be
FRANCE / 00 33 2 97 40 42 09
feeders that requires feed to be water abalone industry.
5.
stable for up to 24 hours - even 48
hours on some farms - to allow good
1. Nannochloropsis oculata
feeding response by all animals in a 2. Thalassiosira sp.
system. More inforMation: 3. Isochrysis sp.
6.
Functional Hydrolysates for Aqua Feed
• Reducing costs related to abalone Lourens de Wet, 4. Tetraselmis suecica
Feed Technology Group, 5. Phaeodactylum tricornutum
feed stability. Abalone feed has proven 6. Chaetoceros sp.
Division of Aquaculture,
to be up to 92 percent stable in terms
University of Stellenbosch, Private bag X1,
of nutrient leaching and disintegration Matieland 7602, South Africa Contact us at : +33 2 97 93 89 36
after 48 hours of water exposure Tel +27 21 8082545, Visit us at AE10 Porto- Booth # 25 contact@aquativ-diana.com
in commercial production systems. Email: Lfdw@sun.ac.za aquarama-sg@ubm.com

in the region of 18 percent, depend- Such stability however does not come AQ11/AquafeedMag
Doris Woo / Esther See
www.sbae-industries.com sales@sbae-industries.com www.aquativ-diana.com

30 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | September-october 2010 September-october 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 31

AquAFeed | September-october 2010 September-october 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 15
Untitled-1 1 24/08/2010 09:03
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