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Ideal Sensor vs. Real World Real World
• Ideal Sensor: • Measurement Error
– transforms highly linearly a single physical or chemical – absolute error: difference between measured (actual) value and
desired value
measurand into an electrical signal while being resistant to
environmental influences – relative error: difference between measured value and desired
value related to the desired value
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Selecting a Sensor (1) Selecting a Sensor (2)
• What should be measured? • Interface
– distance, brightness, … – digital, analog, restrictions, dynamics …
– sometimes it is easier to measure a related value • Field of application - Requirements
(voltage instead of current) – mechanical stress (e.g. heat, pressure, etc)
– costs (mass production vs. prototype setup)
• Can we access the physical/chemical property directly?
– e.g. temperature within a melting pot • Never forget the physics behind the sensor
– Example:
• How should it be measured? • two infrared sensors (triangulation)
– measuring wheel, propagation delay, triangulation • almost all measurements are rubbish
• beam from sensor A was detected by senor B
– required precision
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Capacitive Sensors Capacitive Sensors
A
• Common: passive sensors, variation of capacitance C C = e0 ⋅ e r • Liquid level sensor
d
• Pressure sensor – on/off switch
– typically capacitor diffused into silicon chip – commonly used for plastics and
– distance between capacitor plates is varied due to mechanical stress
fluids
• Liquid level sensor
– typically two or three electrodes (measured object itself forms one
electrode) • Capacitive proximity switch
– Detection of variation of capacity due variation of d and/or A – contact-free detection of non-
• Capacitive proximity switch conductive materials (wood,
– Contact-free detection of liquids or solid materials glas, PVC, …)
– variation of er – configurable sensitivity (figures taken from RS components online catalogue)
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• Magnetostrictive sensor
– manipulation of permeability due to mechanical stress
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Optical Sensors (3) Optical Sensors (4)
• Absolute position encoder (5 bit gray code) • Luminance Sensor
– photo electric effect (photo transistor, photo diode,
photo resistor)
– output signal mostly analog
– characteristic: linear & non-linear
– some luminance sensors are programmable (gain,
alarm limit, …)
– e.g. NSL-19M51 photo resistor (ESE-LU board):
• photo conductive cell
(figure taken from www.informatik.uni-hamburg.de) • resistance from 20-100K Ohm (light) to 20M Ohm (dark)
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Summary
• Sensor definition and classification
• Ideal sensors vs. real world
• Measurand - Measurement - Interface
• Selecting a sensor
• Some sensors in detail
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