LONBOARD DECK

T ac c u in o: Longboard
C reato: 06/01/2018 14:24 Aggiorn ato: 14/01/2018 17:20
A utore: giovanni.taurodi@gmail.com

LONBOARD DECK

Introduction

A longboard deck is the long, flat board you stand on when skateboarding. Longboard decks typically fall between 33" and 60". Their length and their
unique shape distinguish them from traditional skateboards. Longboards are a great skateboard option for cruising, carving, freeriding, downhill, and
slalom. There are several things that go into choosing a longboard deck. The length, width, shape, and material you choose should match the style of
longboarding you want to do.

1. Translate Design Requirements

Constraint:
-Stiff enought / δ: 10 with F: 1000 N
-Strong enought ( proper stenght) Functional Constraint
-Production cost, sell up to (batch size) 50.000 units/years

-Length (L) in the range 800 - 1000 mm

-Width (W) in the range 200 - 230 m Geometrical constraint
-Thickness (Th) lower than 12 mm
Objective:
-Minimaze the weight
-Minimazing Vibrations (Damping Coefficent)
-Choice of material
-Minimaze the cost
Screening
Contraint: the stiffness of the panelis sufficient to allow a maximum critical deflection, δ: 10 under the bending load, F: 1000 N
Ranking
-Material index for light and stiff panel and cheap
-Minimazing vibrations ( Damping Coefficent).

2. Material Index for Light and Stiff and Cheap

Function: Panel to withstand a bending load of F 1000N

Objective: Minimise mass (m)
Maximaze Stiffness
Minimaze the price
Constraints: Length L is specified,
Must not bend under bending load, F: 1000 N,
Displacement δ: 10 mm,
Panel Thickness, th. <12 mm,
Free variable: Define the Material
The Performance Equation can be developed considering the fact that the stiffness of the panel is sufficient to allow a maximum critical deflection, δ,
under the bending load, F.

(a)

(b) which should be <_10mm

where δ is the maximum deflection, E is the young’s modulus, I is the second moment of area. The stiffness, S can be written as F/δ and the second
moment of area, I, can be written as

, (c)
substiting I in the formula (a), we can exstrapolate which will be the right thickness of the board.

(d)

In the end, the Performance Equation can now be rewritten insert the mass equation:
(e)

(f)
The material index, M in this case is with an index of 3.

Bamboo and Maple are the accettable best material that give a light and stiff and cheap board ( index with price)

Optionally, an other very good material that can reinforce, give lightness and low price at our board could be Polyester-Glass fiber.

Research on Polyester-Glass fiber: Some boards, expecially for entry level (cheap and very stiff), combine Maple with Glass fibers. Infact, a Scandinavian
company of longboards (Slipstream) released in 2013 a borad with 5 plies of maple and two plies of glass fiber. The board was called 'Hammer' due
to durability of the board.

3. Minimazing Vibrations (Damping Coefficent)

The mechanical loss-coefficient or damping coefficient, (a dimensionless quantity), measures the degree to which a material dissipates vibrational energy.
If a material is loaded elastically to a stress σ max, it stores an elastic energy per unit volume. If it is loaded and then unloaded, it dissipates an
energy.

The value of n usually depends on the time-scale or frequency of cycling.The absorption and safe dispersal of energy is known as damping. As a result
of the damping process, energy is converted to safer levels or frequencies. Other measures of damping include the specific damping capacity, , the log
decrement, (the log of the ratio of successive amplitudes of natural vibrations), the phase-lag, , between stress and strain, and the “Q”-factor or
resonance factor. Lower the Q factor is, higher the capacity of material to absorbe the vibrations will be.

The index to get the loss coefficent factor is

Summary, the best material able to absobe vibrations is Maple. The latter has low Young Modulus (12,1 GPa) compared to Bamboo (20 Gpa) . An high
value of Young Modulus, and the high loss coefficent and low Damping Coefficent favorite the spread of vibrations. Specify, tan δ must be low for
more 'bounce', and high for more damping. Some longboards such as that one for downhill reach high speed. Keeping the longboard steady help
rides to get better board control.

4. The proper process to manufacture and to finish the deck

Function: Board for Longboard

Objective: Minimaze cost
Constraints: Material: Bamboo (longitudinal)
Shape: Flat Sheet
Thickness <12 mm,
Batch Size: 50.000 unit per year
Free variable: Choice of shaping process, process operation conditions, joining processes

-Joining
Results from CES for Bamboo (Longitudinal):
1.Epoxyde Adhesive
2-Plyester Adhesive

In order to increase the thickness of the board, more than one layer are suited longitudinally with expoxyde adhesive or polyester adhesive.
Bamboo is considered to be one of the best natural fibers, having small diameter and strong interfacial adhesion to resin.

-Polyesters adhesives are one of the largest classes of synthetic resins.The bonding conditions ( temperature, pressure, and cure time) depend on the
composition of the adhesive and the nature of the materials to be joined. Some polyester adhesive harde in minutes, either at elevated temperatures of
by addition of acatalyst, other in severlal hours or days at room temperature, depending on the resins the curative and catalyst. Polyester adhasive
bond well to glass many plastics, rubber and to metal and wood. The adhesive bonds are resistan to water, gasoline, weak acids and many solvents.

-Epoxy adhesives work for a wide variety of materials, and their properties are dependent upon the specific chemistry of the system and the nature of
the cross-linking available. Some of the most important performance requirements include exceptional chemical and heat resistance, excellent adhesion
and water resistance as well as satisfactory mechanical and electrical insulating properties.

Results from CES for Maple:

1-Acrilic Adhesive
2-Anaerobic Adhesive
3-Cyanoacrylates Adhesive
4-Epoxy Adhesive
5-Phenolic Adhesive
6-Polysulfide Adhesive
7-Polyester Adhesive
According to CES, Polysulfides combined with epoxy and phenolics improve flexibility and resistance to high vibrations.

Shaping Bamboo
Results from CES : 2 proecesses which are good for shaping bamboo:

1-Circular Saw
2-Band Saw

According to the economic batch size (constraint), Band Saw result performat under 10.000 units. On the other hand, Circular saw is the only solution
which perform in a production of over 50.000 unit per year with 12 mm of thickness , with a flat sheet of Bamboo (longitudinal grain) material.
Shaping Maple
Results from CES : 2 proecesses which are good for shaping Maple according to the batch size:

We can cut our bord choosing different shapes. For the Bamboo carving, boardwalking (dancing), cruiser shape would be perfect: Instead for Maple
the choice is for speedboard and freeride.
Tin Air Press (TAP)
Additionally, In order to get a better longboard performance, concave shapes is a major factor which allow riders more foothold than a flat
skateboard. Concave allow to take slinding, drifting and carving with more control. The cheapest and performance technique used is call Tin Air Press (
TAP ). The TAP technology is an easy-to use vacuum bag system. Put a glued veneer project into the bag, seal up the open end then remove the air
with the pump. In about a minute, the air is evacuated and the vinyl vacuum bag acts as a clamp that provides even pressure over the entire project
surface to press it into shape. This tecnique applys a pressure over 50 Mpa which is enought to exceed the Bamboo and Maple yeld strength .
According to CES, for Bamboo we need more than 43.9 MPa ( yeld stregth limit) and for Maple 53,7 MPa ( yeld stregth limit) in order to give a
permanent (plastic) deformation to our board.

4. Design the deck according to the chosen materials

Length (L) 900 mm

Width (W) 230 mm
Thickness (Th) 8 mm -7.8mm
δ: 10mm with F: 1000 N

BAMBOO properties MAPLE properties

p =600 Kg/m^3 p =700 Kg/m^3

E=17,5 Gpa E=12,1 Gpa

C1=48 (adimensional) C1=48 (adimensional)

I=9813.3 (adimensional) I=9813.3 (adimensional)

= 0,95 kg = 1,15 Kg

= 8 mm<12mm = 7,8mm <12mm

=8,9 mm< 10mm = 3mm< 10mm

4. Rough estimation o cost per unit for a 50000 units/year production

BAMBOO cost
If 1 Kg of Bamboo costs 1,5 Euro/kg, the board according to the chosed dimension with a mass of 0,95 kg will cost 1.43 Euros per unit

MAPLE cost
If 1 Kg of Maple costs 1,5 Euro/kg, the board which respect the chosed dimensions with a mass of 1,15 kg will cost 1.73 Euros per unit

5. Conclusions

According to anlaysis above and researches, we can conclude that different features ask different configurations. Bamboo is a bit more flexible and
cheap than maple and is wonderfully lightweight, making it ideal for riding and carrying. Bamboo boards are perfect for carving, cruising the streets,
transportation at an entry level.
On the other hand, maple deck is thought for a more professional discipline (downhill). Infact, maple is havier and slightly more expencive than bambo
but provide more stiffness and low board vibrations at high speed.
 6. References

1-https://lushlongboards.com/workshops/lush-deck-layups/
2-http://www.thinairpress.com/skateboard-building/2015/10/19/bamboo-drop-deck
3-http://www.grantadesign.com/download/pdf/edupack2015/GettingStarted-English_2015.pdf
4-http://www.grantadesign.com/download/pdf/teaching_resource_books/2-Materials-Charts-2010.pdf
5-http://polymerdatabase.com/Adhesives/Polyester%20Adhesives.html
6-https://www.warehouseskateboards.com/madrid-skateboards-nessie-longboard-complete-skateboard-9.5x38.25
7https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312875107_Fatigue_and_Fracture_Properties_of_Laminated_Bamboo_Strips_from_Gigantochloa_scortechinii_Poly
8-http://nptel.ac.in/courses/112101005/downloads/Module_2_Lecture_2_final.pdf
9-http://www.diva-portal.se/smash/get/diva2:562082/FULLTEXT01.pdf
10-https://www.madridskateboards.com/
11-http://slipstreamlongboards.com/quiver2014/hammer-2014/
12-http://theboardguide.blogspot.it/2014/01/the-ultimate-beginners-guide-to.html
13-http://www.skatemap.it/articoli/frontnews/79/skateboard-bamboo
14-http://tuttobambu.blogspot.it/p/blog-page_3.html