Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Eiji Izawa
Kyushu University
Mowana copper mine, Botswana
Old shaft
1. Use of metals
Pick up metals (gift or trade)
Fabrication (including smithing)
Chalcolithic Age
stone + copper
(Copper Age)
Bronze Age
Hauptmann (2007)
Copper smelting furnace at Timna
(Slide: Ancient Anatorian metallurgy
by Hadi Özbal)
Stone hammer
Sasada (2011)
Human head
with gold leaf
(bronze)
Sanxingdui,
Sichuan province
~1000 BCE
霧島火山
鹿児島湾
Tonglushan
Tonglushan
Furnace
Precambrian gneiss
and granite
Palaeozoic
Genetic classification of mineral deposits
Magmatic hydrothermal systems
Porphyry Cu-(Au) Cu-(Mo) W Sn
Skarn Cu-(Au)-Fe Zn-Pb-(Ag)
Epithermal vein Au-Ag Zn-Pb-(Ag) Cu-(Ag)
Greisen Sn-W
Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide deposits
Besshi-type Cu Kuroko-type Cu-Zn-Pb-(Ag)
Epithermal
low sulfidation Au vein
Hishikari mine
0.5 % Cu
0.5 g/t Au
Reserves 900 Mt
Porphyry copper
Panguna mine,
Papua New Guinea
(Smirnov, 1965)
Mineral Economics
Coal
Proved recoverable reserves: 891531 Mt
World production in 2013: 7667 Mt
891531/7667 = 116 years
(Izawa, 1986)
Society Nature
Century of silver
? 47 420 340 t
Century of Silver
Production of silver
2500-2000 BCE Cupellation (silver from lead)
Argentiferous galena
Cupellation
furnace
Silver refining
Coin
Litharge
Agricola (1556)
Saigerhuette Gruenthal, Sachsen 16th c
(Kasper, 1993)
Liquation: Separation of argentiferous lead from copper
Sumitomo Dobuki-sho (Sumitomo Copper Refinery, Osaka) (Kodo Zuroku, ca1811)
Iwami Ag
1526〜
Sado Au-Ag
1601~
(Izawa, 2008)
Metal Export through the Dutch East India Company
silver←1668→gold←1675→copper
(Izawa, 1988)
Sado produced koban (1,450,000 pieces = 22 t Au) in 75 years (1621-1695)
VOC exported koban (1,400,000 pieces = 20 t Au) in 71 years (1665-1735)
(Izawa, 2013)
Copper Mining
Falun “Great Pit “
(100 m depth, 300×370 m )
formed by a collapse in 1687
Falun 1684
Roasting stall
Smelting furnace
(Lindroth, 1955)
Falun 1683 (Lindroth, 1955)
(Izawa, 2016)
Modern mining
1760-1820 Industrial Revolution → Coal mining
1859 Edwin Drake’ well in Pennsylvania
(the first modern oil well)
1886 Spread of cyanidation for gold extraction
1906 CE Open pit mining in Bingham Canyon
1910 CE Spread of froth-floatation process
Selective mining → Bulk mining
1960 CE Heap leaching / carbon in pulp process
for gold extraction
1990 CE Spread of SX-EW process for copper metallurgy
(Gerst, 2008)
Exploration
Mining
Dressing
floatation
Smelting
Refining
and
casting
Capacity 320t