Hindawi Publishing Corporation

Abstract and Applied Analysis

Volume 2013, Article ID 704320, 11 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/704320

Research Article
Hopf Bifurcation Control in a Delayed Predator-Prey System
with Prey Infection and Modified Leslie-Gower Scheme

Zizhen Zhang1,2 and Huizhong Yang1

1
Key Laboratory of Advanced Process Control for Light Industry of the Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
2
School of Management Science and Engineering, Anhui University of Finance and Economics, Bengbu 233030, China

Correspondence should be addressed to Huizhong Yang; yanghzjiangnan@163.com

Received 9 May 2013; Accepted 4 June 2013

Academic Editor: Luca Guerrini

Copyright © 2013 Z. Zhang and H. Yang. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution
License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly
cited.

Hopf bifurcation of a delayed predator-prey system with prey infection and the modified Leslie-Gower scheme is investigated.
The conditions for the stability and existence of Hopf bifurcation of the system are obtained. The state feedback and parameter
perturbation are used for controlling Hopf bifurcation in the system. In addition, direction of Hopf bifurcation and stability of
the bifurcated periodic solutions of the controlled system are obtained by using normal form and center manifold theory. Finally,
numerical simulation results are presented to show that the hybrid controller is efficient in controlling Hopf bifurcation.

1. Introduction prey with the modified Leslie-Gower scheme [11–14]. The

The dynamics of epidemiological models have been inves- coefficients 𝑟, 𝐾, 𝛽, 𝑐, 𝑐1 , 𝐾1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑐2 , and 𝐾2 in system (1)
tigated by many scholars [1–7] since Kermack and McK- are all positive constants, and their ecological meanings are
endrick [8] proposed the classical SIR model. Based on the interpreted as follows. 𝑟 and 𝐾 represent the intrinsic birth
classical SIR model, Chattopadhyay and Arino [9] proposed a rate and the carrying capacity of the prey population in the
predator-prey epidemiological model with disease spreading absence of disease, respectively. 𝛽 represents the transmission
in the prey, and they studied the boundedness of the solutions coefficient. 𝑐 represents the death rate of the infected prey.
and the existence of Hopf bifurcation for the model. In order 𝑐1 represents the maximum value of the per capita rate
to study the influence of disease on an environment where of the infected prey due to the predator. 𝑐2 represents the
two or more interacting species are present, Zhou et al. [10] maximum value of the per capita rate of the predator due to
proposed the following ecoepidemiological system consisting the infected prey population. 𝐾1 and 𝐾2 represent the extent
of three species: to which environment protection to the infected prey and the
predator, respectively. Zhou et al. studied the boundedness,
𝑑𝑆 𝑆+𝐼 stability, and the permanence of system (1). The effect of
= 𝑟𝑆 (1 − ) − 𝛽𝑆𝐼,
𝑑𝑡 𝐾 the transmission coefficient and the predation rate on the
dynamics of the system were also investigated.
𝑑𝐼 𝑐 𝐼𝑦
= 𝛽𝑆𝐼 − 𝑐𝐼 − 1 , (1) However, an important aspect which should be kept in
𝑑𝑡 𝐼 + 𝐾1 mind while formulating an epidemiological system is the
𝑑𝑦 𝑐𝑦 fact that it is often necessary to incorporate time delays into
= (𝑎2 − 2 ) 𝑦, the system in order to reflect the dynamical behaviors of
𝑑𝑡 𝐼 + 𝐾2
the system depending on the past history of the system,
where 𝑆, 𝐼, and 𝑦 denote, respectively, the population density and epidemiological systems with delay have been studied
of the susceptible prey, the infected prey, and the preda- extensively [4, 5, 15–17]. Zhang et al. [5] formulated a
tor. It is assumed that the predator eats only the infected delayed predator-prey epidemiological system with disease
2 Abstract and Applied Analysis

spreading in predator. Hu and Li [15] considered a delayed with

predator-prey system with disease in prey, and they studied 2
𝛽2 𝐾
Hopf bifurcation and the stability of the periodic solutions Δ 1 = [𝑐2 𝐾1 (𝛽 + ) + 𝑐1 𝑎2 − 𝑐2 (𝛽𝐾 − 𝑐)]
induced by the time delay. Motivated by the work above, 𝑟
in the present paper, we incorporate the feedback delay of (4)
the predator into system (1) and get the following delayed 𝛽2 𝐾
− 4𝑐2 (𝛽 + ) (𝑐1 𝑎2 𝐾2 − 𝑐2 𝐾1 (𝛽𝐾 − 𝑐)) .
system: 𝑟
The variational matrix at 𝐸∗ takes the form
𝑑𝑆 𝑆+𝐼 𝑎11 𝑎12 0
= 𝑟𝑆 (1 − ) − 𝛽𝑆𝐼,
𝑑𝑡 𝐾 𝐽 (𝐸∗ ) = (𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 ) , (5)
0 𝑏32 𝑒−𝜆𝜏 𝑏33 𝑒−𝜆𝜏
𝑑𝐼 𝑐 𝐼𝑦
= 𝛽𝑆𝐼 − 𝑐𝐼 − 1 , (2) where
𝑑𝑡 𝐼 + 𝐾1
𝑟 𝑟
𝑎11 = − 𝑆∗ , 𝑎12 = −𝑆∗ (𝛽 + ),
𝑑𝑦 𝑐 𝑦 (𝑡 − 𝜏) 𝐾 𝐾
= (𝑎2 − 2 ) 𝑦,
𝑑𝑡 𝐼 (𝑡 − 𝜏) + 𝐾2 𝑐1 𝐼∗ 𝑦∗ 𝑐1 𝐼∗
𝑎21 = 𝛽𝐼∗ , 𝑎22 = 2
, 𝑎23 = − ,
(𝐼∗ + 𝐾1 ) 𝐼∗ + 𝐾1 (6)
where 𝜏 is the negative feedback delay of the predator. The
main purpose of this paper is to consider the effect of the 𝑐2 𝑦∗2 𝑐2 𝑦∗
𝑏32 = 2
, 𝑏33 = − .
delay on the dynamics of system (2). We will study the (𝐼∗ + 𝐾2 ) 𝐼∗ + 𝐾2
local existence of Hopf bifurcation and the properties of
periodic solutions. In addition, in order to delay the onset of The characteristic equation corresponding to 𝐽(𝐸∗ ) will be
Hopf bifurcation, we will incorporate the state feedback and 𝜆3 + 𝐴 2 𝜆2 + 𝐴 1 𝜆 + (𝐵2 𝜆2 + 𝐵1 𝜆 + 𝐵0 ) 𝑒−𝜆𝜏 , (7)
parameter perturbation into system (2).
The initial conditions for system (2) take the following where
form 𝑆(𝜃) = 𝜙1 (𝜃), 𝐼(𝜃) = 𝜙2 (𝜃), 𝑦(𝜃) = 𝜙3 (𝜃), 𝜃 ∈ [−𝜏, 0], 𝐴 2 = − (𝑎11 + 𝑎22 ) , 𝐴 1 = 𝑎11 𝑎22 − 𝑎12 𝑎21 ,
where (𝜙1 (𝜃), 𝜙2 (𝜃), 𝜙3 (𝜃)) ∈ 𝐶([−𝜏, 0], 𝑅+3 ) and 𝜙1 (0) > 0,
𝜙2 (0) > 0, and 𝜙3 (0) > 0. 𝐵2 = −𝑏33 , 𝐵1 = (𝑎11 + 𝑎22 ) 𝑏33 − 𝑎23 𝑏32 , (8)
This paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we will 𝐵0 = 𝑎11 𝑎23 𝑏32 + (𝑎12 𝑎21 − 𝑎11 𝑎22 ) 𝑏33 .
study the stability of the positive equilibrium and the exis-
tence of local Hopf bifurcation of system (2). In Section 3, the For 𝜏 = 0, characteristic equation (7) reduces to
state feedback and parameter perturbation are incorporated
𝜆3 + (𝐴 2 + 𝐵2 ) 𝜆2 + (𝐴 1 + 𝐵1 ) 𝜆 + 𝐵0 = 0. (9)
into system (2) to control the Hopf bifurcation. The direction
and the stability of the bifurcated periodic solutions are Obviously, if the condition (𝐻2 ): 𝐴 2 + 𝐵2 > 0 and (𝐴 2 +
also determined for the controlled system. Some numerical 𝐵2 )(𝐴 1 + 𝐵1 ) > 𝐵0 holds, then the positive equilibrium
simulations are given to support the theoretical prediction in 𝐸∗ (𝑆∗ , 𝐼∗ , 𝑦∗ ) is locally asymptotically stable in the absence
Section 4. of delay.
For 𝜏 > 0, substituting 𝜆 = 𝑖𝜔(𝜔 > 0) into (7) and sepa-
rating the real and imaginary parts, one can get
2. Stability of Positive Equilibrium and
𝐵1 𝜔 sin 𝜏𝜔 + (𝐵0 − 𝐵2 𝜔2 ) cos 𝜏𝜔 = 𝐴 2 𝜔2 ,
Hopf Bifurcation
(10)
According to [10], we can know that if the condition (𝐻1 ): 𝐵1 𝜔 cos 𝜏𝜔 − (𝐵0 − 𝐵2 𝜔2 ) sin 𝜏𝜔 = 𝜔3 − 𝐴 1 𝜔,
𝑐1 𝑎2 𝐾2 < 𝑐2 𝐾1 (𝛽𝐾 − 𝑐) holds, then system (2) has a unique which leads to
positive equilibrium 𝐸∗ (𝑆∗ , 𝐼∗ , 𝑦∗ ), where
𝜔6 + 𝑝0 𝜔4 + 𝑞0 𝜔2 + 𝑟0 = 0, (11)
where
− [𝑐2 𝐾1 (𝛽 + 𝛽2 𝐾/𝑟) + 𝑐1 𝑎2 − 𝑐2 (𝛽𝐾 − 𝑐)] + √Δ 1
𝐼∗ = , 𝑝0 = 𝐴22 − 𝐵22 − 2𝐴 1 ,
2𝑐2 (𝛽 + 𝛽2 𝐾/𝑟) (12)
𝑞0 = 𝐴21 − 𝐵12 + 2𝐵0 𝐵2 , 𝑟0 = −𝐵02 .
𝑎2 (𝐼∗ + 𝐾2 )
𝑦∗ = , Let 𝑧 = 𝜔2 . Equation (11) can be written as
𝑐2
ℎ (𝑧) := 𝑧3 + 𝑝0 𝑧2 + 𝑞0 𝑧 + 𝑟0 = 0. (13)
1 𝑐𝑦
𝑆∗ = (𝑐 + 1 ∗ ) ,
𝛽 𝐼∗ + 𝐾1 Obviously, 𝑟0 = −𝐵02 ≤ 0. Discussion about the roots of
(3) (13) is similar to that in [15], so we have the following lemma.
Abstract and Applied Analysis 3

Lemma 1. For the polynomial equation (13), since 𝑟0 ≤ 0, one From (11), we have
has the following results:
(i) if 𝑟0 < 0, then (13) has at least one positive root; 𝜔06 + (𝐴22 − 2𝐴 1 ) 𝜔04 + 𝐴21 𝜔02
(19)
(ii) if 𝑟0 = 0 and 𝑝02 − 3𝑞0 ≤ 0, then (13) has no positive = 𝐵22 𝜔04 + (𝐵12 − 2𝐵0 𝐵2 ) 𝜔02 + 𝐵02 .
roots;
(iii) if 𝑟0 = 0 and 𝑝02 − 3𝑞0 > 0, then (13) has positive roots Thus,
if and only if 𝑧1∗ = ((−𝑝0 + √𝑝02 − 3𝑞0 )/3) > 0 and
−1
ℎ(𝑧1∗ ) ≤ 0. 𝑑𝜆 (𝜏0 )
Re ( )
𝑑𝜏
Suppose that the coefficients in ℎ(𝑧) satisfy the following
condition (𝐻3 ): 𝑟0 < 0 or 𝑟0 = 0, 𝑝02 − 3𝑞0 > 0, 𝑧1∗ > 0, and 3𝜔04 + 2 (𝐴22 − 𝐵22 − 2𝐴 1 ) 𝜔02 + 𝐴21 − 𝐵12 + 2𝐵0 𝐵2
ℎ(𝑧1∗ ) < 0. = (20)
𝜔06 + (𝐴22 − 2𝐴 1 ) 𝜔04 + 𝐴21 𝜔02
If the condition (𝐻3 ) holds, then (13) has at least one
positive root. Without loss of generality, we assume that (13) ℎ󸀠 (𝑧0 )
has three positive roots that are denoted as 𝑧1 , 𝑧2 , and 𝑧3 . = .
Then, (11) has tree positive roots 𝜔𝑘 = √𝑧𝑘 , 𝑘 = 1, 2, 3, and for 𝜔06 + (𝐴22 − 2𝐴 1 ) 𝜔04 + 𝐴21 𝜔02
every fixed 𝜔𝑘 , the corresponding critical value of time delay
(𝑗)
𝜏𝑘 is Obviously, if ℎ󸀠 (𝑧0 ) ≠ 0, then Re(𝑑𝜆(𝜏0 )/𝑑𝜏)−1 ≠ 0. In
addition, sgn(𝑑 Re 𝜆(𝜏0 )/𝑑𝜏) = sgn Re(𝑑𝜆(𝜏0 )/𝑑𝜏).
(𝑗) 1 (𝐴 𝐵 + 𝐵 ) 𝜔4 − (𝐴 1 𝐵1 + 𝐴 2 𝐵0 ) 𝜔𝑘2 2𝑗𝜋 Thus, the proof is completed.
𝜏𝑘 = arccos 2 22 4 1 2𝑘 + ,
𝜔𝑘 𝐵2 𝜔𝑘 + (𝐵1 − 2𝐵0 𝐵2 ) 𝜔𝑘2 + 𝐵02 𝜔𝑘

𝑘 = 1, 2, 3; 𝑗 = 0, 1, 2, . . . . By Lemmas 1 and 2 and Corollary 2.4 in [18], we have the

following theorem.
(14)
Let Theorem 3. For system (2), if the conditions (𝐻1 )–(𝐻3 ) hold,
then
𝜏0 = 𝜏𝑘(0) = min {𝜏𝑘(0) } , 𝜔0 = 𝜔𝑘0 , 𝑘 = 1, 2, 3. (15)
(i) the positive equilibrium 𝐸∗ (𝑆∗ , 𝐼∗ , 𝑦∗ ) is asymptotically
Next, we give the transversality condition by the following stable for 𝜏 ∈ [0, 𝜏0 );
Lemma.
(ii) the positive equilibrium 𝐸∗ (𝑆∗ , 𝐼∗ , 𝑦∗ ) is unstable when
Lemma 2. Suppose that 𝑧0 = 𝜔02 󸀠
and ℎ (𝑧0 ) ≠ 0. Then 𝜏 > 𝜏0 ;
𝑑 Re 𝜆(𝜏0 )/𝑑𝜏 ≠ 0.
(iii) if ℎ󸀠 (𝑧0 ) ≠ 0, then system (2) undergoes a Hopf bifurca-
Proof. Taking the derivative of 𝜆 with respect to 𝜏 in (7), we tion at 𝐸∗ (𝑆∗ , 𝐼∗ , 𝑦∗ ) when 𝜏 = 𝜏0 . That is, system (2)
obtain has a branch of periodic solutions bifurcating from the
zero solution near 𝜏 = 𝜏0 .
𝑑𝜆 𝑑𝜆
(3𝜆2 + 2𝐴 2 𝜆 + 𝐴 1 ) + (2𝐵2 𝜆 + 𝐵1 ) 𝑒−𝜆𝜏
𝑑𝜏 𝑑𝜏
(16) 3. Hopf Bifurcation Control
2 −𝜆𝜏 𝑑𝜆
− (𝐵2 𝜆 + 𝐵1 𝜆 + 𝐵0 ) 𝑒 (𝜆 + 𝜏 ) = 0, In this section, we will incorporate the state feedback and
𝑑𝜏
parameter perturbation into system (2) in order to delay
which yields the onset of Hopf bifurcation in the system or make the
bifurcation disappear. Then we get the following system with
𝑑𝜆 −1 3𝜆2 + 2𝐴 2 𝜆 + 𝐴 1 controller:
= −
𝑑𝜏 𝜆 (𝜆3 + 𝐴 2 𝜆2 + 𝐴 1 𝜆)
(17) 𝑑𝑆 𝑆+𝐼
2𝐵2 𝜆 + 𝐵1 𝑑𝜏 = 𝛼 [𝑟𝑆 (1 − ) − 𝛽𝑆𝐼] + 𝛾𝑆,
+ − . 𝑑𝑡 𝐾
𝜆 (𝐵2 𝜆2 + 𝐵1 𝜆 + 𝐵0 ) 𝑑𝜆
𝑑𝐼 𝑐 𝐼𝑦
Hence, a direct calculation shows that = 𝛼 [𝛽𝑆𝐼 − 𝑐𝐼 − 1 ], (21)
𝑑𝑡 𝐼 + 𝐾1
𝑑𝜆 (𝜏0 )
−1
3𝜔04 + 2 (𝐴22 − 2𝐴 1 ) 𝜔02 + 𝐴21 𝑑𝑦 𝑐 𝑦 (𝑡 − 𝜏)
Re ( ) = = 𝛼 [(𝑎2 − 2 ) 𝑦] + 𝛾2 𝑦,
𝑑𝜏 𝜔06 + (𝐴22 − 2𝐴 1 ) 𝜔04 + 𝐴21 𝜔02 𝑑𝑡 𝐼 (𝑡 − 𝜏) + 𝐾2
(18)
2𝐵2 𝜔2 + 𝐵12 − 2𝐵0 𝐵2 where 𝛼, 𝛾, and 𝛾2 are parameters, which can control the
− 2 4 2 02 .
𝐵2 𝜔0 + (𝐵1 − 2𝐵0 𝐵2 ) 𝜔02 + 𝐵02 system to relocate the onset of an inherent bifurcation.
4 Abstract and Applied Analysis

Similar as in Section 2, we can easily get that if the 𝑓1 = 𝑎13 𝑆2 + 𝑎14 𝑆𝐼,
following condition (𝐻4 ) holds (𝐻4 ): 𝑐1 𝑟𝐾2 (𝑎2 𝛼 + 𝛾2 ) +
𝑐𝑐2 𝑟𝛼𝐾1 < 𝑐2 𝛽𝐾𝐾1 (𝑟𝛼 + 𝛾), then, system (21) has a unique 𝑓2 = 𝑎24 𝑆𝐼 + 𝑎25 𝐼2 + 𝑎26 𝐼𝑦 + 𝑎27 𝐼2 𝑦 + 𝑎28 𝐼3 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ,
positive equilibrium 𝐸∗ (𝑆∗ , 𝐼∗ , 𝑦∗ ) where
𝑓3 = 𝑐31 𝑦𝑦 (𝑡 − 𝜏) + 𝑐32 𝑦𝐼 (𝑡 − 𝜏) + 𝑐33 𝐼2 (𝑡 − 𝜏)
− [𝐵1 − 𝐵2 ] + √Δ 2 + 𝑐34 𝐼 (𝑡 − 𝜏) 𝑦 (𝑡 − 𝜏) + 𝑐35 𝐼3 (𝑡 − 𝜏)
𝐼∗ = ,
2𝛼𝑐2 (𝛽 + 𝛽2 𝐾/𝑟)
+ 𝑐36 𝐼2 (𝑡 − 𝜏) 𝑦 + 𝑐37 𝐼2 (𝑡 − 𝜏) 𝑦 (𝑡 − 𝜏)
∗
(𝑎2 𝛼 + 𝛾2 ) (𝐼 + 𝐾2 )
𝑦∗ = (22) + 𝑐38 𝑦𝐼 (𝑡 − 𝜏) 𝑦 (𝑡 − 𝜏) + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ,
𝛼𝑐2
(25)
1 𝑐 𝑦∗
𝑆∗ = (𝑐 + ∗ 1 ), with
𝛽 𝐼 + 𝐾1
𝛼𝑟 𝛼𝑟
𝑎13 = − , 𝑎14 = − − 𝛼𝛽,
with 𝐾 𝐾
𝑐1 𝐾1 𝛼𝑦∗
𝛽2 𝐾 𝑎24 = 𝛼𝛽, 𝑎25 = 3
,
𝐵1 = 𝛼𝑐2 𝐾1 (𝛽 + ) + 𝑐1 (𝑎2 𝛼 + 𝛾2 ) , (𝐼∗ + 𝐾1 )
𝑟
𝑐1 𝐾1 𝛼 2𝑐1 𝐾1 𝛼
𝑐 𝐾𝛽𝛾 𝑎26 = − 2
, 𝑎27 = 3
,
𝐵2 = 𝛼𝑐2 (𝛽𝐾 − 𝑐) + 2 , ∗
(𝐼 + 𝐾1 ) (𝐼∗ + 𝐾1 )
𝑟
𝑐1 𝐾1 𝛼𝑦∗ 𝛼𝑐2
𝛽2 𝐾 𝑎28 = − 4
, 𝑐31 = − ,
Δ 2 = [𝛼𝑐2 𝐾1 (𝛽 + ) + 𝑐1 (𝑎2 𝛼 + 𝛾2 ) (𝐼∗ + 𝐾1 ) 𝐼∗ + 𝐾2
𝑟
2 (26)
2 𝛼𝑐2 𝑦∗ 𝛼𝑐2 𝑦∗
𝑐 𝐾𝛽𝛾 𝑐32 = , 𝑐33 = ,
−𝛼𝑐2 (𝛽𝐾 − 𝑐) − 2 ] (𝐼∗ + 𝐾2 )
2
(𝐼∗ + 𝐾2 )
3
𝑟
2
𝛼𝑐2 𝑦∗ 𝛼𝑐2 𝑦∗
𝛽2 𝐾 𝑐34 = , 𝑐35 = ,
− 4𝛼𝑐2 (𝛽 + ) (𝑐1 𝐾2 (𝑎2 𝛼 + 𝛾2 ) (𝐼∗ + 𝐾2 )
2
(𝐼∗ + 𝐾2 )
4
𝑟
𝑐 𝛼𝑐2 𝑦∗ 𝛼𝑐2 𝑦∗
−𝛼𝑐2 𝐾1 (𝛽𝐾 − 𝑐) − 2 𝐾𝐾1 𝛽𝛾) . 𝑐36 = − 3
, 𝑐37 = − 3
,
𝑟 (𝐼∗ + 𝐾2 ) (𝐼∗ + 𝐾2 )
(23)
𝛼𝑐2
𝑐38 = 2
.
Using Taylor expansion to expand the right-hand side of (𝐼∗ + 𝐾2 )
system (21) at the positive equilibrium 𝐸∗ (𝑆∗ , 𝐼∗ , 𝑦∗ ), we have
The linear system of (24) is
𝑑𝑆 󸀠 󸀠 𝑑𝑆
= 𝑎11 𝑆 + 𝑎12 𝐼 + 𝑓1 , 󸀠
= 𝑎11 󸀠
𝑆 + 𝑎12 𝐼,
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐼 󸀠 󸀠 󸀠 𝑑𝐼 󸀠 󸀠 󸀠
= 𝑎21 𝑆 + 𝑎22 𝐼 + 𝑎23 + 𝑓2 , (24) = 𝑎21 𝑆 + 𝑎22 𝐼 + 𝑎23 , (27)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦 󸀠 󸀠 𝑑𝑦 󸀠 󸀠
= 𝑏32 𝐼 (𝑡 − 𝜏) + 𝑏33 𝑦 (𝑡 − 𝜏) + 𝑓3 , = 𝑏32 𝐼 (𝑡 − 𝜏) + 𝑏33 𝑦 (𝑡 − 𝜏) .
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

where The characteristic equation of system (27) is

𝛼𝑟𝑆∗ 𝑟 𝜆3 + 𝐴󸀠2 𝜆2 + 𝐴󸀠1 𝜆 + (𝐵2󸀠 𝜆2 + 𝐵1󸀠 𝜆 + 𝐵0󸀠 ) 𝑒−𝜆𝜏 , (28)

󸀠 󸀠
𝑎11 =− , 𝑎12 = −𝛼𝑆∗ (𝛽 + ),
𝐾 𝐾 where
∗ ∗ ∗
󸀠 𝛼𝑐1 𝐼 𝑦 𝛼𝑐1 𝐼 𝐴󸀠2 = − (𝑎11
󸀠 󸀠
+ 𝑎22 ), 𝐴󸀠1 = 𝑎11
󸀠 󸀠 󸀠 󸀠
𝑎22 − 𝑎12 𝑎21 ,
𝑎21 = 𝛼𝛽𝐼∗ , 󸀠
𝑎22 = 2
, 𝑎23 = − ,
(𝐼∗ + 𝐾1 ) 𝐼∗ + 𝐾1
𝐵2󸀠 = −𝑏33
󸀠
, 𝐵1󸀠 = (𝑎11
󸀠 󸀠
+ 𝑎22 󸀠
) 𝑏33 󸀠 󸀠
− 𝑎23 𝑏32 , (29)
∗2 ∗
󸀠 𝛼𝑐2 𝑦 󸀠 𝛼𝑐 𝑦
𝑏32 = 2
, 𝑏33 =− ∗ 2 , 𝐵0󸀠 = 𝑎11
󸀠 󸀠 󸀠 󸀠 󸀠
𝑎23 𝑏32 + (𝑎12 󸀠 󸀠
𝑎21 − 𝑎11 󸀠
𝑎22 ) 𝑏33 .
(𝐼∗ + 𝐾2 ) 𝐼 + 𝐾2
Abstract and Applied Analysis 5

Obviously, the characteristic equation of system (27) is with

similar to (7). As the analysis method is similar to Section 2,
we omit the linear stability and Hopf bifurcation analysis of 󸀠
𝑎11 󸀠
𝑎12 0 0 0 0
󸀠
system (21). By the similar computation as in Section 2, we
(𝑗)
󸀠 󸀠
𝐴 = (𝑎21 𝑎22 󸀠
𝑎23 ), 𝐵󸀠 = (0 0 0 ) ,
can get that the critical value of time delay 𝜏𝑘 for system (21) 0 0 0 󸀠
0 𝑏32 󸀠
𝑏33
is
𝐹1 = 𝑎13 𝜙12 (0) + 𝑎14 𝜙1 (0) 𝜙2 (0) ,
1 𝑔1 (𝜔𝑘󸀠 ) 2𝑗𝜋
𝜏𝑘󸀠
(𝑗)
= arccos + 󸀠 , 𝐹2 = 𝑎24 𝜙1 (0) 𝜙2 (0) + 𝑎25 𝜙22 (0) + 𝑎26 𝜙2 (0) 𝜙3 (0)
𝜔𝑘󸀠 𝑔2 (𝜔𝑘󸀠 ) 𝜔𝑘 (30)
+ 𝑎27 𝜙22 (0) 𝜙3 (0) + 𝑎28 𝜙23 (0) + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ,
(37)
𝑘 = 1, 2, 3; 𝑗 = 0, 1, 2, . . . ,
𝐹3 = 𝑐31 𝜙3 (0) 𝜙3 (−1) + 𝑐32 𝜙2 (−1) 𝜙3 (0)

with + 𝑐33 𝜙22 (−1) + 𝑐34 𝜙2 (−1) 𝜙3 (−1)

4 2 + 𝑐35 𝜙23 (−1) + 𝑐36 𝜙22 (−1) 𝜙3 (0)

𝑔1 (𝜔𝑘󸀠 ) = (𝐴󸀠2 𝐵2󸀠 + 𝐵1󸀠 ) 𝜔𝑘󸀠 − (𝐴󸀠1 𝐵1󸀠 + 𝐴󸀠2 𝐵0󸀠 ) 𝜔𝑘󸀠 ,
(31) + 𝑐37 𝜙22 (−1) 𝜙3 (−1)
2 4 2 2 2
𝑔2 (𝜔𝑘󸀠 ) = 𝐵2󸀠 𝜔𝑘󸀠 + (𝐵1󸀠 − 2𝐵0󸀠 𝐵2󸀠 ) 𝜔𝑘󸀠 + 𝐵0󸀠 , + 𝑐38 𝜙2 (−1) 𝜙3 (0) 𝜙3 (−1) + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ .

where 𝜔𝑘󸀠 is a positive root of the following equation: Thus, by the Riesz representation theorem, there exists a 3 × 3
matrix function 𝜂(𝜃, 𝜇) : [−1, 0] → 𝑅+3 whose elements are
6 4 2
of bounded variation such that
𝜔󸀠 + 𝑝0󸀠 𝜔󸀠 + 𝑞0󸀠 𝜔󸀠 + 𝑟0󸀠 = 0, (32)
0
𝐿 𝜇 𝜙 = ∫ 𝑑𝜂 (𝜃, 𝜇) 𝜙 (𝜃) , 𝜙 ∈ 𝐶 ([−1, 0] , 𝑅+3 ) . (38)
with −1

2 2 In fact, we choose
𝑝0󸀠 = 𝐴󸀠2 − 𝐵2󸀠 − 2𝐴󸀠1 ,
(33)
𝑞0󸀠 = 𝐴󸀠1
2
− 𝐵1󸀠
2
+ 2𝐵0󸀠 𝐵2󸀠 , 𝑟0󸀠 =
2
−𝐵0󸀠 . 𝜂 (𝜃, 𝜇) = (𝜏0 + 𝜇) 𝐴󸀠 𝛿 (𝜃) − (𝜏0 + 𝜇) 𝐵󸀠 𝛿 (𝜃 + 1) . (39)

Let For 𝜙 ∈ 𝐶1 [−1, 0], we define

𝜏0󸀠 = 𝜏𝑘󸀠
(0)
= min {𝜏𝑘󸀠 } ,
(0)
𝜔0󸀠 = 𝜔𝑘󸀠 0 , 𝑘 = 1, 2, 3. (34) { 𝑑𝜙 (𝜃)
{
{ , −1 ≤ 𝜃 < 0,
{ 𝑑𝜃
𝐴 (𝜇) 𝜙 = { 0
{
{
In the following, we will use the normal form method and {∫ 𝑑𝜂 (𝜃, 𝜇) 𝜙 (𝜃) , 𝜃 = 0,
{ −1 (40)
center manifold theorem introduced by Hassard et al. [19] to
determine the property of the bifurcated periodic solutions of
the controlled system (21) at 𝜏0󸀠 . 0, −1 ≤ 𝜃 < 0,
𝑅 (𝜇) 𝜙 = {
Let 𝜏 = 𝜏0󸀠 + 𝜇, 𝜇 ∈ 𝑅. Then 𝜇 = 0 is the Hopf bifurcation 𝐹 (𝜇, 𝜙) , 𝜃 = 0.
value of the controlled system (21). Rescaling the time 𝑡 →
𝑡/𝜏, then system (21) can be written as Then system (21) can be transformed into the following
operator equation:
𝑢̇ (𝑡) = 𝐿 𝜇 𝑢𝑡 + 𝐹 (𝜇, 𝑢𝑡 ) , (35)
𝑢̇ (𝑡) = 𝐴 (𝜇) 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑅 (𝜇) 𝑢𝑡 . (41)
where 𝑢(𝑡) = (𝑆(𝑡), 𝐼(𝑡), 𝑦(𝑡))𝑇 ∈ 𝐶([−1, 0], 𝑅+3 ) and 𝐿 𝜇 and 𝐹
are given respectively by The adjoint operator 𝐴∗ of 𝐴(0) is defined by

𝑑𝜑 (𝑠)
𝐿 𝜇 𝜙 = (𝜏0󸀠 + 𝜇) (𝐴󸀠 𝜙 (0) + 𝐵󸀠 𝜙 (−1)) , {
{ − , 0 < 𝑠 ≤ 1,
(36) 𝐴∗ (𝜑) = { 0 𝑑𝑠 (42)
{∫ 𝑑𝜂𝑇 0) 𝜑
𝐹 (𝜇, 𝜙) = (𝜏0󸀠 + 𝜇) (𝐹1 , 𝐹2 , 𝐹3 ) ,
𝑇 (𝜉, (−𝑠) , 𝑠 = 0,
{ −1
6 Abstract and Applied Analysis

and the bilinear inner product: + 𝑞∗3 (𝑐31 (𝑞(3) (0) 𝑞(3) (−1) + 𝑞(3) (0) 𝑞(3) (−1))

⟨𝜑 (𝑠) , 𝜙 (𝜃)⟩ = 𝜑 (0) 𝜙 (0) +𝑐32 (𝑞(2) (−1) 𝑞(3) (0)+𝑞(2) (−1) 𝑞(3) (0))

0 𝜃 (43) + 2𝑐33 𝑞(2) (−1) 𝑞(2) (−1)

−∫ ∫ 𝜑 (𝜉 − 𝜃) 𝑑𝜂 (𝜃) 𝜙 (𝜉) 𝑑𝜉,
𝜃=−1 𝜉=0
+ 𝑐34 (𝑞(2) (−1) 𝑞(3) (−1)
with 𝜂(𝜃) = 𝜂(𝜃, 0). + 𝑞(2) (−1) 𝑞(3) (−1)))] ,
By the previous discussions, we know that ±𝑖𝜏0󸀠 𝜔0󸀠 are
eigenvalues of 𝐴(0) and 𝐴∗ (0). We assume that 𝑞(𝜃) = 𝑔02 = 2𝜏0󸀠 𝐷 [𝑎13 + 𝑎14 𝑞(2) (0)
󸀠 󸀠
(1, 𝑞2 , 𝑞3 )𝑇 𝑒𝑖𝜏0 𝜔0 𝜃 is the eigenvector of 𝐴(0) belonging to the
󸀠 󸀠 2
eigenvalue +𝑖𝜏0󸀠 𝜔0󸀠 , and 𝑞∗ (𝑠) = 𝐷(1, 𝑞2∗ , 𝑞3∗ )𝑒𝑖𝜏0 𝜔0 is the eigen- + 𝑞∗2 (𝑎24 𝑞(2) (0) + 𝑎25 (𝑞(2) (0))
vector of 𝐴∗ (0) belonging to −𝑖𝜏0󸀠 𝜔0󸀠 . Then we have
+ 𝑎26 𝑞(2) (0) 𝑞(3) (0) )
𝐴 (0) 𝑞 (𝜃) = 𝑖𝜏0󸀠 𝜔0󸀠 𝑞 (𝜃) , ∗
𝐴 (0) 𝑞 (𝜃) = ∗
−𝑖𝜏0󸀠 𝜔0󸀠 𝑞∗ (𝜃) .
(44) + 𝑞∗3 (𝑐31 𝑞(3) (0) 𝑞(3) (−1)
2
+ 𝑐32 𝑞(2) (−1) 𝑞(3) (0) + 𝑐33 (𝑞(2) (−1))
By a simple computation, we can get
+ 𝑐34 𝑞(2) (−1) 𝑞(3) (−1))] ,
󸀠
𝑖𝜔0󸀠 − 󸀠
𝑎11 𝑏32 (𝑖𝜔0󸀠 − 󸀠
𝑎11 )
𝑞2 = 󸀠
, 𝑞3 = , 𝑔21 = 2𝜏0󸀠 𝐷 [𝑎13 (2𝑊11
(1) (1)
(0) + 𝑊20 (0))
𝑎12 󸀠 (𝑖𝜔󸀠 𝑒
𝑎12 0
𝑖𝜏0󸀠 𝜔0󸀠 󸀠 )
− 𝑏33
(45) (1) 1 (1)
𝑖𝜔0󸀠 + 󸀠
𝑎11
󸀠
𝑎23 (𝑖𝜔0󸀠 + 𝑎11
󸀠
) + 𝑎14 (𝑊11 (0) 𝑞(2) (0) + 𝑊20 (0) 𝑞(2) (0)
𝑞2∗ =− , 𝑞3∗ = . 2
󸀠
𝑎21 󸀠 (𝑖𝜔󸀠 + 𝑏󸀠 𝑒𝑖𝜏0 𝜔0 ) 󸀠 󸀠
𝑎21 0 33 (2) 1 (2)
+ 𝑊11 (0) + 𝑊20 (0))
2
Then from (43), we can obtain 1 (1)
+ 𝑞∗2 (𝑎24 (𝑊11
(1)
(0) 𝑞(2) (0)+ 𝑊20 (0) 𝑞(2) (0)
−1
2
󸀠 󸀠
𝐷 = [1 + 𝑞2 𝑞∗2 + 𝑞3 𝑞∗3 + (𝑏32
󸀠 󸀠
𝑞2 + 𝑏33 𝑞3 ) 𝑞∗3 𝜏0󸀠 𝑒−𝑖𝜏0 𝜔0 𝜃 ] , (2) 1 (2)
+ 𝑊11 (0) + 𝑊20 (0))
(46) 2
(2)
+ 𝑎25 (2𝑊11 (0) 𝑞(2) (0)
such that ⟨𝑞∗ , 𝑞⟩ = 1, ⟨𝑞∗ , 𝑞⟩ = 0.
Next, we can get the coefficients determining the direc- (2)
+ 𝑊20 (0) 𝑞(2) (0))
tion of the Hopf bifurcation and the stability of the bifurcated
periodic solutions by the algorithms given in [19]: (2)
+ 𝑎26 (𝑊11 (0) 𝑞(3) (0)

𝑔20 = 2𝜏0󸀠 𝐷 [𝑎13 + 𝑎14 𝑞(2) (0) 1 (2)

+ 𝑊20 (0) 𝑞(3) (0)
2 2
+ 𝑞∗2 (𝑎24 𝑞(2) (0) + 𝑎25 (𝑞(2) (0)) (3)
+ 𝑊11 (0) 𝑞(2) (0)
+ 𝑎26 𝑞(2) (0) 𝑞(3) (0) ) 1 (3)
+ 𝑊20 (0) 𝑞(2) (0))
2
+ 𝑞∗3 (𝑐31 𝑞(3) (0) 𝑞(3) (−1) 2
+ 𝑎27 ((𝑞(2) (0)) 𝑞(3) (0)
2
+ 𝑐32 𝑞(2) (−1) 𝑞(3) (0) + 𝑐33 (𝑞(2) (−1))
+ 2𝑞(2) (0) 𝑞(2) (0) 𝑞(3) (0) )
(2) (3)
+ 𝑐34 𝑞 (−1) 𝑞 (−1))] ,
2
+ 3𝑎28 (𝑞(2) (0)) 𝑞(2) (0))
𝑔11 = 𝜏0󸀠 𝐷 [2𝑎13 + 𝑎14 (𝑞 (1)
(0) + 𝑞 (2)
(0))

+ 𝑞∗2 (2𝑎25 𝑞(2) (0) 𝑞(2) (0) + 𝑞∗3 (𝑐31 (𝑊11

(3)
(0) 𝑞(3) (−1)

1 (3)
+ 𝑎26 (𝑞(3) (0) 𝑞(2) (0) + 𝑞(3) (0) 𝑞(2) (0))) + 𝑊20 (0) 𝑞(3) (−1)
2
Abstract and Applied Analysis 7

(3)
+ 𝑊11 (−1) 𝑞(3) (0) where 𝐸1 and 𝐸2 can be computed as the following equations,
respectively,
1 (3)
+ 𝑊20 (−1) 𝑞(3) (0))
2 −1
2𝑖𝜔0󸀠 − 𝑎11
󸀠 󸀠
−𝑎12 0
(2)
+ 𝑐32 (𝑊11 (−1) 𝑞(3) (0) 𝐸1 = 2(
󸀠
−𝑎21 2𝑖𝜔0󸀠 − 𝑎22
󸀠 󸀠
−𝑎23 )
󸀠 −2𝑖𝜏0󸀠 𝜔0󸀠 󸀠 −2𝑖𝜏0󸀠 𝜔0󸀠
0 −𝑏32 𝑒 2𝑖𝜔0󸀠 − 𝑏33 𝑒
1 (2)
+ 𝑊20 (−1) 𝑞(3) (0)
2 𝐺11
(3) (2) × (𝐺21 ) ,
+ 𝑊11 (0) 𝑞 (−1)
𝐺31
1 (3)
+ 𝑊20 (0) 𝑞(2) (−1)) 󸀠
𝑎11 󸀠
𝑎12 0
−1
2 𝐻11
󸀠 󸀠 󸀠
(2) 𝐸2 = −(𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 ) × (𝐻21 ) ,
+ 𝑐33 (2𝑊11 (−1) 𝑞(2) (−1) 󸀠 󸀠 𝐻31
0 𝑏32 𝑏33
(2) (2) (49)
+𝑊20 (−1) 𝑞 (−1))

(2)
+ 𝑐34 (𝑊11 (−1) 𝑞(3) (−1) with

1 (2) 𝐺11 = 𝑎13 + 𝑎14 𝑞(2) (0) ,

+ 𝑊20 (−1) 𝑞(3) (−1)
2 2
𝐺21 = 𝑎24 𝑞(2) (0) + 𝑎25 (𝑞(2) (0)) + 𝑎26 𝑞(2) (0) 𝑞(3) (0) ,
(3) (2)
+ 𝑊11 (−1) 𝑞 (−1)
𝐺31 = 𝑐31 𝑞(3) (0) 𝑞(3) (−1) + 𝑐32 𝑞(2) (−1) 𝑞(3) (0)
1 (3)
+ 𝑊20 (−1) 𝑞(2) (−1))
2 2
+ 𝑐33 (𝑞(2) (−1)) + 𝑐34 𝑞(2) (−1) 𝑞(3) (−1) ,
2
+ 3𝑐35 (𝑞(2) (−1)) 𝑞(2) (−1)
𝐻11 = 2𝑎13 + 𝑎14 (𝑞(1) (0) + 𝑞(2) (0)) ,
2
+ 𝑐36 ((𝑞(2) (−1)) 𝑞(3) (0)
𝐻21 = 2𝑎25 𝑞(2) (0) 𝑞(2) (0) (50)

+ 2𝑞(2) (−1) 𝑞(2) (−1) 𝑞(3) (0) ) + 𝑎26 (𝑞(3) (0) 𝑞(2) (0) + 𝑞(3) (0) 𝑞(2) (0)) ,

+ 𝑐37 ((𝑞(2) (−1)) 𝑞(3) (−1)

2
𝐻31 = 𝑐31 (𝑞(3) (0) 𝑞(3) (−1) + 𝑞(3) (0) 𝑞(3) (−1))

+ 𝑐32 (𝑞(2) (−1) 𝑞(3) (0) + 𝑞(2) (−1) 𝑞(3) (0))

+ 2𝑞(2) (−1) 𝑞(2) (−1) 𝑞(3) (−1) )
+ 2𝑐33 𝑞(2) (−1) 𝑞(2) (−1)
+ 𝑐38 (𝑞(2) (−1) 𝑞(3) (0) 𝑞(3) (−1)
+ 𝑐34 (𝑞(2) (−1) 𝑞(3) (−1) + 𝑞(2) (−1) 𝑞(3) (−1)) .
+ 𝑞(2) (−1) 𝑞(3) (0) 𝑞(3) (−1)
Therefore, we can calculate the following values:
+ 𝑞(2) (−1) 𝑞(3) (0) 𝑞(3) (−1)) )] ,
󵄨 󵄨2
(47) 𝑖 󵄨󵄨 󵄨󵄨2 󵄨󵄨󵄨𝑔02 󵄨󵄨󵄨 𝑔
𝐶1 (0) = (𝑔 𝑔
11 20 − 2 󵄨𝑔 󵄨
󵄨 11 󵄨 − ) + 21 ,
2𝜏0󸀠 𝜔0󸀠 3 2
with
Re {𝐶1 (0)}
𝛿=− ,
𝑖𝑔20 𝑞 (0) 𝑖𝜏0󸀠 𝜔0󸀠 𝜃 𝑖𝑔02 𝑞 (0) −𝑖𝜏0󸀠 𝜔0󸀠 𝜃 Re {𝜆󸀠 (𝜏0󸀠 )} (51)
𝑊20 (𝜃) = 𝑒 + 𝑒
𝜏0󸀠 𝜔0󸀠 3𝜏0󸀠 𝜔0󸀠 𝜎 = 2 Re {𝐶1 (0)} ,
2𝑖𝜏0󸀠 𝜔0󸀠 𝜃
+ 𝐸1 𝑒 , Im {𝐶1 (0)} + 𝜇2 Im {𝜆󸀠 (𝜏0󸀠 )}
(48) 𝑇=− .
𝑖𝑔 𝑞 (0) 󸀠 󸀠 𝑖𝑔 𝑞 (0) 󸀠 󸀠 𝜏0󸀠 𝜔0󸀠
𝑊11 (𝜃) = − 11󸀠 󸀠 𝑒𝑖𝜏0 𝜔0 𝜃 + 11󸀠 󸀠 𝑒−𝑖𝜏0 𝜔0 𝜃
𝜏0 𝜔0 𝜏0 𝜔0
Based on the previous discussion, we can obtain the following
+ 𝐸2 , results.
8 Abstract and Applied Analysis

5 1

0.8
4

I(t)
0.6
S(t)

3
0.4

2 0.2
0 50 100 150 200 0 50 100 150 200
Time t Time t
(a) (b)
1.5

1 2
y(t)

y(t)
1
0.5

0
1
0 5
0 50 100 150 200 0.5 4
I(t) 3
Time t 0 2 S(t)
(c) (d)

Figure 1: 𝐸∗ is locally asymptotically stable for 𝜏 = 1.05 < 𝜏0 = 1.0877.

Theorem 4. For system (21), when 𝜏 = 𝜏0󸀠 , the direction
of the Hopf bifurcation and stability of periodic solutions are
determined by the formulas (51), and the following results hold.
The Hopf bifurcation is supercritical (subcritical) if 𝛿 >
0 (𝛿 < 0); the bifurcating periodic solutions are stable
(unstable) if 𝜎 < 0 (𝜎 > 0); the period of the bifurcating
periodic solution increases (decreases) if 𝑇 > 0 (𝑇 < 0).
4. Numerical Simulation Examples
Further, we have 𝜔0 = 0.7284, 𝜏0 = 1.0877, and ℎ󸀠 (𝑧0 ) =
15.7784 > 0. That is, the transversality condition is satisfied.
By Theorem 3, we can get that the positive equilibrium
𝐸∗ (3.4102, 0.4537, 0.9537) is locally asymptotically stable for
𝜏 ∈ [0, 1.0877), which can be seen from Figure 1, and
𝐸∗ (3.4102, 0.4537, 0.9537) is unstable when 𝜏 > 𝜏0 . This
property can be illustrated by Figure 2.
Next, we choose 𝛼 = 0.5, 𝛾 = 0.3, and 𝛾2 = 0.2 to control
the Hopf bifurcation, and we get a particular case of system
(21):

In this section, we give some numerical simulations to 𝑑𝑆 𝑆+𝐼

= 2.5𝑆 (1 − ) − 0.25𝑆𝐼 + 0.3𝑆,
illustrate our theoretical analysis in Sections 2 and 3. As an 𝑑𝑡 3
example, we consider the following particular case of system
𝑑𝐼 0.5𝐼𝑦
(2): = 0.25𝑆𝐼 − 0.15𝐼 − , (53)
𝑑𝑡 𝐼 + 0.6
𝑑𝑆 𝑆+𝐼
= 5𝑆 (1 − ) − 0.5𝑆𝐼, 𝑑𝑦 𝑦 (𝑡 − 𝜏)
𝑑𝑡 3 = 0.5 (1 − ) 𝑦 + 0.2𝑦.
𝑑𝑡 𝐼 (𝑡 − 𝜏) + 0.5
𝑑𝐼 𝐼𝑦
= 0.5𝑆𝐼 − 0.3𝐼 − , (52)
𝑑𝑡 𝐼 + 0.6 Then, we can easily get the unique positive equilibrium of
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 (𝑡 − 𝜏) system (53) 𝐸∗ (3.0619, 0.2291, 1.0206). From the analysis in
= (1 − ) 𝑦. Section 3, we get 𝜔0󸀠 = 0.2603 and 𝜏0󸀠 = 1.8034. By choosing
𝑑𝑡 𝐼 (𝑡 − 𝜏) + 0.5
𝜏 = 1.65 and 𝜏 = 1.92, the dynamical behavior of the
By a simple computation, we have 𝑐1 𝑎2 𝐾2 = 0.5, 𝑐2 𝐾1 (𝛽𝐾 − controlled system (53) is illustrated in Figures 3 and 4. From
𝑐) = 0.72. Obviously, 𝑐1 𝑎2 𝐾2 < 𝑐2 𝐾1 (𝛽𝐾 − 𝑐). Namely, the the two figures we can see that, when 𝜏 = 1.65 < 𝜏0󸀠 =
condition (𝐻1 ) holds, and we can get that system (52) has 1.9034, the positive equilibrium 𝐸∗ is asymptotically stable
an unique positive equilibrium 𝐸∗ (3.4102, 0.4537, 0.9537). (see Figure 3). However, once the time delay passes through
Then, we obtain 𝐴 2 + 𝐵2 = 4.6273 > 0, (𝐴 2 + 𝐵2 )(𝐴 1 + 𝐵1 ) = the critical value 𝜏0󸀠 , the system loses stability and a Hopf
13.3390 > 𝐵0 = 2.1102. Thus, the condition (𝐻2 ) holds. bifurcation occurs (see Figure 4).
Abstract and Applied Analysis 9

5 1

0.8
4

I(t)
0.6
S(t)

3
0.4

2 0.2
0 50 100 150 200 0 50 100 150 200
Time t Time t
(a) (b)
2

1.5
2
y(t)

y(t)
1
0.5
0
1
0 5
0 50 100 150 200 0.5 4
I(t) 3
Time t 0 2 S(t)
(c) (d)

Figure 2: 𝐸∗ is unstable for 𝜏 = 1.12 > 𝜏0 = 1.0877.

4.5 0.5

4 0.4
I(t)
S(t)

3.5 0.3

3 0.2

2.5 0.1
0 50 100 150 200 0 50 100 150 200
Time t Time t
(a) (b)
2

1.5
2

1
y(t)

y(t)

1
0.5
0
0.4
0 5
0 50 100 150 200 0.2 4
I(t) 3
Time t 0 2 S(t)
(c) (d)

Figure 3: 𝐸∗ is locally asymptotically stable for 𝜏 = 1.65 < 𝜏0󸀠 = 1.8034.

10 Abstract and Applied Analysis

4.5 0.4

4 0.3

I(t)
0.2
S(t)

3.5

3 0.1

2.5 0
0 50 100 150 200 0 50 100 150 200
Time t Time t
(a) (b)
2

1.5
2

1
y(t)

y(t)
1

0.5
0
0.4
0 5
0 50 100 150 200 0.2 4
I(t) 3
Time t 0 2 S(t)
(c) (d)

Figure 4: 𝐸∗ is unstable for 𝜏 = 1.92 > 𝜏0󸀠 = 1.8034.

Comparing Figures 3 and 4 with Figures 1 and 2, it shows Acknowledgments

that the onset of Hopf bifurcation is delayed when controller
has been incorporated into the system, and the critical value
of the delay increases from 𝜏0 = 1.0877 to 𝜏0󸀠 = 1.8034.
In addition, from (51), we get 𝜇2 = 271.5206 > 0, 𝛽2 =
−33.2968 < 0, and 𝑇2 = 113.2090 > 0. Thus, from Theorem 4,
we know that the Hopf bifurcation is supercritical, the
bifurcated periodic solutions are stable, and the period of the
bifurcated periodic solutions increases. Since the bifurcated
periodic solutions are stable, then the species in system (53)
can coexist under some conditions in an oscillatory mode
from the viewpoint of biology.
5. Conclusions
A delayed predator-prey system with prey infection and the
modified Leslie-Gower scheme is investigated. Regarding the
negative feedback delay of the predator as a parameter, the
local stability of the positive equilibrium and the existence of
Hopf bifurcation are analyzed. The results show that, when
the delay crosses a critical value, the system will lose its
stability and a Hopf bifurcation occurs. To delay the onset
of the Hopf bifurcation, we incorporate the state feedback
and parameter perturbation into the system, and simulation
results show the effectiveness of the controller. In addition,
the direction of the Hopf bifurcation and the stability of the
bifurcated periodic solutions for the controlled system are
also determined by the normal form theory and the center
manifold argument.
This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foun-
dation (NNSF) of China under Grant 61273070, a project
funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of
Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, and Doctor Candidate
Foundation of Jiangnan University (JUDCF12030).
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