2012-AEReviewer-Problems and Solutions-1 PDF

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING
COMPREHENSIVE BOARD
EXAM REVIEWER
Volume 1
Problems and Solutions in Agricultural
Power, Machinery, Mechanization and
Allied Subjects
by
Engr. Alexis Belonio, MSc

atbelonio@yahoo.com
Affiliate Professor
College of Engineering
Central Luzon State University
Science City of Munoz, Nueva Ecija
2012
AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING
COMPREHENSIVE BOARD
EXAM REVIEWER
Volume I
Problems and Solutions in Agricultural Power,
Machinery, Mechanization, and Allied Subjects
by
Engr. Alexis T. Belonio

Affiliate Professor
Department of Agricultural Engineering,
College of Engineering
Central Luzon State University
Science City of Munoz
Nueva Ecija
2012
The Author:
Alexis T. Belonio is a Professional Agricultural Engineer. Presently, he is an Affiliate

Professor of the College of Engineering, Central Luzon State University, Science City of
Munoz, Nueva Ecija and a former Associate Professor of the Department of
Agricultural Engineering and Environmental Management, College of Agriculture,
Central Philippine University, Iloilo City. He finished his Bachelor of Science in
Agricultural Engineering and Master of Science degrees from Central Luzon State
University, Muñoz, Nueva Ecija. He has been deeply involved in teaching, research,
project development, and entrepreneurial activity on various agricultural engineering
projects since 1983.
He was awarded by the Philippine Society of Agricultural Engineers (PSAE) as the Most
Outstanding Agricultural Engineer in the field of Farm Power and Machinery and by the
Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) as the Outstanding Professional in the field
of Agricultural Engineering, in 1993. And in 1997, he was awarded by the TOYM
Foundation and the Jerry Roxas Foundation as the Outstanding Young Filipino (TOYF) in
the field of Agricultural Engineering. He was also chosen as an Associate Laureate of
the Rolex Awards for Enterprise 2008 and as a Laureate on Economic Business
Development Category of The Tech Awards 2010. Recently, he was adjudged as one of
the 2011 Inspiring Modern-Day Filipino Heroes by Yahoo Southeast Asia.
As a dedicated professional, he serves as technical consultant to various agricultural

machinery manufacturers in the country. He also served as a Reviewer for six years at
the TGIM Foundation Review Center in the fields of Agricultural Power, Machinery and
Allied Subjects, and Agricultural Processing, Structures and Allied Subjects. He has
written and published several research and technical papers.
Acknowledgement:
The author is very much thankful to the Lord God Almighty who inspired him to
prepare this material for the graduates of agricultural engineering who will take the
Professional Agricultural Engineering Licensure Examination.
He also wishes to acknowledge Dr. Norbert Orcullo for the encouragement to serve as
a reviewer for the aspiring agricultural engineers at the TGIM Review Center , Manila
for almost 5 years and to Dr. Ireneo Agulto of the CLSU College of Engineering for 3
years. To the Philippines Society of Agricultural Engineers who encourages in uplifting
the agricultural engineering profession in the country.
To Salve and their children: Mike, Happy, Humble, Jireh, Justly, Tenderly, and Wisdom
for their prayer and support.
Trial Edition
Copyright  2012 by Alexis T. Belonio
No part of this book is allowed to be photocopied or reproduced in any form

without any written permission from the author.
Problem 1
A tractor pulls a 1.0-meter wide heavy-

duty offset-disk harrow at an operating
speed of 6 kph. What is the theoretical
field capacity of the machine?
Given:
Implement - heavy duty offset disk
harrow
W - 1.0 m
V - 6 kph
Required: Theoretical field capacity

Solution:
FCt = 0.1 W V
= 0.1 (1 m) ( 6 kph)
= 0.6 ha/hr
Problem 2
A diesel engine operating at 2500 rpm will be used

to drive an irrigation pump operating at 1000 rpm.
The pulley diameter for the pump is 4 inches.
What is the recommended size of pulley for the
engine?
Given:
Engine - Diesel
N1 - 2500 rpm
N2 - 1000 rpm
D2 - 4 in.
Required: Engine pulley diameter, D1

Solution:
N1 D1 = N 2 D2
D1 = [N2 D2] / N1
= 1000 rpm (4 in) / 2500 rpm
= 1.6 in or use 2 in.
Problem 3
An irrigation pump is driven by a single

cylinder engine. The set-up has the
following specifications: engine rpm, 2200;
pump rpm, 1800; and diameter of engine
pulley, 25 cm. What should be the diameter
of the pump pulley?
Given:
Engine rpm - 2200 rpm
Pump rpm - 1800 rpm
Engine pulley - 2.5 cm
Required: Pump pulley

Solution:
D2 = N1 D1 / N 2
= 2200 rpm ( 25 cm) / 1800 rpm
= 30.55 cm
Problem 4
Determine the length of a flat-belt pulley

drive having the following data: diameter
of first pulley, 300 mm; diameter of second
pulley, 400 mm; and center distance of the
pulley shaft, 10 meters.
Given:
D1 - 300 mm
D2 - 400 mm
C - 10 m
Required: Length of flat belt

Solution:
L = 2C + 1.57 (D1+D2) + (D1-D2)2 / 4C
= 2 (10 m) + 1.57 (0.30m + 0.4 m) +
(0.30m –0.40 m ) 2 / 4 (10 m)
= 21.05 m
Problem 5
The cylinder of a corn sheller will be driven by

a 10-hp diesel engine using V-belt drive. The
engine has a speed of 1800 rpm while the
corn sheller requires an engine speed of 650
rpm. The effective diameter of the driver
pulley is 12 inches. What should be the
diameter of the driven pulley?
Given:
Engine Power - 10 hp
Engine speed - 1800 rpm
Sheller speed - 650 rpm
Driver pulley diameter - 12 inches
Required: Driven pulley diameter
Solution:
Nr Dr = Nn Dn
Dn = Nr Dr / Nn
= (1800 rpm) (12 in) / 650 rpm
= 33 in.
Problem 6
Referring to Problem 5, what is the required

length of the V-belt if the center distance
between pulleys is 60 in.
Given:
Dr - 12 in.
Dn - 33 in.
C - 60 in.
Required: Length of belts

Solution:
L = 2C + 1.57 (D1+D2) + (D1-D2)2 / 4C
= 2 (60 in.) + 1.57 (12 in.+33 in.) +
(12 in. - 33 in.) 2 / 4 (60 in.)
= 192.5 in.
Problem 7
If a belt has a capacity rating of 4.5 hp

per belt, approximately how many
belts are recommended for the drive?
Given:
Design Power - 10 hp
Belt capacity - 4.5 hp per belt
Required: Number of belts
Solution:
Nb = Pd / Cb
= 10 hp / 4.5 hp per belt
= 2.2 belts (use 3 belts)
Problem 8
What is the recommended shaft diameter

for the drive in Problem 7? Assume a
design stress of 6000 psi.
Given:
Design power - 10 hp
Shaft rpm - 1800 rpm
Design stress - 6000 psi
Required: Shaft diameter
Solution:
T = 63025 (Pd) / N
= 63025 (10 hp) / 1800 rpm
= 350 in-lb
D = [16 T /  Sd ] 1/3
= [16 (350 in-lb) /  (6000 psi) ] 1/3
= 0.66 in.
Problem 9
What is the force required to pull a single

moldboard plow on a clay loam soil having
30 cm and 15 cm width and depth of cut,
respectively. Soil draft is 8 psi.
Given:
Width of cut - 30 cm
Depth of cut - 15 cm
Soil draft - 8 psi
Required: Force to pull the plow
Solution:
F = A Ds
= (30 cm) (15 cm) (8 psi x in/2.54 cm
x kg/2.2 lb)
= 253 kg
Problem 10
If the plow in Problem 9 has an average

speed of 5 km/hr, what is the drawbar
horsepower of the plow?
Given:
Force to pull the plow - 253 kg
Velocity of the plow - 5 kph
Required: Drawbar horsepower
Solution:
DHP = F V
= 253 kg (5 kph x 1000m/km x
hr/3600s)
= 4.6 hp
Problem 11
A rotary tiller has a 2-m operating width.

If the tractor runs at a speed of 2 km/hr,
what is the theoretical field capacity of the
machine?
Given:
Operating width - 2 m
Operating speed - 2 kph
Solution:
TFC = 0.1 W V
= 0.1 ( 2 m) ( 2 kph)
= 0.4 ha/hr
Problem 12
The field capacity of a rotary tiller was

measured at 0.23 ha/hr. If the operating
width and speed of the machine are 1.5 m.
and 2 kph, respectively, what is the field
efficiency of the tiller?
Given:
Actual field capacity - 0.23 ha/hr
Operating width - 1.5 m
Operating speed - 2 kph
Required: Field efficiency

Solution:
Ef = AFC x 100 / TFC
TFC = 0.1 (1.5 m ) ( 2 kph)
= 0.3 ha/hr
Ef = 0.23 ha/hr (100) / 0.3 ha/hr
= 77%
Problem 13
What is the effective field capacity of a

rotary tiller tilling theoretically at 0.4 ha/hr
with a field efficiency of 85%?
Given:
Theoretical field capacity - 0.4 ha/hr
Field efficiency - 85%
Required: Effective field capacity
Solution:
EFC = Ef (TFC)
= 0.85 (0.4 ha/hr)
= 0.34 ha/hr
Problem 14
What is the effective field capacity of 2

moldboard plows having 25-cm width, each
plowing at a speed of 7 km/hr? The field
efficiency is 80%.
Given:
Number of plows - 2
Plowing speed - 7 kph

Solution:
EFC = Np W Ef
= 2 (0.25 m) (7 kph) (0.8)
= 0.28 ha/hr
Problem 15
Compute the torque acting on a pulley rotating

at 1800 rpm and delivering a power of 10 kW.
If the pulley used in transmitting power runs at
1800 rpm has a diameter of 8 in., what is the
force transmitted by the belt? Also, compute
the actual load applied to the pulley shaft. If
6200 single-row deep-groove ball bearing will
be used to drive the pulley, what would be the
rating fatigue life of the bearing? What is the
rated life in hours of the bearing?
Given:
Shaft speed - 1800 rpm
Power delivered - 10 kw
Pulley diameter - 8 in.
Bearing type - 6200 single -row deep-
groove ball bearing
Required: Torque acting on the pulley, belt

force, actual load at the pulley shaft, rated
fatique life of the bearing, and rated life of the
bearing
Solution:
M = 974,000 (10 kW) / 1800 rpm

= 5411.1 kgf-mm
Ph = M / V
= (5411.1 kg-mm) / (8 in x 25.4 mm/in)
= 53.26 kgf
Kb = fb PH
= 2.25 (53.26 kgf)
= 119.8 kgf
L = [C/P] 3
= [400 kgf/119.8] 3
= 37.22 x 106 rev
Lh = [106/60 n ] [ C / F] 3
= [106/ 60 (1800) [ 400 kgf/119.8 kgf] 3
= 344. 62 hours
Problem 16
Recommend a shaft size required for the

main transmission shaft of a rice mill
prime mover with the following
specifications: Engine, Isuzu 8 PA; Hp
rated, 225 Hp; and Engine Speed, 3600
rpm. Use 6,000-psi design stress for the
shaft. Recommend a square-key size for
the calculated shaft. Assume a size of key
of ½" square.
Given:
Engine - Isuzu 8PA
Rated Hp - 225 hp
Design stress - 6,000 psi
Required: Shaft size, and Key size

Solution:
T = 63,029 x 225 Hp/3600 rpm
= 3939 in-lb
D = [16 (3,939 in-lb)/  (6,000 psi)] 1/3
= 1.5 in. use 2 in.  shaft
F = 3939 in-lb/1 in
= 3939 lb
L = 3939 lb/ (1/2 in x 25,000 psi)
= 0.32 in
1/2 all = 3 F/ 2A
A = 1/2 L
2,500/2 x 2(1/2) L = 3 (3939.06)
L = 0.32 in
Problem 17
A shaft delivers 10 lbs at 10-cm crank radius. What is

the torque delivered by the shaft? If the said shaft
rotates at 80 rpm, what is the power delivered by the
shaft?
Given:
Shaft force - 10 lbs
Crank radius - 10 cm
Required: Power delivered by the shaft

Solution:
T =FxR
= 10 lbs x 10 cm x kg/2.2 lbs
= 45.45 kg-cm
Hp = 2π T N / 63025
= 2 π (10 lbs x 10 cm x 80 rpm) /
(2.54 cm/in x 63025)
= 0.05 Hp
Problem 18
A solid shaft delivers 1000 in-lb torque at

800 rpm rotation, what shaft diameter
would you recommend? Recommended
design stress is 6,000 psi.
Given:
Torque - 1000 in-lb
Speed - 800 rpm
Design stress - 6000 psi
Required: Shaft diameter

Solution:
D = [(16 (1000 in-lb) /  (6,000 psi)] 1/3
=0.9 in. use 1" 
Problem 19
A three-bottom disk plow is plowing at a speed of

8 kph. The effective width per plow bottom is 25
cm. If the plowing efficiency is 80%, what is the
theoretical and the effective field capacities of the
implement?
Given:
Plow - disk
Speed - 8 kph
Width - 25 cm/plow
Eff - 80%
Required: Theoretical and effective field capacity
Solution:
Ct = b V
= 0.25 x 0.1 x 3 x 8
= 0.6 ha/hr
Ce = Ct 
= 0.6 ha/hr x 0.8
= 0.48 ha/hr
Problem 20
Find the effective field capacity of a five-

bottom disk plow with 25-cm width of cut
per plow bottom. Assume a field
efficiency of 0.8 and an operating speed of
7 km/hr.
Given:
Plow type - disk
Number of disk -5
Speed - 7 kph

Solution:
Ce =  bV
= 0.8 x 0.1 x 0.25 cm/disk x 7 kph x 5
disks
= 0.70 ha/hr
Problem 21
Compute the drawbar pull and drawbar

horsepower of a 4-bottom moldboard plow
on a clay loam soil having an effective
width of cut of 0.3 m per bottom and a
depth of cut of 0.15 m. The plowing speed
is 10 kph. (Soil draft for clay loam soil is
assumed at 8 psi).
Given:
Plow - moldboard
No. of Plow -4
Width of Cut - 0.3 m
Depth of Cut - 0.15 cm
Speed - 10 kph
Soil Draft - 8 psi
Required: Drawbar pull and Drawbar

horsepower
Solution:
F = 0.15 m x 0.30 m x 4 plows
x 5818.2 kg/m3
= 1014 kg
DHP = (1014 kg x 10 kph x 1000m/km
x hr/3600sec) / 76.2
= 36.9 hp
Problem 22
What is the drawbar pull required for a 3-meter

tractor-drawn offset-disk harrow. The
implement specific draft is 89 kg/m. Also
compute the drawbar horsepower of the
implement if it is running at a speed of 20 kph.
Given:
Harrow - offset disk
Width - 3 meters
Draft - 89 kg/m
Speed - 20 kph
Required: Drawbar pull and DHP
Solution:
F = Wi x 
= 3 m x 89 kg/m
= 267 kg
DHP = (267 kg x 20 kph x 1000m/km x
hr/3600sec)/ 76.2 kg-m/sec-hp
= 19.5 hp
Problem 23
A power harrow has 6-m operating width.

If the tractor runs at a speed of 20 km/hr,
what is the theoretical field capacity of the
machine? What is the effective field
capacity of the harrow if its field efficiency
is 0.85?
Given:
Operating width - 6 m
Speed - 20 kph
Required: Theoretical Field Capacity
Effective Field Capacity
Solution:
Ct = 0.1 b V
= 0.1 x 6 x 20
= 12 ha/hr
Ce =  x Ct
= 0.85 x 12
= 10.2 ha/hr
Problem 24
The field capacity of a tractor-drawn field

cultivator was measured at 2.9 ha/hr. If the
operating width and speed of the machines
are 2.5 m and 13 kph, respectively, what is
the field efficiency of the tiller?
Given:
Eff Field Capacity - 2.9 ha/hr
Operating Width - 2.5 m
Travel Speed - 13 kph
Required: Field efficiency

Solution:
F eff = 2.9 ha/hr x 100 / (0.1 x 2.5 m x 13
kph)
= (2.9 ha/hr / 3.25 ha/hr) x 100
= 89 %
Problem 25
A 16-hp rotary tiller is tilling at a depth of 10

cm. Its rotating tiller has a width of 0.5 m.
What is the specific power output of the
machine if it is traveling at a speed of 0.5
m/sec? Assume a 0.80 power transmission
efficiency for the tiller .
Given:
Power Input - 16 hp
Depth of Cut - 10 cm
Width of Cut - 0.5 m
Speed of Tiller - 0.5 m/sec
Power Trans Eff - 0.80
Required: Specific Power Output
Solution:
SPO = (16 Hp x 0.80 x 746 watt/Hp) /
[100 cm/m (50 cm) (10 cm)
(0.5 m/sec)]
= 0.382 Watts/cm3
Problem 26
Compute the drawbar pull of a plow on a

power tiller with depth and width of cut of 10
cm x 8 cm. The number of plow bottom is 2.
Soil draft is equal to 5 psi. If the plow is
drawn at a speed of 10 km/hr, what is the
drawbar horsepower of the plow?
Given:
Width of Cut - 8 cm
No. of Plow -2
Draft - 5 psi
Speed - 10 kph
Required: Drawbar Pull and Power
Solution:
A = 10 cm x 8 cm x 2 plows
= (80 cm2 /plow x 2 plows)
= 160 cm2
F = 160 cm2 (5 lb/in2) (in./ 2.54 cm)2
(kg/2.2 lb)
= 56.36 kg
DHP = F x V
= (56.36 kg x 10 kph x 1000 m/km x
hr/3600sec)/76.2 kg-m/sec-Hp
= 2.04 Hp
Problem 27
A hydro tiller is driven by a 16-hp

gasoline engine that has a 10-liter -
capacity fuel tank fully loaded with fuel.
After 6 hours of operation, it was found
out that the tank only contains 6 liters of
fuel, what is the fuel consumption rate
and specific fuel consumption of the
hydro tiller?
Solution:
Given: FCR = (10 liters - 6 liters) / 6 hours
Power Source - 16 hp engine = 0.66 lph
Tank Capacity - 10 liters
Operation - 6 hours SFCR = 0.66 lph/16 hp
Fuel left - 6 liters = 0.04 l/hr-hp
Required: Fuel Consumption Rate
Problem 28
Compute the force exerted by the hand

tractor cage wheel with 0.8-m wheel
diameter. The wheel is drawn by a 10-
hp robin engine driving the cage wheel
at 30 rpm. The transmission efficiency
of the machine is 0.90.
Given:
Wheel diameter - 0.8 m
Engine Hp - 10 hp
Wheel speed - 30 rpm
Solution:
Eff. Trans - 0.90
F = AHP/ 2 N R
= ( 10 hp) (0.90) (4573)/ 2  (30 rpm)
Required: Force exerted by the
(0.4 m)
cagewheel
= 272.93 kg
Problem 29
A power tiller was tested on a 10-m wide

plot. During the test, the machine made 22
rounds to complete the plowing operation
using two 0.3-meter-diameter disk plow.
What is the average swath of the power
tiller? Also compute for the disk angle of the
plow.
Given:
Machine - power tiller Θ = sin -1 (0.23/0.3)
Width of plot - 10 m = 50 deg
Number of rounds - 22 rounds
Required: Average swath of the power
tiller
Solution:
S = width of plot / 2 x number of rounds
= 10 m / 2 ( 22 rounds)
= 0.23 m
Problem 30
The effective width of cut of a single-bottom

moldboard plow drawn by a power tiller is
10 cm. If the machine is used to plow a 2-
hectare farm, what would be the total
distance traveled by the machine to
accomplish the task?
Given:
Implement - moldboard plow
Effective width of cut - 10 cm
Area to be plowed - 2 hectares
Required: Distance to be traveled by plow
Solution:
D = Area to be plowed / Effective
width of cut
= (2 hectares x 10,000 m2/ha) / (10
cm x m/100 cm)
= 200 km
Problem 31
A 3-bottom plow is plowing at a speed of 8

kph. The effective width per plow bottom is
25 cm. If the plowing efficiency is 80%, what
is the theoretical and effective field capacities
of the said plow?
Given:
Number of plow - 3 bottom
Speed - 8 kph
Effective width/plow - 25 cm
Plowing efficiency - 80%
Solution:
TFC = 0.1 (3 plow)(0.25m/plow)(8 kph) / 0.80
= 0.75 ha/hr
EFC = 0.1(3 plow)(0.25m/plow)(8kph)
= 0.60 ha/hr
Problem 32
A single-bottom moldboard plows on a clay

loam soil (8 psi draft) having 0.3-m effective
width of cut and 15-cm depth of cut. What is
the force exerted by the plow?
Given:
Plow - single-bottom moldboard
Soil draft - 8 psi
Width of cut - 0.3 m
Depth of cut - 0.15 m
Required: Force exerted by the plow
Solution:
F = A ds
= (0.3m)(0.15m)(8psi)(in/0.254m)2
(kg/2.2 lb)
= 253 kg
Problem 33
What is the drawbar horsepower of the plow in

Problem 32 if the plowing speed is 5 kph?
Given:
Force - 253 kg
Velocity - 5 kph
Solution:
DHP = F V
= 253 kg (5 kph) (1000m/km)(hr/3600
sec)
= 4.6 hp
Problem 34
A 3-bottom plow is plowing at a speed of 8

kph. The effective width per plow bottom is
25 cm. If the plowing efficiency is 80%, what
is the theoretical and effective field capacity
of the plow above?
Given:
Number of plow - 3 bottom
Speed - 8 kph
Effective width/plow - 25 cm
Plowing efficiency - 80%
Solution:
TFC = 0.1 (3 plow)(0.25m/plow)(8 kph) /0.80
= 0.75 ha/hr
EFC = 0.1(3 plow)(0.25m/plow)(8kph)
= 0.60 ha/hr
Problem 35
What is the required drawbar pull for a 5-
meter tractor-drawn spike-tooth harrow
with a specific draft of 89 kg/m? What is
the drawbar horsepower of the implement
if it is running at a speed of 6 kph?
Given:
Width of implement - 5 m
Specific draft - 89 kg/m
Speed - 6 kph
Required: Drawbar pull
Solution:
F = Ds W
= 89 kg/m) ( 5 m)
= 445 kg
DHP = F V
= (445 kg)(6 kph)(1000m/km)
(hr/3600sec) /76.2 kg-m/sec-hp
= 10 hp
Problem 36
In a 200-hectare corn project, the field has to
be tilled within 30 days. What size of heavy-
duty offset-disk harrow should be selected if
the tractor to be used will be operated at a
speed of 5 kph. Assume a 75% field efficiency
and an 8-hour working day.
Given:
Area - 200 hectares
Tilling period - 30 days
Implement velocity - 5 kph
Operating time - 8 hours per day
Required: Size of heavy-duty offset disk
harrow
Solution:
RFC = A /[Pt x OT x Eff]
= 200 hectares/[30 daysx 8hr/day x 0.75]
= 1.11 ha/hr
W = RFC / [0.1 x V]
= 1.11 ha/hr / [0.1 x 5 kph]
= 2.2 m
Problem 37
In a field demonstration of a rice reaper with

1.2-m cutter bar performance showed that
the average travel speed of the machine is 3
kph. The average width of cutter bar
actually utilized is 1.0 m. Time lost in
crossing the dike is 5 min/ha and 10 min/ha
for repair. Turning and other idle time is 10%
of the effective operating time while
removing field obstruction and clogging is 15
min/ha. What is the theoretical and
effective field capacity of the machine?
What is the time lost in turning and other
idle time per hectare of the reaper?
Given:
Width of implement - 1.2 m
Velocity - 3 kph
Width effective - 1.0 m
Time lost in crossing the dike - 5 min/ha
Time lost in repair - 10 min/ha
Turning and idle time - 10% of
effective operating time
Lost in removing obstruction
and clogging - 15 min/ha
Required: Theoretical field capacity,
effective field capacity, time lost
in turning and other idle time
per hectare
Solution:
TFC = 0.1 (1.2 m ) (3 kph)
= 0.36 ha/hr
EFC = 0.1 (1.0 m) (3 kph)
= 0.30 ha/hr
Tl = [1/(0.3 ha/hr)] [0.1]
= [3.33 hr/ha ][0.1]
= 0.333 hr/ha x 60 min/hr
= 20 min/ha
Problem 38
One-thousand gallons per minute (1000 gpm)

of water is to be pumped from a river to a
farm 150-ft above the river. What is the
required horsepower to drive the pump,
considering a pump efficiency of 70 % and
the friction and other losses of 20 % of the
static head.
Given:
Pumping rate - 1000 gpm
Pumping head - 150 ft
Pump efficiency - 70%
Friction and other loss - 20% of the
static head
Required: Pump horsepower
Solution:
PHP = Q H  / [7.48 x 33000
= (1000 gpm)(150ftx 1.20)(62.4 lb/ft3) /
0.70 (7.48 gal/ft3 x 33000 ft-lb/min-hp
= 64.8 hp
Problem 39
If a diesel engine will be used to drive the

pump in Problem 38, what is the
recommended horsepower for the engine?
Engine efficiency is 80%.
Given:
Pump horsepower - 64.8 hp
Engine efficiency - 80%
Required: Engine horsepower
Solution:
EHP = PHP / e
= 64.8 hp / 0.80
= 80.9 hp
Problem 40
If a gasoline engine will be used to drive the

pump in Problem 38, what is the power
requirement? (70% engine efficiency)
Given:
Pump horsepower - 64.8 hp
Required: Engine horsepower
Solution:
EHP = PHP / e
= 64.8 hp / 0.70
= 92.5 hp
Problem 41
A farmer wishes to spray his vegetable farm at
a rate of 300 gallons per hectare. Sixteen
nozzles, 18-inches apart will be used. The
forward speed of the tractor is at 5 kph.
Compute the field capacity of the sprayer in
hectare per hour. What is the required pump
capacity for the sprayer? Also, what is the
capacity per nozzle.
Given:
Sraying rate - 300 gal per hectare Qp = (300 gal/ha)(3.6 ha/hr)
Number of nozzles - 16 (hr/60min)
Nozzle spacing - 18 inches = 18.3 gpm
Tractor speed - 5 kph
Required: Field capacity, required pump Qn = 18.3 gpm/16 nozzles
capacity = 1.14 gpm/nozzle
Solution:
FC = 0.1 W V
= 0.1 (16 nozzles)(18 in./nozzle)
(0.254 m/in)(5kph)
= 3.6 ha/hr
Problem 42
A tractor operating at 3.5 mph develops a

drawbar pull of 3000 pounds. Estimate the
required drawbar horsepower for the tractor.
Given:
Tractor speed - 3 mph
Drawbar pull - 3000 lbs
Solution:
DHP = F V
= (3000 lbs)(3.5mph)(5280ft/mi)
(hr/60 min) / 33000 ft-lb/min-hp
= 28 hp
Problem 43
The specific fuel consumption of a tractor is

0.3 lbs per BHP-hour. If the heating value of
the fuel is 19500 BTU/lb, what is the brake
thermal efficiency?
Given:
Specific fuel consumption - 0.3 lbs/bhp-hour
Heating value of fuel - 19,500 BTU/lb
Required: Brake thermal efficiency
Solution:
bt = 2545 BTU/hp-hr x 100 /[(0.3 lbs/bhp-
hr) x 19,500 BTU/lb
= 43.5%
Problem 44
A corn plantation requires a population of 37,000

plants per hectare. The average emergence is 90 %
and the row spacing is 1.2 meters. If the seeds are
to be drilled, what should be the seed spacing?
Given:
Required population - 37,000 plants per
hectare
Emergence - 90%
Row spacing - 1.2 meters
Required: Seed spacing
Solution:
No. of hills = No of Hills / Emergence
= 37,000 plants/ha / 0.90
= 41,111 plants /ha
Seed spacing = 41,111 plants per ha /
[10,000 m2/ha x 1.2 m]
= 0.30 m
Problem 45
What is the theoretical field capacity of a

3.0-meter-wide tandem-disk harrow pulled
by a 4-wheel drive tractor running at a
speed of 10 kph?
Given:
Width of implement - 3.0 m
Speed of the tractor - 10 kph
Solution:
TFC = 0.1 W V
= 0.1 ( 3 m) (10 kph)
= 3 ha/hr
Problem 46
A tractor drive wheel under load rotates at

1200 revolution passing a newly cultivated
field. At no load, the tractor drive wheel is
able to rotate at 1125 revolution. What is
the percent slippage of the tractor drive
wheel?
Given:
Wheel revolution at load - 1200
revolutions
Wheel revolution at no load - 1125
revolutions
Required: Percent slip
Solution:
% slip = [Rl – Rn] 100 / Rn
= [1200 rev – 1125 rev] 100 / 1125
rev
= 6.25%
Problem 47
What is the application rate of a granular

broadcast spreader required to apply 1 ton of
manure at a distance of 1000 meters. The
machine swath is 2 meters.
Given:
Weight of manure to be applied - 1 ton
Length of application - 1000 meters
Machine swath - 2 meters
Required: Application rate
Solution:
Appli Rate = Weight of Manure /
[Width x Length]
= 1 ton x 1000 kg/ton x 10,000
m2/ha / [1000 m x 2 m]
= 5000 kg/ha
Problem 48
Assume that you are the Agricultural
Engineer of a 500-hectare corn farm with soil
type that gives 10 psi draft when plowing at
a speed of 4 km/hr. Compute the drawbar
horsepower required to pull a three-disk
plow with effective cut of 12 inches per disk
at a plowing depth of 6 inches.
Given:
Area - 500 ha corn farm
Soil draft - 10 psi
Plowing speed - 4 kph
Plow bottom - 3 disk
Width of cut - 12 in. per disk
Plowing depth - 6 inches
Solution:
DPH = [3x12in x 6in x 10 psi x 4kph x
1000m/kmxhr/3600sec]
/ 76.2 kg-m/sec-hp
= 14.3 hp
Problem 49
Referring to Problem 48, how many hectares

does a tractor pulling a three-disk plow would
be able to plow in one day (16 hours
operation) assuming a total time loss of 30%?
Given:
No. of disk - 3 disk
Width of cut - 12 in per disk
Operating time - 16 hours per day
Time loss - 30%
Solution:
EFC = 0.1(3diskx12 in/diskx0.254m/in)
(4 kph)(0.7)
= 0.36 ha/hr x 16hr/day
= 4.02 ha/day
Problem 50
Referring to Problem 48, how many days are

required to plow the 500-hectare farm using
ten units of the same kind of tractor and of
plow?
Given:
Area to be plowed - 500 ha
Number of tractors - 10 units
Required: Number of days to finish the area
Solution:
Time = 500 ha / [10 tractors x 4.02 ha/day-
tractor]
= 12.5 days
Problem 51
Still referring to Problem 48, what is the amount

of fuel consumed in liters per 16 hours day of one
tractor unit if the specific fuel consumption is 1
lb/dhp-hr and the specific gravity of the fuel is
0.8?
Given:
Specific fuel consumption - 1 lb/dhp-hr
Specific gravity - 0.8
Required: Fuel consumed per 16 hours – tractor
Solution:
FCR = 1 lb/dhp-hrx14.3 hp / [0.8 x 62.4 lb/ft3]
= 0.286 ft3 of fuel /hr x (30cm/ft)3 x
liter/1000 cc
= 7.73 liters per hour
Vol of fuel = (7.73 liter/hr) (16hours/day)(12.5
days)
= 1546.87 liters
Problem 52
What is the cutting width of the single-disk

harrow set at 18-degree working angle
containing 20 disks spaced at 30 cm? Disk
diameter is 40 cm.
Given:
Number of disks - 20 disks
Disk spacing - 30 cm
Disk diameter - 40 cm
Required: Cutting width
Solution:
W = [0.95 N S + 0.3 D] / 1000
= 0.95 (20 disk x 300 mm) +
0.3 (400 mm) / 1000
= 5.82 m
Problem 53
If the harrow in Problem 52 is a tandem-disk

harrow, what is the cutting width of the
machine?
Given:
Type of harrow - tandem disk harrow
Required: Width of cut
Solution:
W = [0.95 N S + 1.2 D] / 1000
= [0.95 (20 diskx300mm) + 1.2(400mm)]
/ 1000
= 6.18 m
Problem 54
A 30-disk double-offset-disk harrow is
travelling at a speed of 10 kph. If the disk
diameter is 40 cm spaced at 30cm, what is
the cutting width of the harrow? What is
its theoretical field capacity?
Given: Type of harrow - double-offset
Number of disk - 30 disks
Travelling speed - 10 kph
Disk diameter - 40 cm
Disk spacing - 30 cm
Required: Cutting width
Solution:
W = [0.95 N S + 0.85 D] / 1000
= 0.95 (29 disks x 300 mm)
+0.85(400 mm) / 1000
= 8.6 m
TFC = 0.1 W V
= 0.1 x 8.6 m x 10 kph
= 8.6 ha/hr
Problem 55
Compute the number of plants required

for a 2-hectare corn farm with the
following seed spacing: Plant spacing,
0.25 m and row spacing, 0.45 m.
Given:
Area - 2 hectare
Sp - 0.25 m
Sr- 0.45
Required: Number of plants for 2-
hectare farm
Solution:
Np = (2 hectare x 10,000)/(0.25 m x
0.45 m)
= 177, 777.8 plants or hills
Problem 56
The axle of a power tiller was tested on a

Prony-brake dynamometer. The force
delivered at 1-m brake arm was 300 kg at a
speed of 25 rpm. Determine the torque and
the shaft power of the machine. Also,
compute the specific fuel consumption of the
engine driving the power tiller if it consumes
diesel at a rate of 0.9 liters per hour.
Given:
Machine - power tiller
Brake arm - 1 meter
Shaft load - 300 kg
Fuel consumption - 0.9 lph
Required: Torque, shaft power, and specific
fuel consumption
Solution:
T = FxL
= 300 kg x 1 m
= 300 kg-m
Ps = F x N / 1340
= 300 kg-m x 25 rpm / 1340
= 5.597 hp
SFC = Fc x f / Ps
= 0.9 lph x 0.84 kg diesel/liter x 1000
g/kg / 5.597 hp x 0.746 kW/hp
= 181.06 g / kW-hr
Problem 57
At 18-degrees working angle, a tandem-

disk harrow is used to pulverize a newly
plowed farm at a rate speed of 10
km/hour. Compute the effective width of
the implement, the theoretical field
capacity, and the effective field capacity of
the harrow. Assume a field efficiency of
90%. The harrow has 24 pieces of 30-cm
disk spaced at 20 cm.
Given:
Harrow = tandem
Work angle = 18 deg
Speed = 10 kph
Field Eff = 90%
No. Disks = 24 units
Disk Dia = 30 cm
Spacing = 20 cm
Required: Effective Field Capacity
Solution:
(a) Effective Width
We = 0.95 N S + 1.2 D
= 0.95 (23) (20 cm) + 1.2 (30cm)
= 473 cm
(b) Theoretical Field Capacity
Ct = 0.1 W (V)
= 0.1 x 473 cm x m/100cm x 10
kph
= 4.73 ha/hr
(c ) Effective Field Capacity
Ce = f Ct
= 0.90 x 4.73 ha/hr
= 4.26 ha/hr
Problem 58
How many grams of cotton seeds are

required per row for a hectare of farm,
assuming a seeder is to be used in planting
the seeds at 0.20-m row spacing and 0.50-m
plant spacing? The seeding rate is 10 kg/ha.
Given:
Crop - cotton
Seeding rate - 10 kg/ha
Row spacing - 0.5 m
Plant spacing - 0.20
Required: Seed required in kilogram
Solution:
Seed Required = 10 kg/ha x 0.20 m x
0.5 m /10
= 0.1 g
Problem 59
Walking in the rice field operating the

sprayer with a spray swath of 1 m, a person
covers 220 m/min. If the nozzle discharge is
0.4 liter/min, what is the application rate
per hectare?
Given:
Swath - 1m
Walking speed - 20 m/min
Nozzle discharge - 0.4 liter/min
Solution:
Area covered by spray swath per minute
1 m x 20 m/min = 20 m2/min
Application rate per hectare = (10, 000
m2/ha x 0.4 liter/min) / 20 m2/min
= 200 liters /ha
Problem 60
A 120-hectare farm is to be planted with

corn. The row and hill spacings are 50 cm
and 40 cm, respectively. How many hills
are to be planted in the farm? If a 12-row
drill planter is to be used at 10 kph
implement speed, what is the theoretical
and effective field capacities of the
machine? Assume a field efficiency of
80%. If the field requires 3 seeds per hill
and has a percentage emergence of 90%,
how many kilos of seeds are needed for
the entire area? Assume 0.1 g per seed.
Given:
Area - 120 hectares
Row spacing - 50 cm
Hill spacing - 40 cm
Machine - 12- row seeder/planter
Implement Speed - 10 kph
% Emergence - 90%
No. of Seeds/hill - 3 seed
Wt. per seed - 0.1 g / seed
Required: Number of hills, Theoretical
field capacity, Effective field capacity, and
Weight of seeds needed for the entire farm.
Solution:
No. Hills = (10,000 x A) / (Sh x Sr)
= 10,000 x 120 ha / (0.50 m
x 0.4 m)
= 6,000,000 hills
FCt = 0.1 Wi x Vi
= 0.1 x 12-row x 0.5 m x 10 kph
= 6 ha/hr
FCe = FCt x f
= 6 ha/hr x 0.80
= 4.8 ha/hr
Ws = No Hills x No. Seeds x SWs / E
= (6,000,000/hill x 3 seeds/hill x 0.1
g/seed x kg/1000g) / 0.9
= 2000 kg
Problem 61
If a boom sprayer has 6 nozzles and each

nozzle discharges 0.6 liter/ min, what is the
application rate if the spray swath and
walking speed is 25 m/min?
Given:
No. of nozzles -6
Nozzles discharge - 0.6 liter/min
Swath -6m
Walking speed - 25 m/min
Solution:
Total nozzle discharge per minute
0.6 liter/min x 6 = 3.6 liters/min
Area covered per min.
3 m x 25m/min = 75 m2/min
Application Rate per hectare
= 3.6 liters/min x 10, 000 m2/min / 75 m2/min
= 480 liters/min
Problem 62
A pump was tested in measuring the flow

rate using a 90-degree triangular weir. Tests
have shown that the head of water into the
weir averages at 13 cm. What is the average
rate of flow of the pump?
Given:
Machine - pump
Test rig - 90 degree triangular weir
Ave head reading - 15 cm
Required: Pump flow rate
Solution:
Q = 0.0138 H 5/2
= 0.0138 x (15 cm) 5/2
= 12.02 lps
Problem 63
Compute the friction head from a 6-meter-depth

suction pipe of a centrifugal pump which
discharges 0.012 m3/sec of water. The pipe
nominal diameter is 4 inches.
Given:
Length of pipe - 6 meters
Discharge - 0.012 m3/sec
Pipe diameter - 4 inches
Required: Friction head
Solution:
L x Q2
Hf = k
C2 x D 2
6 m x (0.012 m3/sec) 2
= 10
(1.0)2 x (4 in. x 2.54 cm/in x m/100 cm)2
= 0.864 m
Problem 64
A pump was installed with a suction head of 6

meter and a discharge head of 10 meters. The
discharge rate of the pump is 60 liters per
minute. What is the water horsepower of the
pump?
Given:
Suction head - 6 m
Discharge head - 10 meters
Discharge rate - 60 lpm
Required: Water horsepower
Solution:
WHP = TDH x Q / 102
= (6 m + 10 m) x (60 lpm x min/60sec) /
102
= 0.157 kW x Hp/0.746 kW
= 0.210 hp
Problem 65
A pump, which discharges 4 liters per second at a

head of 6 meters, is driven by an electric motor.
The input current of the motor is 1.5 amp while the
input voltage is 220 volt. What is the overall
efficiency of the pump if the motor power factor is
0.98?
Given:
Pump discharge - 4 lps
Head - 6 meters
Input current - 1.5 amp
Input voltage - 220 volt
Power factor - 0.98
Required: Pump overall efficiency
Solution:
WHP = TDH x Q / 102
= (6 m) x ( 4 lps) / 102
= 0.235 kW
IP = V x I x cos 
= 220 volt x 1.5 amp x 0.98
= 0.323 kW
p = (WHP / IP) x 100
= (0.235 kW / 0.323 kW) x 100
= 72.7 %
Problem 66
At 1200 rpm, a rotary pump is used to deliver

milk at a head of 6 meters. The rate of flow of
the pump is 0.01 m3/sec. What is the fluid and
brake horsepower of the pump shaft if it has an
efficiency of 75%. What is the motor
horsepower if the transmission and motor
efficiencies are 91% and 99%, respectively?
Given:
Flow rate - 0.1 m3/s
Total head -6m
Specific gravity of milk - 1.1
Pump efficiency - 75%
Transmission efficiency - 91%
Motor Efficiency - 99%
Required: Fluid horsepower, Brake horsepower,
and Motor horsepower
Solution:
FHP = Q H 
(0.1 m3/s ) ( 6 m ) (1.1 x 1000 kg/m3) = 76.2
kg-m/sec-hp
= 0.87 hp
BHP = FHP / p
= 0.87 hp / 0.75
= 1.16 hp
MHP = BHP / (t x m)
= 1.16 hp / ( 0.91 x 0.99)
= 1.29 hp therefore use 1-1/2 hp motor
Problem 67
What will be the flow rate, working head, and
power requirement of the pump system above if its
speed is increased to 2100 rpm?
Given:
Speed1 - 1200 rpm
Flow rate - 0.1 m3/s
Head1 - 6m
Horsepower1 - 0.87 hp
Speed2 - 2100 rpm
Required: Flow rate2, Head2, and Horsepower2
Solution:
Q2 = (N2/N1) x Q1
= (2100 rpm/1200 rpm) 0.1m3/s
= 0.0175 m3/s
H2 = (N2/N1)2 x H1
= (2100 rpm/1200 rpm)2 x 6 m
= 18.4 m
HP2 = (N2/N1)3 x HP1
= (2100 rpm/1200 rpm)3 x 0.87 hp
= 4.66 hp
Problem 68
Compute the amount of power that can be

developed by a 600-kg draft animal pulling
an 80-kg load at a speed of 0.9 m/sec.
Given:
Weight of animal - 600 kg
Load - 80 kg
Speed - 0.9m.sec
Required: Hp
Solution:
Hp = F x V
= 80 kg x 0.9m/sec
= 72 kg-m/sec or 0.96 hp
Problem 69
Estimate the pull that can be developed from a

900-kg water buffalo pulling a load at an angle
of 30 deg. The horizontal distance between the
front and the rear foot is 1.4 m. The center of
gravity of the animal is located 0.7 m from the
foot. The horizontal distance from the yoke to
the rear foot is 0.3 m. The height of the neck
yoke was measured 1.2 m from the neck load
point to the ground. Assume a coefficient of
friction of 0.95 between the roof and the
ground surface.
Given:
W = 900 kg
h2 = 1.2 m
L = 1.4 m
 = 30 deg
L1 = 0.7 m
 = 0.95
L2 = 0.3 m
Required: Pull
Solution:
900 kg (0.7 m) (0.95)
P =
1.4 m + 1.2 m (0.96)] cos 30 + 0.3 m
(0.95) sin 30
900 kg (0.665m)
=
(2.54 m) 0.866 + (0.285 m) 0.5
= 255.76 kg
Problem 70
If a cow can provide a draft of 60 kg, how much

draft can be provided by 2 cows together?
Given:
No. of cows - 2
Draft - 60 kg
Required: Total Draft
Solution:
Dt = No. of oxen x draft/ox x factor
= 2 cows x 60 kg/ox x 1.9/2
= 114 kg
Problem 71
Suppose a 4-cylinder engine has a bore of 3.5

in. and a stroke of 4.0 in, what is the piston
displacement of the engine?
Given:
No. of cylinders - 4
Piston diameter - 3.5 in.
Stroke - 4.0 in.
Required: Piston displacement
Solution:
PD =  (3.5 in)2/4 x 4.0 in x 4
= 153.9 in3
Problem 72
Calculate the indicated horsepower of a six-

cylinder engine, 4" bore and 4" stroke, 1500
rpm, 80 psi mean effective pressure.
Given:
No. of cylinders - 6
Bore, D - 4 in.
Stroke, L - 4 in.
RPM, N - 1500 rpm
Pressure, P - 80 psi
Required: Indicated horsepower
Solution:
L = 4 in. x 1 ft/12 in. = 0.34 ft
A = /4 x D2 = /4 (4)2 = 12.57 in2
PLANn
IHP =
33, 000 x 2
80 x 0.34 x 12.57 x 1500 x 6

=
33, 000 x 2
= 46.61 hp
Problem 73
Suppose an engine has a piston displacement

of 38.4 in3. If the clearance volume of the
cylinder in 2.5 in3, what is its compression
ratio?
Given:
PD - 38.4 in3
CV - 2.5 in3
Required: Compression ratio
Solution:
38.4 in3 + 2.5 in3

CR =
2.5 in3
= 16.4
Problem 74
Calculate the BHP of a 4-cylinder, 2-stroke

cycle internal combustion engine with 4"
diameter and 5" stroke piston. The mean
effective pressure is 102 psi and the number
of explosion per minute is 6600. The
mechanical efficiency of the engine is 80
percent.
Given:
No. of cylinder -4
Mean Eff Pressure - 102 psi
No. of stroke -2
No. of exp/ min. - 600
Bore (diameter) - 4 in.
Mech Eff - 80%
Stroke - 5 in.
Required: BHP
Solution:
No. of explosion/min = N (rev/min) x 1
explosion/cyl./rev x no. of cyl.
= Nx4
N = 150 rpm
102 psi x (144 in2/ft2) x /4 (4/12)2 x

150 x 4
IHP =
33, 000
= 38.84 Hp
BHP = IHP x Mech. Eff.

= 9.79 x 0.8
= 31.07 Hp
Problem 75
The indicated power of an engine is 69

horsepower. The brake horsepower is 54. What
is the mechanical or engine efficiency?
Given:
IHP - 69 Hp
BHP - 54 Hp
Required: Mechanical Efficiency
Solution:
BHP
Mech. Eff. = -------- x 100
IHP
54 Hp
= ------------- x 100
69 Hp
= 78.26%
Problem 76
A person is working for 4 hours in a farm

harvesting. Estimate the power that can be
generated by the person in doing the job.
Given:
t - 4 hours
Required: Power generated
Solution:
Pg = 0.35 - 0.092 log (4 hours x 60 min/hr)
= 0.35 - 0.092 log (240 min0
= 0.13 hp
Problem 77
Two persons are doing the threshing

operation by “Hampasan” method. What is
the total human power generated by the
two persons in one day if they work an
average of 6 hours?
Given:
Work - threshing
No. of persons - 2
Time - 6 hours
Required: Power generated by the two
persons
Solution:
Pg = 0.35 - 0.092 log (6 hours x 60min/hr)
= 0.35 - 0.092 log (360 min)
= 0.11 hp/person
TPg = 0.11 hp/person x 2 persons
= 0.22 hp
Problem 78
An engine was tested on a brake dynamometer at a

speed of 2000 rpm. The brake arm of the machine
is 1.2 meters and it registers a load of 5 kg. What is
the shaft power of the engine?
Given:
Brake arm length - 1.2 meters
Force registered - 5 kg
Required: Engine shaft power
Solution:
Ps = T x N / 974
= 5 kg x 1.2 m x 2000 rpm / 974
= 12.3 kW x Hp / 0.746 hp
= 16.51 hp
Problem 79
The engine fuel tank was completely filled
with gasoline before testing. After 4 hours
of continuous test, 3.7 liters of fuel was used
to reload the tank completely. Test has
shown that the engine shaft power was 10
hp. What is the specific fuel consumption of
the engine?
Given:
Fuel - gasoline
Operating time - 4 hours
Fuel consumed - 3.7 liters
Shaft power - 10 horsepower
Required: Specific fuel consumption
Solution:
3. 7 liters x 0.743 kg/liter gasoline x
1000 g / kg
SFC =
4 hours x 10 hp x 0.746 kW/hp
= 92.13 g/kW-hr
Problem 80
A spark ignition engine was tested with BHP output

of 9.6 horsepower. If the ambient condition during
the test is 30°C ambient air temperature, what is the
corrected BHP of the engine? The total atmospheric
air condition is 1011 mbar.
Given:
BHP of engine tested - 9.6 hp
Ambient air temp - 30°C
Total atmpheric air condition - 1011 mb
Required: Corrected BHP
Solution:
1013 T + 273 0.5
Kg = ---------- x
Pb 293
= 1013/ 1011mbx (30C+273 / 293 )0.5
= 1.019
Corrected BHP = 9.6 hp x 1.019
= 9.78 hp
Problem 81
A four-stroke naturally-aspirated diesel engine

was tested on a prony brake dynamometer and
gave a BHP output of 14.2 horsepower. During
the test, the ambient air temperature was 27°C
while the total atmospheric pressure was 1020
mb. What is the corrected brake horsepower of
the engine?
Given:
Engine - 4 stroke naturally aspirated
BHP output - 14.2 horsepower
Ambient air temperature - 27°C
Total atm pressure - 1020 mb
Required: Corrected BHP
Solution:
1013 0.65 T + 273 0.5
Kd = -------- x -------------
Pb 293
= (1013/1020 mb)0.65 x((27C+273) / 293)0.5

= 1.007
Corrected BHP = 24.2 hp x 1.007

= 14.303 hp
Problem 82
Compute the power that can be generated

by a hydro-turbine with water input of 40
lps with a head of 20 m. The turbine
efficiency is 70%.
Given:
Q - 40 lps or 0.04 m3/s
H - 20 m
K - 0.7
Required: Power
Solution:
P = 9810 x 0.7 x 20 x 0.04
= 5494 watts or 5.5 KW
Problem 83
A hydro site offers a head of 50 m and a flow

of 1.2 m3/s. With an alternator speed
requirement of 1500 rpm in a direct-drive
transmission, compute the specific speed of
the turbine for the system. Assume a turbine
efficiency of 70%.
Given:
Q - 1.2 m3/sec
H - 550 m
t - 70%
Na - 1500
G -1
Required: Turbine specific speed
Solution:
Po = 0.7 x 9810 x 50 m x 1.2 m3/sec x
KW/1000W
= 412 kW
1500 rpm x (412 kW)0.5
Ns =
1 x (50 m)1.25
= 230
Problem 84
A wood charcoal stove consumes 0.5 kg of fuel

per hour. If 95% is volatile matter, what is the
design power of the stove? Assume a 6000
kcal/kg heating value for wood charcoal.
Given:
Fuel consumption rate - 0.5 kg/hr
Percentage volatile matter - 95 %
Required: Design power
Solution:
Pdes = 0.7 (Pc + Pv, max)
= 0.7 (1 + 0.95) (0.5 kg hr x 6000 kcal/kg)
= 4095 kcal/hr
Problem 85
Compute the average power output of a stove

with a fuel consumption rate of 5 kg of rice hull in
4 hours operation. The net calorific value of rice
hull is 3000 kcal/kg.
Given:
Total fuel used - 5 kg
Net calfc value - 3000 kcal/kg
Total burning time - 4 hours
Required: Average power output
Solution:
Pav = 5 kg x 3000 kcal/kg/4 hours
= 3750 kcal/hr
Problem 86
What is the probable height of the flame in a step-

grate stove with a power output of 1000 BTU/hr?
Given:
Power output - 1000 BTU/hr
Type of stove - with grate
°C - 75 mm/kw
Required: Flame height
Solution:
hlf = 75 mm/kw x (1000 BTU/hr x kw/3414.43
BTU/hr)2/5
= 75 mm/kw (0.293 kw)0.4
= 45.9 mm
Problem 87
Two kilogram of rice is to be prepared for

cooking. Estimate the time required to cook it.
Given:
Weight of rice - 2 kg
Required: Cooking Time
Solution:
tc = 550 (2 kg)0.38
= 550 (1.30)
= 715.7 sec or 11.92 min
Problem 88
Two liters of water will be boiled in the stove.

The desired time to boil the water is 20
minutes. If the initial temperature of water is
28°C and the boiling temperature is 100°C,
what is the maximum power required for the
stove? Assume a thermal efficiency of 15% for
the stove.
Given:
Volume of water - 2 liters
Boiling time - 20 minutes
Initial temperature of water - 28°C
Final temperature of water - 100°C
Thermal efficiency - 15%
Required: Maximum power
Solution:
2 x 1 kg/l x kcal/kg -°C (100°C - 28°C)

Pmax =
20 min x hr/60 min (0.15)
= 2880 kcal/hr
Problem 89
Compute the power that can be

generated by a hydro-turbine with
water input of 40 lps with a head
of 20 m. The turbine efficiency is
70%.
Given:
Q - 40 lps or 0.04 m3/s
H - 20 m
K - 0.7
Required: Power
Solution:
P = 9810 x 0.7 x 20 x 0.04
= 5494 watts or 5.5 KW
Problem 90
A 2-ton capacity flat-bed dryer dries

paddy from 20 to 14 percent in 10 hours.
What is the drying capacity of the dryer?
Given:
Capacity of the bin - 2 tons
Drying time - 10 hours
Required: Drying capacity
Solution:
Cd = 2 tons / 10 hours
= 0.2 tons per hour
Problem 91
Five hundred hectares of farm is to be plowed using
5-bottom moldboard plow. The cutting width of
each plow bottom is 20 cm with a cutting depth of
15 cm. If three (3) tractors are pulling a plow at an
average speed of 15 kph, how many days does the
whole area be finished? Assume a plowing
efficiency of 85% and a plowing operation per day
of 6 hours. Also, compute the drawbar hp of the
plow if the specific draft of soil is equal to 12 psi.
Given:
Area - 500 has
No. of Plow - 5
Width of Cut - 20 cm
No of Tractors - 3 units
Speed of Tractor - 15 kph
Plowing Eff - 85%
Operation - 6 hr/day
Soil Draft - 12 psi
Required: Days to finish plowing
Plow drawbar horsepower
Solutions:
Winput = 20 cm x 5 bottoms
= 100 cm
Ct = (0.1 x 100 cm x 15 kph) / (100 cm/m)
= 1.5 ha/day
Ce = 0.85 (1.5 ha/day)
= 1.275 ha/hr-unit
Capacity for 3 tractor unit = 1.275 ha/hr-unit x
3 units
= 3.825 ha/hr x 6 hrs/day
= 22.95 ha/day
No. of days to finish plowing = 500 ha /
(22.95 ha/day)
= 21.78 days
Drawbar Hp = F x V
A = 20 cm/plow x 5 plows x 15 cm
= 1500 cm2
F = (1500 cm2 ) x 12 psi x (1in/2.54 cm)2
x kg/2.2 lb
= 1268.2 kg
DHP = (1268.2 kg x 15 kph x 1000m/km
x hr/3600 sec ) / 76.2 kg-m/sec-hp
= 6.9 hp
Problem 92
A tractor, shown at the right, has the

following engine specifications: number of
cylinders, 6; cylinder bore, 0.15 m; piston
stroke, 0.20 m; engine speed, 2200 rpm;
mean effective pressure, 180 psi; and
number of stroke, 4. What is the indicated
horsepower and brake horsepower of the
engine, assuming an engine efficiency of
80%? What is the estimated PTO power,
wheel axle power, and drawbar power of the
tractor if its transmission efficiencies are
90%, 92%, and 81%, respectively.
Given:
No. of cylinders -6
Cylinder bore - 0.15 m
Mean Eff Pressure - 180 psi
Piston stroke - 0.20 m
Engine stroke -4
Transmission efficiency - 90% to 92%
wheel axle, and 81% db
Required: Indicated horsepower and brake
horsepower of the tractor engine
PTO power, wheel axle power,
and drawbar power
Solution:
IHP = [180 lb/in2 x 704.2 kg/m2] x [0.2m] x
[ (0.15m)2/4] x [2200 rpm / 60
sec/min] x [6 cylinders] / [ 76.2 kg-
m/sec-hp] x 2
= 646.7 hp
Brake Horsepower = 646.7 hp x 0.80
= 517.4 hp
PTO Horsepower = 517.4 hp x 0.90
= 465.7 hp
Wheel Axle Power = 517.4 hp x 0.92
= 475.9 hp
Drawbar Power = 517.4 x 0.81
= 419.1 hp
Problem 93
During transport, a 3,500-kg tractor passes

through an earth road at a speed of 15
kph. The rated brake power of the tractor
is 125 horsepower while the transmission
efficiency from the engine to the wheel
axle is 80%. If the 2-m rear diameter
wheel of the tractor, at 100 meter
distance, can only rotate 11 revolutions
during operation, determine the following:
(1) percentage slip of the tractor wheel; (2)
drawbar horsepower of the tractor; and (3)
tractive efficiency of the tractor wheel.
Given:
Tractor weight - 3500 kg
Running velocity - 15 kph
Brake horsepower - 125 hp
Trans efficiency - 80% engine to
wheel axle
Wheel diameter - 2 m
Coef of rolling resist - 0.07
Required: Slip, drawbar horsepower,
tractive efficiency, and torque
Solutions:
Slip = [ 100 m - ( x 2 m x 11 rev)] x 100
/ [( x 2 m x 11 rev)]
= 44.70%
WAP = 125 hp x 0.8 = 100 hp
Ps = WAP x slip = 100 hp x 0.447
= 44.7 hp
R = 3500 kg x 0.07 = 245 kgf
PR = 245 kgf x 15kph (1000m/km x
hr/3600sec)/76.2
= 13.39 hp
Ploss = Ps + PR = 44.7 hp + 13.39 hp
= 58.09 hp
DHP = 100 hp – (58.09) = 41.9 hp
Eff t = DHP/WAP
= [41.9 hp x 100] / 100 hp
= 41.9%
Problem 94
A 15-wheel axle hp tractor is running at a

speed of 10 kph during harrowing in a deep
mud soil. The tractor weighs 1500 kg. The
wheel diameter of the tractor is 2 meters and
is able to rotate at 14 revolutions in 100 meter
distance. What is the speed of the tractor
wheel in revolution per minute? What are the
power losses of the tractor by wheel slip and
rolling resistances?
Given:
Tractor WAP - 15 hp
Soil condition - deep mud soil
Wheel rotation - 28 revolutions
Distance traveled - 200 meters
Wheel diameter - 2 meters
Required: Wheel slip and speed of tractor
wheel in rpm and power losses
due to wheel slip, and power loss
due to running resistance.
Solution:
Slip = [ 200 m - (  x 2 m x 28 rev ) ] x 100
/ [ (  x 2 m x 28 rev ) ]
= [(200 m – 175.9 m) x 100 / [175.9 m]
= 13.7%
Nw = [10 km/hr x 1000m/km x hr/60 sec] /
[ ( x 2 m) x 0.137]
= 193.6 rpm
Ps = WAP x slip
= 15 hp x 0.137
= 2.6 hp
R = 500 kg x 0.25
= 125 kg
Pr = [125 kg x 10 km/hr x 1000 m/km x
hr/3600 sec] / 76.2 kg-m/sec-hp
= 4.5 hp
Problem 95
A 2-ton capacity flat-bed dryer dries paddy

from 20 to 14 percent in 10 hours.
Compute the moisture reduction per hour
of the dryer.
Given:
Initial moisture content - 20%
Final moisture content - 14%
Drying Time - 10 hours
Required: Moisture reduction per hour
Solution:
MR = (20% - 14%) / 10 hours
= 6% / 10 hours
= 0.6 percent / hour
Problem 96
If the amount of heat used in removing moisture

from the grains in a continuous-flow dyer is 3000
kJ/hr, what is the heat utilization efficiency if the
burner uses 6000 kJ/hr of fuel?
Given:
Total heat utilized - 3000 kJ/hr
Heat supplied - 6000 kJ/hr
Required: Heat utilization efficiency
Solution:
HUE = 3000 kJ / 6000 kJ/hr x 100
= 50%
Problem 97
What is the wheel axle power of a four-wheel

tractor whose engine power is equal to 150
Hp. The mechanical efficiency is 85%.
Given:
Tractor - 4 wheel type
Engine power - 150 hp
Mech Eff - 85%
Required: Wheel axle power
Solution:
Pw = m Pe
= 0.85 (150 hp)
= 127.5 hp
Problem 98
What is the wheel axle torque of the tractor in

Problem 97 if its wheel rotates at 40 rpm.
Given:
Speed of rotation - 40 rpm
Required: Wheel axle torque
Solution:
1000 N
T =
2n
1000 (127.5 hp x 0.746)

=
2  x 940 rpm
= 378.45 N-m
Problem 99
If the tractor wheel in Problem 97 has 2 meter

diameter, what is the force available at the
wheel of the tractor?
Given:
Required: Force available at the wheel
Solution:
T = FR
F = T/R
= 378.45/ 1m
= 378.4 N
Problem 100
The wheel of the tractor rotates by two-halves

revolution at a distance of 20 meters. What is
the percentage slip of the tractor?
Given:
Number of rotation - 2.5 rev
Distance - 20 meters
Required: Percentage slip
Solution:
An = 20 m
 (2 m) (2.5 rev.)
AL =
rev.
= 15.7 m
20 - 15.7
S = x 100
15.7
= 27.39%
Problem 101
If a tractor weighs 2.5 tons and

runs in a deep mud soil. What is
the rolling resistance of the
tractor?
Given:
Tractor weight - 2.5 tons
Soil type - deep mud
Rolling Resistance – 0.25
Required: Rolling resistance
Solution:
R = 0.25 (2500 kg)
= 625 kgf
Problem 102
If the tractor in Problem 101 runs

at a velocity of 15 kph, what is the
power loss?
Given:
Tractor velocity - 15 kph
Required: Power loss
Solution:
PL = Ps + PRR
625 kgf (15 km/hr) (1000/3000)
= 127.5 (0.2739) +
76.2 kg-m/sec-hp
= 34.92 hp + 34.18 hp
= 69.09 hp
Problem 103
A 2.4 meter sugar planter is used to

transplant sugarcane to a 150-hectare
farm. The plant spacing is 60 cm while the
row spacing is 120 cm. Compute the
number of hills the machine can plant for
the entire area. What is the rate of
planting in hills per hectare if the machine
travels at a speed of 6 kph? Estimate the
number of tractors and of planter units
required to finish the entire area in 10
days with 8 hours/day operation. Assume
a planting efficiency of 80%.
Given:
Area - 150 ha Tractor Field Capacity = 2.4 m x 6 kph
Plant spacing - 60 cm x 0.80
Row spacing - 120 cm = 1.15 ha/hr-tractor
Speed - 6 kph
Oper time required - 10 day (8hr/day) No. of Tractors = 150 ha / (1.15 ha/hr-
Field efficiency - 80 % tractor x 8 hr/day
Required: No. of hills to be planted x 10 days)
Rate of planting in hills/ha = 1.63 Tractors
No. of tractors/planter unit use 2 tractors
Solution:
150 ha x 10, 000
No. of hills =
06 m x 1.2 m
= 2, 083, 333.3 hills
Rate of planting = 0.1 x 6 km/hr x 1.2 m

x 0.80
= 0.576 ha/hr
Problem 104
Two pulleys of a tractor–generator drive

system are running in opposite direction.
The pulleys were measured to have 6-meters
center distance from each other. If the
tractor pulley is 8 inches and the generator
pulley is 6 inches, what would be the total
length of the belt in the drive system?
Given:
Center distance -6m
Tractor pulley - 8 inches
Generator pulley - 6 inches
Required: Length of belt
Solution:
L = 2 C + 1.57 (D + d) + (D+d)2 / 4C
= 2 (236.22 in.) + 1.57 (8 in. + 6 in.) +
(8 in. +6 in. ) 2 / (4 in x 236.22 in)
= 472.44 in. + 21.98 in. + 0.2074 in.
= 494.63 in.
Problem 105
An axial-flow biomass shredder is equipped

with a 5-inch diameter double-groove V-belt
at its cylinder axle. The engine used to drive
the machine is rated at 2400 rpm at an
optimum engine throttle opening. If the
engine pulley is 4 inches, what is the speed of
the shredder axle? What is the speed ratio of
the engine and the shredder pulleys?
Given:
Shredder pulley - 5 inches
Engine pulley - 4 inches
Required: Shredder speed and speed ratio
Solution:
N1 D1 = N 2 D2
N1 = N2 D2 / D1
= (2400 rpm x 4 inches) / 5 inches
= 1,920 rpm
Nr = N2 / N1
= 2,400 rpm / 1,920 rpm
= 1.25
Problem 106
Design a water pump system required

to supply water to 10,000 heads of
broiler in a poultry farm. The source
of water is 20 ft below the ground and
is required to be elevated to 30-ft high
into a water tank. The specific water
requirement of the broiler is 0.025
m3/day-head. Assume a 20% friction
head load from the suction and
discharge head loss. Pump operating
time is 20 hrs per day.
Given:
No. of broilers - 10,000 heads
Hs - 20 ft
Hd - 30 ft
SWR - 0.025 m3/day-chicken
Friction Head - 20% of the Hs & Hd
Operating time - 20 hr per day
Required:
Pump flow rate, total head, water hp,
brake hp, and motor hp
Solution:
(a) Pump flow rate = 0.025 m3/day-head
x 10,000 heads x 1 day/20 hrs
= 12.5 m3/hr
(b) Total head = (20 ft + 30 ft)(1.2)
= 60 ft / (3.28 ft/m)
= 18.3 m
(c ) Water Hp = 12.5 m3/hr (18.3 m) /273
= 0.84 hp
(d) Brake hp = 0.84 hp / 0.60
= 1.4 hp
(e) Motor Hp = 1.4 hp/ (0.95 x 0.8)
= 1.84 hp or use 2 hp electric motor
Problem 107
Design a water pump system required

to supply water to a 5-hectare rice farm.
The source of water is from a river 10
feet below, and discharges water 2 ft
above the ground surface. Consider
25% friction head from the suction and
from the discharge head of the piping
system. Assume a crop requirement for
rice of 10 mm/day and losses due to
percolation and seepage of 2 mm/day.
Conveyance losses is 10% of the
irrigation requirement. Assume a 60%
pump efficiency, an 80% transmission
efficiency, and an 80% engine efficiency.
Operating time per day is 8 hrs.
Given:
Area of the farm - 5 hectare rice farm
Hs - 10 ft
Hd - 2 ft
Hf - 25% of Hs & Hd
Crop Requirement - 10 mm/day
Seepage & percolation - 2 mm/day
Conveyance losses - 10% of IR (c) Pump discharge rqt = (660
m3/day)(day/8 hrs)
Required: = 82.5 m3/hr
Pump capacity, total head loss, water (d) Total head = (10 ft + 2
hp, brake hp, motor hp ft)(1.25)/(3.28 ft/m)
= 4.5 m
Solution: (e) Water hp = 82.5 m3/hr x 4.5 m / 273
(a) Irrigation requirement = (10 = 1.36 hp
mm/da + 2 mm/day)/(1000
mm/m) 50,000 m2 (f) Brake hp = 1.36 / 0.6
= 600 m3/day = 2.26 hp
(b) Diversion requirement = (600 (e) Engine hp = 2.26 hp
m3/day ) 1.1
= 2.26 hp / 0.8 /0.8
= 660 m3/day
= 3.5 hp use 5 hp engine
Problem 108
What is the wind power of a

windpump having 5 meter diameter
rotor at a wind speed of 4 m/sec?
Given:
Rotor diameter - 5 m
Wind velocity - 4 m/s
Required:
Wind Power
Solution:
Pw = ½ da Ar V3
= ½ (1.2 kg/m3) (π (5m)2 /
4 ) (4 m/s) 3
= 753.6 watts
Problem 109
What is the power of the rotor if the 3-

meter windpump operates at 3 mps wind Pr
speed? Assume a power coefficient for
the windpump rotor of 0.4. Pw
Given:
Rotor diameter -3m
Average wind speed - 3 m/s
Power coefficient - 0.4
Required:
Rotor Power
Solution:
Rotor Power = (Cp) ½ ds Ar V3
= (0.4) ½ (1.2 kg/m3)
(π (3 m)2 / 4) (3 m/s)3
= 45.8 watts
Problem 110
What is the rotor speed of a

windpump having a rotor diameter of
4 m at a design speed of 3 m/s? The
rotor will contain 12 blades with
expected TSR of 2.
Given:
Rotor diameter - 4 m
Design velocity - 3 m/s
TSR - 2
Required:
Rotor speed
Solution:
Nr = (TSR x Vw ) / ( π D)
= (2 x 3 m/s) / (π x 4 m)
= 0.48 rps x 60 sec/min
= 28.7 rpm
Problem 111
What is the hydraulic power required

by a windpump to deliver water at a
rate of 15 m3/day with a head of 10
meters? Assume a 10 hours water
pumping per day.
Given:
Discharge - 15 m3/day
Head - 10 m
Pumping time - 10 hours per day
Required: Hydraulic Power
Solution:
Ph = dw g H Qp
= (1000 kg/m3) (9.8 m/s2)
(10 m) ( 15m3/day x day /
10 hrs x hr/3600 sec)
= 40.8 watts
Problem 112
A 3,500-kg tractor passes through an

earth road at a speed of 15 kph. The
rated brake power of the tractor is
125 horsepower while the
transmission efficiency from the
engine to the wheel axle is 80%. If
the 2-meter-diameter rear wheels of
the tractor, at 100-meter distance,
can only rotate 11 revolutions during
operation, determine the following:
(1) percentage slip of the tractor
wheel; (2) drawbar horsepower of
the tractor; and (3) tractive efficiency
of the tractor wheel.
Given:
Running velocity - 15 kph
Brake horsepower - 125 hp
Trans efficiency - 80% engine to
wheel axle
Coef of rolling resistance - 0.07
Required:
Slip, drawbar horsepower, tractive
R = 3500 kg x 0.07
efficiency, and torque
= 245 kgf
PR = 245 kgf x 15kph (1000m/km
Solutions:
x hr/3600sec)/76.2
Slip = [ 100 m - ( x 2 m x 11 rev)]
= 13.39 hp
x 100 / [( x 2 m x 11 rev)]
Ploss = Ps + PR
= 44.70%
= 44.7 hp + 13.39 hp
WAP = 125 hp x 0.8
= 58.09 hp
= 100 hp
DHP = 100 hp – (58.09)
Ps = WAP x slip
= 41.9 hp
= 100 hp x 0.447
Eff t = DHP/WAP
= 44.7 hp
= [41.9 hp x 100] / 100 hp
= 41.9%
Problem 113
A 15-wheel axle-hp tractor harrowing

a deep mud soil is running at a speed
of 10 kph. The tractor weighs 1500
kg. The wheel diameter of the tractor
is 2 meters and is able to rotate at 14
revolutions in 100 meter distance.
What is the speed of the tractor
wheel in revolution per minute?
What are the power losses of the
tractor in terms of wheel slip and
rolling resistances?
Given:
Tractor WAP - 15 hp
Soil condition - deep mud soil
Wheel rotation - 28 revolutions
Distance traveled - 200 meters
Required:
Wheel slip and speed of tractor wheel
in rpm and power
losses due to wheel slip, and power
loss due to running resistance.
Solution:
Ps = WAP x slip
Slip = [ 200 m - (  x 2 m x 28 rev ) ]
= 15 hp x 0.137
x 100 / [ (  x 2 m x 28 rev ) ]
= 2.6 hp
= [(200 m – 175.9 m) x 100 /
R = 500 kg x 0.25
[175.9 m]
= 13.7% = 125 kg
Pr = [125 kg x 10 km/hr x
Nw = [10 km/hr x 1000m/km x hr/
1000 m/km x hr/3600 sec] /
60 sec]/ [ ( x 2 m) x 0.137]
76.2 kg-m/sec-hp
= 193.6 rpm
= 4.5 hp
Problem 114
Compute the amount of power that can

be developed by a 600-kg draft animal
pulling an 80-kg load at a speed of 0.9
m/sec.
Given:
Weight of animal = 600 kg
Load = 80 kg
Speed = 0.9m.sec
Required:
Hp
Solution:
Hp = F x V
= 80 kg x 0.9m/sec
= 72 kg-m/sec or 0.96 hp
Problem 115
Two persons are threshing by “Hampasan”

method. What is the total human power
generated by the two persons in one day if
they work at an average of 6 hours?
Given:
Work = threshing
No. of persons = 2
Time = 6 hours
Required:
Power generated by the two persons
Solution:
Pg = 0.35 - 0.092 log (6 hours x 60 min/hr)
= 0.35 - 0.092 log (360 min)
= 0.11 hp/person
TPg = 0.11 hp/person x 2 persons
= 0.22 hp
Problem 116
At 18 degrees working angle, a tandem-

disk harrow is used to pulverize newly
plowed farm at a rate speed of 10
km/hour. Compute the: effective width
of the implement; the theoretical field
capacity; and the effective field
capacity of the harrow. Assume a field
efficiency of 90%. The harrow has 24
pieces of 30-cm disk spaced at 20 cm.
Given:
Harrow = tandem
Work angle = 18 deg
Speed = 10 kph
Field Eff = 90%
No. Disks = 24 units
Disk Dia = 30 cm
Spacing = 20 cm
Required:
Effective Field Capacity
Solution:
(a) Effective Width
We = 0.95 N S + 1.2 D
= 0.95 (23) (20 cm) + 1.2 (30cm)
= 473 cm
(b) Theoretical Field Capacity
Ct = 0.1 W (V)
= 0.1 x 473 cm x m/100cm
x 10 kph
= 4.73 ha/hr
(c ) Effective Field Capacity
Ce = f Ct
= 0.90 x 4.73 ha/hr
= 4.26 ha/hr
Problem 117
A 2-ton capacity flat-bed dryer

dries paddy from 20 to 14
percent in 10 hours. What is the
drying capacity of the dryer?
Also compute the moisture
reduction per hour of the dryer.
Given:
Capacity of the bin = 2 tons
Drying time = 10 hours
Initial MC = 20%
Final MC = 14 % Solution:
Drying time = 10 hours Cd = 2 tons/ 10 hours
= 0.2 tons per hour
Required: MR = (20% - 14%) 10 hours
Drying capacity and Moisture = 6% / 10 hours
Reduction per Hour = 0.6 percent/ hour
Problem 118
If the amount of heat used in

removing the moisture from the
grains in a continuous-flow dryer is
3000 kJ/hr, what is the heat
utilization efficiency of the dryer if
the burner uses 6000 kJ/hr of fuel?
Given:
Heat utilized = 3000 kJ/hr
Heat supplied = 6000 kJ/hr
Required:
Heat utilization efficiency
Solution:
HUE = (3000 kJ/hr) / (6000 kJ/hr
x 100)
= 50 %
Problem 119
A 16-hp rotary tiller is tilling at a

depth of 10 cm. Its rotating tiller has
a width of 0.5 m. What is the specific
power output of the machine if it is
traveling at a speed of 0.5 m/sec?
Assume a power transmission
efficiency for the tiller of 0.80.
Given:
Power Input = 16 hp
Depth of Cut = 10 cm Solution:
Width of Cut = 0.5 m SPO = (16 Hp x 0.80 x 746 watt/Hp)/
Speed of Tiller = 0.5 m/sec (100 (50 cm) (10 cm)
Power Trans Eff = 0.80 (0.5 m/sec)
= 0.382 Watts/cm3
Required:
Specific Power Output
Problem 120
A 4 x 6 rubber roller is used as husker

for a rice mill. The faster roller is
directly driven by an electric motor at a
speed of 1720 rpm. What would be the
required speed for the faster and slower
rollers?
Given:
Size of Roller - 4 x 6
Speed of motor - 1720 rpm
Required:
Speed faster and slower rollers
Solution:
Speed of faster roller = 1720 rpm
Speed of slower roller = 1720 rpm
x (0.75)
= 1290 rpm
Problem 121
Compute the drawbar pull of plow

on a power tiller whose depth and
width of cut are equal to 10 cm x 8
cm. The number of plow bottom is
2. Soil draft is equal to 5 psi. If the
plow is drawn at a speed of 10
km/hr, what is the drawbar
horsepower of the plow?
Given:
Width of Cut = 8 cm
Depth of Cut = 10 cm
No. of Plow = 2
Draft = 5 psi
Speed = 10 kph
Required:
Drawbar pull
Solution:
A = 10 cm x 8 cm x 2 plows
= (80 cm2 x 2 plows) x 2 plows
= 160 cm2
F = 160 cm2 x 5 lb/ in2 x in2 /

2.54 in2 x kg / 2.2 lbs
= 56.36 kg
DHP = (56.36 kg x 10 kph x 1000
m/km x Hr/3600 sec) /
(76.2 kg-m/sec-Hp)
= 2.04 Hp
Problem 122
A sprayer containing 100 liters of

mixture operates at a nozzle discharge
of 0.2 liters per minute per nozzle. If
the sprayer boom consist of 6 nozzles,
at what time does the sprayer mixture
be changed?
Given:
Vm – 100 liters
Dn - 0.2 lpm
Nn – 6 nozzles
Required:
Time to change mixture
Solution:
Tc = (100 liters) / [(0.2 lpm-nozzle)
x 6 nozzles) x 60 min/hr]
= 1.39 hours
Problem 123
A rice husk gas stove has a reactor

diameter of 0.15 m. The amount of rice
husk that can be loaded in the reactor is
1.20 kg. If the specific gasification rate of
the stove is 110 kg/m2-hr, how long does
the gasifier will operate producing
combustible gases? Assume a gasifier
efficiency of 20%.
Given:
Dr - 0.15 m; Wf - 1.20 kg
SGR – 110 kg/m2-hr
Required:
Operating time
Solution:
To = SGR x Ar x g x / Wf
= [110 kg/m2-hr x  (0.15 m)2/4
x 0.2 ] / 1.20 kg
= 0.3 hrs or 20 minutes
Problem 124
Determine the diameter of a gasifier

required to provide power for a gas
burner that consumes 10 kg of rice
husk per hour. The specific gasification
rate of the gasifier is 110 kg/m2-hr.
Also determine the amount of air
needed for gasification in m3/hr.
Assume a gasifier efficiency of 54% and
equivalence ratio of 0.3.
Given:
FCR - 10 kg/hr
SGR - 110 kg/m2-hr
g – 54%
Required: Diameter of reactor and Air

required for combustion
Solution:
Ar = FCR / (SGR x g) = 10 kg/hr /

(110 kg/m2-hr x 0.54)
= 0.17 m2
Dr =  [4 x Ar /  ]
=  4 (0.17 m2) / 
= 0.46 m
Ag = SA x a x FCR x 
= 4.7 kg air/kg fuel x 1.25 kg/m3
x 10 kg/hr x 0.3
= 17.6 m3/hr
Problem 125
A gasifier reactor has a diameter of

0.78 m and a length of 2.4 m. If the
reactor will be loaded with rice husk
at 80% load, how long does the
gasifier would operate to totally
consume the rice husk fuel? How
much air is needed for the
gasification of fuel? Assume a
specific gasification rate of 110
kg/m2-hr, equivalence ratio of 0.3,
rice husk density of 100 kg/m3,
stoichiometric air requirement of
4.7 kg air per kg rice husk, and
gasifier efficiency of 20%.
Given:
Dr – 0.78 m
Lr – 2.4 m
%L – 80%
SGR - 110 kg/m2-hr
- 0.3
rh - 100 kg/m3
SAR - 4.7 kg air per kg rice husk
g – 20%
Required:
Time to operate the gasifier and the To = [Wf x g] / [SGR x Ar]
air required for gasification = [92 kg x 0.2] / [110 kg/m2-hr
x ( (0.78)2 /4]
Solution: = 0.35 hr
Vf = [ D2/4] L Ag = Wf x SA x  / To
= [ (0.78)2 / 4 ] x 2.4 m = 92 kg x 4.7 kg air/kg fuel
= 1.15 m3 x 0.8 x 0.3 / 0.35 hr
= 0.92 m3 = 370.62 kg/hr or 296.5 m3/hr
Wf = 0.92 m3 x 100 kg/m3
= 92 kg
Problem 126
An 8 x 10 rubber-roll-huller head was

purchased for installation in an existing rice
milling plant. The proposed drive for the huller
is an electric motor with operating speed of
1720 rpm. If the motor will use a 4-inche
pulley, what will be the pulley for the huller?
Given:
Rubber huller size - 8 x 10
Motor speed - 1720 rpm
Motor pulley - 4 inches
Required:
Huller pulley
Solution:
Huller speed = (14 m/s) x 3.28 ft/m
x (60 sec/min) / (8 in/12 x 3.14)
= 1315.8 rpm
Huller pulley = 1720 rpm (4 in) /1315.8 rpm
= 5.23 in
Problem 127
A disk huller having a diameter of 600 mm will be

installed as return huller for a rice milling plant.
As an Agricultural Engineer, determine the
diameter of the pulley required for the huller.
The motor for the huller will have a pulley
diameter of 4 inches and will be expected to run
at 1740 rpm.
Given:
Diameter of huller - 600 mm
Motor pulley - 4 in.
Required:
Huller pulley diameter
Solution:
Huller rpm = (14 m/s ) (60 s/min)
/[ 3.14 (0.6 m)]
= 445.8 rpm
Huller Pulley D = 4 in (1740 rpm) / 445.8 rpm
= 15.6 in. use 16 in.
Problem 128
A rice milling plant is to be designed to run at

a throughput rate of 5 tons per hour. The
design milling recovery is 69% while the
hulling efficiency is 95%. How many
compartments are needed for the paddy
separator of the rice mill? Assume 50 kg
br/hr-comp.
Given:
Throughput capacity - 5 tph
Milling recovery - 69%
Hulling efficiency - 95%
Required:
No. of compartments
Solution:
C p = 5 tph / 0.69
= 7.25 tph of paddy
C br = 7.25 tph x 0.95
= 6.9 tph brown rice
No. of compartments = 6.9 tph
x 1000 kg/ton x 1 comp/50 kg-hr
= 138 compartments
Problem 129
Wheel slip test of a tractor had shown that

a wheel rotates by two-and-a-half
revolutions at a distance of 20 meters. If
the tractor wheel has a diameter of 2
meters, what is the percentage slip of the
tractor wheel?
Given: Solution:
Wheel diameter – 2 meters Dl =  D Nr
wheel rotation – 2-1/2 rev, =  x 2 m x 2.5 rev
distance travel – 20 meters = 15.7 m
Dn = 20 m
Required: S = [( 20 m – 15.7 m) / 15.7 m]
Percentage wheel slip x 100
= 27.89%
Problem 130
A four-wheel tractor weighs 2.5 tons

and runs in a deep mud soil during
rotary tilling operation. What is the
rolling resistance of the tractor wheel?
Given:
Tractor weight – 2.5 tons
Coefficient of rolling resistance – 0.25
Required:
Rolling resistance of tractor wheel
Solution:
R = Cr x W
= 0.25 x 2,500 kg
= 0.625 kg
Problem 131
Compute the traveling speed of a tractor

at 2nd gear with engine speed set at 2400
rpm. The diameter of wheel of the
tractor is 2 meters.
Given:
Gear position - 2nd
Engine speed – 2400 rpm
Required:
Tractor speed
Solution:
Vt = 0.033 x 2400 rpm x 2 m / 2.49
= 63.6 kph
Problem 132
A furnace is required to supply heat to a

water boiler of a kiln dryer. The boiler
tank contains 2 cubic meters of water
and needs to be heated from 27C to
100C within 1 hour. The boiler is
required to maintain the water
temperature at 100C and allow the
water to evaporate at 100 kg per hour.
What is the power input of the furnace
in raising the temperature of the water
and in maintaining its operation?
Assume a boiler efficiency of 70% and a
furnace efficiency of 40%, and a heat of
vaporization of water of 540 kCal/kg.
Given:
V – 2 m3
T1-27C;
T2-100C;
M – 100 kg/hr
b – 70%
f – 40%
Required:
Power input in raising the
temperature of water and maintaining
its operation
Solution:
Qh = m cp (Ts-T1)
= 2 m3 x 1000 kg/m3 x 1 kcal/kg Pi heating = 146,000 kCal/(0.4 x 0.7)
-C x (100 C- 27 C) = 521,428.6 kCal/hr
= 146 kCal / 1 hr Pi evaporating = 54,000 kCal/hr / (0.4
= 146,000 kCal/hr x 0.7)
Qe = m x hfg = 192,857.1 kCal/hr
= 100 kg water /hr x 540 kCal/kg
= 54,000 kCal/hr
Problem 133
There are 1000 heads of chicken in a

poultry farm. Estimate the kilos of
dung that can be produced by the
chicken within 1 month.
Given :
Animal - poultry
No. of heads - 1000 chicken
Required:
Weight of dung produce in 1 month
Solution:
Weight of Dung = 0.075 kg
/day-animal
x 1000 animals x 30 days
= 2,250 kg
Problem 134
A digester requires 1000 kilos of

substrates per day. How many heads of
hogs are needed to sustain the
requirement of the digester? Assume a
water to manure ratio of 1:1.
Given:
Animal- Hogs
Weight of substrate required –
1000 kilos per day
Required :
No of heads of hogs to sustain
operation
Solution:
No. of Heads = 500 kg x 1 day /
8 kg-day/ animal
= 62.5 hogs or use 63 heads
Problem 135
Determine the size of the digester required

to produce biogas for a livestock farm having
500 heads of cattle. The projected retention
time is 25 days with feed material to water
ratio of 1:1.5. Also estimate the amount of
gas that can be produced from the digester
and the number of gas burner that can be
supplied by the system.
Given:
No of heads of cattle – 500
Retention time – 25 days
Feed material to water ratio – 1: 1.5
Density of substrate – 1000 kg/m3
Required:
Size of the digester and number of
burner that can be supplied by
the system
Solution:
Wt of manure = 500 heads
x 14 kg/day-head
= 7,000 kg/day
Volume of manure = 7,000 kg/day
x m3/1000 kg
= 7 m3/day
Volume of Slurry = 7 m3/day
+ 7 m3/day (1.5)
= 17.5 m3 / day
Volume of Digester = 17.5 m3/day
x 25 days
= 437.5 m3
Gas produced per day = 0.03 m3/kg
x 7,000 kg/day
= 210 m3/day
Number of Burners = 0.42 m3/hr-burner
/ 210 m3/day x day/6 hrs
= 35 burners
Problem 136
Compute the diameter of the solid shaft

of a fluted mill rotating at a speed of
100 rpm and transmitting power of 1.2
hp. Assume a 6000-psi design stress for
shear. Consider that the shaft is
subjected to torsion only.
Given:
N – 100 rpm
Ss – 6000 psi
Hp – 1.2
Required:
Shaft diameter
Solution:
T = 63000 x 1.2 / 100 rpm
= 756 in-lb
D = (16 x 756 in-lb /  x 6000 psi) 1/3
= 0.863 in.
therefore use 1 in. diameter shaft
Problem 137
A solid steel shaft of a huller is needed to

deliver 2.5 kW when rotating at 1200
rpm. Find the minimum diameter of the
shaft if its allowable shear stress is 40
MN/m2.
Given:
Hp – 2.5 kW
Shaft speed – 1200 rpm
Allowable shear – 40 MN/m2
Required:
Minimum shaft diameter
Solution:
T = (kW x 1000 x 60) / 2  N
= 2.5 x 1000 x 60 / 2  x 1200 rpm
= 19.89 N-m
D = (16 x 19.89 N-m /  x 40 MN/m2
x 10 6 ) 1/3
= 0.0136 m or 13.6 mm
Problem 138
Determine the speed of a hammer

mill driven by an electric motor at a
speed of 1740 rpm. The motor
pulley is 4 inches while the milling
machine pulley is 3 inches.
Assume that there is no slip on the
drive system.
Given:
Motor pulley - 4 in.
Machine pulley - 3 in.
Required:
Machine speed
Solution:
N1 D1 = N2 D2
N1 = (1740 rpm x 4 in.)
/ (3 in.)
= 2320 rpm
Problem 139
A combine harvester, with 3-meter-

wide effective width, passes the
field at a speed of 4 kph. If the field
efficiency of the machine is 70%,
what is the field capacity of the
harvester?
Given:
Width of harvester - 3 m
Velocity of harvesting - 4 kph
Required:
Effective field capacity
Solution:
FC theoretical = 0.1 x 3 m x 4 kph
= 1.2 ha per hr
FC effective = 1.2 ha per hr x 0.70
= 0.84 ha per hr
Problem 140
A five-row reaper, with a spacing of 30

cm per row, is harvesting at a speed of 2
kph. The field efficiency of the reaper is
70%. If the specific draft of the machine
is 2 kg per row, what is the power
output of the reaper?
Given:
No. of row - 5
Row spacing - 30 cm
Speed of harvesting - 2 kph
Specific draft - 2 kg/row
Required:
power of the reaper and effective
field capacity
Solution:
Power = specific draft x No. of Row
= 2 kg/row x 5 rows
= 10 kg x 2 kph x 1000 m/km
x hr/3600 sec
= 5.56 hp
FC theo = 0.1 x (5 rows x 30 cm/row)
x 2 kph
= 0.1 x 1.5 m x 2 kph
= 0.30 ha/hr
FC eff = 0.30 ha/hr x 0.70
= 0.21 ha/hr
Problem 141
A 6-meter wide harvester is harvesting

corn at a rate of 100 kg per minute. The
effective width of the machine is 90% of its
width. If it runs at a speed of 2.5 kph, what
is the effective field capacity and harvesting
rate of the machine in tons per hectare?
Assume a machine field efficiency of 70%.
Given:
Width of harvester - 6 meters
Effective width - 90% of
machine width
Harvesting rate - 100 kg per
minute
Speed of harvesting - 2.5 kph
Required:
Effective field capacity and
harvesting rate in tons per
hectare
Solution:
FC theo = 0.1 x (6 m x 0.90)
x 2.5 kph
= 1.35 ha/hr
FC eff = 1.35 ha/hr x 0.70

= 0.945 ha/hr
Harvesting Rate = (100 kg/min x 1 ton

/1000 kg x 60 min/hr)
/(0.945 hr/hr)
= 6.3 tons per hectare
Problem 142
Compute the apparent air velocity in a 1-

ton-capacity flat-bed dryer having a
dimension of 2.4 m x 2.4 m square bin.
The specific airflow rate of the dryer is 50
m3 per minute of air per m3 of grain.
Assume a density of grain of 500 kg/m3.
Given:
Total airflow - 50 m3/min
Area - 2.4 m x 2.4 m
Grain drying - 500 kg/m3
Required:
Apparent air velocity
Solution: Q = 50 m3/min-m3 x 2 m3
Volume = 1 ton x 1000 kg/ton = 100 m3/min
x m3/500kg Vapp = 100 m3/min / 2.4 m x 2.4 m
= 2 m3 = 17.36 m/min
Problem 143
A solar dryer is used to reduce the

moisture content of four tons of paddy
rice from 25% to 15% wet basis. What is
the amount of moisture that can be
removed from the paddy?
Given:
MC initial - 25%
MC final - 14%
Initial weight - 4 tons
Required:
Weight of moisture removed
Solution:
Wt. of Moisture removed = Wi – Wf
Wt. final = Wi (1 – MCi) / (1 – MCf) Wt. of moisture removed = 4 tons –
= 4 tons (1- 0. 25) / (1 -0.14) 3.53 tons
= 4(0.75) / (0.86) = 0.47 ton
= 3.53 tons
Problem 144
A single-phase 220-V electric motor

has a current input of 4.5 amp. If the
power factor of the motor is
estimated to be at 0.98, what is the
power input of the motor?
Given:
Input voltage - 220 volt
Input current - 4.5 amp
Power factor - 0.98
Required:
Power input
Solution:
Power Input = E I Cos θ
= 220 volt x 4.5 amp
x 0.98
= 970.2 watts
Problem 145
Find the length of belt required for a

V-belt drive with 4-inch-diameter
driver pulley and 12-inch-diameter
driven pulley. The center distance
between pulleys is 36 inches.
Given:
D1 - 4 in; D2 – 12 in; C – 36 in.
Required:
Length of belt
Solution:
L = 2 C + 1.57 (D1+D2)
+ (D1-D2)2 /4C
= 2 (36 in) + 1.57 (12 in + 4 in)
+ (12 in – 4 in)2 / 4 (36 in.)
= 72 in. + 25.12 in. + 0.44 in.
= 97.6 in use 98 in.
Problem 146
The drive shaft of an engine is

driving the rice mill line shaft that
drives a 24-inches flat pulley in a
crossed-drive assembly. The drive
shaft pulley has a diameter of 6
inches. The distance between
pulleys measured from the center
of the shaft is 20 ft. What would
be the length of the flat belt
needed for the drive? Add 1 ft
from the computed belt length for
splicing purposes.
Given:
D1 – 6 in.
D2 – 24 in.
C = 20 ft
Required:
Length of belt
Solution:
L = 2 C + 1.57 (D1+D2)
+ (D1 + D2) 2 / 4C
= 2 x 20 ft x 12 in./ft
+ 1.57 (24 in. + 6 in.)
+ (24 in. + 6 in. ) 2
/ (4 x 20 ft x 12 in./ft)
= 480 in. + 47.1 in. + 0.94 in.
= 528.04 in. + 12 in.
allowance
= 540.04 in. or 45 ft
Problem 147
If a NSK 6200 single-row deep-

groove ball bearing will be used
to drive a pulley that delivers
119.8 kgf, how many revolution
does the bearing last? If the
bearing runs at 1800 rpm, how
long it will last?
Solution:
Given:
From bearing catalogue, basic
Bearing - 6200 single-row
dynamic load of 6200 ball bearing
deep groove
is 400 kgf
Actual load - 119.8 kgf
N - 1800 rpm
Lr = (C/P) 3
= (400 kgf/119.8 kgf)3
Required:
= 37.22 x 106 rev
Fatigue life in rev and number
Lh = (33.33/1800) 0.33
of hours the bearing will last
x 37,220,000 rev
= 997.86 hours
Problem 148
Using the Nomograph, determine the life

of the bearing with 200 kgf actual load.
The bearing rotates at 1500 rpm and has
a load rating of 3500 kgf.
Given:
Bearing actual load - 200 kgf
Bearing speed - 1500 rpm
Bearing load rating - 3500 kgf
Required:
Bearing life in hour using nomograph
Solution:
C/P = 1500 kgf / 200 kgf = 17.5
Using the nomograph, at 1500 rpm the life
in hours is approx 60,000 hours.
Link-Belt Life Bearing Nomograph
Problem 149
A horizontal mixer is designed to

incorporate soil and charcoal for
composting laboratory experiment.
The motor used drives series of belt
and pulleys as follows: D1 = 4 in.;
D2 = 12 in.; D3 = 2 in.; D4 = 12 in.;
D5 = 2 in.; and D6 = 12 in. Determine
the speed of the shafts in every
transmission drive if the motor runs
at a speed of 1720 rpm.
Given:
D1=4 in.
D2=12 in.
D3=2 in.
D4=12 in.
D5=2 in.
D6=12 in.
N1 = 1720 rpm
Required:
Shafts speed
Solution:
N2 = D2N2/D1
= 4 in (1720 rpm)/12 in
= 573.3 rpm
N3 = N2D3/D4
= 2 in (573.3 rpm)/12 in
= 95.55 rpm
N4 = D5N3/D6
= 2 in (95.55 rpm)/12 in
= 15.9 rpm
Problem 150
An engine flat pulley is used to drive

a vertical feed mixer input shaft at a
speed of 250 rpm. The engine pulley
diameter is 4 inches and runs at a
speed of 2000 rpm. If the shaft
center distance is 8 ft, what is the
length of the belt needed for the
drive?
Given:
D1 – 4 in.
N1 – 2000 rpm
N2 – 250 rpm
C – 8 ft
Required:
Length of belt
Solution:
N1 D1 = N2 D2
D2 = N1 D1 / N 2
= 4 in. x 2000 rpm / 250 rpm
= 32 in
L = 1.57(D1 + D2) +  (C2 + D12)
+  (C2 + D22)
= 1.57(32 + 4) +  (962 +322)
+  (962 + 42)
= 56.52 in. + 101.19 in.
+ 96.08 in.
= 253.79 in or 21.15 ft
Problem 151
If the humidity ratios of the

drying air and the ambient air are
0.002 1bmoisture/1bda and 0.001
1bmoisture/1bda, respectively,
what is the drying time of 2 tons
paddy if its moisture is to be
reduced from 24% to 14%?
Consider an airflow rate of 100 m3
of air per min - cubic meter of
grain and density of paddy of 550
kg/m3.
Given:
Humidity ratio da - 0.002 lb moisture/lb dry air

Humidity ratio aa - 0.001 lb moisture/lb dry air
Initial MC - 24%
Final MC - 14%
Required:
Drying time
Solution:
Diff HR = 0.002 lbm/lbda – 0.001 lbm/lbda

= 0.001 lbm/lbda
WMR = 2 tons – [2 tons (1-0.22)/(1-0.14)]
= 0.23286 ton x 1000 kg/ton
= 232.86 kg
Vg = 2 tons x 1000 kg/ton x m3/550kg
= 3.64 m3
AF = 3.64 m3 x 100 m3 air/min-m3 grain
= 364 m3 / min of air
DT = [232.86 kg x 2.2 lb/kg] / [ 364 m3/min x 0.001
lbm/lbda x 1.2 kg/m3 x 2.2 lb/kg ]
= 511 min/60 min/hr
= 8.53 hrs
Problem 152
A lift pump having a diameter of 4 inches and a

stroke of 6 inches is used to lift water from a
20-ft well and deliver it to a cylindrical tank at a
height of 12 ft. If the volumetric efficiency of
the pump at 10 lifting strokes per minute is
90%, what is the pump capacity? Also compute
for the power required to operate the pump
manually if its mechanical efficiency is 80%?
How long does the pump is required to fully fill
the 600-liter tank if its operating efficiency is
70%?
Given:
Pump diameter - 4 inches
Pump stroke - 6 inches
Lifting height - 20 ft
Delivery height - 12 ft
Pump speed - 10 lifting stroke
per minute
Volumetric efficiency - 90%
Mechanical efficiency - 80%
Operating efficiency - 70%
Required:
pump capacity, power to lift, and
= 0.003 hp
time to fill the tank
Time to fill tank = 600 liters /
Solution: (1.126 liters/
min x 0.70)
Pump Capacity = (π/4) (4 in)2 x 6 in. x 0.90 = 12.68 hrs
x 10stroke/min
= 68.75 in3/min x (2.54 cm/in)3
= 11 26.6 cm3 / min
x liter/1000 cc -
= 1.126 liters/min
Power to lift = (1.126 lpm x m3/1000 l

x 60 m/hr) (32 ft
x m/3.28 ft ) / 273 x 0.80
Problem 153
A ball and a roller bearings, of the same size,

are used to carry the same load of 350 kgf.
The rated capacity of the bearings are: 2500
kgf for the ball bearing and 3000 kgf for the
roller bearing. What is the rated life of each
of the bearing, in number of revolutions?
Given:
Bearing types - ball and roller
Actual loads - 350 kgf for the two bearings
Rated Load - 2500 kgf for ball bearing
while
3000 kgf for roller bearing
Required:
Bearings life in number of revolutions
Solution:
Lr ball = (C / P) 3
= (2500 kgf / 350 kgf) 3
= 364.4 x 106 revolutions
Lr roller = (C / P) 3.33
= (3000 kgf/350 kgf)3.33
= 1279.6 x 106 revolutions
Problem 153
A thresher has a capacity of 30 cavans

per hour. Three men are required to
operate the thresher. The other data
are as follows:
Purchase price = P40,000 including

engine
Utilization = 1, 500 hours per year, 8
hours/day
Estimated life = 7 years
What is the depreciation using straight
line method?
What is the total fixed cost in the item

above if the cost of money is 21 % per
annum?
What is the total variable cost in the

item above using the following
additional data?
Size of engine = 10 hp
Specific fuel consumption = 0.85
lb/BHP-hr
Cost of fuel = P13.60/liter
Fuel specific gravity = 0.76
Salary of Laborers = P100.00/day-
person
What is the threshing cost for the

thresher above?
Problem 154
A biomass furnace shown is designed to

supply heat for drying 6 tons of shelled corn
from 22% to 14% in 10 hours. If the drying
efficiency of the flatbed dryer is 40% while
the furnace efficiency is 55%, what would be
the amount of corn cobs needed to be burned
in the furnace? What is the amount of
combustion air in m3/hr needed for the fuel
and the secondary air to be supplied in m3/hr
if excess air of 20% is needed in the furnace?
Assume that the heat of vaporization of
moisture in shelled corn is 1000 kcal/kg of
water evaporated.
Problem 155
A rice husk gasifier with reactor diameter

of 120 cm is designed to provide thermal
power for a steam boiler. If the gasifier
has a specific gasification rate of 150
kg/hr-m2, what is the fuel consumption of
the gasifier in number of sacks per hour
assuming that one sack is 10 kg in weight?
Also compute the amount of gas to be
produced by the gasifier in m3/hr if the
stoichiometric air requirement of rice
husks is 4.7 kg air per kg of fuel and the
equivalence ratio is 0.32. What is the
amount of heat energy coming out of the
gasifier if the gas has an energy content of
1200 kcal/m3? What would be the power
input and output of the gasifier in kWt?
Problem 156
A rice husk gasifier plant is to be designed to

provide power for 20 kWe power generating
plant. The engine that drives the generator
is a 4 stroke spark ignition engine with a
total engine displacement of 1.2 liters . The
generator rated rpm is 1,800. It is directly
coupled into the engine using a universal
joint transmission drive.
Determine the following:
(1) Reactor diameter in meters

(2) Fuel consumption rate in kg of rice husk
/hr
(3) Volume of gas needed to be supplied to
the engine in m3 per hour
(4) Weight of char it can produced per unit
hour
Assume the following:
(1) Specific gasification rate of 150 kg/hr-m2

(2) Stoichiometric air requirement of rice
husks is 4.7 kg air per kg of fuel
(3) Equivalence ratio is 0.32
(4) Heating value of gas is 1200 kcal/m3
(5) Gasifier efficiency is 55%
(6) Overall efficiency is 25% of the gasifier
efficiency
Make valid assumptions if necessary

Problem 157
A windump designed for domestic use has a

rotor diameter of 2 m. It has 8 pieces of
twisted blade to convert the kinetic energy
wind to mechanical power. The windpump
is expected to pump water from a 6-m well
and deliver the water into the 3 m tank at a
rate of 1 cubic meter in 10 hours. The
overall system efficiency of the windpump is
15%. The average velocity of wind is 3 m/s.
Determine the size of the pump needed if a
stroke of 5 cm is use. Assume a volumetric
efficiency for the pump of 80%. Determine
whether the windpump can supply the
required capacity of 1 cubic meter of water
per 10 hours. If not, at what wind speed can
the windpump meet the requirement.
Problem 158
A windump to be designed to supply

drinking water to 60,000 heads of
chicken in a tunnel ventilated poultry
building. The source of water is 10
meters down below the surface of
the ground. It is intended to deliver
water into as 6-meter tank. The
average wind velocity in the area is
3.5 m/s. Assume a dynamic head
loss of 10% in the piping system.
Problem 159
A windpump is to be designed for

irrigating upland crops. The area is
hilly land with 2 hectare vegetable
crops. The average water
requirement of the crop grown is
0.5 mm per day. The conveyance
efficiency is about 70% using
conveyance canal. The average
wind velocity of the area is 3 m/s
and is available for 12 hours a day
only. The source of water is a 10 m
well above the ground and requires
to deliver inside a 20 cubic meter
tank at a height of 3 meters.
Assume a static head only in the
calculation of the total head loss in
the system.
Problem 159
A windpump is to be
designed to irrigate 1
hectare tomato plantation
using a drip irrigation. The
irrigation diversion
requirement is 1.0 mm per
day. The average wind
speed in the area is 3.5
m/s The source of water is
6 meters while the tank is
elevated to fill water at a
height of 4 meters. The
wind is available within 24
hour period during the
growing period of tomato.
The dynamic head loss in
the piping system of
windpump is 115%.

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AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

Engr. Alexis Belonio, MSc

Engr. Alexis T. Belonio

Alexis T. Belonio is a Professional Agricultural Engineer. Presently, he is an Affiliate

As a dedicated professional, he serves as technical consultant to various agricultural

Copyright  2012 by Alexis T. Belonio

No part of this book is allowed to be photocopied or reproduced in any form

A tractor pulls a 1.0-meter wide heavy-

Required: Theoretical field capacity

A diesel engine operating at 2500 rpm will be used

Required: Engine pulley diameter, D1

An irrigation pump is driven by a single

Required: Pump pulley

Determine the length of a flat-belt pulley

Required: Length of flat belt

The cylinder of a corn sheller will be driven by

Referring to Problem 5, what is the required

Required: Length of belts

If a belt has a capacity rating of 4.5 hp

Required: Number of belts

What is the recommended shaft diameter

Required: Shaft diameter

What is the force required to pull a single

Required: Force to pull the plow

If the plow in Problem 9 has an average

Required: Drawbar horsepower

A rotary tiller has a 2-m operating width.

Required: Theoretical field capacity

The field capacity of a rotary tiller was

Required: Field efficiency

What is the effective field capacity of a

Required: Effective field capacity

What is the effective field capacity of 2

Required: Effective field capacity

Compute the torque acting on a pulley rotating

Required: Torque acting on the pulley, belt

M = 974,000 (10 kW) / 1800 rpm

Recommend a shaft size required for the

Required: Shaft size, and Key size

A shaft delivers 10 lbs at 10-cm crank radius. What is

Required: Power delivered by the shaft

A solid shaft delivers 1000 in-lb torque at

Required: Shaft diameter

A three-bottom disk plow is plowing at a speed of

Find the effective field capacity of a five-

Required: Effective field capacity

Compute the drawbar pull and drawbar

Required: Drawbar pull and Drawbar

What is the drawbar pull required for a 3-meter

A power harrow has 6-m operating width.

The field capacity of a tractor-drawn field

Required: Field efficiency

A 16-hp rotary tiller is tilling at a depth of 10

Compute the drawbar pull of a plow on a

Required: Drawbar Pull and Power

A hydro tiller is driven by a 16-hp

Required: Fuel Consumption Rate

Compute the force exerted by the hand

A power tiller was tested on a 10-m wide

The effective width of cut of a single-bottom

A 3-bottom plow is plowing at a speed of 8

A single-bottom moldboard plows on a clay

What is the drawbar horsepower of the plow in